apa arti letter of assignment

Contoh surat penugasan dalam bahasa Inggris

Apa yang dimaksud dengan assignment letter (surat penugasan) dalam bahasa Inggris dan bagaimana contohnya?

Assignment letter atau surat penugasan adalah surat yang ditulis dengan tujuan memberikan tugas pada bagian tertentu kepada penerima surat. Surat ini juga dapat digunakan untuk memberikan hak spesifik lainnya yang mungkin dimiliki seseorang kepada orang lain. Berikut adalah tips menulis surat tugas, antara lain:

• Bersikap 100% jelas tentang hak yang yang berikan.
• Mencantumkan jangka waktu dalam bertugas.
• Menggunakan bahasa yang umum, lugas, dan tegas.

Struktur Assignment Letter (Surat Penugasan)

Scholars, perhatikan struktur berkut ini untuk menulis assignment letter (surat penugasan):

• Assignor name
• Body (Includes assignee name and title, duration of assignment, and place)

Contoh Assignment Letter (Surat Penugasan)

Berikut merupakan contoh assignment letter (surat penugasan):

=============================== PT. MAJU MUNDUR Jl. Perjuangan No. 123 Lampung

LETTER OF ASSIGNMENT

Number: 1240/ST/KPB/VI/2021

In connection with the commencement of construction of hotel “Lampung” located on Soekarno Hatta Street District Write Here Lampung Province, it is hereby assign to :

Name : Andi Pratama Position : Manager To supervise the development work Hotel “Lampung”, starting on April 7, 2021 s/d June 7, 2021

All costs arising from the implementation of these duties will be charged to the cost of development projects concerned in accordance with the applicable rules.

Such a letter is given the task to be carried out with full responsibility.

Lampung, April 7, 2021

PT. Maju Mundur,

Hopgood Liquidations

1239 Mercer Street Downsville, WI 54735

Dear Hopgood Liquidations

This letter is to hereby certify that on July 14th, 2021, you are to take possession of three (3) Ford Econoline transportation vans from our business, Greenbelt Couriers, for the purpose of liquidation. We certify that all the proceeds from the sale of these 3 vans, minus administrative feels, will be used to pay off the debt to the Royal Bank of Canada, loan #654232.

Greenbelt Couriers

Itu tadi contoh assignment letter (surat penugasan) dalam bahasa Inggris.

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Apa Itu Assignment: Pengertian, Contoh, dan Task

Ketika kita mendengar kata assignment, seringkali kita membayangkan tumpukan tugas yang menunggu untuk diselesaikan. Lalu, apa itu arti sebenarnya dari istilah assignment?

Pada artikel ini, kita akan membahas lebih dalam tentang arti dan makna dari istilah assignment. Mari kita simak penjelasan tentang artinya assignment berikut ini.

Apa Itu Assignment?

Assignment dalam berbagai hal, tujuan assignment secara umum, perbedaan antara assignment dan task.

Secara umum, arti assignment jika diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Indonesia adalah “tugas” atau “penugasan.”

Namun, makna dari kata ini lebih dalam daripada sekadar tugas biasa. Sebuah “assignment” merupakan instruksi atau pekerjaan yang diberikan kepada seseorang untuk menyelesaikan suatu tugas tertentu.

Baca juga:  Pengertian Treasure

Berikut ini merupakan beberapa contoh assingnment dalam berbagai hal yang berbeda.

1. Pendidikan

Dalam dunia pendidikan, “assignment” merujuk kepada tugas yang diberikan oleh guru atau instruktur kepada siswa atau mahasiswa.

Tugas ini bisa berupa penulisan esai, proyek penelitian, atau tugas lain yang dirancang untuk mengukur pemahaman dan kemampuan siswa.

Di lingkungan kerja, “assignment” bisa merujuk kepada tugas atau proyek yang diberikan kepada karyawan atau tim kerja.

Bisa berupa proyek-proyek khusus, tanggung jawab rutin, atau pekerjaan yang harus diselesaikan dalam batas waktu tertentu.

Dalam konteks militer, “assignment” mengacu pada penugasan atau tugas khusus yang diberikan kepada personel militer.

Hal ini dapat berupa penugasan tugas di wilayah tertentu atau dalam unit militer tertentu.

4. Keuangan

Dalam dunia keuangan, “assignment” bisa merujuk kepada penyerahan atau pemberian hak kepemilikan atas suatu aset atau hutang kepada pihak lain.

Hal ini terkait dengan pengalihan hak atau tanggung jawab atas sesuatu kepada pihak lain.

Dengan adanya assignment tentu memiliki tujuan tertentu yang ingin dicapai. Berikut ini beberapa di antaranya.

1. Evaluasi Kemampuan dan Pemahaman

Melalui penugasan, seorang pengajar, manajer, atau pemberi tugas dapat menilai kemampuan seseorang untuk menerapkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang telah dipelajari atau diberikan.

2. Pengembangan Keterampilan

Dengan menyelesaikan tugas-tugas ini, individu dapat mengasah keterampilan yang relevan untuk pekerjaan atau bidang studi mereka. Ini membantu dalam perkembangan pribadi dan profesional.

3. Pengalokasian Tanggung Jawab

Melalui assignment, seorang manajer, guru, atau pemimpin proyek dapat memastikan bahwa setiap anggota tim atau individu memiliki peran atau fungsi yang jelas dan sesuai dengan keahlian mereka.

4. Pemantauan dan Evaluasi Kinerja

Dengan membandingkan hasil pekerjaan atau pencapaian tugas dengan standar yang telah ditetapkan, seseorang atau organisasi dapat menilai kinerja dan membuat perbaikan jika diperlukan.

5. Pencapaian Tujuan

Melalui penugasan, individu atau tim memiliki arahan konkret untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu. Assignment membantu dalam mengorganisir tugas-tugas yang harus diselesaikan.

6. Pengalokasian Sumber Daya

Dengan mengidentifikasi siapa yang bertanggung jawab atas apa, organisasi dapat mengelola sumber daya dengan lebih efisien dan efektif.

Secara umum, assignment digunakan untuk tugas yang lebih kompleks, berfokus pada proyek besar, memerlukan waktu lama, dan sering digunakan dalam pendidikan atau pekerjaan yang melibatkan tugas mendalam.

Sementara itu, task digunakan untuk hal-hal yang lebih sederhana, berfokus pada tugas sehari-hari, diselesaikan dalam waktu singkat, dan umumnya terjadi dalam konteks pekerjaan operasional atau kegiatan harian.

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Meminta LoA pada Saat Status Artikel in-review

Baru-baru ini saya mendapati pertanyaan dari rekan saya terkait permintaan Letter of Acceptance (LoA) dari sebuah jurnal yang menyatakan bahwa artikelnya telah dinyatakan diterima dan akan segera diterbitkan. Uniknya, ketika saya bertanya terkait status artikel ybs ternyata masih in review .

Apa itu LoA?

Apa manfaat LoA?

Pada prinsipnya LoA merupakan sebuah bukti bahwa artikel yang kita kirim telah diterima untuk diterbitkan. Sembari proses penerbitan selesai, penulis dapat menggunakan surat keterangan ini sebagai ganti bukti fisik berupa jurnal lengkap yang dicetak atau dokumen PDF (atau format lainnya) yang bisa diakses secara daring. LoA ini sering kali dimanfaatkan sebagai:

Bukti luaran riset

Bukti syarat studi, kapan loa diberikan oleh pengelola jurnal.

Lazimnya, LoA akan diterbitkan setelah artikel melalui proses review dan dinyatakan layak terbit oleh editor. LoA dapat dikeluarkan ketika pengelola jurnal (setelah melalui rapat redaksi) menyatakan bahwa artikel Anda dinyatakan layak untuk diterbitkan. Selama menunggu proses penerbitan tersebut, Anda dapat meminta LoA jikalau memang membutuhkan surat keterangan sebagai syarat administrasi. Pada beberapa jurnal ada yang memfasilitasi proses ini melalui article in press . Pada bagian ini akan ditampilkan artikel-artikel yang dalam waktu dekat akan diterbitkan. Article in press bukan merupakan versi final karena masih dalam proses proofreading . Contoh jurnal yang menerapkan sistem ini adalah Kwangsan: Jurnal Teknologi Pendidikan .

Sebelum meminta LoA, ada baiknya penulis memahami proses penerbitan sebuah artikel di jurnal ilmiah. Proses ini harus dilalui tahap demi tahap untuk menjamin kualitas artikel yang ditebitkan. Dalam mekanisne jurnal elektronik yang dikelola menggunakan Open Journal System , status artikel dari saat pengiriman hingga terbit adalah sebagai berikut.

Status Artikel Mulai dari Pengiriman hingga Terbit

Awaiting assignment.

Setelah kita selesai melakukan submission artikel kita berada pada posisi ini. Artinya, artikel kita masih dalam proses menunggu ditindaklanjuti oleh editor. Pada tahapan ini, kemungkinan yang terjadi ada dua: editor melanjutkan/meneruskan naskah kepada calon reviewer; atau editor menolak artikel Anda.

Setelah editor mengirimkan permintaan review ke calon reviewer dan reviewer menyetujuinya, status artikel kita menjadi in review . Sebuah artikel minimal ditinjau oleh dua orang reviewer. Status artikel tidak akan berubah selama para reviewer belum mengirimkan (baca: melaporkan) hasil reviewnya. Keputusan review ada empat opsi: diterima tanpa revisi, revisi minor, resubmit (perlu review ulang setelah direvisi), dan ditolak. Untuk opsi pertama berarti naskah Anda akan diproses ke tahap selanjutnya. Keputusan revisi minor berarti Anda hanya perlu melakukan sedikit penyempurnaan kualitas artikel. Adapun resubmit berarti Anda masuk review ronde dua. Adapun decline (setelah disetujui editor) maka Anda perlu mencari target jurnal lain untuk melakukan publikasi artikel Anda. Ingat, Anda harus menanggapi dan melakukan revisi (apabila setuju) dari masukan para reviewer.

Adalah status ketika artikel Anda dinyatakan diterima dan akan melalui proses editing atau suntingan (bahasa, tata letak, proofreading, dan hal teknis lainnya) untuk memastikan keterbacaan artikel Anda pada saat terbit. Pada saat ini biasanya pengelola jurnal menerbitkan LoA sebagai tanda bukti artikel Anda diterima dan sedang dalam proses penerbitan (suntingan).

Pada saat manuskrip Anda di posisi ini berarti artikel Anda telah terbit dan Anda dapat mengeceknya di sebuah edisi dan volume tertentu di jurnal tersebut. Selamat, akhirnya saat-saat indah yang dinantikan terjadi juga. 

Namun, jangan senang dulu. Ketika setelah melakukan submission (pengiriman naskah) Anda langsung mendapati status ini (tanpa melalui proses in review dan in editing ), berarti kemungkinan besar naskah Anda dinyatakan ditolak tanpa melalui proses review. Hal ini sebagian besar terjadi karena tulisan Anda tidak cocok (baca; tidak sesuai) dengan fokus dan cakupan jurnal tersebut atau bahkan kualitas artikel Anda masih belum mencukupi persyaratan minimal jurnal tersebut.

Kapan waktu yang tepat menanyakan LoA?

Kembali ke pertanyaan awal terkait meminta LoA pada saat status manuskrip in review adalah sebuah hal yang semestinya tidak perlu dilakukan. Pengelola jurnal akan menerbitkan LoA jika memang artikel Anda telah dinyatakan diterima dan disetujui untuk diproses ke tahap berikutnya. Status in review adalah posisi saat artikel Anda direview sehngga keputusan diterima atau ditolak belum dapat diketahui. Momen yang paling tepat menanyakan atau meminta LoA adalah pada saat proses review selesai dan artikel kita dinyatakan diterima. Informasi ini dapat dicek pada OJS dan/ pemberitahuan dari pengelola jurnal via surat elektronik. Setelah proses ini selesai, Anda dapat menanyakan LoA bahkan rencana terbit artikel tersebut.

Namun, jika status manuskrip Anda masih dalam tahap in review saya menyarankan untuk menghubungi pengelola jurnal terkait kemajuan review artikel Anda. Waktu yang saya sarankan adalah setiap bulan sekali dan lakukan korespondensi via email. Saya tidak menyarankan Anda menanyakan hasil review bilamana jeda antara perubahan status (lebih-lebih waktu submit) belum sampai sebulan apalagi seminggu. Lazimnya, proses review paling cepat dilakukan selama dua minggu sejak reviewer menyanggupi untuk mereview artikel tersebut.

Perhatian : Hindari meminta LoA sebelum editor memutuskan hasil review dari tulisan Anda.

16 komentar

• Anonim Minggu, 08 Agustus, 2021 Minggu, 08 Agustus, 2021 Kemungkinan besar, ya. Silakan kontak ke editor jurnal yang Anda tuju untuk mengetahui jawaban yang lebih valid. Beberapa jurnal menggunakan sistem article in press (sudah tayang online) sebelum artikel benar-benar terbit.
• Adrian Wardani Rabu, 09 Agustus, 2023 Rabu, 09 Agustus, 2023 Barusan cek lagi status jurnal yang saya submit sekitar satu bulan yang lalu. Disitu tertera statusnya sudah archived, tapi saya tidak tau apakah sebelumnya jurnal saya melewati proses in review dan in editing terlebih dahulu (karena pada dua minggu pertama saya submit jurnal statusnya masih awaiting assignment terus, jadi tidak rutin menegecek dan tau-tau statusnya sudah archived). Jika begini tandanya apa ya? Jurnal saya ditolak kah? Soalnya pada kolom review tidak ada keterangan apapun dari proses review. Hanya ada round 1 peer review dan tidak menyertakan apa yang harus direvisi dan diperbaiki. Jika begitu bagimana ya?? Apa jurnal saya ditolak? Jika sudah sepeeri iti apa saya bisa coba submit ditempat yang lain??
• Adrian Wardani Rabu, 09 Agustus, 2023 Rabu, 09 Agustus, 2023 Barusan saya cek kembali artikel yang saya submit berkisar sebulan lalu, dan ternyata statusnya sudah archived. Karna sebelumnya lama di proses awaiting assignment, jadi saya tidak rutin mengecek status artikel yang saya submit. Maka dari itu, saya tidak tau apakah artikel saya masuk kepada proses review dan editing atau langsung archived (yang mana berdasarkan tulisan di blog ini dinyatakan ditolak). Ketika dicek di bagian review pun, tidak ada keterangan apa yang harus diperbaiki, hanya terdapat keterangan round 1 peer review yang mana disitu penyertaan perbaikannya tidaj ada. Jika seperti ini apa artinya ya l? Semoga bisa terjawab
• Anonim Minggu, 17 Oktober, 2021 Minggu, 17 Oktober, 2021 Untuk status yang belum berubah, coba tunggu dalam beberapa hari ke depan. Kemungkinan, pengelola jurnal belum melakukan perubahan di OJS. Yang utama sebenarnya adalah Anda mendapatkan komentar dari reviewer agar bisa segera melakukan revisi. Jika ini sudah didapatkan, segera kirim hasil revisi.
• Anonim Sabtu, 06 November, 2021 Sabtu, 06 November, 2021 Weleh.. sudah banyak yg buka program fast track ini? Informasi ini ada di laman jurnalnya kan ya? Ga tiba-tiba ada opsi fast track 😁
• Anonim Selasa, 18 Januari, 2022 Selasa, 18 Januari, 2022 Ya, bisa saja ditanyakan jika memang dibutuhkan mendesak. Namun sebenarnya untuk status in editing, tunggu dalam beberapa hari biasanya langsung tayang online.
• yunanhome Selasa, 18 Januari, 2022 Selasa, 18 Januari, 2022 Mohon saran pak. Saya submit paper ke sebuah jurnal (Scopus Q2) sudah sebulan statusnya "pending" (sama dengan "awaiting assignment" mungkin ya). Apakah etis jika saya menanyakan ke editornya perihal apakah ada peluang paper saya direview atau tidak? Terima kasih pak.
• yunanhome Rabu, 19 Januari, 2022 Rabu, 19 Januari, 2022 Terima kasih masukannya pak...
• Melki Suluh Jumat, 04 Februari, 2022 Jumat, 04 Februari, 2022 Hallo K2, mohon info dan saran terkait jurnal yang sudah saya upload, namun hingga saat ini masih dalam proses Awaiting assignmen, sementara sudah lebih dari 4 bulan saya Upload dan belum ada informasi, sudah beberapa kali saya hub pengelola jurnal tapi sama sekali tidak mendapat balasan. pertanyaan saya apakah jurnal tersebut bolehsaya batalkan sendiri? karena tidak ada kerja sama dari pengelola jurnal. Terimakasih K2 atas bantuannya.
• Eric Kunto Aribowo Senin, 14 Februari, 2022 Senin, 14 Februari, 2022 Saran saya coba temukan alamat email alternatif Editor in Chief dan tanyakan progres artikel Anda. Jika ingin melakukan penarikan artikel, saran saya buat surat permohonan resmi dan layangkan ke pengelola jurnal. Ini untuk bukti ketika kelak (misalnya) artikel Anda tiba-tiba terbit. Semoga berhasil.
• Yazu Selasa, 30 Mei, 2023 Selasa, 30 Mei, 2023 kalau status tiba-tiba berubah dari in review menjadi archived, itu diterima atau tidak ya? saya tidak memantaunya 1 bulan kemarin.

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Crafting an Effective Letter of Assignment: A Comprehensive Guide with Sample

A letter of assignment is a critical document in various business, academic, and professional settings. It formally assigns responsibilities, tasks, or roles from one party to another. Understanding how to craft an effective letter of assignment can ensure clear communication and smooth transitions in responsibilities. This guide will explore the essential components of a letter of assignment, provide legal considerations, and offer a sample letter to help you draft your own.

Understanding the Letter of Assignment

What is a letter of assignment.

A letter of assignment is a document that formally assigns a specific task, responsibility, or job from one individual or organization to another. It is commonly used in settings such as journalism, where assignments are delegated to reporters, or in project management, where specific tasks are assigned to team members.

For more information on the role of assignments in organizational management, Harvard Business School provides a wealth of resources on organizational behavior.

Key Elements of a Letter of Assignment

Introduction : Clearly state the purpose of the letter.

Details of the Assignment : Specify the task or responsibility being assigned, including any relevant deadlines or expectations.

Resources and Authority : Outline any resources that will be provided to assist with the assignment and any authority the assignee has over others.

Expectations and Goals : Clearly define what success looks like for the assignment.

Duration of the Assignment : If applicable, state the start and end dates.

Contact Information : Provide contact details for someone who can offer assistance or answer questions related to the assignment.

To see a general template of business documents, including assignment letters, visit Purdue University’s Online Writing Lab.

Legal Considerations

When crafting a letter of assignment, it's essential to ensure that it does not violate any contractual agreements or employment laws. Consult legal resources or an attorney to confirm that all aspects of your letter are compliant with local and federal laws. The U.S. Small Business Administration offers guidelines on employment and labor laws that might be relevant.

Sample Letter of Assignment

Note: This sample is for illustrative purposes only and should be customized to meet specific needs and legal requirements.

[Your Name] [Your Position] [Your Company/Organization] [Your Address] [City, State, Zip Code] [Email Address] [Phone Number] [Date] [Recipient Name] [Recipient Position] [Company/Organization] [Recipient Address] [City, State, Zip Code] Dear [Recipient Name], Subject: Assignment of [Task/Responsibility/Project Name] I am writing to formally assign you the responsibility of [brief description of the task or responsibility]. This assignment will commence on [start date] and will conclude on [end date], unless extended by mutual agreement. Details of the Assignment: - **Task Description**: [Detailed description of the task, including any specific expectations or deliverables.] - **Resources Provided**: [List of resources or support to be provided, including access to systems, budget information, etc.] - **Authority**: You will have the authority to [describe any authority over staff, budgets, decisions]. - **Goals and Objectives**: The primary goal of this assignment is [describe what successful completion of the assignment looks like]. Please confirm your acceptance of this assignment by signing and returning a copy of this letter. Should you have any questions or require further clarification, do not hesitate to contact me directly at [your phone number] or [your email]. Thank you for your attention to this matter and your continued contribution to our team. Sincerely, [Your Signature (if sending a hard copy)] [Your Typed Name] [Your Position] [Enclosures: if any]

Best Practices for Letter of Assignment

Clarity and conciseness.

Ensure that the letter is clear and concise. Avoid ambiguity about the responsibilities or expectations to prevent misunderstandings.

After sending the letter, follow up to ensure that the recipient has understood everything and agrees to the terms laid out in the letter.

Record Keeping

Keep a copy of the signed letter for your records. This can be useful for future reference or in case of disputes.

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A well-crafted letter of assignment not only clarifies roles and responsibilities but also sets the stage for successful project execution and employee engagement. By adhering to legal standards and following the guidelines provided, you can ensure that these documents are both effective and compliant. For further reading on employment and assignment contracts, visit Harvard University's Employment and Labor Law page .

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6 Arti Kata Assignment di Kamus Bahasa Inggris Terjemahan Indonesia

Terdapat 6 arti kata 'assignment' di Kamus Bahasa Inggris Terjemahan Indonesia.

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Menurut Kamus Bahasa Inggris Terjemahan Indonesia, arti kata assignment adalah penyerahan. Arti lainnya dari assignment adalah pengangkatan.

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Meaning of letter of assignment in English

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a child's toy in the shape of a small person or baby

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APA (7th Edition) Referencing Guide

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You can view the samples here:

• APA Style Sample Papers From the official APA Style and Grammar Guidelines

Quick formatting notes taken from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association 7th edition

Use the same font throughout the text of your paper, including the title and any headings. APA lists the following options (p. 44):

• Sans serif fonts such as 11-point Calibri, 11 point-Arial, 10-point Lucida,
• Serif fonts such as 12-point Times new Roman, 11-point Georgia or 10-point Computer Modern.

(A serif font is one that has caps and tails - or "wiggly bits" - on it, like Times New Roman . The font used throughout this guide is a sans serif [without serif] font). You may want to check with your lecturer to see if they have a preference.

In addition APA suggests these fonts for the following circumstances:

• Within figures, use a sans serif font between 8 and 14 points.
• When presenting computer code, use a monospace font such as 10-point Lucida Console or 10-point Courier New.
• Footnotes: a 10-point font with single line spacing.

Line Spacing:

"Double-space the entire paper, including the title page, abstract, text, headings, block quotations, reference list, table and figure notes, and appendices, with the following exceptions:" (p. 45)

• Table and figures: Words within tables and figures may be single-, one-and-a-half- or double-spaced depending on what you decide creates the best presentation.
• Footnotes: Footnotes appearing at the bottom of the page to which they refer may be single-spaced and formatted with the default settings on your word processing program i.e. Word.
• Equations: You may triple- or quadruple-space before and after equations.

"Use 1 in. (2.54 cm) margins on all sides (top, bottom, left, and right) of the page." If your subject outline or lecturer has requested specific margins (for example, 3cm on the left side), use those.

"Align the text to the left and leave the right margin uneven ('ragged'). Do not use full justification, which adjusts the spacing between words to make all lines the same length (flush with the margins).  Do not manually divide words at the end of a line" (p. 45).

Do not break hyphenated words. Do not manually break long DOIs or URLs.

Indentations:

"Indent the first line of every paragraph... for consistency, use the tab key... the default settings in most word-processing programs are acceptable. The remaining lines of the paragraph should be left-aligned." (p. 45)

Exceptions to the paragraph indentation requirements are as follows:

• Title pages to be centred.
• The first line of abstracts are left aligned (not indented).
• Block quotes are indented 1.27 cm (0.5 in). The first paragraph of a block quote is not indented further. Only the first line of the second and subsequent paragraphs (if there are any) are indented a further 1.27 cm (0.5 in). (see What if...Long quote  in this LibGuide)
• Level 1 headings, including appendix titles, are centred. Level 2 and Level 3 headings are left aligned..
• Table and figure captions, notes etc. are flush left.

Page numbers:

Page numbers should be flush right in the header of each page. Use the automatic page numbering function in Word to insert page numbers in the top right-hand corner. The title page is page number 1.

Reference List:

• Start the reference list on a new page after the text but before any appendices.
• Label the reference list References  (bold, centred, capitalised).
• Double-space all references.
• Use a hanging indent on all references (first line is flush left, the second and any subsequent lines are indented 1.27 cm (0.5 in). To apply a hanging indent in Word, highlight all of your references and press Ctrl + T  on a PC, or  Command (⌘) + T  on a Mac.

Level 1 Heading - Centered, Bold, Title Case

Text begins as a new paragraph i.e. first line indented...

Level 2 Heading - Flush Left, Bold, Title Case

Level 3 Heading - Flush Left, Bold, Italic, Title Case

Level 4 Heading Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Full Stop. Text begins on the same line...

Level 5 Heading, Bold, Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending with a Full Stop.  Text begins on the same line...

Please note : Any formatting requirements specified in the subject outline or any other document or web page supplied to the students by the lecturers should be followed instead of these guidelines.

What is an appendix?

Appendices contain matter that belongs with your paper, rather than in it.

For example, an appendix might contain

• the survey questions or scales you used for your research,
• detailed description of data that was referred to in your paper,
• long lists that are too unweildy to be given in the paper,
• correspondence recieved from the company you are analysing,
• copies of documents being discussed (if required),

You may be asked to include certain details or documents in appendices, or you may chose to use an appendix to illustrate details that would be inappropriate or distracting in the body of your text, but are still worth presenting to the readers of your paper.

Each topic should have its own appendix. For example, if you have a survey that you gave to participants and an assessment tool which was used to analyse the results of that survey, they should be in different appendices. However, if you are including a number of responses to that survey, do not put each response in a separate appendix, but group them together in one appendix as they belong together.

How do you format an appendix?

Appendices go at the very end of your paper , after your reference list. (If you are using footnotes, tables or figures, then the end of your paper will follow this pattern: reference list, footnotes, tables, figures, appendices).

Each appendix starts on a separate page. If you have only one appendix, it is simply labelled "Appendix". If you have more than one, they are given letters: "Appendix A", "Appendix B", "Appendix C", etc.

The label for your appendix (which is just "Appendix" or "Appendix A" - do not put anything else with it), like your refrerence list, is placed at the top of the page, centered and in bold , beginning with a capital letter.

You then give a title for your appendix, centered and in bold , on the next line.

Use title case for the appendix label and title.

The first paragraph of your appendix is not indented (it is flush with the left margin), but all other paragraphs follow the normal pattern of indenting the first line. Use double line spacing, just like you would for the body of your paper.

How do I refer to my appendices in my paper?

In your paper, when you mention information that will be included or expanded upon in your appendices, you refer to the appendix by its label and capitalise the letters that are capitalised in the label:

Questions in the survey were designed to illicit reflective responses (see Appendix A).

As the consent form in Appendix B illustrates...

How do I use references in my appendices?

Appendices are considered to be part of your paper for the purpose of referencing. Any in-text citations used in your appendix should be formatted exactly the same way you would format it in the body of your paper, and the references cited in your appendices will go in your reference list (they do not go in a special section of your reference list, but are treated like normal references).

If you have included reproduced matter in your appendices, treat them like an image or a table that has been copied or adapted. Place the information for the source in the notes under the reproduced matter (a full copyright acknowledgement for theses or works being published, or the shorter version used at JCU for assignments), and put the reference in the reference list.

• Thesis Formatting Guide Our Library Guide offers some advice on formatting a thesis for JCU higher degrees.
• Setting up a table in APA 7th
• Setting up a figure in APA 7th

If you are required to include an acknowledgement or disclaimer (for example, a statement of whether any part of your assignment was generated by AI, or if any part of your assignment was re-used, with permission, from a previous assignment), this should go in an author note .

The author note is placed on the bottom half of the title page, so if you are using an author note, you will need to use a title page. Place the section title Author Note in centre and in bold. Align the paragraph text as per a normal paragraph, beginning with an indent. See the second image on this page for an example of where to place the author note: Title Page Setup .

The APA Publication Manual lists several paragraphs that could be included in an author note, and specifies the order in which they should appear. For a student assignment, you will probably only require a paragraph or sentence on disclosures and acknowledgements.

An example author note for a student paper could be:

Author Note

This paper was prepared using Bing Copilot to assist with research and ChatGPT to assist with formatting the reference list. No generative AI software was used to create any part of the submitted text.

No generative AI software was used to create any part of this assignment.

• If the use of generative AI was permitted for drafting or developing parts of your assignment, you will need to include a description in the methodology section of your paper specifying what software was used, what it was used for and to what extent.
• If your subject outline has a specific disclaimer to use, use that wording in your author's note.
• If the use of generative AI software is permitted, you will still need to review the material produced by the software for suitability and accuracy, as the author of the paper is ultimately responsible for all of the content.
• << Previous: AI software
• Next: What If...? >>
• Last Updated: Sep 4, 2024 4:17 PM
• URL: https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/apa

• Writing Center

APA Style Guide – 7th Edition

Click here to download a .pdf copy of our APA Style Guide !

Last updated : October 7, 2023

Consider keeping a printed copy to have when writing and revising your resume!  If you have any additional questions, make an appointment or email us at [email protected] !

Source Attribution : Information in this handout is adapted from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020).

Reference Entry : Adapted from American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000

APA Style Guide - 7th Edition

Basics of formatting with apa style.

The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a system of documentation generally used in the social sciences. It is published in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition (2020). Fields that use APA style regularly emphasize paraphrasing over direct quotes. Much of the research in these disciplines is supported by lengthy analysis and multiple studies: directly quoting every source can become tedious for authors and readers. Instead, it is common for writers to summarize an idea and then credit multiple sources.

Margins are 1 inch on all sides of the page.

Common fonts used in APA are 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 12-point Times New Roman, and 11-point Georgia. Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks.

Paragraph and line spacing:

Indent the first line of each paragraph 0.5 in. Text is double-spaced. No blank space before or after headings or between paragraphs.

Title page:

Each paper begins with a title page. Student papers include page title, author name, affiliation, course name and number, professor’s name, and the date formatted Month Day, Year. Bold title and add empty line between title and author. Start a new page following the title page; the start of page one will repeat the title in bold, centered.

Headers and footers:

List the page number in the top right corner of every page. Student papers no longer require a running head. Running heads for professional papers include a short version of the paper’s title.

In-text citations are used to credit any external sources back to your References page. Parenthetical citations include author name, date of publication, and page numbers for direct quotes. Enclose citations in parentheses and follow by a period.

References:

Begin a new page. “References” header center aligned and bolded. List all sources used alphabetically.

Sample APA Student Title Page

APA has two types of title pages: student title pages and professional title pages. Student title pages are more commonly requested by instructors than professional title pages. The example above depicts a common APA title page and a description of the elements within.

• Header: The header lists the page number beginning on the title page. Align to the right.
• Title: Title is placed three to four lines down from the top of the page. Major words are capitalized. Title length may be one or two lines. Avoid abbreviations or non-essential words. A focused title is key!
• Author : Author name(s) includes the first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Two authors are joined with an “and.” Three or more authors are formatted as a list, placing commas between author names, and an “and” before the final author’s name.
• Affiliation: Author’s affiliation lists where the student studies and what school their discipline is within.
• Class: List the course number as abbreviated on course materials, followed by a colon, and spell out the course’s name.
• Instructor: Instructor name(s) include the first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Professional titles such as Dr. or degrees such as Ph.D. are appropriate here.
• Date: Format the date as Month Day, Year. List the assignment due date, not when it was originally created.

APA Level Headings

Headings visually delineate organizational structure and help highlight key ideas within sections. Topics of equal importance share the same level heading throughout the document. The heading style recommended by APA consists of five possible formatting arrangements, which are listed below in Table 1.

More information:

• Ordering : Begin with the first level of headings, using only the heading levels necessary to differentiate.
• Subsections : APA suggests avoiding having only one subsection within a larger section. For instance, Section 1 can be divided into subsections A and B, but not A alone.
• Numbering : Numbering or lettering is not appropriate for headings.
• Spacing : Do not add an extra space before or after headings.

APA In-text Citations

Citing in the text.

In APA, every time you use the work or thoughts of another, you must cite the original author. Use of others’ ideas include summarizing, paraphrasing, and directly quoting. To cite the source, you will need an in-text citation to supplement your references page, typically consisting of the author’s last name and the date when the material was published. Page numbers are added for direct quotes. All of this information is enclosed in parentheses, separated by commas, and followed by a period.

Single Author:

List author’s last name followed by date, adding page numbers for direct quotes. For example, this quotation from Jim Dougan is found on page twenty-nine of his 2017 article:

Single Author Example

After the release of their first album, The Cows were “roundly derided as a talentless, tasteless joke” (Dougan, 2017, p. 29).

Two Authors

Two authors last names are joined by an ampersand as in:

Two Authors Examples

Hansel said goodbye to the white cat, but it was only the morning sun shining upon the chimney (Grimm & Grimm, 1812).

Three or More Authors

List the first author’s last name followed by the abbreviation “et al.” (and others). In this example by John Ramage, John Bean, and June Johnson in their 2012 article, John Ramage is listed as the first author:

Three or More Authors Example

A key component of Aristotle’s classical argument was the rhetorical triangle: the message, writer or speaker, and audience (Ramage et al., 2012).

Organization or Group Author

If no author is listed and or the source is published by an organization or group, list the group’s full name in the text or citation, followed by the abbreviation if well known. Use the acronym for every subsequent citation.

Organization or Group Author Example

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), abbreviations are ok if the abbreviation is well known (2019). After introducing the abbreviation, they recommend using it for every other in-text citation (APA, 2019).

Narrative Citation

If the author’s name, publication date, and or page numbers are given in the sentence, omit them from the following in-text citation. For example: if you introduce the author and date before quoting, summarizing, or paraphrasing, then only the page numbers are included at the end of the sentence.

Narrative Citation Example

According to music critic Mark Prindle (2017), Minneapolis rock combo The Cows are an acquired taste (p. 29).

Unknown Author

If the author’s name is unknown, include a shortened version of the publication title in quotations:

Unknown Author Example

Minneapolis rock combo The Cows are widely considered to be an acquired taste (“All Music Guide,” 2017).

Block Quotations

A direct quotation of 40 or more words is introduced by a colon, started on a new line, and indented a half-inch from the left margin. Do not indent the first line, add quotation marks, or adjust line spacing. Include the parenthetical citation after the final period or punctuation mark of the block quote.

Block Quotations Example

Peterson and Poulsen’s (1998) study found the following:

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration. (p. 199)

Omissions or Alterations to Quotations

Place an ellipsis (…) where parts of a quote were omitted in the middle of the sentence (e.g. “Grammar… is the study of writing techniques”). Ellipses are not necessary to indicate the first part of a phrase was omitted. Put brackets [text] around necessary alterations made to quotations for clarity, as in “[They] said…”

Common Knowledge

Facts or information that you already know, is widely available, and undisputed is considered common knowledge, which does not require an in-text citation. Common knowledge includes biographical information, dates of historical events, and other information that reasonable readers would accept as fact.

Common Knowledge Example

Abraham Lincoln was the 16th president of the United States.

More Information for In-Text Citations

Primary and secondary sources:.

To cite a primary source referenced in a secondary source, cite the primary source as cited in the secondary source (e.g. Gilman, 1898, as cited in Eddles & Appelrouth, 2015). Reference the primary source (e.g. Gilman, 1898) directly when possible.

Timed media:

For timed media such as videos or songs, cite the time in parentheses (e.g. Knowles, 2016, 56:37).

Multiple sources:

In-text citations with multiple sources are separated by a semicolon and listed alphabetically (e.g. Smith, 2012; Williams, 2003). However, if delineating the specific attribution is needed, avoid combining the citations and instead separate each source into its own sentence.

Multiple works by one author:

Multiple works by one author are listed chronologically, following the author’s name, separated by commas. Works without dates are placed first (e.g. Smith, n.d., 2007, 2012). If the citations are identical, delineate them by year-letter combination (e.g. Foster, 2011a or Foster, 2011b) in-text and in the References list.

Consecutive use of one or more sources:

When referencing one source multiple times consecutively, you can avoid multiple parenthetical citations by first introducing the source. Refer to the author in text using the known-new contract, adding page numbers for quotes where needed.

Personal communication:

Interviews, letters, emails, and other forms of personal communication are cited in-text only. Cite the communicator’s initials and last name and list the date (e.g. M. Keith, personal communication, August 5, 2022). Where possible, include the author’s name in a narrative citation to avoid the long parenthetical entry.

Reference Entries

Writing bibliography entries.

Disclaimer :  Our WordPress does not allow for “hanging indents,” therefore the bibliography entries below are not  formatted with hanging indents. Check out the .pdf guide for a more accurate view!

To credit sources, APA style requires a reference page that includes full citation information for each source. Begin by starting on another page titled “References,” centered and bolded. Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author listed. Additionally, each entry should be indented by a half inch after the first line, called a hanging indent. APA style customizes entries for each type of source, meaning that each citation will be unique.

Webpage from a Website

Website citations follow a basic format for all types of websites. For sources without authors, list the group or organization as author. If no group or organization is given, move the website name to the author position.

Webpage from a Website Example

Last Name, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Title of Page . Website Name. URL.

Boise State University Writing Center. (n.d.). Welcome to the Writing Center . Boise State University. https://www.boisestate.edu/writingcenter/

Books follow a standard format for print and electronic sources. For edited works add the editor’s name following the book title. If no author is listed, substitute for the editor instead. Include DOI for print and electronic sources (if available).

Book Example

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Book Title . Publisher. DOI (if available)

Jimenez, J. (2003). Latin culture in the United States . Harper Collins.

Work from a Collection

Chapters in a wider collection or anthology can be cited in two ways: citing the whole anthology as a book, or citing a single source in the anthology. An example of the latter is shown.

Work from a Collection Example

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Chapter Title. Editor. Book Title (pages). Publisher.

Shonagon, S. (1988). Hateful things. In P. Lopate (Ed.), The art of the personal essay (pp. 273- 278). Norton.

Journal Article

Journal articles, or periodicals, are print and electronic sources issued within larger journals.

Journal Article Example

Last Name, F. M. (Year). Article Title. Journal Title, Volume Number (Issue Number), pages. DOI (if available)

Lorca, R. & Rose, M. (1997). Best practices for scaling up a basic writing program. Teaching English in a Two-Year College, 33 (2), 33-74. doi: 10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Newspaper Article

Newspaper and magazine articles are two other types of periodicals. Include volume, issue, and/or page number(s) if available. Unlike other citations, do not list the abbreviation “p.” or “pp.” before the page number(s).

Newspaper Article Example

Last Name, F. M. (Year, Month Day). Article Title. Newspaper Title , pages (if print). URL (if digital)

Brody, A. J. (2001, Dec. 18). The mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell. The Washington Post , A1, A5.

Government Report

Government reports and other legal documents fall under The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation style. List the agency as author and parent agencies as publisher for reports by government agencies.

Government Report Example

Name of Government Agency. (Year). Report Title (Report No.). Publisher. URL (if available)

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asth_sch.pdf

YouTube Video

Videos from YouTube or other user-generated video websites list the person or group as author. If both the author and username are the same, list the username as author.

YouTube Video Example

Last Name, F. M. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Video Title [Video]. Streaming Service. URL

Scientific America. (2010, Oct. 4). Powering the cell: Mitochondria [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RrS2uROUjK

More Information for Reference Entries

Authors with the same last name:.

If a reference list includes authors with the same last name, arrange entries alphabetically by first initial. If both last name and initials are identical, organize chronologically.

Multiple authors:

With sources that have three or more authors, follow the first author’s name with a comma and the abbreviation ‘et al.’ (“and others”).

Organization or group author:

In instances where an organization or group authored the work, spell out the full name of the group but omit initial articles (e.g. a, an, the). If the author is the publisher, skip the author element and begin the entry with the title.

In a reference entry for a work with no author, move the title of the work to the author position.

If no date is available, insert the abbreviation “n.d.” (no date) in the date position. For undated, unarchived sources designed to change over time, add a retrieval date, e.g. Retrieved November 7, 2023, from https://www.boisestate.edu/writingcenter/

Publishers’ names are given in full; however, do not give words indicating business structure, like Ltd. or LLC. Terms like Press and Books should be included.

Sample APA References Page

APA references begin on a new page. “References” title is bold and centered. Callouts on the left-hand margin denote the type of citation cited in the corresponding reference entry. All entries are alphabetized and formatted with a hanging indent.

Download a PDF of APA Style Guide – 7th Edition

The Writing Center

A step-by-step guide for creating and formatting APA Style student papers

The start of the semester is the perfect time to learn how to create and format APA Style student papers. This article walks through the formatting steps needed to create an APA Style student paper, starting with a basic setup that applies to the entire paper (margins, font, line spacing, paragraph alignment and indentation, and page headers). It then covers formatting for the major sections of a student paper: the title page, the text, tables and figures, and the reference list. Finally, it concludes by describing how to organize student papers and ways to improve their quality and presentation.

The guidelines for student paper setup are described and shown using annotated diagrams in the Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3.40MB) and the A Step-by-Step Guide to APA Style Student Papers webinar . Chapter 1 of the Concise Guide to APA Style and Chapter 2 of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association describe the elements, format, and organization for student papers. Tables and figures are covered in Chapter 7 of both books. Information on paper format and tables and figures and a full sample student paper are also available on the APA Style website.

Basic setup

The guidelines for basic setup apply to the entire paper. Perform these steps when you first open your document, and then you do not have to worry about them again while writing your paper. Because these are general aspects of paper formatting, they apply to all APA Style papers, student or professional. Students should always check with their assigning instructor or institution for specific guidelines for their papers, which may be different than or in addition to APA Style guidelines.

Seventh edition APA Style was designed with modern word-processing programs in mind. Most default settings in programs such as Academic Writer, Microsoft Word, and Google Docs already comply with APA Style. This means that, for most paper elements, you do not have to make any changes to the default settings of your word-processing program. However, you may need to make a few adjustments before you begin writing.

Use 1-in. margins on all sides of the page (top, bottom, left, and right). This is usually how papers are automatically set.

Use a legible font. The default font of your word-processing program is acceptable. Many sans serif and serif fonts can be used in APA Style, including 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, 12-point Times New Roman, and 11-point Georgia. You can also use other fonts described on the font page of the website.

Line spacing

Double-space the entire paper including the title page, block quotations, and the reference list. This is something you usually must set using the paragraph function of your word-processing program. But once you do, you will not have to change the spacing for the entirety of your paper–just double-space everything. Do not add blank lines before or after headings. Do not add extra spacing between paragraphs. For paper sections with different line spacing, see the line spacing page.

Paragraph alignment and indentation

Align all paragraphs of text in the body of your paper to the left margin. Leave the right margin ragged. Do not use full justification. Indent the first line of every paragraph of text 0.5-in. using the tab key or the paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program. For paper sections with different alignment and indentation, see the paragraph alignment and indentation page.

Page numbers

Put a page number in the top right of every page header , including the title page, starting with page number 1. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word-processing program to insert the page number in the top right corner; do not type the page numbers manually. The page number is the same font and font size as the text of your paper. Student papers do not require a running head on any page, unless specifically requested by the instructor.

Title page setup

Title page elements.

APA Style has two title page formats: student and professional (for details, see title page setup ). Unless instructed otherwise, students should use the student title page format and include the following elements, in the order listed, on the title page:

• Paper title.
• Name of each author (also known as the byline).
• Affiliation for each author.
• Course number and name.
• Instructor name.
• Assignment due date.
• Page number 1 in the top right corner of the page header.

The format for the byline depends on whether the paper has one author, two authors, or three or more authors.

• When the paper has one author, write the name on its own line (e.g., Jasmine C. Hernandez).
• When the paper has two authors, write the names on the same line and separate them with the word “and” (e.g., Upton J. Wang and Natalia Dominguez).
• When the paper has three or more authors, separate the names with commas and include “and” before the final author’s name (e.g., Malia Mohamed, Jaylen T. Brown, and Nia L. Ball).

Students have an academic affiliation, which identities where they studied when the paper was written. Because students working together on a paper are usually in the same class, they will have one shared affiliation. The affiliation consists of the name of the department and the name of the college or university, separated by a comma (e.g., Department of Psychology, George Mason University). The department is that of the course to which the paper is being submitted, which may be different than the department of the student’s major. Do not include the location unless it is part of the institution’s name.

Write the course number and name and the instructor name as shown on institutional materials (e.g., the syllabus). The course number and name are often separated by a colon (e.g., PST-4510: History and Systems Psychology). Write the assignment due date in the month, date, and year format used in your country (e.g., Sept. 10, 2020).

Title page line spacing

Double-space the whole title page. Place the paper title three or four lines down from the top of the page. Add an extra double-spaced blank like between the paper title and the byline. Then, list the other title page elements on separate lines, without extra lines in between.

Title page alignment

Center all title page elements (except the right-aligned page number in the header).

Title page font

Write the title page using the same font and font size as the rest of your paper. Bold the paper title. Use standard font (i.e., no bold, no italics) for all other title page elements.

Text elements

Repeat the paper title at the top of the first page of text. Begin the paper with an introduction to provide background on the topic, cite related studies, and contextualize the paper. Use descriptive headings to identify other sections as needed (e.g., Method, Results, Discussion for quantitative research papers). Sections and headings vary depending on the paper type and its complexity. Text can include tables and figures, block quotations, headings, and footnotes.

Text line spacing

Double-space all text, including headings and section labels, paragraphs of text, and block quotations.

Text alignment

Center the paper title on the first line of the text. Indent the first line of all paragraphs 0.5-in.

Left-align the text. Leave the right margin ragged.

Block quotation alignment

Indent the whole block quotation 0.5-in. from the left margin. Double-space the block quotation, the same as other body text. Find more information on the quotations page.

Use the same font throughout the entire paper. Write body text in standard (nonbold, nonitalic) font. Bold only headings and section labels. Use italics sparingly, for instance, to highlight a key term on first use (for more information, see the italics page).

Headings format

For detailed guidance on formatting headings, including headings in the introduction of a paper, see the headings page and the headings in sample papers .

• Alignment: Center Level 1 headings. Left-align Level 2 and Level 3 headings. Indent Level 4 and Level 5 headings like a regular paragraph.
• Font: Boldface all headings. Also italicize Level 3 and Level 5 headings. Create heading styles using your word-processing program (built into AcademicWriter, available for Word via the sample papers on the APA Style website).

Tables and figures setup

Tables and figures are only included in student papers if needed for the assignment. Tables and figures share the same elements and layout. See the website for sample tables and sample figures .

Table elements

Tables include the following four elements: 

• Body (rows and columns)
• Note (optional if needed to explain elements in the table)

Figure elements

Figures include the following four elements: 

• Image (chart, graph, etc.)
• Note (optional if needed to explain elements in the figure)

Table line spacing

Double-space the table number and title. Single-, 1.5-, or double-space the table body (adjust as needed for readability). Double-space the table note.

Figure line spacing

Double-space the figure number and title. The default settings for spacing in figure images is usually acceptable (but adjust the spacing as needed for readability). Double-space the figure note.

Table alignment

Left-align the table number and title. Center column headings. Left-align the table itself and left-align the leftmost (stub) column. Center data in the table body if it is short or left-align the data if it is long. Left-align the table note.

Figure alignment

Left-align the figure number and title. Left-align the whole figure image. The default alignment of the program in which you created your figure is usually acceptable for axis titles and data labels. Left-align the figure note.

Bold the table number. Italicize the table title. Use the same font and font size in the table body as the text of your paper. Italicize the word “Note” at the start of the table note. Write the note in the same font and font size as the text of your paper.

Figure font

Bold the figure number. Italicize the figure title. Use a sans serif font (e.g., Calibri, Arial) in the figure image in a size between 8 to 14 points. Italicize the word “Note” at the start of the figure note. Write the note in the same font and font size as the text of your paper.

Placement of tables and figures

There are two options for the placement of tables and figures in an APA Style paper. The first option is to place all tables and figures on separate pages after the reference list. The second option is to embed each table and figure within the text after its first callout. This guide describes options for the placement of tables and figures embedded in the text. If your instructor requires tables and figures to be placed at the end of the paper, see the table and figure guidelines and the sample professional paper .

Call out (mention) the table or figure in the text before embedding it (e.g., write “see Figure 1” or “Table 1 presents”). You can place the table or figure after the callout either at the bottom of the page, at the top of the next page, or by itself on the next page. Avoid placing tables and figures in the middle of the page.

Embedding at the bottom of the page

Include a callout to the table or figure in the text before that table or figure. Add a blank double-spaced line between the text and the table or figure at the bottom of the page.

Embedding at the top of the page

Include a callout to the table in the text on the previous page before that table or figure. The table or figure then appears at the top of the next page. Add a blank double-spaced line between the end of the table or figure and the text that follows.

Embedding on its own page

Embed long tables or large figures on their own page if needed. The text continues on the next page.

Reference list setup

Reference list elements.

The reference list consists of the “References” section label and the alphabetical list of references. View reference examples on the APA Style website. Consult Chapter 10 in both the Concise Guide and Publication Manual for even more examples.

Reference list line spacing

Start the reference list at the top of a new page after the text. Double-space the entire reference list (both within and between entries).

Reference list alignment

Center the “References” label. Apply a hanging indent of 0.5-in. to all reference list entries. Create the hanging indent using your word-processing program; do not manually hit the enter and tab keys.

Reference list font

Bold the “References” label at the top of the first page of references. Use italics within reference list entries on either the title (e.g., webpages, books, reports) or on the source (e.g., journal articles, edited book chapters).

Final checks

Check page order.

• Start each section on a new page.
• Arrange pages in the following order:
• Title page (page 1).
• Text (starts on page 2).
• Reference list (starts on a new page after the text).

Check headings

• Check that headings accurately reflect the content in each section.
• Start each main section with a Level 1 heading.
• Use Level 2 headings for subsections of the introduction.
• Use the same level of heading for sections of equal importance.
• Avoid having only one subsection within a section (have two or more, or none).

Check assignment instructions

• Remember that instructors’ guidelines supersede APA Style.
• Students should check their assignment guidelines or rubric for specific content to include in their papers and to make sure they are meeting assignment requirements.

Tips for better writing

• Ask for feedback on your paper from a classmate, writing center tutor, or instructor.
• Budget time to implement suggestions.
• Use spell-check and grammar-check to identify potential errors, and then manually check those flagged.
• Proofread the paper by reading it slowly and carefully aloud to yourself.
• Consult your university writing center if you need extra help.

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Arti assignment dalam Kamus Inggris-Indonesia

Berikut ini adalah penjelasan tentang assignment dalam Kamus Inggris-Indonesia

kb. 1 tugas. I am glad to undertake this a. Saya girang melakukan tugas ini. 2 penugasan. 3 pengangkatan, penempatan. 4 penetapan. 5 penyerahan (hak atau milik). 6 pekerjaan.

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APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) | Generator, Template, Examples

Published on November 6, 2020 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on September 5, 2024.

The 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual provides guidelines for clear communication , citing sources , and formatting documents. This article focuses on paper formatting.

Generate accurate APA citations with Scribbr

Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines:

• Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides.
• Double-space all text, including headings.
• Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches.
• Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
• Include a page number on every page.

Let an expert format your paper

Our APA formatting experts can help you to format your paper according to APA guidelines. They can help you with:

• Margins, line spacing, and indentation
• Font and headings
• Running head and page numbering

Table of contents

How to set up apa format (with template), apa alphabetization guidelines, apa format template [free download], page header, headings and subheadings, reference page, tables and figures, frequently asked questions about apa format.

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References are ordered alphabetically by the first author’s last name. If the author is unknown, order the reference entry by the first meaningful word of the title (ignoring articles: “the”, “a”, or “an”).

Why set up APA format from scratch if you can download Scribbr’s template for free?

Student papers and professional papers have slightly different guidelines regarding the title page, abstract, and running head. Our template is available in Word and Google Docs format for both versions.

• Student paper: Word | Google Docs
• Professional paper: Word | Google Docs

In an APA Style paper, every page has a page header. For student papers, the page header usually consists of just a page number in the page’s top-right corner. For professional papers intended for publication, it also includes a running head .

A running head is simply the paper’s title in all capital letters. It is left-aligned and can be up to 50 characters in length. Longer titles are abbreviated .

APA headings have five possible levels. Heading level 1 is used for main sections such as “ Methods ” or “ Results ”. Heading levels 2 to 5 are used for subheadings. Each heading level is formatted differently.

Want to know how many heading levels you should use, when to use which heading level, and how to set up heading styles in Word or Google Docs? Then check out our in-depth article on APA headings .

The title page is the first page of an APA Style paper. There are different guidelines for student and professional papers.

Both versions include the paper title and author’s name and affiliation. The student version includes the course number and name, instructor name, and due date of the assignment. The professional version includes an author note and running head .

For more information on writing a striking title, crediting multiple authors (with different affiliations), and writing the author note, check out our in-depth article on the APA title page .

The abstract is a 150–250 word summary of your paper. An abstract is usually required in professional papers, but it’s rare to include one in student papers (except for longer texts like theses and dissertations).

The abstract is placed on a separate page after the title page . At the top of the page, write the section label “Abstract” (bold and centered). The contents of the abstract appear directly under the label. Unlike regular paragraphs, the first line is not indented. Abstracts are usually written as a single paragraph without headings or blank lines.

Directly below the abstract, you may list three to five relevant keywords . On a new line, write the label “Keywords:” (italicized and indented), followed by the keywords in lowercase letters, separated by commas.

APA Style does not provide guidelines for formatting the table of contents . It’s also not a required paper element in either professional or student papers. If your instructor wants you to include a table of contents, it’s best to follow the general guidelines.

Place the table of contents on a separate page between the abstract and introduction. Write the section label “Contents” at the top (bold and centered), press “Enter” once, and list the important headings with corresponding page numbers.

The APA reference page is placed after the main body of your paper but before any appendices . Here you list all sources that you’ve cited in your paper (through APA in-text citations ). APA provides guidelines for formatting the references as well as the page itself.

Creating APA Style references

Play around with the Scribbr Citation Example Generator below to learn about the APA reference format of the most common source types or generate APA citations for free with Scribbr’s APA Citation Generator .

Formatting the reference page

Write the section label “References” at the top of a new page (bold and centered). Place the reference entries directly under the label in alphabetical order.

Finally, apply a hanging indent , meaning the first line of each reference is left-aligned, and all subsequent lines are indented 0.5 inches.

Tables and figures are presented in a similar format. They’re preceded by a number and title and followed by explanatory notes (if necessary).

Use bold styling for the word “Table” or “Figure” and the number, and place the title on a separate line directly below it (in italics and title case). Try to keep tables clean; don’t use any vertical lines, use as few horizontal lines as possible, and keep row and column labels concise.

Keep the design of figures as simple as possible. Include labels and a legend if needed, and only use color when necessary (not to make it look more appealing).

Check out our in-depth article about table and figure notes to learn when to use notes and how to format them.

The easiest way to set up APA format in Word is to download Scribbr’s free APA format template for student papers or professional papers.

Alternatively, you can watch Scribbr’s 5-minute step-by-step tutorial or check out our APA format guide with examples.

APA Style papers should be written in a font that is legible and widely accessible. For example:

• Times New Roman (12pt.)
• Arial (11pt.)
• Calibri (11pt.)
• Georgia (11pt.)

The same font and font size is used throughout the document, including the running head , page numbers, headings , and the reference page . Text in footnotes and figure images may be smaller and use single line spacing.

You need an APA in-text citation and reference entry . Each source type has its own format; for example, a webpage citation is different from a book citation .

Use Scribbr’s free APA Citation Generator to generate flawless citations in seconds or take a look at our APA citation examples .

Yes, page numbers are included on all pages, including the title page , table of contents , and reference page . Page numbers should be right-aligned in the page header.

To insert page numbers in Microsoft Word or Google Docs, click ‘Insert’ and then ‘Page number’.

APA format is widely used by professionals, researchers, and students in the social and behavioral sciences, including fields like education, psychology, and business.

Be sure to check the guidelines of your university or the journal you want to be published in to double-check which style you should be using.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2024, September 05). APA Formatting and Citation (7th Ed.) | Generator, Template, Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved September 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/format/

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Paragraph Alignment and Indentation

APA Style includes guidelines for paragraph alignment and indentation to ensure that papers are formatted in a consistent and readable manner. All writers should follow these guidelines.

Paragraph alignment

Align the text of an APA Style paper to the left margin. Leave the right margin uneven, or “ragged.” Do not use full justification for student papers or manuscripts being submitted for publication.

Do not insert hyphens (manual breaks) in words at the end of line. However, it is acceptable if your word-processing program automatically inserts breaks in long hyperlinks ( such as in a DOI or URL in a reference list entry ).

Paragraph indentation

Indent the first line of each paragraph of text 0.5 in. from the left margin. Use the tab key or the automatic paragraph-formatting function of your word-processing program to achieve the indentation (the default setting is likely already 0.5 in.). Do not use the space bar to create indentation.

Exceptions to these paragraph-formatting requirements are as follows:

• title page: For professional papers, the title (in bold), byline, and affiliations should be centered on the title page . For student papers, the title (in bold), byline, affiliations, course number and name, instructor, and assignment due date should be centered on the title page .
• section labels: Section labels (e.g., “Abstract,” “References”) should be centered (and bold).
• abstract: The first line of the abstract should be flush left (not indented).
• block quotations: Indent a whole block quotation 0.5 in. from the left margin. If the block quotation spans more than one paragraph, the first line of the second and any subsequent paragraphs of the block quotation should be indented another 0.5 in., such that those first lines are indented a total of 1 in.
• headings: Level 1 headings should be centered (and in bold), and Level 2 and 3 headings should be left-aligned (and in bold or bold italic, respectively). Level 4 and 5 headings are indented like regular paragraphs.
• tables and figures: Table and figure numbers (in bold), titles (in italics), and notes should be flush left.
• reference list: Reference list entries should have a hanging indent of 0.5 in.
• appendices: Appendix labels and titles should be centered (and bold).

Paragraph alignment and indentation are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Sections 2.23 and 2.24 and the Concise Guide Sections 1.22 and 1.23

Related handout

• Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3MB)

From the APA Style blog

APA Style student papers webinar

A new APA Style webinar, “A Step-by-Step Guide for APA Style Student Papers,” taking place on September 10, 2020, will provide detailed guidance on creating, formatting, and organizing APA Style student papers.

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