academic writing sample for phd application

Graduate School

Writing Sample

Some degree programs require uploading a writing sample with the admission application in the space provided. Please be sure to review the document before uploading and submitting the application. Writing samples should be written in English unless otherwise noted. The page limit does not include bibliography or title page. The Graduate School has no specific formatting requirements; however, each department or program may have set their own. An applicant may upload a revised version of the writing sample before the deadline. After the deadline, no revised documents will be accepted.  

For any questions about the writing sample, please contact the department or program directly. Prior to submitting, please review file upload requirements .

Requirements

If a writing sample is required, it will be listed in the degree program’s requirements on the fields of study page. Also, the online application will prompt you to upload a writing sample only if it is required by the department or program you have selected. 

Writing samples are required for the following:

• Anthropology : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• Architecture (Ph.D. only): At least three samples of written work, no page limit. Please save as one file and compress; file size is limited to under 25 MB.
• Art and Archaeology : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum, plus illustrations up 10 MB.
• Classics : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• Comparative Literature : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• East Asian Studies : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• Economics : Sample of written work, 25 pages maximum
• English : Sample of written work, approximately 25 pages
• French & Italian: Sample of written work, 25 page maximum, preferably in French
• German : Sample of written work, circa 20 pages
• History : Sample of academic writing, 25-35 pages 
• History of Science : Sample of academic writing, 25-35 pages 
• Musicology : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• Music Composition : Sample of written work recommended, 25 page maximum
• Near Eastern Studies : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• Philosophy : Sample of written work, 5,000 to 10,000 words
• Politics : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• Population Studies : Sample of written work recommended, 25 page maximum
• Religion : Sample of written work (9000 word maximum) that is relevant to the proposed academic subfield
• Slavic Languages and Literature : Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• Sociology: Sample of written work, 25 page maximum
• Spanish and Portuguese: Sample of written work, 15-25 page essay on any literary and/or cultural topic, written in Spanish or Portuguese
• Princeton School of Public and International Affairs (Ph.D.): Sample of written work, 25 page maximum

How to Choose a Writing Sample for Your Graduate School Application

By ProFellow Founder, Dr. Vicki Johnson

I mentor graduate school applicants in my Fully Funded Course and Mentorship Program who are seeking to enter fully funded PhD and master’s programs . Many graduate programs require applicants to submit a writing sample, so I often receive questions, such as “What kind of writing sample should I submit?” I’d like to provide some insights on how selection committees evaluate writing samples so you can choose a piece of writing that gives you the best possible chance of being admitted into your ideal graduate program.

A writing sample, much like a transcript or recommendation letter, is a way to gauge your potential to succeed in a graduate program. Admissions committees will look to your writing sample to learn about how you engage with new ideas, participate in current conversations in your field, structure your research, and articulate a theory or argument. They also use this component to assess your academic writing and critical thinking skills. The faculty aims to choose applicants who have the pre-requisite skills to be successful and whom they know they will be able to effectively mentor.

Tips for Choosing an Appropriate Writing Sample

#1 choose a writing sample that reflects the type of writing you will do in your graduate program.

Some graduate programs are research-based, while others are professional or creative in nature. Your writing sample should be representative of the kind of writing, analysis, research or publications you hope to achieve as a graduate student. This will provide the admissions committee with a clear understanding of how you might fit into their program. If you are applying to a research-based graduate program, such as Ph.D. or Master of Science , your writing sample should demonstrate your experience preparing research papers. Likewise, if you are applying to a professional program, such as a Master’s in Business Administration (MBA) or Master’s in Public Administration (MPA) , then a paper that demonstrates your experience preparing business case studies or policy analysis, respectively, would be relevant options. For a Master’s of Fine Arts in Creative Writing , your best creative writing sample should be included. For a Journalism program, a long-form journalistic article would be best. In other words, do not submit a writing sample that does not reflect the nature of the work you will be doing in your graduate program!

#2: Don’t write something new, but update your writing sample if necessary

Your writing sample will most likely be taken from a paper or thesis prepared and reviewed by professors during your most recent college experience, whether that was for a bachelor’s or master’s degree. Excerpts from a senior capstone class or master’s thesis can work well, but any paper that shows careful engagement with important ideas in your field (and meets the minimum length requirement!) is worth consideration. If you received a top grade on your paper during your studies, then it likely does not need improvement and can be submitted as-is. However, you can take feedback that you received from your grader to improve the paper structure, address unanswered questions, or add new citations (just don’t go overboard changing the paper!)

Most importantly, I would not recommend composing a new writing sample from scratch just for the purpose of your application, especially if you do not have the time or means to get feedback from a professor. Developing a new writing sample might also distract you from focusing on the preparation of other important pieces of your application, like your personal statement . A paper in the discipline you will be studying is ideal, but if your best paper is from a different discipline, or the subject or conclusion is outdated, it is ok to submit as long as it is well-written (according to your grader) since the selection committee is most concerned with assessing your writing, research and analytical skills, not your expertise in the subject of your future degree.

#3 Choose a writing sample that is academic in nature

Unless you are applying to a graduate program in creative writing or journalism, your writing sample should be academic in nature, showing a scholarly engagement with ideas. Avoid submitting essays, memoirs, blog or newspaper articles, or op-eds that you have written and instead choose papers you have prepared for your coursework. Think about the specific research that you have done and what you have contributed to your field so far, and choose a sample that showcases your ability to synthesize a lot of information and introduce new ideas.

Make sure that your writing sample does not simply summarize previous research. Be sure to emphasize your ideas and your argument while also placing them in a very particular pre-existing conversation in your field. You want your selection committee to have enough context for your writing sample to know how they might guide you to grow as a researcher, writer, and scholar, but you also want them to recognize your potential to be an active and effective voice in your field.

Final tip: Read the instructions!

Even if you are applying for several graduate programs in the same field, different universities tend to have varying requirements when it comes to writing samples. Some want up to ten pages; others allow up to twenty. In other instances, more than one writing sample will be requested. Be sure to narrow down your options of where you are applying  before you begin to get into the nitty-gritty of selecting and editing your writing samples. Making sure that you are totally clear on the expectations of your writing sample can save you a significant amount of time in the long run!

Applying to graduate school and seeking funding opportunities?  Get our FREE  Directory of Fully Funded Graduate Programs and Full Funding Awards  here!

© ProFellow, LLC / Vicki Johnson 2021, all rights reserved.

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How to choose a writing sample for graduate school

If you’re serious about pursuing a post-bachelor’s degree, it’s never too early to start gathering all the materials you’ll need. Most programs will ask you to submit one of the following: an essay response to a prompt or a writing sample. If you’re in need of guidance on the latter, keep reading for advice on how to select and prepare an impressive writing sample for your graduate school application.

We gathered expert insight from Dr. James R. Martin, an associate professor and assistant director of interdisciplinary leadership at Creighton University. Dr. Martin has reviewed hundreds of applications throughout his career, so consider his advice about what makes a great graduate school writing sample. But first, it’s important to understand the purpose of this application element.

What is a writing sample for grad school and why is it important?

Writing samples are a key part of most grad school applications. They show the admissions committee the quality of your previous work and demonstrate interest and proficiency in your chosen field.

According to Dr. Martin, reviewers are generally evaluating samples for the following criteria:

• Solid writing skills : Is all spelling and grammar accurate? Is it free of typos?
• Organization and clarity : Is there a logical flow to the ideas presented? Is the purpose of the sample clearly identified and accomplished?
• Critical thinking : Does it demonstrate a thorough understanding of the topic, including consideration of alternate theories or approaches? Are all claims backed by reliable research?
• Consistent citations and references : Have sources been properly cited throughout the work? Do all citations have a corresponding reference?

How to choose a writing sample for grad school

Some schools don’t specifically state what kind of writing sample they are seeking. In that case, it’s best to err on the side of academic work. Some common writing sample examples include essays, dissertations, theses, journal articles, capstone projects or research papers. If possible, you want to submit a piece that demonstrates your proficiency in analyzing a topic in the same (or related) field as the program for which you are applying.

There are some professions and corresponding graduate school programs that accept work-related writing samples, such as white papers, policy briefs, news articles and grant applications. If you’re pursuing higher education in marketing, communications, public relations, public policy or other similar fields, these could be good writing sample ideas.

However, Dr. Martin cautions prospective students to vet their choices carefully. If you do send in materials you wrote for work, make sure you’re the only author — and write a secondary note explaining the context and authorship. After all, reviewers are evaluating you , not your team.

How long should a writing sample be?

There’s no simple answer for this question, as the target length depends on the program you’re applying for. The importance of reading and following all of the instructions carefully throughout your application cannot be overstated.

If your desired school doesn’t state specific requirements, Dr. Martin advises choosing an academic paper. Or better yet, you can take the initiative to reach out for clarification.

“Most departments have a director of graduate studies or admissions specialist who would be happy to have a conversation,” he says. “This interaction could end up working in your favor down the line.”

Components of a good graduate school writing sample

Now that you know how you will be evaluated and what kind of sample to submit, you need to make sure your work is as polished as possible. Whether you choose an academic paper or other professional work, apply these writing sample tips before submitting:

• Have someone you trust read it and provide feedback that you can choose whether or not to implement. 
• Run the entire paper through a spelling and grammar check multiple times. You could also consider using a free tool like the one available at Grammarly.com .
• Make sure there are no typos, formatting discrepancies, comments or tracked changes, run-on sentences, repeated paragraphs, etc., in the final version.
• Rename your document to include important information that will make it easier for busy admissions staff to find. (Try using the following example: Writing sample_Name of applicant_Title of paper or project.)
• •Make sure your citation style is consistent and correct throughout the entire document.

Your writing sample format will vary depending on the type of sample you choose. But if you are submitting an academic paper, make sure it contains all of the following sections, at minimum:

• Introduction
• List of references

Craft a solid grad school application

With the tips stated above, you should have everything you need to begin choosing and refining your writing sample for graduate school. If you’re still not feeling confident, take the following advice to heart:

“Remember that the writing sample is just one piece of your application, and we evaluate it as a whole,” Dr. Martin shares. “As a Jesuit school we strive to meet people where they are. We want to help them succeed.” Now that you have some writing sample examples and advice, you can focus on other important elements of your application. Check out our article “ How to Secure the Best Letters of Recommendation for Grad School .”

If you’re looking for a high-quality and best value graduate school program, review the requirements for Creighton University by visiting our How to Apply page .

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• Statement of Purpose, Personal Statement, and Writing Sample

Details about submitting a statement of purpose, personal statement, and a writing sample as part of your degree program application

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Statement of Purpose 

The statement of purpose is very important to programs when deciding whether to admit a candidate. Your statement should be focused, informative, and convey your research interests and qualifications. You should describe your reasons and motivations for pursuing a graduate degree in your chosen degree program, noting the experiences that shaped your research ambitions, indicating briefly your career objectives, and concisely stating your past work in your intended field of study and in related fields. Your degree program of interest may have specific guidance or requirements for the statement of purpose, so be sure to review the degree program page for more information. Unless otherwise noted, your statement should not exceed 1,000 words. 

Personal Statement

Please describe the personal experiences that led you to pursue graduate education and how these experiences will contribute to the academic environment and/or community in your program or Harvard Griffin GSAS. These may include social and cultural experiences, leadership positions, community engagement, equity and inclusion efforts, other opportunities, or challenges. Your statement should be no longer than 500 words.

Please note that there is no expectation to share detailed sensitive information and you should refrain from including anything that you would not feel at ease sharing. Please also note that the Personal Statement should complement rather than duplicate the content provided in the Statement of Purpose. 

Visit Degree Programs and navigate to your degree program of interest to determine if a Personal Statement is required. The degree program pages will be updated by early September indicating if the Personal Statement is required for your program.

Writing Sample 

Please visit Degree Programs and navigate to your degree program of interest to determine if a writing sample is required. When preparing your writing sample, be sure to follow program requirements, which may include format, topic, or length. 

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How to Pick a Grad School Writing Sample

If you’re looking to take your academic career to the next level, no doubt you know that a key factor in getting into grad school is showcasing your writing abilities. Writing samples are arguably the most important part of showing off just how talented and capable you really are – but knowing how to choose the best sample for those applications can feel like an impossible task!

Don’t worry; this guide will walk you through every step necessary so that when it comes time to send in those applications, you’ll have confidence knowing that each sample you put forward is your absolute best work.

What is the point of the grad school writing sample and why does it matter?

An integral factor of your graduate school application is often the writing samples you provide; they give evidence to the admissions committee of your potential and enthusiasm for your target field. This reflects not only on your academic aptitude but also on how well-versed you are in that particular subject matter.

A writing sample is also a great way for admissions committees to get an idea of how you can contribute to the graduate program. It demonstrates your capacity to engage with innovative concepts, present your research clearly and concisely, build upon current trends within the field, and articulate compelling arguments or theories. By assessing your academic writing and critical thinking proficiency, the faculty seeks to select candidates who possess the necessary abilities to thrive academically. Moreover, they want assurance that you can be properly mentored throughout your educational journey.

When assessing samples, reviewers usually consider the following criteria:

• Structure and clarity : Is the essay’s structure sensible and cohesive? Does it clearly articulate its purpose and successfully achieve it?
• Critical outlook : Does the work display in-depth insight into the subject, including analysis of other theories or methods? Are all assertions supported with reliable evidence and research?
• Methodological apparatus: Have all sources been accurately cited throughout the paper? Are there corresponding references attached to each citation?
• Writing skills : Is every single word spelled correctly and are all the sentences grammatically flawless? Are there any oversights when it comes to typos or missed words?

(If you are wondering if you have selected the right graduate program for you? Watch this quick video where I break down mistakes to avoid.)

How to pick the right grad school writing sample

Despite applying to several graduate programs within the same domain, various universities require different lengths when it comes to writing samples. Some may ask for as many as ten pages while others permit up to twenty. Before fine-tuning your writing samples and refining them, be sure that you have already carefully considered the places where you would like to apply. In certain cases, more than one sample may even be asked for. Put in the effort beforehand so you can save yourself time later! Taking the time to ensure you understand all of the expectations for your writing sample up front will save you loads of time down the line!

No need to write something new!

A writing sample for your application is usually taken from a paper or thesis you wrote and was evaluated by college professors, whether it be at the undergraduate or graduate level. Whether it is an excerpt from a master’s thesis or a senior capstone class, any publication that reflects thoughtful consideration of key concepts in the field and meets the maximum length requirement can make you stand out. If you earned a top grade for your paper, it is already in excellent shape and can be submitted as-is. However, to make the paper even better, you may want to incorporate feedback from your grader into its structure or answer any questions that were left unanswered. You should also take this opportunity to add new citations if necessary – just don’t go overboard with modifying the project!

Creating an entirely new writing sample specifically for your application can be a burden if you don’t have the luxury of getting feedback from a professor, or even worse – take away precious time that could otherwise be spent preparing other parts of your application like the statement of purpose. Therefore, it is best to avoid creating something from scratch unless absolutely necessary. As long as your paper is well-written (and graded accordingly), you can submit a piece from a different discipline or one with an out-of-date subject/conclusion. The selection committee’s primary focus is on evaluating your writing, research, and analytical capabilities rather than the topic of your upcoming degree program. Therefore, if your best paper fits this bill even if it doesn’t directly relate to what you’ll be studying – go ahead and send it in.

Pick a grad school writing sample that reflects the writing you will be required to do in your program

When a school fails to give clear instructions (and they often do!), it is advisable to present an academic writing sample such as an essay, dissertation, journal article, or research paper. The focus of your submission should be in line with the major you are applying for. Doing so will highlight your aptitude for analyzing and exploring ideas within that particular field.

If you want to be considered for a research-based graduate program, such as a Ph.D. or Master of Science, your writing sample should illustrate your aptitude for producing research papers. If you are applying for any program other than creative writing or journalism, you should demonstrate your academic abilities and engagement in ideas by submitting an appropriate piece of written work. Choose a paper that was assigned to you as part of coursework rather than essays, memoirs, blog posts, or newspaper articles. Consider the research you have done and your accomplishments in your field, then select an example that reveals how adeptly you can analyze a great deal of information as well as introduce innovative concepts.

Your writing sample should not simply reiterate the already established research. Instead, showcase your own ideas and arguments while maintaining awareness of where they fit in an existing conversation within your field. Provide sufficient context to show that you understand how academics can guide you as a researcher, writer, and scholar – but also demonstrate why you have what it takes to be an influential member of the research community.

For professional programs like an MBA or MPA degree , an ideal paper would demonstrate skills like crafting business case studies and policy analysis respectively. When submitting your application for a Master of Fine Arts in Creative Writing, make sure to include the best creative writing sample you have. For those applying to Journalism programs, it would be most beneficial to send along a long-form journalistic article that accurately reflects the type of work expected during graduate studies; don’t submit anything that isn’t reflective of what will be taught and is required!

If you are seeking to obtain a graduate school degree in marketing, communications, public relations, public policy, or other related areas of study and have work-related writing samples such as white papers, policy briefs, news articles, and grant applications submitted then this could be an excellent option for you. However, exercise caution when creating your portfolio. If you choose to include content that was written for work purposes, ensure it is solely authored by you and accompany the piece with a separate explanation regarding its origin and authorship. Keep in mind that reviewers are judging and assessing you as an individual!

How long should my grad school writing sample be?

There’s no simple answer to the question, as the target length depends on the program you’re applying for. The importance of reading and following all of the instructions carefully throughout your application cannot be overstated.

If your institution doesn’t provide specific instructions, opt for a scholarly essay. Even better, get in touch with the department to ensure you’re on track! Most departments have experienced directors of graduate studies and admissions specialists who are more than willing to help guide you through this process. Moreover, this experience could prove an invaluable asset when you apply for the program later on.

Don’t exceed the maximum word limit

When submitting a writing sample as part of your graduate school application, it is important to respect the word limit specified by the institution. This is because admissions officers often have hundreds or even thousands of applications to read and evaluate. Sticking to the word limit demonstrates that you can follow instructions, work within constraints, and present yourself clearly and concisely – all important skills for success as a graduate student. Furthermore, if you go over the word count, this could make it difficult for someone who has limited time to review your entire piece. By respecting the word limit given and crafting a concise yet meaningful piece of writing, you are more likely to stand out in the minds of admissions committee members!

Which part of your honors thesis or master’s thesis should you send as a sample if you have a word limit?

When selecting a sample from a long piece of writing, such as a thesis, to send for graduate school admissions, it is important to carefully consider the kind of content you are sending. Your sample should reflect your writing abilities, research interests, and expertise in a specific field. Choose a section of your writing that you are particularly proud of and that demonstrates both your knowledge and writing skills in a meaningful way. It is also beneficial to include a short introduction that outlines the focus, purpose, and aims of your writing to help the admissions team gain a better understanding of the context and scope of your writing.

Depending on the program, you may want to select a part of your thesis that specifically pertains to the focus of the graduate school. For example, if you are applying to a program in literature, you may want to submit an analysis of a text or a comparison between two texts. When selecting the content, be sure to pick something that demonstrates your knowledge of the subject and your ability to think critically about it.

Tips Before Sending

Before submitting your work, whether it be an academic paper or other form of professional sample, make sure that you put in the necessary effort to ensure that your final result is as polished and perfected as possible. To do this effectively, follow these steps:

• Invite a person you trust to review your work and offer their thoughts, which you can then choose whether or not to incorporate.
• Thoroughly proofread your paper several times to ensure all spelling and grammar are correct.
• To ensure your writing is flawless, check for any typos, formatting errors, comments or tracked changes, run-on sentences and duplicated paragraphs.
• Optimize your document by renaming it with essential details that make it easier for busy admissions personnel to locate. For instance, you can use a format such as: Writing Sample_Name of applicant_Title of paper/project.
• Ensure that you utilize a consistent and accurate citation style throughout your document for optimal results.

Ensure your academic paper is comprehensive by including all of the following sections as a minimum: an introduction that set the topic, a cohesive body, a clear conclusion, and references.

After taking the time to find the best grad school writing sample for grad school, you are now ready to take your next step and apply with confidence. You should feel incredibly proud of yourself for reaching this milestone. This process takes hard work, dedication, and a willingness to evolve and improve your writing. As you continue through this journey, remember that you are always capable of infinite growth– and often there is great comfort in seeking guidance from an expert who can provide valuable insight and direction. If you’re looking for supportive advice or a professional opinion on any part of the application process, consider signing up for a free consultation today. It’s never too late to take steps toward realizing your dreams; congratulations on embarking on this amazing journey!

With a Master’s from McGill University and a Ph.D. from New York University, Dr. Philippe Barr is the founder of The Admit Lab . As a tenure-track professor, Dr. Barr spent a decade teaching and serving on several graduate admission committees at UNC-Chapel Hill before turning to full-time consulting. With more than seven years of experience as a graduate school admissions consultant, Dr. Barr has stewarded the candidate journey across multiple master’s and Ph.D. programs and helped hundreds of students get admitted to top-tier graduate programs all over the world .

Follow me on Instagram and TikTok for tips and tricks on navigating the grad school application process and weekly live Q&A sessions!

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• Writing Sample
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A writing sample is required for all programs. Some programs may have specific requirements when submitting a sample; please check the department’s website for further information.

The writing sample is not a paper written specifically for your application but a written work submitted for either a grade or publication. The preferred paper to submit is one closely related to the field of study you wish to pursue in the Division. Departments prefer single-author papers, and should you submit an item with a collaborative work, all writers’ names should be included with your name highlighted, along with a memo explaining your contribution to the work.

PhD programs strongly prefer a singular writing sample. MA programs also prefer a singular, cohesive work; however, they will accept two shorter argumentative papers.

The writing sample must be in English. Multiple writing samples must be combined into a single pdf before upload.

The writing sample should be 20 to 30 pages for PhD programs, or 15 to 20 pages for MA programs, excluding bibliography or appendices. Writing samples longer than 30 pages are read only at the discretion of the departmental review committee. Applicants who would like to submit longer samples such as an M.A. thesis are strongly encouraged to provide an excerpt shorter than 30 pages, and which includes a one-page coversheet contextualizing the excerpt within the larger body of work.

We do not set a requirement for formatting or font; however, applicants are encouraged to use one of the common academic formatting styles in their field (APA, Chicago Manual of Style, MLA, etc.).

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The Writing Sample for Graduate School

Applying to graduate school and choosing academic writing that showcases your academic excellence can be challenging. Don’t worry! Although your writing sample is crucial, it doesn’t need to be perfect. It should effectively communicate, demonstrate your potential for advanced academic work, and importantly, show your ability to specialize in a program’s field of interest. We offer tips to help you select the best writing sample for your graduate school.

Use an Appropriate Professional Style Guide

Your writing sample should show topical expertise, but also an understanding of professional research. Find the standard style guide for your chosen field, and make sure it’s applied consistently–not just citations, but also any formatting for cover pages, pages numbers, and bibliographies.

Keep it Relevant

Select a sample that closely reflects your areas of potential interest. This means the sample with the highest grade may not be the best. It may be worthwhile to revise a B+ paper and use it a writing sample if it’s more relevant to the field you want to study than that A paper from a different academic area.

Take your time!

If there’s no obvious pick that’s OK. Don’t rush when selecting a writing sample. Instead, take some time to review your options–pick something that will make an impression on the admissions committee, and don’t be afraid to revise. You may be tempted to write something new for submission – this is almost always a bad idea. Remember that previous work has been written for a reason and has likely seen feedback from trusted advisors.

Make Sure it is Free of Errors

As already hinted, you may need to edit the sample you choose. Remember you want to express your professional readiness for advanced studies with your writing sample, so triple check for typographical and other errors before submitting it with your application package.

Follow the Instructions!

Pay close attention to any requirements set out for you application materials, and make sure you meet the required length. Typically, you don’t want to exceed them either–more is not always better. Remember that graduate applications are also about showing that you can follow directions.

Structure and Organization Matter!

Academic writing should be a well written with a concise beginning, clear middle and an effective end. Make sure that each part of your essay is clear, compelling, and, well, present in your writing sample. Even the most brilliant ideas and research get lost in a poorly structured essay.

Showcase Your Research Skills!

This can take different forms depending on your field. If you’re applying to an experiment-driven program in physics or sociology you may need to demonstrate your grasp of research best practices in field. In a scholarly program such as history or literature you may need to demonstrate a meaningful grasp of research with primary documents, or applying specific methodologies in analysis.

Demonstrate Your Critical Thinking

A strong writing sample showcases your critical thinking skills, which means evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of a prevailing view and drawing conclusions based on evidence. Your writing should engage with existing work in the field. In the writing sample, you show the reader what you already know and what questions you want to explore.

Reveal Yourself as an Effective Communicator

Finally, choosing a well-written academic paper for your application involves communicating complex ideas effectively, whether your own or others’ (with proper attribution). The best samples balance engaging with existing ideas and introducing your own. This balance is crucial for grad school success, offering a chance to showcase this skill and engage your reader through your writing sample .

In conclusion, we know that applying for graduate school can be a stressful process. We’re here to help you navigate the ups and downs. Check out more helpful tips and articles demystifying graduate school admissions on our blog . Looking for help with your application essays? We have samples of real Personal Statements that got people accepted to graduate programs – with our expert feedback to help you write your essays. Need more help? Consider a Magoosh Premium Plan to access more application essay examples, expert GRE support, and best in the field GRE prep.

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How to Write a Statement of Purpose for PhD Admission

The dreaded doctoral statement of purpose — every PhD program asks for it, but why is it so difficult to write? Writing a strong statement of purpose is essential to getting into your top PhD programs. A PhD statement of purpose gives admissions committees an introduction to your research interests and why their specific program is of interest to you.

Like a cover letter for a job application, a great statement of purpose allows you to highlight your strengths, interests and experience. If you need statement of purpose advice, keep reading for guidance on how to write a successful statement of purpose that will make your PhD application stand out.

Statement of purpose vs. personal statement

Though the two may sound similar, they’re not necessarily interchangeable. A personal statement gives insight into who you are, while a statement of purpose is meant to showcase what you want to do. Rarely will you be asked to write a personal statement for a PhD program.

As you go through the PhD application process, you will likely see schools requesting either a statement of purpose or a research statement. In most cases, they're both looking for the same thing. Admissions committees want to know about your academic background, your research goals and what you hope to accomplish as a candidate in a PhD program.

Your research goals should align with faculty research

Being admitted to a PhD program is a great feeling, but if you enroll in a program that doesn’t match your research interests or help support your career goals, you may be setting yourself up for disappointment later down the road.

Applying for admission to a program is all about fit. Faculty reviewers are looking for students who best represent the department’s mission and will help them obtain their research objectives.

By the time you apply, you should have a solid understanding of what the department’s primary research and content areas are, as well as which faculty members you’d like to work with more closely. This might mean finding information about what their labs do and reading published articles related to their work.

Be sure to include how your interests and past experiences align with the work that they do and how you would be an active contributor to those endeavors. This approach shows that you took the time to look into their program, so the committee will be more willing to invest theirs in reviewing your application.

Don’t be afraid to address your weaknesses

Many people assume they should avoid listing their shortcomings in their essays. The whole point of applying to a program is to impress the reviewers, right? But constructively addressing your weaknesses can be a great way to demonstrate how this program can help you achieve your academic goals.

Look at the catalog and read through the courses that are part of the program. If there is a particular class that fascinates you, talk about how it could help you obtain a new skill or a better understanding of a concept that you’ve struggled with before.

This demonstrates that you are actively seeking programs to help you better your education. It also exhibits that you’re mindful of what areas of your knowledge need some improvement, which shows maturity and the ability to self-assess.

Keep it succinct

If your program of interest does not specify a page word or word limit, it’s best to assume that your statement should not exceed two pages total. It should be enough to give them a glimpse of who you are and what you have to offer but not share your life story.

The aim is to communicate how and why this particular program will help you meet your academic and career goals. Limited space means you must prioritize what you include in your statement.

Create an outline before you start writing to ensure you are including points that are relevant to your application and the program to which you are applying. Your statement is also an example of how well you can write. By framing your essay before you write it, you can avoid stream-of-consciousness writing that can often come across as undefined and incoherent.

Proofread! And read it over and over

When you think you have a finished product, read your essay out loud. This makes it easier to catch typos, poor grammar, and oddly worded sentences. If you have a friend who is also applying to grad school, help each other out by editing each other’s essays.

Having someone else read your statement and ask questions can help you clarify your points and make it more compelling. Your statement is your one chance to present yourself professionally in your own words. The occasional mistake is excusable, but messy writing will make them think you lack attention to detail.

Before you hit submit on that application, be sure that you have attached the correct document for the right institution. It can be very embarrassing if your statement mentions the wrong faculty member’s name or refers to another school’s library! It could also cause the reviewers to think you are not as serious about their program.

You’ve spent a good amount of time perfecting your application, so take your time to review everything before you submit it so you can rest easy knowing you’ve presented your best.

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Graduate Application Checklist: The Ph.D. Academic writing sample

You have three options available to meet this requirement..

• Option 1 : You may submit a paper that you have authored relating to any topic or issue regarding the education of students with disabilities or to a related topic. If you have published one or more articles in professional journals, you may select one such article to submit. All papers or articles must be in English and must represent your scholarly work. Thus, for example, you should not submit a paper or article on which there are multiple authors and for which you were involved in a secondary manner.
• Option 2 : If you completed an original thesis as a requirement of your master's degree, you may submit a copy of the approved document. While you may have had feedback during its preparation, it should reflect your independent thought and writing skills.
• Special education is defined in IDEA (2004) as specially designed instruction at no cost to the parents to meet the unique needs of a child with a disability. Historically, special education has been seen as a "place" where students with disabilities are served. How do these two views of “special” education challenge practice? Discuss the types of specially designed instruction to be provided. Possible discussion points: How can students with disabilities be included in educational reform efforts? What needs to occur to ensure that students with disabilities are not marginalized by such reform efforts? What measures of accountability can be used to ensure that students with disabilities are effectively served in America's schools?
• Despite the emphasis on active parental and student involvement in educational planning, many barriers remain to meaningful involvement by parents or students. Why is such involvement so difficult to achieve? What strategies lead to effective parent or student involvement?
• What strategies are effective for including preschool students with disabilities in general education programs?
• IDEA (2004) states a preference toward educating students with disabilities in typical classrooms with supplementary supports and services. What effective practices have emerged to include students with disabilities in general education classrooms? What barriers remain?

Additional Professional Work Sample

The application requires three professional work samples, with two of these samples being scholarly writing (e.g., academic papers, published journal articles) as noted above. The third professional work sample is of the applicant’s choosing; either another written sample or a multimedia-based submission of professional experience (e.g., video of applicant teaching, video of applicant conducting a professional development, the applicant’s professional website, etc.).

Official GRE Exam Results

The GRE exam is not required but can be considered for admission to the Department of Special Education as a doctoral student. Request your GRE scores to be submitted as stated: for electronic submission (ETS), the Institution Code is 6871 and the Department Code is 3705. If you have an official copy of your GRE exam results, please upload a copy when applying online. The Admission Committee can use unofficial copies of the exam results for reviewing applications. Official scores must be submitted if recommended for admission.

Phd Essay Examples

Get Inspired With These Exceptional PhD Essay Examples

Published on: May 6, 2023

Last updated on: Jan 30, 2024

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Are you a Ph.D. student struggling to write a standout essay for your application?

Well, the competition for Ph.D. admissions can be intense, and your essay can set you apart from other applicants. But where do you start?

One effective way to get started is by examining successful Ph.D. essay examples. By studying strong examples, you can gain insights into what makes a great Ph.D. essay.

In this blog, we'll provide you with various Ph.D. essay examples. By examining these essays, you'll see how to present your research interests and goals. You will also learn how to apply those techniques to your own writing.

So let’s start with the blog!

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Ph.D. Essays Examples by Experts

Examples provide valuable insight into the writing process. To give you an idea of what successful Ph.D. essays look like, here are some examples written by experts.

PhD Admission Essay Examples

PhD Application Essay Examples

PhD Personal Statement Sample Pdf

Md Phd Essay Examples

If you're applying to an MD-PhD program, you'll want to put your best foot forward in your essay. These examples can give you an idea of what to strive for. Check out!

Md Phd Essay Example

Why Md Phd Essay Example

MD Ph.D. Research Essay Example

MD PhD Significant Research Essay Example

Want to learn more about MD/Ph.D. essay writing? Check out this video!

Graduate School Essay Examples

To help you get a better sense of what is a graduate school essay, and how it may differ from master's and Ph.D. essays, here are some examples:

?Personal Statement Examples For Graduate School Psychology

Personal Statement For Graduate School Examples Education

Free Sample Essay For Graduate School Admission

Common Ph.D. Essay Prompts And Their Examples 

When applying to a Ph.D. program, it can be challenging to impress the admissions committee. To help you craft a successful application, we have compiled some sample prompts below.

Why Do You Want to Pursue A Ph.D.?

What Are Your Research Interests?

What Are Your Long-Term Career Goals?

How Has Your Academic Background Prepared You For Doctoral Studies?

What Makes You A Good Fit For This Ph.D. Program?

How To Write a Ph.D. Essay?

Crafting a successful Ph.D. essay requires careful planning, research, and attention to detail. Here are some steps to guide you through the process and help you create a strong essay.

Step# 1 Understand The Prompt 

Before you start writing, make sure you understand the essay prompt and any specific requirements or guidelines provided.

Step# 2 Conduct Research 

Do your literature search on the topic to develop a deep understanding of the subject matter and identify key areas of interest.

Step# 3 Develop an Outline 

Organize your thoughts and research into a clear and structured outline. Your outline should include an introduction, main body paragraphs, and a conclusion.

Step# 4 Write The Essay 

Use your outline as a guide and begin writing your essay. Be sure to maintain a clear writing style, use appropriate terminology, and support your arguments with evidence.

Step# 5 Edit and Proofread 

Once you have finished writing, carefully edit and proofread your essay. It will help you ensure that it is well-written, free of errors, and effectively conveys your message.

Step# 6 Get Feedback 

Consider sharing your essay with trusted colleagues, mentors, or friends to get feedback and constructive criticism. Use their suggestions to further refine and improve your essay.

Step# 7 Finalize and Submit 

Once you are satisfied with your essay, make any final edits and submit your application on time, ensuring that all necessary materials have been included.

Ph.D. Essay Outline

Here is a sample outline for a Ph.D. essay:

Note: This is just a sample outline and the specific sections may vary depending on the requirements of the Ph.D. program and the topic of research.

Ph.D. Essay Format

Here are some general guidelines to follow while writing a Ph.D. essay:

• Font: Use a clear and legible font such as Times New Roman or Arial, in 12-point size.
• Margins: Set margins to 1 inch on all sides.
• Spacing: Double-space the text throughout the essay, including between paragraphs.
• Title Page: Include a title page with the title of your essay, your name, and the name of your program or institution.
• Table of Contents: If your essay is longer, consider including a table of contents to help the reader navigate through the essay.
• Sections and Headings: Organize your essay into clear sections and use headings to guide the reader. Follow any specific guidelines provided by your program for section headings.
• Citations and References: Use a consistent citation style such as APA or MLA, and include a list of cited sources and references.

It's important to follow any specific formatting guidelines provided by your institution to ensure that your Ph.D. essay is professional-looking.

Tips For Writing a Successful Ph.D. Essay

Here are some tips for writing a successful Ph.D. essay that will improve your chances of being accepted into the program:

• Focus on original research: Emphasize your unique research goals and objectives, and explain why they are important to the field.
• Demonstrate familiarity with relevant literature: Showcase your knowledge of the current research in your field. Discuss how your work will build upon existing knowledge.
• Avoid common mistakes: Be sure to avoid mistakes such as overusing jargon , neglecting to define key terms, and failing to make a clear argument.
• Proofread and edit: Always proofread and edit your essay for grammar and syntax errors, as well as for clarity and coherence.
• Stay organized: Make sure your essay is well-structured with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion that effectively convey your message.

The Bottom Line!

We hope that these PhD essay examples have given you some inspiration for your own essay. Pursuing a PhD is a significant academic endeavor, and your essay is an opportunity to showcase your expertise, which will impact your future career.

Use these examples as a starting point to craft a unique essay that highlights your strengths and contributions to your field of study.

However, if you're still unsure where to start, don't hesitate to try our AI essay writing tools .

Our PhD essay writing service has a team of experienced writers. They can help you create an impressive essay that meets the requirements of your program. 

Visit our website, and just ask write my college essay , and we'll handle the rest! 

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As a Digital Content Strategist, Nova Allison has eight years of experience in writing both technical and scientific content. With a focus on developing online content plans that engage audiences, Nova strives to write pieces that are not only informative but captivating as well.

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Graduate Program Application Instructions

Academic writing sample.

Your academic writing sample must be in English and should showcase your best philosophical work to date.  A typical writing sample is 15-20 pages (when double spaced and in 12-point font), not including reference page(s).  We don’t recommend a paper shorter than 10 or longer than 25 pages. Writing samples should be clearly written and go beyond superficial summaries of philosophical positions to engage in clear argumentation, detailed analysis, evaluation, and/or engagement with texts.  Writing samples are evaluated primarily for their ability to demonstrate skills needed for more advanced scholarship.

Statement of Purpose

In your statement of purpose , briefly describe: (1) your background in academic philosophy, (2) what areas of philosophy you want to work on in graduate school, and how they connect to our department's strengths. 

Optionally, please also describe:

(3) any non-academic experiences that add perspective and breadth to your intellectual work, (4) any philosophically-relevant background in the sciences, engineering (including computer science), or mathematics, (5) any experiences or qualifications that show an ability to get things done in challenging circumstances, and (6) any special circumstances that have negatively affected your academic record. 

Please limit your statement to 750 words or less.

Letters of Recommendation

You will need three letters of recommendation to support your application. You should request letters from scholars who know your work well and are able to write a strong letter regarding your potential to succeed in a philosophy graduate program. Generally, letters from philosophers will be more beneficial and carry more weight. Be sure to request letters well in advance to ensure that your letter writers have ample time to upload your letters prior to the application deadline.

You will identify your three recommenders in your online application by submitting their names and email addresses. The application system will then automatically send each recommender an email with instructions on how to upload your letter. Letters should be on letterhead from the recommender’s organization. Please note: the UW Graduate School online application is not associated with Interfolio and cannot accept recommendation letters via Interfolio and/or your recommender’s Interfolio email.

TOEFL Scores [if needed]

Applicants must meet English language requirements at the time of application. Native English speakers automatically meet this requirement.

For most non-native English speakers, this will require submitting TOEFL scores (with some exceptions).

To determine whether you need to submit TOEFL scores, review the Graduate School's Requirements page.

TOEFL scores are valid for two years after the test date, and must be valid on the application deadline. Official TOEFL scores (if needed to meet English language proficiency requirements) must be self-reported on the online application form and official scores sent to institution code 4854. Please allow 14 business days from the date you request scores from ETS for them to reach the Graduate School.

Unofficial Transcript(s)

You will need to upload PDFs of your unofficial transcripts for any previous studies that you include in your application. You do not need to send official transcripts with your application, but will be asked to provide them to the Graduate School for verification if you are offered admission and intend to matriculate at the University of Washington.

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Stanford Online

A guide to letters of recommendation for graduate school applications.

Embarking on a journey toward higher education is an exciting yet overwhelming endeavor, and the path to graduate school is no exception.

As you gather the necessary materials for your application, one critical component can be particularly complex: letters of recommendation. These letters provide insight into your academic and professional capabilities, offering admissions committees a glimpse into your potential as a graduate student, but how can you impact this important part of your application? In this guide, we'll explore how to approach this aspect of your application, using Stanford University's recommendations and insights from the Graduate Admissions website .

How Many Letters of Recommendation Do You Need?

Requirements vary considerably across different types of graduate level educational programs. Nearly all master’s degree programs, including all of Stanford’s programs, require letters of recommendation, however graduate certificate programs often do not. If you choose to pursue a graduate certificate at Stanford, letters of recommendation are not required with your application. If you're determining whether to pursue a graduate certificate or master’s degree through Stanford Online, you may find this comparison tool helpful .

Most master’s degree programs, including MS programs through Stanford , require three letters of recommendation. However, it's essential to verify the specific guidelines set by your target institution and program. Once you know the number of letters that are required, it's a good strategy to have additional recommenders in mind. For every letter you need, aim to identify at least two individuals who could provide strong endorsements on your behalf. This precautionary approach ensures that you have a backup plan in case one of your intended recommenders is unable to fulfill your request.

Who Should Write Your Letters Of Recommendation?

Securing strong letters of recommendation begins with choosing the right individuals to vouch for your abilities. Stanford advises that your recommenders be academic or professional references who know you well and can most accurately assess your potential for graduate study. Ideally, at least one of these letters should come from a university professor familiar with your academic work.

Consider individuals who have worked closely with you and can attest to your skills, achievements, and potential. The goal is to select people who can provide detailed and authentic insights into your capabilities, whether it's a professor whose course you excelled in, a supervisor from an internship, or a professional colleague.

What Makes a Good Letter of Recommendation?

Recommendation letters are a window into your character and potential.Stanford's guidelines shed light on what these letters should encompass. Recommenders are asked to respond to specific questions, such as the level of your abilities in comparison to other students, the number of years they've evaluated people in your peer group, and your standing in terms of academic performance.

The recommendation letter prompt encourages recommenders to provide candid assessments of your qualifications,including your potential for advanced study, analytical thinking capabilities, and ability to express ideas clearly. Descriptions of significant achievements, personal qualities, and character traits relevant to your scholarly pursuits are highly valuable.

How Should You Ask Someone to Write You a Letter of Recommendation?

Even after you’ve identified people who you think would be good choices for recommenders, it can be intimidating to ask them! We’ve put together some tips to aid you in this process:

• Plan Ahead and Communicate Timely Start the process well in advance to give your recommenders ample time to write a thoughtful letter. It's courteous to reach out at least two months prior to the application deadline. But if you're especially eager to get started, you can reach out as early as six months ahead of time. Reaching out early demonstrates your respect for your recommender's time and allows them to allocate sufficient time to craft a compelling letter.
• Initiate a Personalized Conversation When approaching someone for a recommendation, make it a personalized interaction. Reach out in-person, if possible, or schedule a phone or video call with them. If the person is very busy you may be most successful with a well-composed email. When you reach out, express your gratitude for their guidance and mentorship, and explain your intention to apply for graduate school.
• Provide Them with Context and Information In your request, offer context about the program you are applying to, the field of study, and specific details that might be relevant. This information will help your recommender tailor their letter to align with the expectations of the program and highlight the qualities that are most important for admission.
• Make the Request Explicit Clearly state that you are requesting a letter of recommendation. Politely ask if they would be willing to support your application by writing a strong letter on your behalf. Be direct, yet respectful, in your approach.
• Offer Resources and Materials To facilitate the process for your recommender, provide essential information such as your resume, transcripts, personal statement, and any relevant assignments or projects you've worked on together. This will give them the necessary material to craft a well-informed and accurate letter. Be sure to also share the information you have about the process. For example, if you’re applying to Stanford, each of your recommenders are also asked to fill out an additional form of questions. Stanford also provides a general prompt for the letter which would be helpful for you to share. However the exact prompt displayed to the recommender may differ depending on the graduate program you select.
• Follow Up and Stay Engaged Once your recommender agrees to write the letter, stay engaged and responsive. Offer any additional information they might need, answer their questions promptly, and provide periodic updates on your application progress. A thankyou note after the letter is submitted is a thoughtful gesture.
• Express Your Gratitude Throughout your request, convey your sincere appreciation for their assistance. Recognize that writing a recommendation letter takes time and effort, and express your gratitude for their willingness to contribute to your academic journey.

How do you submit your letters of recommendation once they are complete?

This part of the process depends entirely on the program and institution for which you are applying, check with the information specific to your program.

At Stanford, recommenders must register on the online application system. Timeliness is crucial, so aim to complete this step as early as possible to ensure that the letters are received by the application deadline. Stanford's system will generate personalized links for your recommenders to submit their recommendations online.

After your recommenders have submitted their letters, you'll receive email notifications confirming their completion. The application system allows you to manage your recommenders on the same page where you registered them. This includes sending reminder emails and making changes, if necessary.

How Can Ethical Integrity Be Maintained?

It's important to emphasize that you must respect ethical guidelines throughout this process. You should not draft, write, translate, or submit your own reference. Stanford University's application terms explicitly state that the letters of recommendation must be authored solely by your recommenders. Informing your recommenders about this policy is your responsibility to ensure the integrity of your application.

In summary, letters of recommendation play an integral role in your graduate school application, providing valuable insights into your potential as a student and future scholar. By selecting the right recommenders, registering them early, guiding them with prompts and being prepared with your examples and materials, you can ensure that your application showcases your strengths and capabilities in the best light possible. As you embark on this next chapter of your academic journey, remember that your recommenders are your allies, championing your cause as you strive to reach new heights in your field of study.

We hope you found this letters of recommendation guide useful as you’re applying to grad school, please know that following the advice in this article does not guarantee your admission to any program.

Best of luck!

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How can I get academic writing samples for PhD admissions after having been away from academia?

I am very interested in a particular PhD program that I feel is in line with my professional background. Specifically, I am thinking of doing a PhD in Communication Rhetoric and Digital Media.

However, I haven't been in academia for over 18-19 years. I was told by one of the program directors that I would need to have "academic" writing samples and if I didn't then it would be very difficult to compete for the program.

How and where could I write?

• graduate-admissions
• application

• Usually you are required to write some kind of research proposal for your PhD application. If you can ace that, all is good. –  Gimelist Commented Sep 5, 2016 at 23:10

3 Answers 3

You don't need anyone's permission to write, but you do need a subject and a milestone. Narrowing in on your subject is deeply connected to performing your literature review (see questions on LR ). Reading published work will attune you to the concerns and norms that matter in your field. As you read, keep a list of open questions.

Developing writing skill takes time, so don't assume that you can rush through it. Outlines are crucial, because without them, you won't know what you are writing. Always seek feedback: peers or friends can reveal both important problems and new angles of attack.

The ultimate test of accomplishment in academic writing is publishing journal articles (see questions on publications ). While you might not need this achievement in hand to enter that PhD program, insofar as publishing is a main goal of academic endeavor, you can expect to work on it later on. Therefore, your proximate goal could be to produce writing similar in tone, finish, and advancement to what you see in your field's main journals.

I would suggest you start a blog and read and write daily. That will get you into the swing of things and show a track record of diligence.

You didn't say your discipline. But you can possible put together a review article. There is something called systematic review these days. When you are 90% there, approach the professors you want to work with and ask them if they want to help you finish it off for publication. They will be very pleased!

• Thank you! This is quite helpful. I am thinking of doing a PhD in Communication Rhetoric and Digital Media. You are right though about having a blog. I do own and manage a website in which I have had around 50 writers around the world that contribute. I was told by one of the new alumni's that the site itself could be used as a "product" but I personally didn't write substantive articles on it. PS: what is "systemic review"? –  gemi hartojo-alwakil Commented Sep 5, 2016 at 19:43
• 2 For a program that specifically asks for an "academic writing sample" (as do e.g. most humanities PhDs), a typical blog will not provide such samples. A blog is usually a series of relatively short, informal pieces that do not include very deep analysis of a subject; an "academic writing sample" is a single piece that is long, formal, and demonstrates depth of analysis and insight. They are essentially "opposite" kinds of writing. –  ff524 Commented Sep 5, 2016 at 23:34

You could ease back in by taking an isolated class in your field that requires a fair amount of writing. A strong letter of recommendation from the instructor would support your application.

If you want to save some money, you could formally audit the class rather than taking it for credit. When you audit, you can still do the assignments, labs, exams, etc.

• Would a class on something like Edx suffice? And if so, would it be an english class? Or a class which subject is closer to what the degree calls for? –  gemi hartojo-alwakil Commented Sep 6, 2016 at 22:35
• I was going to say, a class whose subject is in the field you would like to study. However, in the case that you live in the U.S. and are a non-native speaker of English, I would suggest instead that you take a couple of English classes at your local community college first. That's where you'll get the biggest bang for your buck. –  aparente001 Commented Sep 6, 2016 at 22:56

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• Place with signs in Chinese & Arabic
• Explode multiple columns with different lengths
• How can we speed up the process of returning our lost luggage?
• crontab schedule on Alpine Linux runs on days it's not supposed to run on
• Will there be Sanhedrin in Messianic Times?
• Why is steaming food faster than boiling it?
• Which cartoon episode has Green Lantern hitting Superman with a tennis racket and sending him flying?
• Why do the shape/fluid loaders have three levels?
• Booking flight from Nairobi to Bahamas with 1 layover in Germany
• Is Sagittarius A* smaller than we might expect given the mass of the Milky Way?