what is informal speech style

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The 5 Different Types of Speech Styles

Human beings have different ways of communicating . No two people speak the same (and nor should they). In fact, if you’ve paid any attention to people’s speeches around you, you might have already noticed that they vary from speaker to speaker, according to the context. Those variations aren’t merely coincidental. 

The 5 Different Types of Speech Styles (Table)

Martin Joos, a famous german linguist and professor, was the first one to organize the speeches according to their variations, having come up with five speech styles, depending on their degree of formality: 

1. Frozen Style (or Fixed speech)

A speech style is characterized by the use of certain grammar and vocabulary particular to a certain field, one in which the speaker is inserted. The language in this speech style is very formal and static, making it one of the highest forms of speech styles. It’s usually done in a format where the speaker talks and the audience listens without actually being given the space to respond. 

Application: It’s generally reserved for formal settings such as important ceremonies (for instance, a ceremony at the royal palace or one in which a country’s president is present), weddings, funerals, etc. 

Examples: a presidential speech, an anthem, and a school creed.

2. Formal Style

This style, just like the previous one, is also characterized by a formal (agreed upon and even documented) vocabulary and choice of words, yet it’s more universal as it doesn’t necessarily require expertise in any field and it’s not as rigid as the frozen style. 

The language in this speech is respectful and rejects the use of slang, contractions, ellipses and qualifying modal adverbials. Oftentimes the speaker must plan the sentences before delivering them. 

Application: Although it’s often used in writing, it also applies to speaking, especially to medium to large-sized groups. It’s also the type of speech that should be used when communicating with strangers and others such as older people, elders, professionals, and figures of authority. 

Examples: meetings (corporate or other formal meetings), court, class, interview, speech, or presentation. 

3. Consultative Style 

The third level of communication it’s a style characterized by a semi-formal vocabulary, often unplanned and reliant on the listener ’s responses and overall participation. 

Application: any type of two-way communication, dialogue, whether between two people or more, where there’s no intimacy or any acquaintanceship. 

Examples: group discussions, teacher-student communication, expert-apprentice, communication between work colleagues or even between employer-employee, and talking to a stranger. 

4. Casual Style (or Informal Style) 

As the name says, this style is characterized by its casualty, with a flexible and informal vocabulary that may include slang. It’s usually unplanned, pretty relaxed, and reliant on the fluid back and forth between those involved, without any particular order. 

Application: used between people with a sense of familiarity and a relatively close relationship, whether in a group or in a one-on-one scenario.

Examples: chats with friends and family, casual phone calls, or text messages. 

5. Intimate Style

This is the speech style that’s reserved for people who have a really close connection. It’s casual and relaxed and goes beyond words, as it incorporates nonverbal communication and even personal language codes, such as terms of endearment and expressions whose meaning are only understood by the participants, besides slang. 

Application: used between people who share an intimate bond. 

Examples: chats between best friends, boyfriend and girlfriend, siblings and other family members, whether in messages, phone calls, or personally.  

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4 factors that influence speech styles.

Although knowing the definition and some examples of situations in which each speech style might apply is helpful, there are four important factors that are key in speech styles. These factors help the speakers understand when it is appropriate to use one style instead of the other. They are: 

1. The Setting 

The setting is essentially the context in which the speech shall take place. It’s probably the most important factor to be considered when choosing which speech style to use as nothing could be more harmful than applying the wrong speech style to the wrong setting. 

Although it’s a factor that’s exhausted and diverse,  to make things simple for you, I’ve divided them in three main categories: 

• Formal Settings:  
• Casual Settings: 

In these settings, people are more relaxed and less uptight than in formal settings. Since there’s a degree of familiarity between those speaking, even though people are not necessarily intimate, the speaker can apply either consultative or casual speech styles. Some examples of these settings include weddings, company or team meetings, and school classes. 

• Informal Settings: 

These settings are more open than casual ones as there are almost no rules to how people should interact. Everyone in it either has a deep degree of familiarity or intimacy. The styles of speeches that are used in these settings are Casual and Intimate. A few examples of these settings are family and friends gatherings, private conversations, etc. 

Misreading the setting can be really embarrassing and have devastating consequences. If, for instance, you make inappropriate jokes in a work meeting or use slang words, you could be perceived as unprofessional and disrespectful, and that could cost you your job. 

2. The Participants  

Your audience, the people to whom your speech is directed, or the people you interact with are decisive factors when choosing your speech style. 

To put it simply: 

• Reserve Frozen and Formal styles for people whom you respect and are not intimate or even familiar with ,  either because of their position in society or because of their position in relation to you. These can be authority figures or even superiors in your workplace and strangers.
• Use Consultative and Casual speech styles with people who, even though they are familiar to you (either because you both know each other or interact often), still owe them a certain level of respect . These can be people in your workplace such as your colleagues and business partners, people in school, elders and older family members, neighbors, acquaintances and even strangers . 
• Feel free to use Intimate speech styles with anyone who you share an intimate bond with . These can be your friends and your immediate and extended family members .

3. The Topic 

Speech styles can give appropriate weight to serious topics, just as they can help alleviate the heaviness of certain topics. There’s no specific rule of which style to use with each topic, actually, when it comes to topics, the choice should be more intuitive and keep in mind the other factors. 

For example, sometimes, when making a presentation about a serious topic at a conference, you might want to mix formal speech with a more consultative or casual speech by sliding in a joke or two in between your presentation, as this helps lighten up the mood. 

4. The Purpose of The Discourse or Conversation 

The purpose of your discourse is your main motivation for speaking.  Just like with the topic, when it comes to choosing the speech style taking into account the purpose, the choice is mostly intuitive and keeps in mind the other factors. 

You should remember never to mix a business-centered discussion, where the purpose is mostly professional and formal, with a mainly informal speech of speaking. 

Speaker Styles

• Content-rich speaker:  

A content-rich speaker is one whose aim is to use the speech to inform. He is factual and very objective and focused on providing all the information the audience or receptor of the message needs.

A man speaking in a presentation could be an example of this, or even a lawyer defending a case in court. 

• Funny or humorous speakers:

As the name already suggests, this type of speaker uses humor as a tool to help them deliver their message. Even when delivering facts, they make jokes to lighten things up and break the tension. 

Stand-up comedians are a great example of this type of speaker. 

• Storyteller: 

This type of speaker usually relies on the story format to deliver his message; whether it’s factual or not is not relevant as long as the main message behind the story is relevant to the receptor. 

Usually, the type of speaker is not fixed in each speech style; one person can be many types of speakers depending on the speech style that they are using and keeping in mind the factors that influence the choice of the speech style. 

Make sure you weigh all factors equally before choosing a speech style. You don’t want to be THAT person bringing up an intimate subject to a friend in front of a group of strangers during a business meeting where the subject has nothing to do with whatever you’re talking about.

What’s The Importance of Speech Styles In Communication 

Using and knowing speech styles is the key to effective communication. Choosing the right way to communicate in different settings and with different people is what separates a good communicator from a bad communicator. 

Knowing the speech styles and the rules that apply to each of them saves you from embarrassment and positions you as someone of principles and respectful, especially in formal and conservative settings. 

Besides that, people tend to gravitate more towards and get influenced by good communicators; therefore, learning something new in that area and improving the quality of your speech and presentations will only benefit you. 

Further Readings

Speech Styles- ELCOMBLUS

Types of Speech Styles | PDF | Sentence (Linguistics) | Cognitive Science- SCRIBD

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Formal Vs Informal Speeches: An A-Z Guide

Hrideep barot.

• Public Speaking , Speech Writing , Workplace Communication

A speech is either formal or informal. Meaning, it can either be a formal address delivered to an audience or the daily use of grammar and words to communicate. The only purpose of either of those speeches is to put across a message well enough to invoke the desired response from your audience. Throughout history, humans all across the world cleverly inspired world-wide revolutions solely through the power of speech. Since then, a lot of tools and techniques of speeches have developed to ensure we use this power to its maximum capacity.  

The two broad classifications of events we use speeches are called formal events and informal events. Therefore, depending on the kind of audience, the situation, the message, the tone and the environment, the orator must decide whether they should address a formal speech or an informal speech. Working out where you use what kind of speech is the most important aspect of being a good communicator.

Formal Speeches

What are formal speeches.

Formal Speeches are made when you’re speaking to a sizable audience you don’t personally know. These are professional events where you’re expected to make a good impression on the audience. The nature of these events is often serious and decorous. These events therefore demand a similar respectable tone of language and speech.

For example, while at a job interview, speaking to an individual of authority, delivering a lecture, making a presentation, giving a pitch, motivating the audience, hosting a business event etc., you must ensure you speak formally. 

What makes a speech formal?

Formal speeches are also called orations. They are used in situations that are more ‘serious.’ They project a specific tone and specific characteristics. A few basic tools and attributes of formal speeches are:

The tone of a formal speech is always polite and respectful. Since formal speeches are mainly used to communicate with people in authority or strangers, it is important to structure your sentences suitably. The use of civilised words, appropriate grammar, complete sentences and enhanced vocabulary maintains the decorum of a formal speech.

Objectiveness

A formal communication style usually takes no stances. The sentence is spoken in a passive voice with a minimum use of personal pronouns. When we avoid using personal pronouns such as ‘I’, ‘We’ and ‘You’, the essence of the point changes from being an opinion to a fact. Therefore, the content of your speech sounds more objective than subjective.

Effectiveness

A formal speech is more effective than an informal speech because it comprises longer sentences and clear, non-colloquial phrases. It is well-spoken and the pronunciations are fathomable and precise. Its adherence to the Standard English language makes it comprehensible for the entire audience, even the non-native English speakers. It therefore proves to be extremely effective, suitable for a workplace or a business environment.

Standard English Language

A formal speech naturally follows the standards and rules formally set by the language. Languages tend to have regional differences and additional local slang to them. Even within England, British English and Scottish English tend to have different dialects and colloquial. For example, maybe phrases like “sure-fire” or “works like a charm” are deemed normal at your workplace but you cannot expect a non-English speaking trader to know them. When we adhere to the Standard English prescribed by Oxford, everybody who has academically learnt the English language is able to understand what one is trying to say.

The generous use of long sentences, no contractions, minimum abbreviations, proper grammar, complex sentence structure, clear pronunciation and overall objectiveness of the information brings a lot of clarity to one’s speech. There is seldom any room for doubts or misunderstandings. The extensive use of impersonal and formal language brings out professionalism and makes your information more credible.

What should you NOT include in a Formal Speech

The obvious ways of distinguishing between a formal speech and an informal speech are determined through the process of elimination. The following are a few things that you shouldn’t include in a formal speech:

Casual Greeting

There are a number of ways you can greet a person. Each kind of greeting has formal and informal versions that you can use based on how well you know the person and what degree of professionalism you are required to maintain with that person. For example,

• Formal: Hello, how do you do?
• Informal: Hey, how are ya?
• Formal: Nice to meet you/ Pleased to meet you.
• Informal: Good to see you.
• Formal: How have you been?
• Informal: Long time no see!

Slangs and Colloquialism

Slangs include a language that’s peculiar to a particular group, a regional reference, or even curse words. It’s extremely important to keep slang words at bay when you’re delivering a formal speech. A formal tone prescribes standard, professional English language. For example,

• Informal: Stats say, stress is the reason why this workplace is always screwing up.
• Formal: According to statistics, stress is one of the most frequent factors that disrupts efficiency and encourages problems in the workplace.
• Informal: Know yourself honestly and well enough to find what stresses you out.
• Formal: Being candid with ourselves is the most effective way to establish the triggers of stress we experience.

Contractions

Contracting words and sentences assert an informal and casual tone. If you are aiming to sound professional and polished, avoiding contractions is recommended. For example,

• Informal: I’ve had enough, I don’t think I’m gonna let this slide the next time.
• Formal: Your limit has been surpassed, I do not think this mistake will go unpunished the next time.

Personal Pronouns

The main characteristics of a formal speech are its impersonal nature and the precise, passive and objective delivery of information. While writing a formal speech, avoid using pronouns altogether. However, if required, try using neutral pronouns such as ‘one.’ For example,

• Informal: I was alarmed when I found out the effects of stress.
• Formal: The effects of stress were found to be quite alarming.
• Informal: You shouldn’t stress out about the things you can’t control.
• Formal: One shouldn’t take stress about the things beyond one’s control.

Poor Vocabulary

Gather your thesaurus before you write your formal speech because the better your vocabulary, more formal the content of your speech sounds. While both your sentences would mean the same thing, the tone in which they are delivered would classify them as informal speeches or formal speeches. For example,

• Informal: He took the item back to the shop.
• Formal: He returned the item to the shop.
• Informal: The CEO of this company gave up his position because his mental health was being affected.
• Formal: The CEO of this company relinquished his position due to his mental health being compromised.

How should you structure a Formal Speech?

The basic structure of a formal speech is no different than the structure of an essay. Organising your speech not only improves the clarity of thought but also amplifies the effectiveness of your content. A formal speech includes an introduction, a body and a conclusion.

The Introduction

A formal introduction establishes a respectful contact between the speaker and the listener. The introduction should last for one minute at the most. It should sound deferential and strictly adhere to formal English. How should you begin a formal speech?

The Greeting

The introduction of a formal speech can typically begin with a greeting. After wishing ‘good morning’ or ‘good evening’ depending on the time of the day, you may introduce yourself humbly. You can thank the organisers of the event for inviting you to speak or compliment a senior member of the event to pay respect. 

Acknowledging the Audience

It is polite to thank the audience for gathering to hear you out. Greet them with a genuine smile and express what an honour it is to be speaking before them today. After all, they have sacrificed their precious time to be here today.

Placing your Claim

The introduction is the most crucial segment of your speech. The curiosity you are able to pique in this part decides how much audience you will retain throughout your speech. It is extremely important you place your claim in the most catchy manner. Even in a formal speech, you can use quotes, rhetorical devices, imagery, startling elements, stories or even silence. As long as the language used is respectful, professional and follows the formal English, it can be a good opener for a formal speech. 

In case you’re looking for a few creative ways you can open your speech, you can refer to our blogpost for help!

The body makes up everything you have to say about the claim you placed in the introduction. It can have additional facts, supporting arguments and other temporal modes of organising your information. The temporal modes of organising information can be:

• Cause-effect relation in past, present or future tense
• Effect-cause relation which is basically inverting it and highlighting the effects before you state how they are achieved.
• Compare and contrast your entities.
• Narrate your topics as a story by organising the flow of the speech by finding relation and joint-relevance between two topics.
• Subdividing a large chunk of information into headings and subheadings is also a good topical way to organise your information formally.

The Conclusion

How do you end a formal speech? The conclusion follows the transition that was laid down by the body. The two main aims of a conclusion are to summarise the ideas of the speech and provide a closure. The conclusion of any formal speech can include:

• A summary of the speech.
• A ‘Now-What?’ statement elucidating the takeaway of the speech for the audience.
• A reference back to the introduction of the speech.
• An open-ended question to ponder upon.

If the last line of your speech is as important as the introduction segment where you make the claim. The weight and impact of the last sentence decides how memorable your speech would be. If you don’t feel like dropping the mic after the last sentence of your speech, maybe it’s not as mind-blowing and impactful as it ideally should be. 

If you are looking to seek more advice on how you can structure your formal speeches more professionally , be sure to check out our guidelines.

Informal Speeches

Informal speeches are casual and relaxed. They are made while talking to friends, colleagues or people you personally know. There are no hard and fast rules while making an informal speech other than somehow conveying the message you want to convey. 

What makes a speech informal?

Informal speeches radiate a very comfortable and relaxed energy. They’re friendlier than formal speeches and they often carry the personality of the person addressing them. A few characteristics that can help you identify informal speeches are:

Since casual speeches don’t require a very strict preparation like formal speeches, they are often easygoing. Informal speeches are made sporadically and are mostly off the record. The level of ease informal speeches carry can differ from person to person given how extroverted they are, or how comfortable they are with the audience. 

Informal speeches sound colourful. In the sense, the speaker is given the liberty to express themselves as they truly are. They don’t have a monotonous tone like formal speeches. The speaker can add their own slang, phrases they normally use, their personality, their dialects and in general make the speech as entertaining and fun as they please. 

Informal speeches give you the artistic and comedic liberty to put forth your message. While formal speeches usually adhere to the strictness of sounding ‘serious’ and ‘professional’, informal speeches are like laid back and pleasurable conversations.

You do not normally talk in complex sentence structures or dramatically use vocabulary. Likewise, informal speeches are often simple and straightforward. They use short sentences and terms and references from day-to-day life. You may use words and phrases like ‘that’s dope’, ‘don’t be salty’, ‘bruh’, ‘I’m shook’, ‘No cap’ etc. 

Informal speech is used in day-to-day life. Unlike other languages, most English speakers tend to speak informally with strangers on the street. While they’re friendly, they might not necessarily be polite if the listener cannot interpret the tone of your speech. 

Since informal speeches are more often used in everyday life, they don’t really have a structure. They do not require an introduction, a body or a conclusion. Apart from the unspoken rules of exchanging pleasantries and courtesy, you do not need to ‘prepare’ anything formal, just have the idea of what you want to say in mind.

A few examples of informal speeches would be:

• A Best Man’s Speech for his Brother’s Wedding: In this example, the occasion is properly informal. The speaker is amongst friends and family, speaking about his brother and his new wife. It is hilarious and also contains a poem to deliver the message!

• A Valedictorian Speech for the Class of 2010: In this example, while the occasion is formal, the speaker has very cleverly added a subtle informal tone while still maintaining the collective polite structure. He framed all inside jokes in a way everybody could understand. It was overall confident, humorous, ingenious and a great valedictorian speech.

What are the Main Differences Between Formal and Informal Speeches?

The following table elucidates the main differences between formal and informal speeches, summarising all its characteristics.

Case Study: A Sales Pitch

Let’s study the an applied example of formal and informal speeches. The above video is a sales pitch for electric cars. There are two characters in this video, each used in informal speech and formal speech respectively. Let us analyse both their speeches to understand how you can implement the two styles in your communication. 

Informal Speech

The first man uses an informal style of speech. He begins his speech by saying, “Ladies and gentlemen, electric cars. They’re totally gay.” Naturally, in a work environment where formal tones are expected, the opening statement left all the members of the meeting stupefied. They found his speech disrespectful and all the faces around the room were either shocked, perplexed or disapproving. The casual tone could have easily been found offensive on the pretext of homophobia. He also says things like ‘rock-and-roll-ness’, ‘sexiness of the car’, ‘this model took more virginities than Francis Albert Sinatra’, which can come across as rather controversial in a formal business meeting. Gradually, the informal and blunt approach did work out for the salesperson. However, the chances of it being successful are bleak and you could just be overruled any time. Using a formal tone is therefore a safer option.

Formal Speech

The second man in the film, referred to as Nicholas, takes over and summarises the pitch using formal speech. He uses statements like, ‘We believe we can produce the technology to incorporate an electric motor in your current model.’ He said the exact same thing the first man was trying to communicate but in a far more classy manner. Instead of calling it ‘sexy’ or ‘rock-and-roll’, he refers to its features as ‘exhilarating’ and ‘aggressive’, making the experience ‘visceral’ and retaining a manly retro element of the car than making it look ‘gay’. 

This example distinguishing formal speech with informal speech hopefully gives you a thorough idea of what they are. However, when should you use formal speech? And when should you give an informal speech?

Should you use Formal Speech or Informal Speech?

Knowing what speech is best suited for the given situation always depends on the context. You should be intelligent enough to be able to recognize situations that demand a formal tone and situations that can be handled casually.

Generally, informal speeches are made at weddings while giving a toast or at birthdays to express love etc. Formal speeches are made in professional settings, work places, educational institutes, talking to authorities, job interviews, business meetings, negotiations, elders or people you don’t know.  

However, sometimes in job interviews, the interviewer can be looking for what your personality is like. In situations like this, you need to tone down how formally you talk. Some corporate cultures embrace a casual and informal tone in their business affairs while some companies prefer individuals who can maintain a strong formal and professional persona. 

When you are doubtful about what speech to use, always stick to formal speech. While informal speech is friendly, formal speech is polite. It establishes goodwill and credibility. Although it’s not good to be overly formal either. Saying “Greetings, let me guide you through the floorplans of this building so you can navigate the office easily.” is frankly absurd and foolish. Being too formal can also come across as cold, distant and ironically even impolite. You do not want to be a robot. Sometimes saying, “Good morning, allow me to give you an office tour.” does just the right thing.

To Conclude,

A good communicator can not only convey any kind of message to their audience but also convey their message to any kind of audience. And in order to achieve this, a good communicator is the master of the art of speech as well as the master of knowing the audience and what tone they would appreciate. 

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• Cambridge Dictionary +Plus

Formal and informal language

We use formal language in situations that are serious or that involve people we don’t know well. Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are more relaxed and involve people we know well.

Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages. There are also examples where spoken English can be very formal, for example, in a speech or a lecture. Most uses of English are neutral; that is, they are neither formal nor informal.

Formal language and informal language are associated with particular choices of grammar and vocabulary.

Contractions, relative clauses without a relative pronoun and ellipsis are more common in informal language.

More formal vocabulary commonly involves longer words or words with origins in Latin and Greek. More informal vocabulary commonly involves shorter words, or words with origins in Anglo-Saxon. Most dictionaries indicate very informal and/or formal words.

We often choose to use certain modal verbs to be more formal and polite:

Can I suggest you try this new model? (neutral)

May I suggest you try this new model? (more formal)

Might I suggest you try this new model? (very formal)

Contractions

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Using Informal Style in Prose Writing

• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

In composition , informal style is a broad term for speech or writing marked by a casual, familiar, and generally colloquial use of language .

An informal writing style is often more direct than a formal style and may rely more heavily on contractions , abbreviations , short sentences , and ellipses .

In a recently published textbook ( The Rhetorical Act , 2015), Karlyn Kohrs Campbell et al. observe that, by comparison, formal prose is "strictly grammatical and uses complex sentence structure and precise, often technical vocabulary . Informal prose is less strictly grammatical and uses short, simple sentences and ordinary, familiar words. Informal style may include sentence fragments , such as the truncated style of text messaging ... and some colloquialisms or slang ."

But as Carolyne Lee reminds us, "[s]impler prose does not inevitably mean simpler ideas or simpler conceptualizing" ( Word Bytes: Writing in the Information Society , 2009).

Examples and Observations

• "An informal writing style is a relaxed and colloquial way of writing standard English . It is the style found in most personal e-mail and in some business correspondence, nonfiction books of general interest, and mass-circulation magazines. There is less distance between the writer and the reader because the tone is more personal than in a formal writing style. Contractions and elliptical constructions are common. . . . An informal style approximates the cadence and structure of spoken English while conforming to the grammatical conventions of written English ." (G. J. Alred, C. T. Brusaw, and W. E. Oliu, Handbook of Technical Writing , 9th ed. St. Martin's Press, 2008)
• "[T]he informal style , far from being merely a sloppy form of language, is governed by rules every bit as precise, logical, and rigorous as the rules governing formal language." (A. Akmajian, et al, Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication . MIT Press, 2001)
• Informal Style in Electronic Communications "As e-mail messages, text messages and social network postings become nearly ubiquitous in the lives of teenagers, the informality of electronic communications is seeping into their schoolwork, a new study says. "Nearly two-thirds of 700 students surveyed said their e-communication style sometimes bled into school assignments, according to the study by the Pew Internet & American Life Project, in partnership with the College Board’s National Commission on Writing. About half said they sometimes omitted proper punctuation and capitalization in schoolwork. A quarter said they had used emoticons like smiley faces. About a third said they had used text shortcuts like 'LOL' for 'laugh out loud.' "'I think this is not a worrying issue at all,' said Richard Sterling, emeritus executive director of the National Writing Project, which aims to improve the teaching of writing." (Tamar Lewin, "Informal Style of Electronic Messages Is Showing Up in Schoolwork, Study Finds." The New York Times , April 25, 2008)
• Standard English and Informal Style "[T]here is no necessary connection between Standard English and formal styles, or non-standard dialects and informal styles: My mate is bloody knackered. is informal style... but it is also Standard English. On the other hand, My friend be very tired. which is stylistically less informal, is not in Standard English but some other dialect." (Peter Trudgill, Dialects . Routledge, 1994)
• Definition and Examples of Jargon
• Characteristics of a Formal Prose Style
• What Is Colloquial Style or Language?
• Writing Informal Emails and Letters
• Texting (Text Messaging)
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• What Is a Colloquialism?
• Plain Style in Prose
• Levels of Usage: Definition and Examples
• Paragram (Word Play)
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• Informalization in Language
• Colloquialization (Language)
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3.3: Formal and Informal Language

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• Lisa Coleman, Thomas King, & William Turner
• Southwest Tennessee Community College

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Learning Outcomes

• Differentiate between informal and formal language.
• Determine the different types of informal language.
• Understand improper language and biased language.

Competent communicators adapt their words to their audience and the communication context. For example, in a text to your best friend, you are going to use more casual words and grammar than in a paper you turn in to your English professor. One of these contexts calls for formal language whereas informal language is fine for the other.

Formal vs. Informal Language

Formal language is official and academic language.  You should use formal language in papers, written discussions, tests, research papers, resumes, and cover letters. 

Informal Language

Informal language is a common, everyday language, which might include slang words. It is casual and continually changing. We use informal language when we talk to others, and when you look at your text messages, you will probably see several examples of informal language.

Jargon is the specialized or technical language of a specific group or profession that may not be understood by outsiders. If you are really into cars or computers, you probably know a lot about the different parts and functions as well as terms or jargon that a general audience wouldn’t understand. Jargon is usually appropriate when communicating with others in your profession or group but should be avoided unless you are certain the people you are speaking to are familiar with the terms. Your Dictionary.com provides a list of commonly heard jargon phrases used in the business world. ( https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-jargon-in-the-workplace.html ). 

• Blue-sky thinking - A creative idea that doesn't always have a practical application
• Think outside the box - Don't limit your thinking; use your creativity
• The helicopter view - An overview of a job or a project
• Drink our own champagne - A phrase meaning that a business will use the same product that they sell to their customers. The champagne is an indicator of a good product.
• Heavy lifting - The most difficult aspects of a project, as in, "Bill is doing all the heavy lifting for us!"
• Hammer it out - To type something up
• Win-win situation - A solution where all parties are satisfied with the results

Chances are you have heard a few of these jargon phrases, but others may be new to you. Take a minute and think through all of the jargon you hear on an average day.

Colloquialisms

What do you call a carbonated beverage?  Is it a soda, soft drink, a Coke, or a pop?  The colloquialism you use is most likely determined by where you grew up. Colloquialisms are informal words that vary from region to region. Examples might be “wanna” instead of “want to” or “gonna” instead of “going to.”

 How many of these colloquialisms do you use?

• Ballpark - used to describe something that is close to accurate
• Bomb - to do terribly on a test
• Flake - a person who cancels plans regularly or the act of regularly canceling plans
• Raincheck - a promise to reschedule plans that had to be canceled
• Ride shotgun - to sit in the front passenger seat of a car
• Go bananas, or go nuts – go insane or be very angry
• Pop into my head – to have a new thought
• Wanna – want to
• Y’all – you all
• Yinz – you all

Slang refers to informal words that are used within certain groups, such as young adults and teens. You most certainly use different slang expressions than your parents or grandparents. Slang is often used in conversations with those who are similar and have experience with each other and should be avoided in academic and professional writing (including emails), speeches and presentations, and even in class and group discussions (unless you are absolutely certain everyone else uses the same slang as you). How many of these slang expressions do you use?

• Bye Felicia (saying goodbye to someone you don’t like)
• The Tea (gossip)
• Bro (typically a male friend)
• Cash (money)
• Cheesy (cheap or tacky)
• Ship (wanting people to be in a relationship, whether real or fictional)
• Frenemy (someone who is both a friend and an enemy)
• Thirsty (being overly eager or desperate)
• Throw Shade (to insult another person)
• YOLO (you only live once)
• Woke (being acutely aware of social injustice within society)

What is common slang today could be completely outdated tomorrow? Dominic-Madori Davis gives examples of slang expressions from Gen. Z (people born 1997 ---) along with their Baby Boomer (people born 1946 – 1964) equivalent.

Gen Z: That movie was fire ; you have to check it out.                    Baby Boomer: I liked that movie; it was groovy .

Gen Z : You really look salty right now.  What happened?               Baby Boomer:  You really look hacked off .  What happened?

Gen Z : Their dress at prom was a lewk.                                        Baby Boomer : Yeah, they were all decked out.

Idioms are expressions or figures of speech that are used in everyday speech that has been given meaning over time because of common usage.  Idioms can be especially hard to grasp for new residents or citizens because the actual words in the idiom have very little relationship to the overall meaning of the phrase. Do you know the meaning of the following idioms?

• Stir up a hornet’s nest
• Bite off more than you can chew
• Under the weather
• Sat on a fence
• The ball is in your court

Clichés

A cliché is a once-clever word or phrase that has lost its impact through overuse. If you spoke or wrote in clichés, how would others react? Let’s try it. How do you react when you read this sentence: “A cliché is something to avoid like the plague, for it is nothing but a tired old warhorse, and if the shoe were on the other foot, you too would have an ax to grind”? As you can see, the problem with clichés is that they often sound silly or boring. Clichés are sometimes seen as a symptom of lazy communication—the person using the cliché hasn’t bothered to search for original words to convey the intended meaning. As a result, they can be obstacles to successful communication. Avoid cliches in academic or professional writing and speeches.

Textspeak is the language and spelling that people use when they are writing text messages.  Textspeak is fine in your personal life but is inappropriate for academic assessments and most communication in the workplace.  Most students realize that textspeak is inappropriate in essays and research papers, but the words and grammar still show up where they shouldn't, such as emails between students and instructors, or on classroom discussion boards.  Although emails and discussion boards are less formal than research papers, they still should be written with care and consideration for the reader.  It is important to use capital letters when called for and to use punctuation appropriately, important details that are often omitted in textspeak.

Mindfulness Activity

Researchers have found that when college students can address their emotions and are mindful of their feelings, it can enhance written communication with others. 31 After doing this activity, try to be more mindful of the things that you send to other people.

Key Takeaways

• Formal language is more careful and more mannered than everyday speech, whereas informal language is appropriate in casual conversation.
• Informal language includes (1) Jargon, or technical language; (2) Colloquialism, or informal expressions; (3) Slang, or nonstandard language; (4) Idioms, or expressions or figures of speech; (5) clichés, or sayings that are overused and predictable.
• Create a list of jargon or slang words that you use and what they mean. Ask your parents or grandparents to share some of the slang they grew up hearing.  Compare your lists. 
• Create a list of colloquialisms or idioms. Find an international student and see if these words make sense. What was confusing or unclear?
• Ask an international friend or classmate to share clichés that are used in his or her culture, or locate clichés through research. See if you can find an American equivalent of each cliché.

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1.2 Formal and informal language

Now that you have identified different formal and informal situations, it is time to look at formal and informal language.

Formal language is a style of speech used when you are speaking to someone you don’t know or on whom you want to make a good impression.

Informal language is a style of speech where choice of words and grammar tends to be familiar rather than formal. It is used when you know, or want to get to know, the person you are speaking to.

Activity 3 Formal and informal phrases

Match each formal phrase to its more informal equivalent.

I am unable to attend tomorrow.

I can’t come tomorrow.

Would you like anything else?

Anything else?

I am ringing to enquire about the job.

I’m ringing to ask about the job.

The manager will return your call.

The manager will phone you back.

I received your email.

I got your email.

He returned the item to the shop.

He took back the item to the shop.

Using the following two lists, match each numbered item with the correct letter.

a. I got your email.

b. I can’t come tomorrow.

c. I’m ringing to ask about the job.

d. The manager will phone you back.

e. Anything else?

f. He took back the item to the shop.

In some of these examples, simply replacing a word makes something sound more formal: ‘attend’ rather than ‘come’; ‘enquire’ rather than ‘ask’; ‘received’ rather than ‘got’; ‘returned’ rather than ‘took back’.

Using a different phrase can also make something sound more formal: ‘am unable’ rather than ‘can’t’; ‘return your call’ rather than ‘phone you back’.

In the following example, using a full sentence rather than a shortened form makes it sound more formal: ‘Would you like anything else?’ rather than ‘Anything else?’.

Slang is very informal language that is usually spoken rather than written. It is commonly used among friends when speaking or sending text messages.

Activity 4 The difference between slang and formal language

Can you match each formal phrase to its slang equivalent?

She was devastated when the team lost.

She was gutted when the team lost.

He had his wallet stolen.

He had his wallet nicked.

They were intoxicated on Saturday night.

They were legless on Saturday night.

She went shopping with her friends.

She went shopping with her mates.

His son can be outspoken at times.

His son can be gobby at times.

I’m feeling hungry.

I’m feeling peckish.

a. His son can be gobby at times.

b. He had his wallet nicked.

c. I’m feeling peckish.

d. She was gutted when the team lost.

e. She went shopping with her mates.

f. They were legless on Saturday night.

The slang words used here – gutted, nicked, legless, mates, gobby, peckish – are words that might be spoken or texted among friends. It is unlikely that you would see these words in formal writing.

Formal language is more likely to be grammatically correct. For example, you would say ‘I have not’ rather than the grammatically incorrect ‘I ain’t’.

When speaking and listening, you should think about three important questions:

• Who am I speaking to?
• What is the purpose?
• Is this a formal or an informal situation?

Activity 5 Formal and informal phrases

Think about each situation below and decide whether it’s formal or informal. Then write a phrase that you might use in that situation.

1. Making an appointment at the doctor’s surgery

2. Chatting with friends

3. Parents’ evening at a children’s school

4. Job interview

5. A community drop-in session

Compare your ideas with the examples below.

In this section you have:

• looked at what makes a confident speaker
• identified formal and informal situations
• considered the differences between formal, informal and slang language.

You will now turn to the important subject of non-verbal communication.

Formal and informal speech and writing

People speak and write in different ways on different occasions. There are, however, some words and structures which are mainly used in formal situations  – for example report writing, business meetings, conferences, polite conversations etc.

There are also some words and expressions which are mainly used in informal situations – conversations with friends etc.

In writing, we almost always use formal words and expressions. Speech, on the other hand, is often more informal.

Some grammatical structures have two forms – formal and informal.

For example, in informal speech and writing we use contracted auxiliary verbs and negatives.

Formal: It is working. Informal: I t’s working. Informal: He ‘s gone. Formal: He has gone.

Prepositions

In informal language prepositions often come at the end of certain structures.

Formal: To which nation does he belong? Informal: Which nation does he belong to?

Some determiners are followed by singular verbs in formal language and plural verbs in informal language.

Formal: Neither of us like s him. Informal: Neither of us like him.

Some pronouns have different forms in formal and informal language.

Formal: Whom did they elect? Informal: Who did they elect?

In informal language we often leave out words.

Formal: She said that she would come. Informal: She said she would come. Formal: Have you seen Annie? Informal: Seen Annie?

Some words are mainly used in informal situations. In formal situations other words or expressions are used.

Informal                                               Formal Fix                                                           Repair Begin / start                                        commence Thanks                                                   Thank you What? / Pardon? / Sorry?              I beg your pardon?

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What is Informal Speech?

• Teaching Strategies, Tactics, and Methods

Informal speech is casual and relaxed, like conversations with friends. Conversational speech may include slang, contractions, and everyday phrases.

What is the difference between informal and formal speech?

Informal speech differs from Standard English, favoring a more relaxed tone and deviation from the typical grammar rules. You may hear conversational speech between friends, families, peers, and strangers. It is commonly heard in everyday life.

Informal speech may include slang words such as ‘lit,’ ‘shook,’ and ‘squad.’ People speaking informally will typically use contractions to save time, choosing to say ‘haven’t’ rather than ‘have not.’

For instance:

“Cheers for ringing, Dude. Feels like I haven’t seen you in ages! Have you seen Jono and Mark lately?”

Formal speech is more likely to adhere to the rules of Standard English. Eloquent speech is most commonly used in the workplace, places of learning such as universities, or events with a serious tone.

Formal speech rarely includes slang words. Fewer contractions will be used, and the speaker will likely follow a proper sentence structure.

“I’m so pleased to be here today. Thank you for your invitation and kind words regarding my recent promotion. I feel truly grateful to be surrounded by such wonderful, distinguished individuals tonight.”

Examples of data handling

There are many examples of data handling that you will encounter, both in the classroom and in real life. Some school-related examples could be:

• Taking stock of the remaining buns after a school bake sale.
• Creating a tally chart of what color eyes class-mates have.
• Drawing a pie chart to show how many boys and girls there are in a class.
• Making a bar chart to show different people’s favorite colors.
• Finding the mean, mode, and median of a data set.

Some real-life examples of data handling would be:

• The National Census
• Voter Polls
• Online Marketing Surveys

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Formal and Informal Writing Styles

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Writing style is how a writer expresses themselves. It includes spelling, grammar and punctuation, as well as aspects like sentence length and word choice. Style may vary with the type or purpose of writing. For example, you may come across academic writing , journalistic writing and business writing , all of which have different purposes and characteristics. Style may also vary with period (age) and nationality.

However, all styles of writing can be described as either formal or informal.

This page covers the key aspects of formal and informal writing styles, to enable you to distinguish between the two, and use them appropriately.

Understanding Formal and Informal Styles

What do we mean by ‘formal’ and ‘informal’?

Some definitions

formal , adj . stiffly polite rather than relaxed and friendly; said of language: strictly correct with regard to grammar, style and choice of words, as distinct from conversational

informal , adj. without ceremony or formality; relaxed and friendly; said of language, clothes, etc: suitable for and used in relaxed, everyday situations.

Source: Chambers 21st Century Dictionary, online edition.

Informal language and writing, then, is suitable for use every day .

It is, effectively, how we speak and write to our friends and families. It will include slang and colloquialisms (defined as phrases that are used in informal but not formal language). The recipient may tolerate some spelling and grammar mistakes.

We are therefore likely to use an informal writing style when composing emails and letters to friends and family. Blogs and other online copy are also often written in a more informal, conversational style.

Formal writing needs much more care.

It is the style of writing used for business and other official purposes. It needs to be correct in terms of grammar, spelling, punctuation and usage.

A more formal style may also be appropriate for some letters, for example, if you are making a complaint to an organisation.

You may find our page on Writing Styles helpful. This is part of our study skills section, and summarises the main styles of writing that a student may encounter during their studies.

Characteristics of Formal and Informal Writing

When you look at a piece of writing, it is possible to distinguish whether it is written in a formal or informal style from several different aspects.

The main characteristics of an informal writing style are:

Colloquial language and terms. Informal writing is similar to a spoken conversation. It may therefore include slang, figures of speech, broken syntax, or asides.

A personal tone as if you were speaking directly to your audience (readers). Informal writing is often very conversational in style. The writer often uses the first person (I and we), and will also address the reader directly using the second person (you and your).

A simple structure and approach. As in conversation, both sentences and paragraphs tend to be shorter in informal writing. This is especially true in writing for the internet. Writers may also use incomplete sentences or ellipses (…) to make points.

Contractions and abbreviations within the text. Just as in speech, words may be shortened or abbreviated in informal writing. You will therefore see contractions (for example, I’m, doesn’t, couldn’t, it’s) and abbreviations (e.g. TV, photos) used much more in this form of writing.

Empathy and emotion. In informal writing, a writer will often show more empathy towards the reader. They may, for example, explain a more complex thought more clearly. This is linked to the more personal style in informal writing, which is more suited to conveying emotions.

The main characteristics of a formal writing style are:

A more complex structure. Formal writing often uses longer sentences. However, this is changing slightly with a growing understanding that clarity is important. In formal writing, you will also see a more structured approach generally, with points clearly introduced, explained and concluded. Formal pieces of writing are often carefully planned, revised and reviewed several times to ensure that they are as clear as possible, and make all the necessary points.

Complex should not mean incomprehensible

Some people equate formal writing with the use of longer words and complex sentence structures.

It is true that formal writing can be like that. However, this is neither essential nor desirable .

Any writing needs to convey your point to the reader as clearly as possible.

Using simpler language and sentence structures is usually a better way to do this. Long words do not make you sound cleverer, especially if you use them incorrectly.

See our page on Using Plain English for more about this.

An objective approach. In formal writing, the writer uses a more objective approach. Main points are usually stated and then supported with arguments. Formal writing is less likely to be emotional in style. It therefore avoids emotive punctuation such as exclamation points or ellipsis, unless they are being cited from another source.

Use of full words rather than contractions. As a general rule, no contractions should be used to simplify words in formal writing. Abbreviations should generally be spelt out in full when first used. There are a few exceptions to this rule, for example, when the acronym is better known than the full name (BBC, ITV or NATO for example) or where it has become part of the language (for example, AIDS).

Writing in the third person. Formal writing is not a personal writing style. The writer often aims to sound dispassionate about the topic. It is usually not appropriate to use the first person (I or we) or second person (you). However, there are some exceptions to this (see box).

First or third person in academic writing?

In academic writing, it was traditional to use the third person and the passive voice. For example:

“The authors are not aware of any other studies that have used this approach.”

“The reagents were added together carefully to avoid any cross-contamination.”

However, this type of language is quite hard to read. Many academic journals therefore now encourage the use of the active voice, and the first person, but within a style that is considered formal.

Examples of this use of language are:

“As far as we are aware, no other studies have used this method.”

“In total, we enrolled 65 people onto the study over a period of six months. They completed the initial questionnaire during April 2021.”

When to Use Formal and Informal Writing

A formal writing style is not necessarily “better” or “worse” than an informal approach.

There is a time and a place for both. They have very different purposes. You should therefore take care to choose the most appropriate style to use. There are several factors that may affect your choice.

Two of the key factors dictating the choice of a formal or informal writing style are your audience and your medium.

You may therefore find it helpful to read our pages Know your Audience and Know Your Medium .

In general, writing for professional or work purposes is likely to require a formal style. However, you may be able to use a more informal style if you are writing to someone you know in person.

Emails also tend to use a less formal style than paper-based communications. However, this is changing slightly as more organisations use emails for all communications. You should therefore avoid the use of “text talk” or too much informality.

There is more about this in our page on Good Email Etiquette .

If in doubt as to how formal your writing should be, it is usually better to err on the side of caution.

Almost nobody is offended by too much formality. However, it is certainly possible to offend by being too informal in your approach.

Continue to: Know Your Audience Common Mistakes in Writing

See also: Active and Passive Voice Creative Writing How to Write a Report

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Formal and Informal Language

What is the difference between formal and informal language?

Formal and informal language serve different purposes in written communications depending on the reader (Audience) and reason for writing (Purpose). The tone, the choice of words and the way the words are put together vary between the two different styles.

Formal language is less personal than informal language. It is used when writing for professional or academic purposes like graduate school assignments. Formal language does not use colloquialisms, contractions or first-person pronouns such as “I” or “We.”

Informal language is more casual and spontaneous. It is used when communicating with friends or family either in writing or in conversation. It is used when writing personal emails, text messages and in some business correspondence. The tone of informal language is more personal than formal language.

Examples of formal and informal language are shown below:

Contractions

• Informal :The improvements can’t be made due to budget cuts.
• Formal : Improvements cannot be made due to budget restrictions.

Phrasal Verbs

• The balloon was blown up for the experiment.
• The balloon was inflated for the experiment

Slang/Colloquialism

• Professors still count on students to use correct grammar and punctuation in essays.
• Professors expect students to use correct grammar and punctuation in essays.

First Person Pronouns

• I considered various research methods for the study.
• Various research methods were considered for the study.
• During the interview we asked the applicants for a personal reference.
• During the interview applicants were asked to provide a personal reference.

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What Are The Five Types Of Speech Style Or Communicative Style?

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE – In this topic, we will now discuss about the five different types of speech style or communicative style.

But first, let us know what is the meaning of a speech style or a communicative style

A speech style, according to Martin Joos (1976), a linguist and German professor, it refers to the form of language that the speaker utilized which is characterized by the level of formality.

Still according to Jooz, speech style is identified into five types: frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and intimate.

• Also known as fixed speech , it is the highest form of communicative style which is often used in respectful situations or formal ceremonies like Shakespearean plays, weddings, funerals, and more. It uses the complex grammatical sentence structure and vocabulary that are only known by experts in that field
• This type uses formal words and expressions and is mostly seen in writing rather than speaking. It also disallows the use of ellipsis, contractions, and qualifying modal adverbials.
• The third level of language . It is basically unplanned speech since the speaker uses the participation and feedback of the listener. The speaker will supply background information, while again, the listener participates continuously
• Also known as informal style, it is usually used between, friends, or even insiders who have things to share. In this type, there is a free and easy participation of both speaker and listener.
• The last type is used in talks between two very close individuals. It is described by an economy of words, with a high chance of nonverbal communication. Like casual, there is also a free and easy participation of both speaker and listener.

READ ALSO – EFFECTIVE STUDY HABITS – Strategies In Studying For Students

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Casual Style of Communication: The Appropriate and Effective Use

Table of Contents

A casual style of communication is characterized by everyday language use, as opposed to a formal style. This type of language use is more appropriate for individuals with a personal relationship.

What is a Casual Style of Communication?

A casual style of communication, as the term implies, brings to mind informal conversation, often between friends and acquaintances. It is easy to approach, free of all pretense, and is not used for high-pressure conversations.

You would want to use a casual communication style with people you are familiar with and trust.

Casual communication occurs with friends, family, and individuals in business, entertainment, and other walks of life. It is commonly used in social events such as a friend’s birthday, a wedding, or a party.

The casual communication style tends to be informal and relaxed , but not “rude” or without manners. It uses slang languages or expressions that can easily be understood without giving too much information.

Features of Casual Communication Style

The casual communication style is used when you write or speak to familiar people. It allows you to use expressive language. The subject matter of the conversation is usually informal and relaxed.

Often, casual speakers intend to maintain the flow of dialogue rather than say anything extraordinary or use specific expressions or vocabulary.

The following features are peculiar to the casual communication.

• Jokes and humor.
• Slang language: “Wow,” “That’s cool.”
• Informal abbreviations.
• Use of abbreviations or slang symbols rather than complete words in writing.
• The speaker allows the listener to interrupt and participate in the conversation.
• Use of contractions: “That’s true,” “What’re you up to?” “Where’d she go?” “That’s great.”

When is it Appropriate to Use the Casual Style of communication?

The casual speech style is a style of speaking that is warm, friendly, easygoing, informal, and often uses slang. In casual communication, the speaker is comfortable and at ease. The listener is focused on the speaker’s message rather than how they express it.

The casual style of speaking is also characterized as informal, candid, and timely and does not often address the conventional communication rules. You can use the casual speech style in the following scenarios.

• When speaking with family and friends:  The casual style of speaking is the most appropriate to use with friends and family.
• In a social event/gathering : You would use this communication style during a special event such as a wedding or party.
• When the audience is well-known to you : When communicating with a familiar audience, you want to express yourself quickly and effectively. It is best to use the casual speech style when your message requires a high level of emotion that you want to convey.
• When speaking to your employees and client : The casual communication style is generally used to communicate with clients. It helps maintain a friendly, informal and relaxed atmosphere. As an employer, you would use the casual communication style to talk to your employees about company business.
• When speaking to your business partners : The casual style of communication emphasizes informality, ease of communication, and lack of rules and formalities. Even though we may dress formally, we do not necessarily communicate that way. You can be in business attire and speak in a casual language with ease.

The casual communication style is less formal in that it allows for more animated communication and a friendly tone. It is acceptable to use slang and contractions to communicate when speaking casually. However, they should never be used too often to be considered signs of inappropriateness or mockery.

It would be best to use the casual communication style only when the audience or person being addressed is relaxed and familiar to you.

Pam is an expert grammarian with years of experience teaching English, writing and ESL Grammar courses at the university level. She is enamored with all things language and fascinated with how we use words to shape our world.

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10 Examples of Formal and Informal Dialogue

• February 20, 2023

When starting a speech, the participants consider various factors such as the context, the subject matter, and the identities of the interlocutors, among others. Based on these considerations, the speaker adapts their speech, tone, body language, and language choices to ensure effective communication.

Based on the relationship between the speakers, there are two types of discourse:

• Formal dialogue:  It happens when there is a conversation between two individuals who are strangers or have no existing friendship or familial bond. In situations that require a higher level of formality, more structured patterns of behavior are typically observed, and the speakers follow an implicit protocol that governs the sequence and flow of the conversation. For instance, in a job interview scenario.
• Informal dialogue: It takes place between individuals who have a friendly or intimate relationship and is usually informal and relaxed. For instance, a chat between friends.

Characteristics of the formal dialogue

Table of Contents

• Sometimes the topic to be discussed is known in advance.
• The exchange follows a patterned order.
• There is greater precision in the choice of words.
• Complimentary formulas are included.
• Vulgar or overly colloquial terms are avoided.
• The statements are more elaborate.
• It can include technical language from a specific area known to the speakers holding the conversation.
• Gestures are avoided and posture is taken care of.
• There may be hierarchical differences between the speakers, of the boss-employee or teacher-student type.
• It can also be used to express respect. For example, with an older adult.

Characteristics of informal dialogue

• It is spontaneous, free and friendly.
• The pronoun you is used to express friendship and closeness.
• The topics are developed naturally, without previous protocols.
• The conversation can be fragmented, interrupted, end abruptly.
• Exclamations are allowed.
• Expressions that directly appeal to the interlocutor’s attention can be used.
• Colloquial vocabulary and terminology related to specific sociolects or dialects are included.
• There is little care in the formulation of sentences that, moreover, can be interrupted.
• Gestures and intonation variations are used to accentuate the message being emitted.
• There is no hierarchical differentiation between the speakers.

Examples of Formal Dialogue

1. dialogue between a teacher and students.

TEACHER: Good morning, students. I am Professor Gomez and I will be teaching history classes. STUDENTS: Good morning, Professor. TEACHER: Today we will start with the first topic of the syllabus: ancient civilizations. Please open your textbook to page fifty-four and begin reading. STUDENT: Excuse me, Professor. My name is Marcos Dominguez. Could you please repeat the page number? PROFESSOR: Sure, Dominguez. The page number is fifty-four. STUDENT: Thank you so much

2. Dialogue between two strangers

A. Excuse me, sir. I’m looking for Mirasoles Street. Do you know where it is? B. Sorry, I’m not from around here. But I can tell you where the police station is so you can ask for directions. I just passed it a moment ago. A. Could you please give me that information? It would be greatly appreciated. B. Of course. Just walk about 100 meters in that direction and turn left. You’ll find the police station at the entrance of the building. A. Thank you so much. B. No problem. Bye.

3. Dialogue from a job interview

A. Good afternoon, are you Rafael Sanchez? B. Yes, that’s me. Nice to meet you. A. Please, have a seat. Let me introduce myself. I am Andrew Bernard and I am the HR manager of the company. To start, I would like to ask you some personal questions. Are you employed at the moment? B. Yes, I have been working as an administrative employee at South Company for five years. A. Very good. And what tasks do you perform in your current position? B. Well, I perform a variety of tasks, all related to the financial organization of the company and the payment of employees. A. I see. What are the reasons you are interested in changing jobs? B. Essentially, I would like to gain new work experiences, change my environment, and take on new challenges. A. Then, I’m sure you’ll love the proposal I’m going to make.

4. Dialogue between a customer and an employee

Customer: Excuse me, Miss. I’m sorry to bother you, but I have a question. Employee: Good afternoon, it’s not a problem. How can I help you today? Customer: I need to return this item I bought yesterday. There’s a hole in it. Employee: Let me take a look. Ah, I see, it’s a manufacturing defect. Would you like to exchange it for a different item? Customer: Actually, I was hoping to choose a different color. Employee: Of course. These are the options we have available right now. Customer: Great, I’ll take this one. Employee: I’ll wrap it up for you right away. Customer: Thank you very much.

5. Dialogue between a man and a restaurant receptionist

Guest: Good morning. I am calling to request a reservation for tonight. Receptionist: Good morning. I’ll need to ask you a few questions first. Guest: Go ahead. Receptionist: What time would you like the reservation for? Guest: If possible, at nine o’clock in the evening. Receptionist: I’m sorry, all the tables are already reserved for that time. Would eight o’clock work for you instead? Guest: That’s a bit earlier than I’d like, but it will have to do. Receptionist: Great. How many people will be dining with you tonight? Guest: Five people. Receptionist: And what name should the reservation be under? Guest: Oscar Johnson, please. Receptionist: Very well, we’ll be expecting you, Mr. Johnson. Guest: Thank you, see you later.

Examples of informal dialogue

1. dialogue between neighbors.

D: Hello, Richard how are you? A: Hello, Daniel, how are you? D: I haven’t seen you in a long time… A: It’s been a while. I just got back from a trip yesterday. It was amazing. D: That’s great to hear! Give my regards to your mother. A: Will do. Bye!

2. dialogue between friends

I: Hey Francisca, have you heard? F: Hey Isabel, what’s up? I: I went to dinner at the trendy bar last night and guess who I saw? F: Who? I: Ricky Martin! F: No way! I: Yes, it’s true! I asked him for an autograph. F: And you didn’t take a picture? I: Unfortunately, my cell phone was out of battery.

3. Dialogue between coworkers

CHARLES: Good morning. SABRINA: Hello, Charles, what’s wrong? Something happened to you? CHARLES: Last night I was working on the balance sheet and it took late and I couldn’t sleep. I think I need a vacation. SABRINA: Yeah, but with the new boss, I wouldn’t dare ask for one. Did you see that he always looks so stern? He never says “please” or “thank you”. CHARLES: It’s true, but you know what? Although he appears very strict, when you get to know him better, he’s actually kind and understanding. Today, I’m going to request my vacation.

4. Dialogue between husband and wife

ROBERT: Hello my love, it’s good that you arrived because dinner is almost ready. INES: What a joy, darling. Today I had a crazy day, I want to take a bath and relax. ROBERT: I also had a difficult day, the system crashed and I was bombarded with customer complaints, all very angry and demanding the impossible, that it be restored immediately. INES: Well, tomorrow will be another day. Can you pass me the salt, please? What are you watching? ROBERT: Here. It’s a new TV show, I think you’ll enjoy it.

5. Dialogue between a father and a daughter

FATHER: Hey, Marcia, what’s going on? DAUGHTER: Not much. FATHER: What’s wrong, honey? DAUGHTER: I got a C on the biology test. I studied so hard for it! FATHER: I’m sorry to hear that, Marcia. I know how hard you worked. I’m sure you’ll do better on the next one. DAUGHTER: I don’t know about that… FATHER: Of course you will. Come here and give me a hug. Everything will be okay. DAUGHTER: Thanks, Dad!

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Which Is Correct? It Is I Vs. It Is Me

Hello, it is I. Those are the lyrics, right? … Or should they be?

Both  I and me  are pronouns . But there’s a clear difference between the two: I is what is known as a subject pronoun, and me is an object pronoun. What does that mean in the case of it is me and it is I ?

When to say “It is I”

The phrase it is I is correct for formal writing. Traditionally, the use of I is appropriate when it follows a linking verb like is , was , or were . Linking verbs express a state of being rather than describing an action. They’re usually paired with subject pronouns. Subject pronouns include I , he , she , they , and we . They reference the person performing the action in the sentence.

In writing, it is I sometimes shows ranks or formal relationships. For example in Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility , John Willoughby says to Mrs. Dashwood, “ It is I who may rather expect to be ill—for I am now suffering under a very heavy disappointment!” Sense and Sensibility was published in 1811, a time period where a proper young man was expected to speak formally to an older woman.

Examples of It is I in a sentence

Because it is I is so formal, it’s not often encountered in everyday conversation, articles, or books. It can be found in older texts, such as the Bible: It is I, do not be afraid (John 6:20). It can also be used like this:

• It is I  she wishes to see tonight.
• Perhaps it is I who should recuse myself from the vote.
• I think it is I who should ask your forgiveness.
• Is this Joe? – It is I .

When to say “It is me”

It is me  (or it’s me ) is considered an informal style. Today, most native English speakers use It is me instead of It is I .

Me is usually an object pronoun . In most cases this means it’s on the receiving end of the action in a sentence. For example, in  My sister gave me the book , the speaker is the recipient of the giving . The use of me in the phrase it is me isn’t typical usage of the pronoun, since there is no action to receive.

It’s me is used more often in casual speech. Judy Blume’s book, Are You There God? It’s Me, Margaret , uses the informal phrase in the title and throughout the work. In this young adult novel, Margaret deals with the questions and challenges in her life by talking to God. Since Margaret is an 11-year-old girl, she speaks casually: “Are you there God? It’s me , Margaret. We’re moving today.” She’s talking to someone she trusts and confides in, so there’s no need for formality.

Examples of It is me in a sentence

• With this new haircut, no one knows it is me .
• You can say anything. It is me you’re talking to.
• It is me in the picture.
• Is this Lou? – Yes, it’s me .

In general, both it is I and it’s me are valid ways of introducing yourself. It’s just that it is I is more formal, and can sound old fashioned to the modern ear. It’s me is more casual and relaxed, and you’re more likely to hear it in present-day conversations.

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Japanese Formality: How to Use Formal and Informal Japanese

Japan is famous for its formality and politeness, and Japanese people have earned a reputation for having excellent manners .

So how is a newcomer to the language supposed to navigate Japanese formality?

Fortunately, if you’re not Japanese, you’re not expected to know every little detail of how formal Japanese works.

However, knowing the basics of Japanese politeness will earn you points with your Japanese friends and colleagues.

With a little digging and a lot of hard work, you’ll be able to master Japanese formality in no time!

Formal Japanese

Why learn formal japanese, elements of formal japanese, social hierarchy and familiarity, behavior and gestures, japanese polite form, japanese honorifics, business japanese formalities, あいづち , aizuchi, practicing formal japanese, 6 common formal japanese expressions, informal japanese, elements of informal japanese, japanese casual form, internet slang, onomatopoeia, the special formalities of japanese dialects, osaka dialect, kyoto dialect, and one more thing....

Download: This blog post is available as a convenient and portable PDF that you can take anywhere. Click here to get a copy. (Download)

Formal Japanese can be divided up into three major categories: 丁寧語 (ていねいご, polite language), 尊敬語 (そんけいご, honorific language) and 謙譲語  (けんじょうご, humble language).

Depending on the situation and the statuses of those involved, the type of formal Japanese you use will be different:

• For everyday interactions with strangers, standard 丁寧語, teinuigo will do just fine.
• When speaking to a boss or a teacher, 尊敬語, sonkeigo is used to exalt them and their actions.
• And if you’re talking about yourself, 謙譲語, keigo will knock you down a few pegs, making you sound modest.

Like it or not, formal Japanese is important to understanding Japanese. It’s used to show respect to someone of a different social rank. Using formal and polite speech when speaking to someone older or socially superior to yourself, such as teachers, bosses, elders and upperclassmen, is considered good manners in Japan. Even if you don’t have to use them personally, these expressions are common in everyday Japan , and without a basic grasp of them, some confusion is going to take place.

Learning formal Japanese will help you:

• Navigate Japan more easily: These expressions are heard everywhere. If you’re only used to the common verb and suddenly encounter that verb’s formal form, suddenly you’re left lost as to what exactly is going on! With a basic understanding of formal Japanese under your belt, you’ll be able to order from a coffee shop or understand announcements more easily.

When determining which level of formality to use, social hierarchy, or social rank, needs to be kept in mind at all times. Where you stand in your relationship with someone else determines how you speak to them.

The basic pecking order puts parents above children, teachers above students, bosses above employees and elders above younger people. When Japanese people speak to each other, they consider the rank of the other person and adjust their language accordingly. For instance, you wouldn’t talk to your teacher in the same way you’d talk to your little sister.

How well you know the other person also plays a part in politeness. Families tend to speak more casually with one another, while strangers will use more formal terms. Good friends will drop the formalities entirely and throw all kinds of slang around.

Behavior and mannerisms are important in showing politeness, too. However, what two people think of as polite may be very different!

If you grew up like me, you were told not to slurp your soup or noodles, since making noise while eating is rude. On the other hand, slurping is considered normal in Japan! Japanese people will slurp bowls of miso soup as well as noodles, which can be a bit surprising if you’re not used to it. But don’t take this as a sign that you should eat noisily—loud chewing is just as impolite in Japan as it is in the West.

Bowing is perhaps the most famous polite gesture done in Japan. But did you know that the type of bow used actually affects how polite it is? A short bow at about 15° is appropriate for a casual greeting. A 30° bow is used for greeting strangers and bosses, and a 45° angle conveys deep respect or an apology.

These physical elements are as much a part of polite speech as the actual words, so it’s important to learn them!

After you’ve introduced yourself, it’s time to make a good impression by speaking politely. The standard  desu / masu form is appropriate regardless of the status of the person you’re speaking to. If you’re asking directions from a stranger on the street, this form is your safest bet.

When your Japanese friend introduces you to their friends, it’s also appropriate to use polite forms. You don’t know these people, after all! However, they may switch to casual form after a bit, in which case you might want to change gears as well.

In the office, usage of polite forms is standard. No matter how well you may get along with Mr. Tanaka from accounting, so long as you’re at work, you two will be using polite forms with each other. Save the informalities for the nomikai after work !

You can’t talk about Japanese without coming across honorifics. From the standard さん, (san, Mr./Ms.) and 先生 (sensei, せんせい, teacher) to the more unfamiliar 部長 (buchyou, ぶちょう, department manager) and 閣下 (kakka, かっか, your excellency), there’s an honorific for every position in Japanese society. When speaking about someone, knowing what honorific to use is a must.

So how do you figure it out? You’ll need to cover all the standard Japanese honorifics !

However, if you’re in a casual situation with a friend, or if someone wants to get closer to you, they may bring up 呼び捨て (yobisute, よびすて, dropping the suffix). This means that the person you’re hanging out with really likes you and wants to do away with the formalities of honorifics.

If you’re in a business situation, the rules will be a little different. The Japanese business world is extremely strict and has rules for every single social interaction, from bosses to upper management to speaking to representatives of other companies. So you’ll need to brush up on specific business Japanese vocabulary .

Regardless of the level of formality, an easily overlooked yet crucial part of Japanese conversation is あいづち ( aizuchi, conversational noises). Employing aizuchi lets the other person know you’re listening, and they’re much more frequent than the similar “uh-huh, yeah” in English.

In fact, its lack of usage among Japanese learners (especially English speakers) is more frustrating to Japanese people than any slip in formality! So do your future Japanese conversation partner a favor and get familiar with aizuchi .

By mastering Japanese keigo , you’ll not only have greater success navigating the office, but perhaps you’ll have a bit of a one-up on your Japanese colleagues!

Keigo is used in a variety of settings, but most commonly you’ll hear it in:

• Train stations
• Department stores
• Restaurants
• Convenience stores

In these situations, it’s the customer or the viewer that’s being spoken to. Flyers, clerks and broadcasters are are all addressing the person who will be receiving their service, and in Japan, the customer is king. That’s why, when you hear a clerk using one of these expressions on you, you don’t need to reply in kind. In fact, you shouldn’t! If you want to be polite, all you need to do is thank them or give a little nod of the head.

The best way to practice your formal Japanese is to listen to it. Even if you don’t live in Japan, thanks to the internet, there are all sorts of resources right at your fingertips to get on track to grasping the sounds of Japanese!

• TV: Television is a great way to learn Japanese while entertaining yourself. While it can be difficult to access these networks outside of Japan, NHK World and News24 can be accessed in the US.
• YouTube: YouTube is a wonderful tool for learning, and there are a wide variety of Japanese YouTube channels available to watch!

FluentU takes authentic videos—like music videos, movie trailers, news and inspiring talks—and turns them into personalized language learning lessons.

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1. いらっしゃいます (irasshaimasu)/  参ります (mairimasu, まいります)

Meaning: To go/come; to be

Irasshaimasu is respectful songeigo, while mairimasu is humble  kenjuougo. Every store you enter will greet customers, either personally or over an intercom, with いらっしゃいませ (irasshaimaise), which literally means “someone honorable is here.” It’s important to note that it’s not necessary to reply, and you definitely shouldn’t repeat it back to the clerk!

Mairimasu is often heard in train stations when the train is arriving, you will encounter まもなく電車が参ります (mamonaku denshya ga mairimasu, まもなくでんしゃがまいります) over the intercom or on a signboard, and translates to “the train is now humbly arriving.” This just means that your train is pulling in now, so it’s time to hop on board.

2. 召し上がります  (meshi agarimasu, めしあがります)/ いただきます  ( itadakimasu)

Meaning: To eat/drink, to receive

Meshi agarimasu is the respectful form, and itadakimasu is humble. When you’re at a cafe or a fast food restaurant, the cashier may ask こちらでお召し上がりですか？ (kochira de omeshi agarimasu ka?) meaning, “Will you be eating here?” You’ll also encounter the phrase on food packaging, as well as if someone gifts you food.

You may have heard that Japanese people always say  itadakimasu before eating . It’s a simple, polite expression to show your gratitude for the food. But did you know it can also be used in other situations? When receiving an object, people will say itadakimasu as well, to show gratitude to the giver for receiving food, a gift or even their time.

3. ご存知ですか （ gozonji desu ka, ごぞんじですか）

Meaning: Did you know~?

This is used to ask questions to someone in a polite way. When watching TV interviews, you’ll hear this word a lot when the anchor is asking the audience a question, or during commercials. You can also use this phrase with superiors or strangers, which is sure to earn you some bonus points for being so well-mannered.

4. ご覧ください （goran kudasai, ごらんください）

Meaning: Please take a look.

Shopkeepers will use this phrase frequently, saying どうぞご覧ください！ (douzo goran kudasai) or “Have a look around!” when you enter the store. Signs will also use this to try and get your attention. And if you’re on a guided tour, your guide may use this phrase to point out something that’s worth seeing, so keep your ears perked if you don’t want to miss the best part of the tour!

5. なさいます  (nasaimasu) / いたします  (itashimasu)

Meaning: to do

Cashiers and hotel concierge will use this form when speaking of services they’ll be doing for you. If you made a reservation at a hotel, the concierge may ask ご予約はいつなさいましたか (goyoyaku ha itsuna saiimashita ka, ごよやくはいつなさいましたか, When did you make your reservation?), using the polite form to ask when you, the guest, made this reservation.

When your turn comes up after you’ve been waiting in line, the clerk or attendant will say お待たせいたしました (omatase itashimashita, おまたせいたしました, I’m sorry to keep you waiting). Train stations will also use まもなく到着いたします (mamonaku tou chyaku itashimasu. まもなくとうちゃくいたします).

6. いかがですか  (ikaga desu ka)

Meaning: “How about~?”/ “How is~?”/ “How do you like it?”

This phrase is useful in a variety of shopping situations. When you’re trying on clothes or testing products, a clerk may ask this in order to check in on you. For instance, if you tell the clerk you’re looking for some sneakers, they may offer a pair and ask これはいかがですか？ (kore wa ikaga desu ka?), which means “How do you like these?” If you like them, you can say それにします (sore ni shimasu), “I’ll take it,” but if not, you can ask for another option by using すみませんが、他のがありますか (sumimasen, hona no ga arimasu ka, すみません、ほかのがありますか), “I’m sorry, but do you have something else?”

Now that the formalities are out of the way, it’s time to relax! When you’re with friends or out bar hopping with coworkers, it’s time to drop the polite talk and speak casually.

Japanese casual forms are not often taught until later on in classroom lessons, but you’ll see them just as often as formal forms. Comics, social media and even some ads use casual forms—not to mention people hanging out in downtown Tokyo—so they’re a must-learn! Getting familiar with informal Japanese is crucial to obtaining fluency, as well as being able to interact with people on a more personal level.

Every language has its own slang, and Japanese is no different. If you’re hanging out with friends, you’ll hear countless exclamations like やべー (yabee) , and you’ll need to know what they mean! Like English, wide varieties of slang words are used to describe things in everyday life, and some of the unique Japanese slang phrases will give you an insight into casual social interactions.

The Japanese language has a huge presence online, with an internet-exclusive speech style exclusive to boot. From Japanese emails to Twitter, YouTube, Instagram and beyond, you’ll encounter dozens of unique phrases. Make sure you brush up on your Japanese internet slang before navigating the online world.

Onomatopoeia comes up all the time in casual speech. There are countless types to describe all kinds of sounds, feelings, and situations. Many of them don’t translate well into English —they’d need a whole sentence to describe their meaning!

But don’t panic. Learning Japanese onomatopoeia is a whole new adventure, and a great way to find descriptions for feelings or sensations you never could put a word to. You may even find the perfect word to express the feeling of blood draining from your face when confronted with all those kanji.

All across Japan, you’ll find different dialects of Japanese. Some of the vocabulary and grammar used within them differ from standard Japanese, and this includes formal forms. Though most formal ways of speaking are similar to standard Japanese, simply combining the local dialect with desu/masu, some special formal forms do exist.

This friendly, lighthearted dialect is often associated with comedians. Compared to standard Japanese, the Osaka Dialect contains more ん (n) and え (e) sounds, with softer consonants and clearly pronounced vowels.

It also has some unique forms of formal Japanese. For instance:

• For example: 飲みはる (nomiharu, のみはる)
• ~ないで ください (~naide kusdasai) → ~んといて ください (~ntoite kudasai)

Given Kyoto’s association with traditional Japan, people who speak the Kyoto Dialect are seen as refined and lovely. You’ll hear more う (u), お (o), しゃ (shya), は (ha) sounds compared to standard Japanese.

Kyoto Dialict is similar to Osaka Dialect in formal language, but some uses are slightly different:

• Example: 書かはる (kakaharu, かかはる)
• くださいませ (kudasaimase) → おくれやす (okureyasu) / おくりゃす (okuriyasu)
• Ｖでしょうか (V-de shyou ka) → Ｖっしゃろか (V-sshyaroka)

Other dialects have different sounds as well. For the Hakata dialect, listen for あ (a), か (ka), と (to), よ (yo), and ば (ba) sounds. In Hiroshima, あ (a), お (o), and え (e) will greet your ears.

As you can see, there are many layers to Japanese formality. How you speak depends on the situation, the status of the people talking to you, how close you are with your conversation partners and even what region of Japan you’re in.

While it’s easy to be intimidated, once you break down the different aspects of formality, it becomes much easier to study. And as a foreigner, you’ll be given a break on the minute details. Japanese people won’t expect you to master the precise angle of bow to give to the manager of one of your company’s branch stores. However, any sincere attempt to be polite is extremely welcome!

So what are you waiting for? Get out there and explore all that Japanese formality has to offer!

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• Grand Rapids/Muskegon
• Saginaw/Bay City
• All Michigan

Gov. Whitmer announces ‘Shark Tank’ style statewide competition

• Updated: Jun. 01, 2024, 8:05 a.m. |
• Published: May. 31, 2024, 10:52 a.m.

Michigan Gov. Gretchen Whitmer delivers her 2024 State of the State address at the Michigan Capitol Building in Lansing on Wednesday, Jan. 24, 2024. Jacob Hamilton | MLive.com

• Michael Kransz | [email protected]

MACKINAC ISLAND, MI – Michigan is launching a “Shark Tank” style competition to encourage entrepreneurial innovation in the state.

Gov. Gretchen Whitmer announced the new “PitchMI” competition, where one winning startup will be awarded $100,000, during her keynote speech Thursday, May 30, at the Mackinac Policy Conference on Mackinac Island.

A spokesperson for the governor said further details on the competition, such as how to apply, will be announced in the near future.

Whitmer said the topic that innovators will be tasked with addressing in the inaugural competition is about roads and mobility.

“We’re asking a very simple question: How will you help Michiganders get from point A to point B safely, affordably and efficiently?” Whitmer said. “Is it a new way to fix the roads? Maybe it’s improving the range and efficiency of electric vehicle batteries (or) connecting public transit systems.”

The state will host the public competition in partnership with other organizations, soliciting pitches and then awarding a $100,000 investment to the “most innovative startup,” the governor said.

Further competitions, Whitmer said, will also revolve around topics aimed at solving the biggest problems facing Michigan.

The competition will have the added benefit of giving visibility to startups across the state even if they don’t win, Whitmer said. She mentioned how pancake mix company Kodiak Cakes and home security camera company Ring went on to massive success despite not securing an investment on Shark Tank.

Shark Tank is a long-running reality TV show where entrepreneurs present their product or business to venture capitalists for potential investment.

“PitchMI is going to draw attention and exposure for hundreds of promising startups making a difference here in Michigan even if they don’t win,” Whitmer said.

Entrepreneurs and innovators and their benefit to economic development and moving Michigan forward was the key topic of Whitmer’s keynote.

The PitchMI competition was announced by Whitmer as one of three new ways the state is looking to help entrepreneurs be successful.

Whitmer announced the hiring of Ben Marchionna as the new, and first-ever, chief innovation ecosystem officer of the Michigan Economic Development Corporation. The role is designed to be the state’s chief advocate for entrepreneurs and their first point of contact.

“He will help build a community of innovation in Michigan where every founder and dreamer knows they have a voice in state government,” Whitmer said.

The last announcement was a new executive order intended to connect startups with high tech equipment and specialized testing facilities already present in the state.

Whitmer said state and local governments, universities, the military and other organizations have these tools and spaces that could help startups test their ideas and flourish. However, she said, they’re often inaccessible.

The new executive order, according to Whitmer, instructs state agencies to catalog technology, equipment and facilities across the state and then work with the owners to make these things available to startups that need them.

As an example, Whitmer mentioned a startup in Wixom called Remora that has a prototype for capturing semi truck carbon emissions.

To test that product, Remora needed a machine with fixed rollers that simulates road conditions. The cheapest one – billed around $188,000 – is cost prohibitive to an early-stage startup, Whitmer said.

Under this new executive order, state agencies would work with the U.S. Army, which already has one of those machines in the state, to let startups utilize it.

Whitmer said the state will soon enter into an agreement with the Department of Military and Veterans Affairs to make some tech and testing grounds available to innovators. She said it’s the first of many agreements.

“Together, these three actions will strengthen our comprehensive economic development strategy,” Whitmer said.

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• See how your area Michigan road conditions rate from 1 to 10

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Every Word of Emma Stone’s 2024 Best Actress Oscars Speech: ‘It’s Not About Me’

Emma Stone is officially a two-time Best Actress winner—and she used her speech to turn the focus on all the people who worked with her on Poor Things .

“Yorgos [Lanthimos, Poor Things ’ director] said to me, ‘Please take yourself out of it,’ and he was right, because it’s not about me,” she said. “It’s about a team that came together to make something greater than the sum of its parts. And that is the best part about making movies, is all of us together. And I am so deeply honored to share this with every cast member, with every crew member, with every single person who poured their love and their care and their brilliance into the making of this film.”

She also gave her family, including her husband, Dave McCary, and daughter, a shout-out at the end of her speech. “I really just want to thank my family, my mom, my brother, Spencer, my dad, my husband, Dave. I love you so much,” she said. “And most importantly, my daughter, who’s gonna be three in three days and has turned our lives technicolor. I love you bigger than the whole sky, my girl. So thank you so much. Don’t look at the back of my dress. Thank you.”

Stone, who first won the award in 2017 for La La Land , took home the honor again for her work in Poor Things .

Here, her full remarks:

Hoo boy, my dress is broken. I think it happened during “I’m Just Ken.” I’m pretty sure. Oh, boy, this is really, this is really overwhelming. Sorry. My voice is also a little gone, whatever! The women on the stage, you are all incredible, and the women in this category: Sandra [Hüller], Annette [Bening], Carey [Mulligan], Lily [Gladstone], I share this with you. I am in awe of you, and it has been such an honor to do all of this together. I hope we get to keep doing more together. I don’t know what I’m saying. Oh my God, I’m totally—OK, the other night I was panicking as you can kind of see—it happens a lot—that maybe something like this could happen. And Yorgos [Lanthimos, Poor Things ’ director] said to me, “Please take yourself out of it,” and he was right, because it’s not about me. It’s about a team that came together to make something greater than the sum of its parts. And that is the best part about making movies, is all of us together. And I am so deeply honored to share this with every cast member, with every crew member, with every single person who poured their love and their care and their brilliance into the making of this film. And Yorgos, thank you for the gift of a lifetime in Bella Baxter. I am forever thankful for you. Thank you for inviting all of us to be members of this team. Thank you. Oh, wait, I just—I know I have to wrap up, but I really just want to thank my family, my mom, my brother, Spencer, my dad, my husband, Dave [McCary]. I love you so much. And most importantly, my daughter who’s gonna be three in three days and has turned our lives technicolor. I love you bigger than the whole sky, my girl. So thank you so much. Don't look at the back of my dress. Thank you.

Watch her speech below:

Stone opened up about the rehearsal process for Poor Things and contrasted it to her experience working on La La Land in a February interview with Variety .

“For La La Land , we did a ton of rehearsals for a very long time, but it was very specific: dancing and singing,” Stone said. “But when Yorgos was talking about rehearsal, I didn’t know what exactly that entailed. And it turns out that his rehearsals, they have nothing to do with what you’ll ultimately do on the day. But what it does, I think, subconsciously or in a subterranean way, is it lets everybody feel very comfortable with each other. You’re playing a lot of games.”

“I loved it. I loved it. Yeah,” Stone added of the process. “And I realized by the time that we were on set, we all felt very close to each other. We had all gotten to know each other in a much more intimate way than we would’ve if we’d just been blocking and saying our lines over and over.”

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