thomas jefferson a biography of spirit and flesh

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Thomas Jefferson

A Biography of Spirit and Flesh

by Thomas S. Kidd

320 Pages , 6.12 x 9.25 in , 20 b-w illus.

• 9780300271058
• Published: Tuesday, 13 Dec 2022
• 9780300265323
• Published: Tuesday, 10 May 2022

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Thomas S. Kidd is distinguished professor of history at Baylor University. His books include Benjamin Franklin: The Religious Life of a Founding Father and Who Is an Evangelical? The History of a Movement in Crisis . He lives in Woodway, Texas.

“What we need is a balanced reassessment of Jefferson’s thought and attitudes on God and religion. Thomas S. Kidd, a professor of history at Baylor, gives us that in his crisply written life Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh .”—Barton Swaim, Wall Street Journal Chosen by Wall Street Journal as one of “10 Books to Read on Faith in the Modern World” “[An] excellent, timeless biography. . . . Balanced and judicious.”—Collin Garbarino, World, Book of the Year for 2022 Listed in Current ’s “100 Books of the 21st Century” “Thomas Jefferson offers a new direction to examine a contentious figure. . . . By considering Jefferson as an emblem of early American tensions between religion, Enlightenment, race, and morality, Kidd offers a biography that embraces a contradictory protagonist.”—Daniel Howlett, Journal of Church and State “Set aside everything you think you know about Thomas Jefferson and religion, and read this book. Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh is the definitive account. It is well written, well researched, judicious, and entirely convincing.”—Timothy Larsen, Wheaton College “At long last, we have a biography of Thomas Jefferson that treats the enigmatic founder as more than just a living symposium of ideas or as a living museum of hypocrisies. In this long-awaited book, Thomas Kidd, one of the world’s most respected historians, portrays for us a compellingly complicated human being—who through both genius and will, and despite grave flaws, gave us a country we could not recognize apart from him. For people all across the ideological spectrum, this biography will be the starting point for countless new arguments and ideas.”—Russell Moore, chair of theology, Christianity Today “I don’t know a scholar more able than Thomas Kidd to bring breadth, depth, and moral clarity to a treatment of a figure as significant and complicated as Thomas Jefferson—and to do so with vivid, compelling prose that will engage a broad audience of readers.”—Karen Swallow Prior, Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary “Kidd has written a unique work—‘a narrative of Jefferson’s moral universe’—that will make an outstanding contribution to scholarship on Jefferson.”—James Byrd, Vanderbilt Divinity School “In ‘trying to untangle the thicket of Jefferson’s moral, philosophical, and theological commitments, in the context of his time, not ours, while avoiding both ‘patriotic apologetics’ and ‘iconoclastic destruction,’ Thomas Kidd gives us the Thomas Jefferson we need right now.”—Kevin R. C. Gutzman, author of Thomas Jefferson—Revolutionary: A Radical’s Struggle to Remake America

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Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh Kindle Edition

• Print length 321 pages
• Language English
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• Publisher Yale University Press
• Publication date May 10 2022
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• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B09ZJ69MXD
• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Yale University Press (May 10 2022)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• File size ‏ : ‎ 13576 KB
• Text-to-Speech ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• Screen Reader ‏ : ‎ Supported
• Enhanced typesetting ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• X-Ray ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• Word Wise ‏ : ‎ Enabled
• Sticky notes ‏ : ‎ On Kindle Scribe
• Print length ‏ : ‎ 321 pages
• Page numbers source ISBN ‏ : ‎ 0300250061
• #645 in United States Revlotion & Founding (Kindle Store)
• #2,086 in United States Revolution & Founding
• #2,112 in United States Revlotion & Founding (Books)

About the author

Thomas s. kidd.

Thomas S. Kidd is Research Professor of Church History at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and Senior Fellow at Baylor's Institute for Studies of Religion. Dr. Kidd writes at the Evangelical History blog at The Gospel Coalition. He also regularly contributes to outlets such as The Dispatch and The Wall Street Journal. His newest book is Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh (Yale Press). Other recent books include Who Is an Evangelical? The History of a Movement in Crisis (Yale Press), and American History vols. 1 & 2 (B&H Academic). Find him on Twitter @ThomasSKidd

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Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh Hardcover – 28 Jun. 2022

• ISBN-10 0300250061
• ISBN-13 978-0300250060
• Publisher Yale University Press
• Publication date 28 Jun. 2022
• Language English
• Dimensions 16.51 x 3.18 x 25.4 cm
• Print length 320 pages
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• Publisher ‏ : ‎ Yale University Press (28 Jun. 2022)
• Language ‏ : ‎ English
• Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 320 pages
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0300250061
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0300250060
• Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 16.51 x 3.18 x 25.4 cm
• 748 in United States Historical Biographies

About the author

Thomas s. kidd.

Thomas S. Kidd is Research Professor of Church History at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary and Senior Fellow at Baylor's Institute for Studies of Religion. Dr. Kidd writes at the Evangelical History blog at The Gospel Coalition. He also regularly contributes to outlets such as The Dispatch and The Wall Street Journal. His newest book is Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh (Yale Press). Other recent books include Who Is an Evangelical? The History of a Movement in Crisis (Yale Press), and American History vols. 1 & 2 (B&H Academic). Find him on Twitter @ThomasSKidd

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Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh

Recently on the Credo Podcast , Thomas S. Kidd joined Gary Steward and Matthew Barrett to discuss the many difficult tensions that rise to the surface in the thought and life of Thomas Jefferson. They also addressed how Christians today should think about the triumphs and tragedies of historical figures who have come before them with humility and grace.

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by Brett Fredenberg , Thomas Kidd    July 4, 2022

Thomas S. Kidd serves as research professor of Church History at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary. His latest book, Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh (Yale University Press, 2022), is a revelatory new biography of Thomas Jefferson, focusing on his ethical and spiritual life.

Timothy Larsen said of the book, “Set aside everything you think you know about Thomas Jefferson and religion, and read this book.”

Russell Moore said, “In this long-awaited book, Thomas Kidd, one of the world’s most respected historians, portrays for us a compellingly complicated human being- who through both genius and will, and despite grave flaws, gave us a country we could not recognize apart from him.”

Karen Swallow Prior also commented, “I don’t know a scholar more able than Thomas Kidd to bring breadth, depth, and moral clarity to a treatment of a figure as significant and complicated as Thomas Jefferson- and to do so with vivid, compelling prose that will engage a broad audience of readers.”

James Byrd said that this book “will make an outstanding contribution to scholarship on Jefferson.”

Kevin R.C. Gutzman also stated, “Thomas Kidd gives us the Thomas Jefferson we need right now.”

Recently, Dr. Kidd joined us to answer a few questions about his latest book.

BF: As you state, your latest book is a “narrative of Jefferson’s moral universe more than a traditional biography.” What prompted you to take on Thomas Jefferson as your latest subject and to discuss him from this angle?

TK: There has been increasing controversy in recent years about the Founding Fathers generally, and Jefferson specifically, much of which has to do with moral questions. Many wonder how to reconcile the Jefferson who said that slavery was wrong, and who wrote that “all men are created equal,” with the Jefferson who owned hundreds of people as slaves. “Hypocrisy” is an easy and somewhat deserved reaction to Jefferson’s inconsistency, but I don’t think hypocrisy is a very helpful answer historically when trying to understand the enigma of Jefferson’s beliefs and contradictory life. In this book, I hope I offer a genuinely new approach by trying to understand how Jefferson’s religious and ethical views synced with how he actually lived.

In the book, you describe several tensions in Jefferson’s life. What are some of these tensions, and how do you hope readers will respond to hearing the story of Jefferson’s ethical life?

The most familiar tension is between Jefferson’s belief in God-given equality, and his deep investment in the enslavement of African Americans. A related tension is Jefferson’s constant touting of the virtue of frugality, or living within one’s means, and the disastrous state of his personal finances. Finally – and the one that may be of most interest to the Midwestern Seminary community – is Jefferson’s virtual obsession with the Bible, and his brazen deletion of the miraculous content from the Gospels in the “Jefferson Bible.”

I hope that when confronting as perplexing a character as Jefferson, readers will steer clear both of patriotic apologetics, and of today’s temptation to cancel those in our national past who have manifest failings and sins. It’s much better, I think, to ponder (in Jefferson’s case) how someone who did terrible things could also be used for great good in American history, most notably his articulation of our God-given rights and equality, and his championing of religious liberty.

Jefferson’s religious beliefs often did not help him politically. His convictions even led him to cut out sections from the New Testament to form the “Jefferson Bible.” Can you tell us more about the origins of the Jefferson Bible, and how Jefferson’s contradictory spiritual convictions can serve as a warning for Christians today?

  A lot of Bible readers implicitly cut out parts of Scripture they don’t like. But Jefferson literally did so, with scissors. He was an early example of what became “higher criticism” of Scripture, or the assumption that some parts of the Bible are erroneous, unreliable, or are later additions. Jefferson’s Jesus became a great teacher of ethics, but not the resurrected Son of God. The warning here is that as soon as we place our own standards of reason above any part of the Word of God, we are on a slippery slope.

As you’ve mentioned, Thomas Jefferson can serve as a needed example for us today. What are some of the other ways, possibly missed in a traditional biography, that Jefferson’s ethical life can give us lessons for our current cultural moment?

One of our biggest cultural challenges is knowing what to do with historical figures who were once widely revered, such as Jefferson, but who engaged in behavior we see as appalling and immoral, such as enslaving people. Somehow we have to be able to clearly repudiate these actions, while also not casually assuming that we are morally superior because we denounce (or cancel) such people. A proper Christian reaction to the terrible failings of people in history is sober humility, not pride or “virtue signaling.”

Editor’s Note: Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh is now available for purchase.

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• Register of the Kentucky Historical Society

Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh by Thomas S. Kidd (review)

• Daniel McDonough
• Kentucky Historical Society
• Volume 121, Number 1, Winter 2023
• 10.1353/khs.2023.a902566
• View Citation

Additional Information

• Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh by Thomas S. Kidd
• Daniel McDonough (bio)

There is much more of spirit than of flesh in this stimulating biography of Thomas Jefferson from the prolific pen of Thomas S. Kidd, a leading scholar of early America and author of several important works in the field, including studies of general religious history, the Great Awakening, and biographies of George Whitefield, Patrick Henry, and Benjamin Franklin.

Kidd now accepts the challenge posed by the most elusive of founders, Thomas Jefferson. Noting the difficulty of his task, Kidd begins with "This is a biography of a brilliant but troubled person" (p. 1). The thousands of extant Jefferson writings have only intensified the problem of the historian: temperamentally averse to conflict and aware from early manhood that he was writing for the historical record, Jefferson's letters were not always reflective of his true feelings. Kidd patiently and judiciously works through the sometimes conflicting statements in search of the real Jefferson. While no one will ever present the definitive Jefferson, Kidd paints a thoughtful and human portrait that captures the essence of the man.

While some favor a more topical approach, Kidd presents Jefferson's life in the traditional chronological format, which works well here, placing Jefferson's choices in clearer context and providing better understanding of the development of his thought. The greatest strength and most significant contribution of this work, as might be expected from this author, lies in its portrayal of Jefferson's religious and spiritual development. Kidd insists that Jefferson has been often misunderstood as a devoted Deist and child of the French Enlightenment. While crediting Jefferson's unconventional religious views and [End Page 63] general dedication to Enlightenment principles, Kidd notes that Jefferson never described himself as a Deist. Indeed, when he used the term, it was always in reference to others and never to himself. Rather, Kidd points to the impression that the orthodox Anglicanism that was rampant in the Virginia of Jefferson's youth had upon him. Jefferson was, and remained to the end of his life, a student of the Bible who often laced his writings with passages from both the Old and New Testaments.

In assessing Jefferson's spirituality, Kidd asserts that "the most decisive season of Thomas Jefferson's life" came in the months surrounding the Louisiana Purchase (p. 166). Sparked by his relationships with Benjamin Rush and Joseph Priestley (who died in early 1804) and, perhaps, the death of his younger daughter Maria (called Polly, who died in April 1804), Jefferson sought to systematize his views. The resulting "Syllabus of an Extract of the Merits of the Doctrines of Jesus, Compared with Those of Others" has been lost, but most likely served as the basis for his later "The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth." Among the general excellence of these discussions, one issue deserves more consideration: Kidd does make reference to Jefferson's anticlericalism, but this is a point that merits greater development, as Jefferson's deep anti-clericalism was often mistaken for irreligion.

A second major strength is Kidd's focus on race. While calling out the hypocrisy of the conflict between Jefferson's stated principles and his lifetime as an enslaver, Kidd sees the chasm as being narrower than generally accepted, though mostly because he believes that Jefferson's progressivism on the race question has been exaggerated. Jefferson sincerely disliked slavery and considered the issue the most vexing facing the young nation, but he never considered, as stated clearly in Notes on Virginia , Blacks in any way equal to whites. This applied, too, to Phillis Wheatley and Benjamin Banneker, both of whom Jefferson denigrated in private letters. No biography of Jefferson can ignore the case of Sally Hemings and, as this is a lineal biography, Hemings is discussed at several points. Kidd rejects the temptation of speculating beyond the evidence but accepts the strong [End Page 64] likelihood that the two had a long-term sexual relationship and that Sally's children...

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Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh. By Thomas S. Kidd

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Daniel Howlett, Thomas Jefferson: A Biography of Spirit and Flesh. By Thomas S. Kidd , Journal of Church and State , Volume 65, Issue 4, Winter 2023, Page 477, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/csad062

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What more is there to be said about Thomas Jefferson? Perhaps a lot in our contemporary context, where Jefferson’s image as both an enslaver and proponent of liberty evokes strong opinions. Thomas Kidd acknowledges the politicization of Jefferson’s historical presence and the plethora of academic and popular works that chronicle Jefferson’s life to support vastly different characterizations. Rather than contribute yet another account to argue for either end of the spectrum, Kidd enters the discussion at the fulcrum of the arguments: Jefferson’s hypocrisy. The book is less of a thorough recounting of Jefferson’s life and more of an examination of several tensions that fuel the various memories of one of the most consequential founders. Kidd frames the narrative with three types of dissonance in Jefferson’s life: stated belief and practiced reality, religious beliefs and ethical beliefs, and spending and indebtedness. Through these three conflicts, Kidd offers a way to think about the disconnect between Jefferson’s writings and his deeds. Thus, Thomas Jefferson informs the tension between just criticism of Jefferson’s actions rooted in white supremacy and the reverence towards his legacy for his contributions to independence. Kidd neither seeks to credulously absolve Jefferson of his failings nor uncritically dismiss his achievements, but instead he explores the complexities of “Jefferson’s moral universe” that the man grappled with in his own time, leaving behind a difficult legacy for us to confront in the present (p. 3).

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