short essay on president of india

Essay on President of India

Students are often asked to write an essay on President of India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on President of India

Role of the president.

The President of India is the head of state. This means he/she represents the country. The President’s role is mostly ceremonial, but they have important duties during government formation and law-making.

Electing the President

The President is not directly elected by the people. Rather, elected members of Parliament and State Legislatures vote for the President. This indirect election ensures the President’s impartiality.

Presidential Powers

The President has executive, legislative, and judicial powers. They sign laws, appoint key officials, and can pardon criminals. However, they usually act on the advice of the Prime Minister.

Presidential Residence

The President lives in the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi. This historic building is a symbol of the President’s status and the nation’s heritage.

250 Words Essay on President of India

Introduction.

The President of India, the head of state, is a figure of high authority and dignity in the Indian Constitution. This role is largely ceremonial, but it also carries substantial discretionary powers, especially during political crises.

Role and Responsibilities

The President’s role is to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution and the law of India, as per Article 60. They also act as the ceremonial head of the state and the commander-in-chief of the Indian Armed Forces. The President has the power to declare war or peace, subject to the approval of the Parliament.

Electoral Process

The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament, as well as the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of the States and Union territories. This indirect election method ensures a balanced representation of India’s federal structure.

Term and Impeachment

The President serves a term of five years, and can be re-elected. They can be removed from office through impeachment, a process that can be initiated for violation of the Constitution. However, no Indian President has ever been impeached.

In conclusion, the President of India holds a position of great prestige and responsibility. While the role is largely ceremonial, the President’s powers are crucial in maintaining the balance of power and upholding the Constitution. The President’s position is a symbol of the Indian Republic, the unity of the country, and its democratic principles.

500 Words Essay on President of India

The role and significance of the president of india, constitutional position and powers.

The President of India, as outlined in the Indian Constitution, holds the highest office in the land. The President is vested with executive powers and is responsible for ensuring that the country’s governance adheres to the constitutional framework. The President has the authority to summon and prorogue either or both the Houses of Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.

The President also has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites or remissions of punishment, or to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence. However, these powers are not absolute and are exercised on the advice of the Council of Ministers.

Presidential Prerogatives and Discretion

Though the President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers, there are certain circumstances where they can exercise their discretion. This includes the selection of the Prime Minister when no party has a clear majority in the Lok Sabha. The President can also send back advice for reconsideration and can call for information regarding decisions of the Council of Ministers.

The President as a Figurehead

Beyond the constitutional duties, the President of India is also a figurehead who represents the unity, integrity, and continuity of the nation. They perform numerous ceremonial roles, including the swearing-in of the Prime Minister, the delivery of the address to the joint sitting of Parliament at the start of the first session after each general election, and the presentation of prestigious national awards.

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• School Education /

Essay on President of India for Students

• Updated on  
• Jun 18, 2024

The President of India is the highest official in the country. The Indian Constitution vests great powers in the hands of the President, some are exercised according to the Constitution, and some are discretionary. The President of India is not directly elected by the people but by an electoral college, consisting of the members of the State Legislature and both houses of the parliament. Today, we will discuss an essay on the President of India.

Table of Contents

• 1 Short Essay on President
• 2.1 Who is Eligible to Become the President of India?
• 2.2 Election Process
• 2.3 Powers of the President
• 2.4 Impeachment Process
• 3 List of Presidents of India

Short Essay on President

Quick Read: Essay on Viksit Bharat

Essay on President of India in 800 words

The president is a person who is responsible for preserving, protecting, and defending India’s constitution and laws. This position is special and holds high authority. The President not only serves constitutional functions, but he also represents the country’s unity and integrity. A president has several functions and responsibilities, and they play a crucial role in the functioning of the world’s largest democracy.

Who is Eligible to Become the President of India?

According to Article 58 of the Indian Constitution, no person shall be eligible for election as President unless he is a citizen of India, over the age of 35, and qualified for election as a member of the House of the People.

The Office of the President of India was set up on January 26, 1950. Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first to hold this position as the President of India. The establishment of this office represents the republic of the Constitution.

Quick Read: Essay on Indian Constitution

Election Process

There is no direct election for India’s President. The procedure of electing the President consists of Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, Legislative Assemblies of states, and Legislative Assemblies of the Union Territories, who are in charge of presidential elections.

The indirect election maintains fairness throughout the process. 

Our current president, Smt. Draupadi Murmu, is the 15th president of India and won the presidential election on July 25, 2022. She is a former teacher who joined the Bharatiya Janata Party. She formerly served as the Governor of Jharkhand from 2015 to 2021.

Powers of the President

The president has vast power over legislative, executive, judicial, financial, and emergency concerns.

Legislative Powers:

A President has the authority to call off the session of Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha. A bill enacted by the parliament can only become law with the president’s approval. He has the power to appoint any member of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to preside over its proceedings.

Executive Powers:

The president is the most powerful person in the country since he appoints the prime minister. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in the Lok Sabha, and other Council ministers are appointed on his advice. The President also appoints judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court.

Judicial Powers:

The President of India has the authority to pardon and suspend the punishment. This power is extremely important in punishment cases. With this power, he can grant pardon, reprieve, respite, and remission of punishment to the convicted person.

Financial Powers: 

The President controls and monitors the annual budget of the country. No bill can be passed in parliament without his or her approval. He can make advances from India’s Contingency Fund to cover any unforeseen expenses.

Emergency Powers:

As per Articles 352, 356, 365, and 360, the President has the authority to declare an emergency in the country. A president can declare three different types of emergencies. They are National Emergency, State Emergency, and Financial Emergency. The President exercises these powers to ensure national stability.

Military Powers:

The President of India is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces. He declares wars and concludes peace treaties on behalf of the country.

Diplomatic Powers :

The President is responsible for sending ambassadors outside India and receiving diplomats from other countries.

Veto Power:

Under Article 111 and Article 201, the president can use the veto powers, which are mainly of three types: Absolute Veto, Suspensive Veto, and pocket Veto. Absolute Veto means that the President has the authority to refuse to sign a bill that has been offered to him.

Suspensive Veto refers to the power of the president to return a bill for reconsideration to the parliament.

Pocket Veto means the power of the president to hold a bill pending indefinitely rather than ratify, reject or return it.

While the President appears to be a powerful individual, he or she is also responsible for bringing together constitutional duties with moral authority. The President acts on the advice of the Council of Ministers, although he or she may also make the final decision regarding the democratic processes.

Impeachment Process

Impeachment of a President is the process of removing a person from the duties and authority that come with the position. 

As per the Article 61, a president can be impeached if he/ she:

• Violate the constitution.
• Death of the current president
• Resignation of the current president
• Invalid election

In India, no president has been impeached till now. The process of impeaching a president through Parliament is quasi-judicial. The impeachment of the President of India can be initiated in both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. 

During times of national instability, the president’s role becomes more important. A president helps ensure the maintenance of a country’s democracy by playing an important role in its governance and functioning. The president’s power and responsibilities are more than just symbols of authority; they are the foundation of the country’s democracy, ensuring stability and respect for the Constitution. The president’s ability to work within the guidelines of the constitution while respecting moral ideals is what makes this post so important in the governance of India.

Also Read: Powers of Indian President

List of Presidents of India

Also Read: Speech on President of India for School Students in English

Ans: ‘The president is known as the ‘First Person’ of the country. He/ She is the highest executive authority in the country. The President not only serves constitutional functions, but he also represents the country’s unity and integrity. A president has several functions and responsibilities, and they play a crucial role in the functioning of the world’s largest democracy.

Ans: The president has vast power over legislative, executive, judicial, financial, and emergency concerns. A President has the authority to call off the session of Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha. He is the one who appoints the prime minister and other ministers of the council. The President of India has the authority to pardon and suspend the punishment. The President controls and monitors the annual budget of the country. The President has the authority to declare an emergency in the country. 

Ans: The President has the authority to declare an emergency in the country. A president can declare three different types of emergencies. They are National Emergency, State Emergency, and Financial Emergency. The President exercises these powers to ensure national stability. A president helps ensure the maintenance of a country’s democracy. He or she is also responsible for bringing together constitutional duties with moral authority. 

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A writer with a fresh perspective on thoughts, I have an year of experience in writing the blogs on various topics. Here, you will find my blogs for the students and education purpose.

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Powers and Functions of President of India

The office of the President of India has been envisaged by the Constitution of India as the constitutional head of the Indian State. Despite being only a nominal head of the Executive, the President of India plays a significant role in Indian polity through his/her diverse executive, legislative, and judicial powers. This article of NEXT IAS aims to study in detail the President of India, its powers, functions, and other related aspects.

About President of India

• The President of India is the highest office of the land under the constitutional framework of India.
• The head of the Indian State,
• The first citizen of India,
• The Titular or nominal or de jure head of the Union Executive , and
• The C ommander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces.

Read our detailed article on the President of India .

Powers and Functions of the President of India

The powers and the functions of the office of the President of India are described in detail in the sections that follow.

Executive Powers of President of India

The executive powers and functions of the President of India are as follows:

• All executive actions of the Government of India are formally taken in his/her name.
• He/she can make rules specifying the manner in which the orders and other instruments made and executed in his/her name shall be authenticated.
• He/she can make rules for more convenient transactions of business of the Union government and allocation of the said business among the ministers.
• He/she appoints the Prime Minister and the other ministers. They hold office during his/her pleasure.
• He/she appoints the Governors of States, the Attorney General of India, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, the Chairman and Members of the Union Public Service Commission, the Chairman and Members of the Finance Commission, and so on.
• He/she can seek any information relating to the administration of affairs of the Union, and proposals for legislation from the Prime Minister.
• He/she can require the Prime Minister to submit, for consideration of the Council of Ministers, any matter on which a decision has been taken by a minister but, which has not been considered by the Council.
• He/she can appoint a commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes.
• He/she can appoint an Inter-State Council to promote Centre-State and Inter-State cooperation.
• He/she directly administers the Union Territories through administrators appointed by him/her.
• He/she can declare any area as a Scheduled area and has powers with respect to the administration of Scheduled areas and tribal areas.

Legislative Powers of President of India

The President of India, as an integral part of the Parliament of India, wields the following Legislative Powers:

• He/she can summon or prorogue the Parliament and dissolve the Lok Sabha.
• He/she can also summon a joint sitting of both the Houses of Parliament, which is presided over by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
• He/she can address the Parliament at the commencement of the first session after each general election and the first session of each year.
• He/she can send messages to the Houses of Parliament, whether with respect to a bill pending in the Parliament or otherwise.
• He/she can appoint any member of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha to preside over its proceedings when the offices of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker (in case of Lok Sabha), Chairman and the Deputy Chairman (in case of Rajya Sabha) falls vacant.
• He/she nominates 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons having special knowledge or practical experience in literature, science, art, and social service.
• He/she nominated two members to the Lok Sabha from the Anglo-Indian community. However, the 104th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2019 has discontinued this provision.
• He/she decides on questions as to disqualifications of members of the Parliament in consultation with the Election Commission of India.
• a bill involving expenditure from the Consolidated Fund of India,
• a bill for the alteration of boundaries of states or the creation of a new state,
• a money bill,
• a bill that imposes or varies any tax or duty in which states are interested,
• a bill that varies the meaning of the expression ‘agricultural income’ as defined for the purposes of the enactments relating to Indian income tax,
• a bill that affects the principles on which sums of money are or may be distributable to States,
• a bill that imposes any surcharge on any specified tax or duty for the purpose of the Centre.
• Certain types of bills can be introduced in a State Legislature only with the previous sanction of the President. For example, a State bill imposing restrictions on the freedom of trade, commerce, and intercourse with that State or within that State.
• give his/her assent to the bill,
• withhold his/her assent to the bill,
• However, if the bill is passed again by the Parliament, with or without amendments, the President has to give his/ her assent to the bill.
• It should be noted here that it is not obligatory for the President to give his/her assent even if the bill is again passed by the State Legislature and sent again to him/her for his/her consideration.
• He/she can promulgate ordinances when the Parliament is not in session. These ordinances must be approved by the Parliament within six weeks from its reassembly. He/she can also withdraw an ordinance at any time.
• He/she lays the reports of the Comptroller and Auditor General, Union Public Service Commission, Finance Commission, and others, before the Parliament.
• He/she can make regulations for the peace, progress, and good government of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman, Diu and Ladakh. In the case of Puducherry also, the President can legislate by making regulations but only when the assembly is suspended or dissolved.

Financial Powers of President of India

The financial powers and functions of the President are listed below:

• Money bills can be introduced in the Parliament only with his prior recommendation.
• He/she causes to be laid before the Parliament the Annual Financial Statement (i.e. the Union Budget).
• No demand for a grant can be made except on his recommendation.
• He/she can make advances out of the Contingency Fund of India to meet any unforeseen expenditure.
• He/she constitutes a Finance Commission every five years to recommend the distribution of revenues between the Centre and the States.

Judicial Powers of President of India

The judicial powers and functions of the President of India are:

• He/she appoints the Chief Justice and the judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts.
• He/she can seek advice from the Supreme Court on any question of law or fact. The advice tendered by the Supreme Court is not binding on the President.
• in all cases where the punishment or sentence is by a court-martial,
• in all cases where punishment or sentence is for an offence against a Union Law,
• in all cases where the sentence is a sentence of death.

Diplomatic Powers of President of India

The diplomatic powers and functions of the President are:

• However, they are subject to the approval of Parliament.
• He represents India in international forums and affairs and sends and receives diplomats like ambassadors, high commissioners, and so on.

Military Powers of President of India

The military powers and functions of the President are as follows:

• He/she is the Supreme Commander of the Defense Forces of India.
• He/she appoints the Chiefs of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
• He/she can declare war or conclude peace, subject to the approval of Parliament.

Emergency Powers of President of India

• National Emergency under Article 352,
• President’s Rule under Articles 356 and 365, and
• Financial Emergency under Article 360.

Veto Power of President of India

• Absolute Veto – It refers to the power of the President to withhold his assent to a bill presented to it.
• Suspensive Veto – It refers to the power of the President to return a bill (if it is not a Money Bill) for reconsideration by the Parliament or the concerned State Legislature.
• Pocket Veto – It refers to the power of the President to neither ratify nor reject nor return the bill but simply keep the bill pending for an indefinite period.

Read our detailed article on the Veto Powers of the President of India.

Ordinance Making Power of the President

Article 123 of the Constitution empowers the President to promulgate ordinances during the recess of Parliament.

Read our detailed article on the Ordinance Making Power of the President .

Pardoning Power of President of India

• punishment or sentence is for an offence against a Union Law
• punishment or sentence is by a court martial (military court)
• a sentence is a sentence of death.

Read our detailed article on the Pardoning Power of the President of India.

The President of India , as the highest constitutional authority of the nation, occupies a pivotal position in the democratic framework of the country. Despite being only a nominal head of the Executive, the President of India plays a significant role in Indian polity. Through his diverse functions, he ensures the smooth functioning of and coordination among the three wings of the Union government.

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India’s 15th President Draupadi Murmu, Essay in English

by Meenu Saini | Jul 26, 2022 | General | 0 comments

Draupadi Murmu New President Of India 

Who is draupadi murmu, life history of draupadi murmu – parents and home, early life of draupadi murmu – education and previous occupation, personal life – spouse and children, political career of draupadi murmu, achievements of draupadi murmu.

National Democratic Alliance candidate Draupadi Murmu was elected the 15th President of India on 21st July 2022,  after the governing NDA revealed its nominee for the current presidential election. From being the first girl in her village to go to college for studies to becoming India’s first tribal president, Murmu’s journey has now become an inspiration for crores of people. With her win, she has inspired those women who come from the oppressed sections of society. Nearly 4800 members of the Parliament of India and legislative assembly cast their precious votes to elect the new President. The Bharatiya Janata Party member (BJP) Murmu secured a total of 676,803 electoral votes in 21 of 28 states and won the presidential polls by an overwhelming margin against the opposition nominee Yashwant Sinha. 

64-year-old Draupadi Murmu is an Indian politician who belongs to the forest-dependent Santhal tribe of Odisha. Earlier she served the nation as the ninth governor of Jharkhand from 2015 to 2021. For the 2022 election, BJP nominated the former as the NDA presidential candidate in June. In July this year, she became the new President of India with massive support from regional parties in state assemblies. The tribal leader Murmu has also become the current nominal head of the commander-in-chief and the executive of the Indian Armed Forces. While the incumbent president Ram Nath Kovind’s tenure is ending on July 24, 2022, Murmu is likely to take oath on July 25 as the new President of India. 

On June 20, 1958, Draupadi Murmu was born in a tribal family in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha. She spent her early life in her paternal grandfather’s house situated in a small village in the Mayurbhanj district named Uparbeda. Her father, Biranchi Narayan Tudu, was a farmer known by his given name and also a native of the Mayurbhanj area of Odisha. Later, both her father and grandfather were elected as the village council chiefs under the Panchayati Raj system. Murmu is the only girl child of her parents and has two brothers named Bhagat Tudu and Sarani Tudu. Because of coming from a downtrodden section, Murmu’s life journey had always been full of obstacles. At a very early age, she fought against all despotism and endured a string of personal losses. These personal tragedies and setbacks made her extremely strong to fight against all odds. 

Murmu did her schooling at Unit II High School in Bhubaneswar. She was excellent in her studies since childhood and ranked well in every exam. After completing her 12th, she joined Rama Devi women’s College (Bhubaneswar) to complete her graduation in arts. She was the first girl from her village to go to college for studies. Being a tribal lady, Murmu experienced a lot of hardships while completing her higher studies. Despite coming from a backward area of this country, every member of her family was well-educated and open-minded. Her family had always been a great source of support for her throughout her struggling career. 

Before entering politics, Murmu was associated with a variety of other occupations. She always wanted to become financially independent and take responsibility for her family. That’s why she started applying for various jobs soon after completing her education. In 1979, she got her first big employment as a junior assistant in the State irrigation and Power Department of Odisha. As a clerk, she served the Government of Odisha for four years and left the job in 1983. However, she managed to build a good reputation with her immense hard work even after working there for a short tenure. 

She returned to her village to take care of her family, especially her mother-in-law. But she never wanted to sit at home. With great enthusiasm, she again started applying for local jobs that would allow her enough time to be with her family. She managed to secure a school teacher job within a short period. As a primary assistant teacher, she started working at Shri Aurobindo Integral School but refused to accept salaries. Murmu served the school as a public service and requested the school authority to pay only her transportation expenses. Later, she also worked as an assistant professor at the Shri Aurobindo Integral Education and Research Institute in Rairangpur.  

The new head of the nation Draupadi Murmu was married to Shyam Charan Murmu, a bank official by profession. She had two sons and a daughter from her marriage. Unfortunately, she lost her 25-year-old son Laxman Murmu in 2009. Her second son died in a devastating road accident in 2012 when she was just recovering from the tragic grief of her first son’s death. Two years later, Murmu experienced another tragic loss as her husband passed away, suffering from a major cardiac arrest. With her husband’s death, she lost the ultimate support system of her life. She was completely shattered and unable to process the personal loss. This situation adversely affected her psychological condition, and she suffered from major depression for many years after losing her husband and two sons within a span of four years. But she didn’t lose courage and started trying to live a healthy life. 

Draupadi Murmu’s only daughter, Itishree Murmu, works at the Odisha branch of UCO Bank and is married to renowned rugby player Ganesh Hembram. The couple has a little daughter. However, Draupadi Murmu currently lives with her daughter Itishree. Murmu always wanted to build a school in the name of her deceased husband and children. Later, she decided to build a school in her village to provide the best learning experience to the village students. She even donated her in-laws’ four-acre land for the construction of the school. Draupadi Murmu was a great devotee of Lord Shiva since her childhood. Being deeply spiritual, she started practicing meditation techniques of the Brahma Kumaris to recover from the tragic losses of her life.  

The 15th president Draupadi Murmu’s political career started in 1997. In 1997, she entered the world of politics by joining the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). After becoming a member of the BJP, she won local polls and became the councilor of the Rairangpur Nagar Panchayat (Odisha) in the same year. In 2000, she became the chairperson in the same constituency. She served the Rairangpur Nagar Panchayat for one year. Later, she was elected as the national vice-president of the BJP Scheduled Tribe Morcha. 

The alliance between the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Biju Janata Dal happened in 2000. In the same year, Murmu became the first minister of state from the Rairangpur seat under the Government of Odisha. During her tenure, she worked in the Transportation and Commerce departments from March 2000 to August 2002. She also became the in-charge of Fisheries and Animal Resource Development and served the departments from August 2002 to 2004. She won the assembly elections in 2004 and was chosen to represent the BJP from the Rairangpur seat. She became the former minister of Odisha and MLA from the Rairangpur assembly constituency in 2004. She became the State President of the BJP Scheduled tribe Morcha in 2006. Later, she became the district president also and served the Mayurbhanj district till 2009. 

On 18th May 2015, Draupadi Murmu was appointed as the ninth governor of Jharkhand state and served the government till May 2021. With her win, she became the first female tribal leader of Odisha as well as the first woman governor of Jharkhand. In 2017, Murmu was short-listed by BJP for the election of presidential position. But she was considered to have enough time on her side. The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) announced the candidature of Draupadi Murmu for the position of the President of India in June 2022. BJP nominated her as the National Democratic Alliance’s candidate. She became the 15th President of India on 21st July 2022 by securing the majority of votes. 

The following are some of the significant achievements of new president Draupadi Murmu. 

• Before entering politics, she served the Government of Odisha as a junior assistant in the irrigation and power department. 
• She also worked as an honorable professor in the Shri Aurobindo Integral Education and Research Institute, Rairangpur. 
• Murmu was facilitated with the Nilkantha Award for the best MLA by Odisha Legislative Assembly in 2007. 
• She took oath as the first woman Governor of Jharkhand on 9th May 2015. 
• She was also the first governor of Jharkhand who completed her five-year tenure and became eligible for re-election. 
• She also became the first female tribal leader from Odisha to be appointed the governor of an Indian state. 
• In 2017, Murmu came into the limelight as she refused to agree with a bill approved by the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly. The bill was created to seek amendments to the Chhotanagpur Tenancy Act 1908 and the Santhal Pargana Tenancy Act 1949. Later, she also sought an explanation from the Raghubar Das-led government regarding the changes in the bill and whether it would be used for the well-being of the tribal community. However, the bill was related to the grant of tribal rights that they can commercially use their lands without changing the ownership. 
• In June 2022, BJP nominated her as the National Democratic Alliance’s candidate for the 2022 election.  
• After Pratibha Patil, Murmu has become the second woman to hold the highest political position in India. 
• Additionally, 64-year-old Murmu is the first president of this country to belong to a scheduled tribe.
• With her win in the presidential election, Murmu has become the first president of India to be born after India gained independence. 
• She has become the youngest President of India at the age of 64 years and 46 days. 
• She has diverse experience handling various ministries, including fisheries, commerce, transportation, and animal resources, under the Odisha government. 

The new president of this country, Draupadi Murmu, has devoted her entire life to empowering the poor and marginalized section of society. She has always been concerned about the well-being of her tribal community. With her work for the tribals, she successfully made a remarkable identity as a public representative among people. Similarly, Murmu’s contribution to spreading education awareness in tribal society cannot be ignored. 

“The entire nation watched with pride as Smt. Droupadi Murmu Ji took oath as the President of India. Her assuming the Presidency is a watershed moment for India, especially for the poor, marginalized and downtrodden. I wish her the very best for a fruitful Presidential tenure,” PM Narendra Modi has recently said on the occasion of Murmu becoming the new President of this country. With Murmu becoming the President of India, the country is expecting new heights in the development of the tribal communities. Her win will undoubtedly provide a new direction in women’s empowerment and help in setting a rich tribal community.

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The President of India: Powers and responsibilities

Here are the powers and responsibilities of the president of india..

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Legislative powers enjoyed by the President of India

• The President has the power to dissolve the Lok Sabha.
• A bill that has been passed by both the houses of the parliament can become a law only if it receives the president. (subject to limitations)
• The President of India has the power to nominate 12 members to the Rajya Sabha who have made extraordinary accomplishments in the fields of science, art, literature and social service.
• The President has the power to send a bill back to the parliament unless it is a money bill or constitutional amendment bill.

Executive power enjoyed by the President of India

• The executive powers of the country are vested with the President of India.
• The parliament can grant additional powers to the President if it deems fit and these powers can be further delegated by the president to state governors.

Appointing powers and duties of the President

• The President has the power and responsibility to appoint the Prime Minister of India.
• The President of India appoints the Chief Justice.
• The President is the appointing authority for the states and also has the power to dismiss a governor who has violated the constitution in their acts.
• Other than the posts mentioned above, the President has the power to appoint on a number of posts including, Ambassadors to other countries like, IAS, IPS, IFS, Attorney General, etcetera.

Military powers of the President

• The President of India is the commander in chief of all the Indian armed forces.
• The President has the power to declare war or conclude peace with any country on the advice of a council of ministers headed by the Prime Minister.
• All the treaties with any foreign countries are signed in the name of the President of India.

Power to pardon

The President of the Republic of India has the power to grant pardons if the punishment of the crime is an offence of against union law, granted by the military court or the punishment is that of death.

READ: The 13 Presidents of India: The powerhouses who made the nation

READ: Do you know the salary of the President of India?

Essay On If I Were the President of India

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The President’s position is a position of responsibility. The man who becomes the President of India is supposed to be commanding the love and loyalty of all. He is expected to be above party politics. Though his position is the highest one, yet he is to take himself as the first and foremost servant of the people. His life is not simply a bed of roses in which he may be comfortable and do nothing. Indeed, if I become the President of India, I would actively serve the people, go in their midst and live as one of them. Considerations of dignity and position should not come in the way of service.

I would do my best to exercise my personal influence on my government as well as the public to serve the country and to make it progressive. I would see to it that my government implements the welfare schemes and becomes a Welfare State.

I would fill the people e with new life and enthusiasm. I would try to represent the spirit and culture of India by my personal way of living and working. It would be my first effort to be a model in service: Service, I would regard as the best and the only ornament of the President. I am fully aware that the President has manifold duties and I can only wish and pray that I shall prove worthy of performing them all properly.

People say ‘uneasy lies the head that wears the crown’. No doubt, it is true, Nevertheless, I wonder if there is any possibility of uneasiness if one performs one’s duties sincerely and honestly. On the other hand, there is spiritual satisfaction in the fact that one did one’s work as one could and left the world better than one found it at one’s birth. If I become the President of India, I would certainly and resolutely tread along the thorny path of my duty confidently, my motto shall be Service is its own reward.

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Essay on the president of india.

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The executive power of the Union government lies in the President who exercises it either directly or through officers subordinate to him. He is the supreme commander of the defence forces of the union. Executive actions are formally taken in his name. This power is to be exercised in accor­dance with the Constitution, which lays down positive qualifications and negative disqualifications for the high post.

The positive requirements are that he should be a citizen of India; should have completed the age of 35 years; and should be qualified for election as a member of House of People (Lok Sabha). Negatively, he should not hold any office of profit; and should not be a member of either house of Parliament or of a house of the legislature of any state.

The President is indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the states. The members of state assemblies have been included in the Electoral College to prevent the President from being elected merely by the vote of the party in power at the centre.

The Constitution lays down a mandatory time limit and the election cannot be postponed beyond the expiration of the President’s tenure. Thus, the election would have to be completed even though there may be some vacancies in Parliament or in some the state assemblies, or even if the assembly of any state stands dissolved.

The procedure ensures uniformity and ‘weightage’ is determined by the weight of population of each state. Thickly populated states like Uttar Pradesh have a larger number of votes than the less populous state like Goa. The principle of federal parity between the states taken together and the union has been achieved by the Mudalier formula of weightage of votes. The election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.

It ensure the minorities a better voice President in the selection of the head of the state. If a candidate gets an absolute majority of the votes cast, he would be deemed to have been elected without any recount. But, if no candidate has secured an absolute majority of the votes cast, the subsequent preferences, would have to be taken into account. The voting at the election is by secret ballot and every vote for or against may become a ‘conscience vote’.

To secure uniformity in the scale of representation among the states themselves as well as parity between states as whole and the Union, the total population of each state is divided by the total number of elected members in the state assembly (MLAs). The quotient or the figure obtained IS further subdivided by 1,000. The multiples of one thousand give the number of votes to be cast by each elected member of the state. If the remainder exceeds 500, then the number of votes is increased by one.

So mathematically speaking the formula given in the Constitution is:

Weightage of votes of a MLA = Population of state/number of elected members of the state assembly ÷ 1000

The method determining the number of votes to be cast by each elected Member of Parliament (MP) is to divide the total number of state votes by the strength of the Parliament.

The formula is:

Weights of votes each Member of Parliament has

= Total votes assigned to be elected members of the legislative assemblies of all states/Total number of the elected members of both the houses of parliament

The principle of proportional representation, single transferable vote and secret ballot permis­sible under the 11th Amendment Act, provide that the elections of the President and the Vice-President cannot be challenged on the ground that the Electoral College was incomplete. In case of the inability of the President, the Vice-President takes over the presidency.

If he too is not available, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court acts as the President. If that too is not possible, the Parliament will decide as to who should be given this responsibility. The American Constitution provides a list of 11 successors to the American presidency. However, in India, the conventions are yet to be evolved.

The President can be impeached under Articles 56(1) (b) and 61, but the rigid provisions make the removal difficult. Unlike a no-confidence resolution it implies disgrace or imputation of moral turpitude which is not a disapproval of the government policy. The motion may be introduced in either of the two chambers. The initiating house frames the charges which are signed by one-fourth members of that house and a 14 days notice is sent to the President.

Then, it will have to be passed by a two-third majority in that House. The second house investigates these charges. The President can personally appear before it to defend himself/herself or send his repre­sentative. If the charges are proved and the motion is passed by a two-third majority in the second house also, the President is considered removed from that time and day.

This kind of presidency was purposely designed to keep the President in the nominal role of a crown and additionally to present him as a national head of a federal form of government. An ornamental head by a system of election was a contradiction in terms yet Ramaswamy Mudaliar found out a via media whereby the President can be an indirectly elected head of a government and nation, which might continue to have a variety of regional cultures and political parties in a plural society.

The formula equalizes the weight of votes between centre and states and can make the President a glorified dignitary without much intervention in the day-to-day affairs of the government by the Prime Minister. Like the British Crown, he can gracefully enjoy the right to be consulted, right to encourage and right to warn but unlike the American President he will not rule the nation of which he happens to be the first citizen and a gracious representative.

Although, Dr. Ambedkar fondly hoped that the Indian President will be the nominal figurehead of the government, but he had to write down the powers and functions of the President, which the British sovereign happens to enjoy through conventions. The written feature of the Constitution and the federal nature of the Indian Union make a big difference in the power of the Indian President.

The convention and amendments keep on filling up the blanks, which the founding fathers perhaps deliberately kept to evolve the presidency in terms of Indian political genius. These powers of the President like that of any head of the state arm the President with wide ranging functions along with meaningful discretion. Still, the constrains and limitations on the working of the President are numerous.

They are partly written, but a great deal of the same is emerging with the working of parliamentary federalism of India absent in UK and USA. A look at the vast array of powers of the Indian President enshrined in the Constitution explain the design of this office which the founding fathers cherished in their vision.

Related Articles:

• President of India: Election of the President of India
• Vice-President of India: Functions and Position of Vice-President

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Cultural India

A. p. j. abdul kalam.

11 th President of India (July 25, 2002 – July 25, 2007)

Date of Birth : October 15, 1931

Place of Birth : Rameswaram, Ramnad District, Madras Presidency, British India

Parents : Jainulabdeen (Father) and Ashiamma (Mother)

Spouse : Remained Unmarried

Education : St. Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli; Madras Institute of Technology

Profession: Professor, Author, Scientist

Died : July 27, 2015

Place of Death: Shillong, Meghalaya, India

Awards : Bharat Ratna (1997), Padma Vibhushan (1990), Padma Bhushan (1981)

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, better known as APJ Abdul Kalam, was an illustrious scientist turned statesman who served as the 11 th President of India from 2002 to 2007. Kalam spent more than forty years as a science administrator and scientist mainly at the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) and Defence Research and the Development Organization (DRDO). He was closely associated with the military missile development efforts and civilian space programme of India. For his work on launch vehicle technology and development of ballistic missile, he was given the pseudonym of ‘The Missile Man of India.’ In 1998, he played a prominent role in Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests.

In 2002, he was elected the 11 th President of the country and became widely known as the ‘People’s President.’ After serving his presidential term he pursued what he loved most – teaching, writing and reading. For his achievements and contributions as a scientist, he was honoured with the ‘Bharat Ratan Award,’ India’s highest civilian honour.

He left for the heavenly abode on July 27, 2015, while delivering a lecture at the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Shillong. He was laid to rest with full state-honours and his funeral was attended by thousands of people including national-level dignitaries.

Photo Credit : https://www.thetalentedindian.com/dr-a-p-j-abdul-kalam-earth-received-an-honored-guest-but-a-visionary-is-laid-to-rest/

APJ Abdul Kalam was born into a poor Tamil Muslim family in the pilgrimage town of Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, on October 15, 1931. His mother, Ashiamma, was a housewife and his father, Jainulabdeen, was an imam of a local mosque and a boat owner. He was the youngest in the family with four elder brothers and a sister.

Though, the family was not financially affluent yet all the children were raised in an atmosphere that was full of love and compassion. In order to add to the family’s income, Kalam had to sell newspapers during his early years.

He was an average student during his school, but possessed a strong desire to learn and was very hard working. He loved mathematics and spent hours studying the subject. He pursued his education from ‘Schwartz Higher Secondary School,’ and then graduated from ‘Saint Joseph’s College, Tiruchirappalli,’ in 1954. He wanted to become a fighter pilot but his dream could not be fulfilled as here were only eight positions available in the IAF and he secured the ninth place.

As A Scientist

In 1960, he graduated from the ‘Madras Institute of Technology,’ and joined as a scientist at the ‘Aeronautical Development Establishment,’ after becoming a member of the ‘Defence Research and Development Service.’ Kalam also worked under the eminent space scientist Vikram Sarabhai while he was a part of ‘INCOSPAR’ committee. Kalam was transferred to the ‘Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)’ in 1969. He became the project head of the country’s foremost Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III). In July 1980, SLV-III deployed the ‘Rohini’ satellite successfully near-earth orbit under Kalam’s leadership.

Kalam was a part of a number of projects, including ‘Project Devil,’ in 1970. Though the project was not successful, yet it laid the foundation for the development of the ‘Prithvi Missile,’ in 1980. He was also associated with ‘Project Valiant.’

In 1983, Kalam returned to DRDO as its chief as he was asked to lead the ‘Integrated Guided Missile Development Program’ (IGMDP).

In May 1998, he played a key role in carrying out ‘Porkhran-II’ nuclear tests by India. The success of these nuclear tests made Kalam a national hero and his popularity went skyrocketing.

As a technical visionary, he made several recommendations in the fields of technological innovations, agriculture, and nuclear energy to make India a developed nation by 2020.

Photo Credit : https://www.naukrinama.com/stressbuster/most-intelligent-persons-in-india/apj-abdul-kalam/

As President

In 2002, Kalam was chosen the Presidential nominee by the ruling National Democratic Alliance (NDA), and he was elected the President. He became the 11 th President of India on July 25, 2002 and served the position till July 25, 2007.

He also became the third President of India to have received ‘Bharat Ratna’ before assuming the office of the President.

Due to his style of working and interaction with common people, especially the youth, he was affectionately called ‘The People’s President.’ According to Dr. Kalam, the most arduous decision he had taken during his tenure was that of signing the ‘Office of Profit Bill.’

During his tenure as President, he faced criticism for his inaction in deciding the fate of mercy petitions that were submitted to him. Out of the 21 mercy petitions, he acted only on one mercy plea. In 2005, he recommended for President’s rule in Bihar, which also became a controversial decision.

Photo Credit :http://www.youthconnect.in/2014/11/13/12-rare-stories-about-dr-apj-abdul-kalam-will-make-your-day-today/

As An Academician

After the end of his presidential term, he became a visiting professor at the ‘Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahemdabad,’ ‘Indian Institute of Management ((IIM), Indore,’ and the ‘Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Shillong.’ He served as a professor of Aerospace Engineering at Anna University, as chancellor at the ‘Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram,’ an honorary fellow of ‘Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore,’ and an adjunct at a number of other research and academic institutes across the country. He also taught technology at ‘Anna University,’ and ‘Banaras Hindu University,’ and taught information technology at the ‘International Institute of Information Technology (IIIT), Hyderabad.’

With an aim to defeat corruption and bring efficiency, Kalam launched a program for the youth, called ‘What Can I Give Movement,’ in 2012.

Photo Credit : http://ias.kgisl.com/apj-abdul-kalam-sir-speech/

Awards and Achievements

• Kalam was honoured with the prestigious ‘Bharat Ratan,’ ‘Padma Vibhushan,’ and ‘Padma Bhushan’ from the Government of India.
• He was bestowed upon the ‘Indira Gandhi Award for National Integration’ by the Government of India in 1997.
• He was the recipient of Veer Savarkar Award.
• In 2000, he was bestowed with ‘Ramanujan Award’ by the ‘Alwars Research Centre.’
• In 2007, he received the ‘Kings Charles II Medal’ from the Royal Society.
• The ASME Foundation, USA, honoured Kalam with the Hoover Medal.
• He also received honorary doctorate from 40 universities.
• The United Nations recognized Kalam’s 79 th birthday as World Students’ Day.
• In 2003 and 2006, he was nominated for the ‘MTV Youth Icon of the Year.’

Kalam went to IIM Shillong to deliver a lecture on ‘Creating a Livable Planet Earth,’ on July 27, 2015. While climbing a flight of stairs, he expressed some discomfort, but made his way to the auditorium. Only five minutes into the lecture, around 6:35pm IST, he collapsed in the lecture hall. He was taken to ‘Bethany Hospital’ in a critical condition. He was kept in the intensive care unit but lacked signs of life. At 7:45pm IST, he was declared dead due to cardiac arrest.

Kalam’s body was airlifted in an Indian Air Force helicopter and was flown to New Delhi on July 28. Numerous dignitaries and masses paid homage to him at his residence at 10 Rajaji Marg. Kalam’s body, wrapped in the national flag, was then flown to the town of Mandapam, from where an army truck took it to his home town of Rameswaram. His body was displayed at Rameswaram in front of a bus station to allow people to pay their last respect to the departed soul. On July 30, 2015, the former President was laid to rest with full state honours at Rameswaram’s Pei Karumbu Ground. Kalam’s last rites were attended by more than 350,000 people.

Photo Credit : http://agnicollege.blogspot.com/2015/04/dr-kalam-hails-agnis-ignite-2015-step.html

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam and the Youth

Destiny was seen being benevolent when death beseeched Kalam while he was doing what he wanted to do throughout his life – sharing knowledge. Kalam took the final gasp doing what he loved most, and amongst those whom he loved the most – the youth. His life became a paradigm for the youth of the country. He became a role model and inspiration for the younger generation due to his humble nature, simple and easy going personality, and his ability to connect with young minds.

His Writings

Dr Kalam authored and co-authored a number of instructional and inspirational books, including ‘India 2020: A Vision for the New Millennium,’ ‘Wings of Fire,’ ‘The Luminous Sparks: A Biography in Verse and Colours,’ ‘Mission of India: A Vision of Indian Youth,’ ‘You Are Born To Blossom,’ ‘Ignited Minds: Unleashing the Power within India,’ ‘Guiding Souls,’ ‘Inspiring Thoughts,’ ‘Turning Points: A Journey Through Challenges,’ ‘Transcendence My Spiritual Experiences,’ ‘Beyond 2020: A Vision for Tomorrow’s India,’ and various others.

Photo Credit : https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/a-p-j-abdul-kalam-590.php

Interesting Facts About Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam

• A man who spent approximately five decades in public service that included one stint as ‘The President,’ Kalam owned precious little. He owned no property, TV, fridge, car, AC, but owned approximately 2,500 books, six shirts, a pair of shoes, a wristwatch, four trousers and three suits.
• He never accepted any gifts from anyone, except books.
• He never charged any fee for the lectures that he delivered within or outside the country.
• His love for technology is no secret and he kept an eye on all the latest developments primarily through radio.
• He was a vegetarian and was always happy with what he was served.
• He was a pious soul and particular about his morning prayer, which he never missed.
• He was never seen wearing his religion on his sleeves nor was he seen playing up his humble origins.
• He never wrote his will. However, whatever was left behind was to be given to his elder brother and to grandchildren. Kalam always called his elder brother before going or returning from a significant assignment.
• His autobiography ‘Wings of Fire,’ was initially published in English but has been translated into thirteen languages, including Chinese and French.
• In 2011, Nila Madhab Panda directed a movie based on the life of Kalam, titled, ‘I Am Kalam.’
• Mathematics and Physics were his favourite subjects.

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Droupadi Murmu

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Droupadi Murmu became the 15th president of India on July 25, 2022, when she was sworn in by the chief justice of the country’s Supreme Court. She is the first person from the tribal community , and the second woman after Pratibha Patil , to hold the office of president . She is also the first president to have been born in independent India as well as the youngest person to occupy the post. Murmu previously served as the governor of Jharkhand state from 2015 to 2021 and as a member of the legislative assembly of Odisha state from 2000 to 2009.

Droupadi Murmu was born on June 20, 1958, in Uparbeda, a village in Odisha state, to a Santhali tribal family. Her parents named her Puti Tudu; a teacher later gave her the name Droupadi. Uparbeda, which is located in Odisha’s Mayurbhanj district, is one of India’s most remote and underdeveloped places, and the Santhal are one of the largest tribal communities in India.

Murmu experienced poverty as a child. She completed her primary education in the village school, and she subsequently earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Rama Devi Women’s College in Bhubaneswar. She is the first woman from her village to complete a university education.

Murmu’s career began in 1979 at Odisha’s Irrigation and Power Department, where she was a junior assistant. While working there, she married Shyam Charan Murmu, whose surname she adopted, and they had a daughter (who died as a child). She left that job in 1983 to care for her growing family, which included three more children. From 1994 to 1997 she taught at Sri Aurobindo Integral Education and Research Centre in Rairangpur.

In 1997 Murmu joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and she was elected as councillor of the Rairangpur Nagar Panchayat (town council). In 2000 she was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha from the Rairangpur constituency , and she served two terms, until 2009, representing the BJP. During this period, Murmu was minister for commerce and transport and then minister for fisheries and animal resources. She was awarded the Pandit Nilakantha Das Best Legislator Award in 2007 by Odisha’s Legislative Assembly. Murmu also served as the vice president, and later president, of the BJP’s Scheduled Tribe Morcha (“meeting” or “march”) in Odisha, and she was briefly BJP’s district president for the Mayurbhanj (West) unit.

Murmu did not fare so well in later elections, being defeated in the 2009 federal legislature (Lok Sabha) election for the Mayurbhanj constituency as well as the 2014 Odisha state legislature election for Rairangpur. She also experienced personal losses: one son died in 2009, another in 2013, and her husband in 2014.

In 2015 Murmu was appointed governor of Jharkhand state, becoming the first woman tribal governor of any tribal-majority state in India. In this role, she opposed the state BJP government’s proposed amendment to a 1908 law that would have given tribal people in the state the right to let the government make commercial use of tribal land, including leasing such land. The amendment was subsequently withdrawn.

In June 2022 the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), a political alliance led by the BJP, nominated Murmu for the presidency of India. India’s president is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising the elected members of both houses of the federal parliament and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of India’s 28 states as well as the union territories of Delhi , Puducherry , and Jammu and Kashmir . Murmu defeated Yashwant Sinha , a candidate chosen by the parties in opposition to the NDA, winning 64 percent of all electoral votes. She took the oath of office on July 25, 2022, succeeding Ram Nath Kovind .

Murmu is known for her efforts to promote health care, economic development, and education among tribal communities as well as for her work in preserving tribal culture and heritage.

APJ Abdul Kalam Essay – 150, 500, 1000+ Words & 10 Lines

APJ Abdul Kalam Essay: Embark on an insightful journey into the life and contributions of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam through this APJ Abdul Kalam Essay. Explore the remarkable story of India’s “People’s President” and renowned scientist, delving into his early life, scientific achievements, presidency, and enduring legacy.

Discover the inspirational values and visionary leadership that characterized Dr. Kalam’s life, leaving an indelible mark on India’s scientific community and beyond. This APJ Abdul Kalam Essay navigates through key milestones, shedding light on the man behind the title, and reflects on his enduring influence as a symbol of knowledge, humility, and dedication to the progress of the nation.

Table of Contents

APJ Abdul Kalam Essay in English in 10 Lines

Explore the inspiring life and legacy of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in this essay , covering his early years, scientific achievements, presidency, and enduring impact on India’s progress in 10 concise lines.’

• Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, India’s “People’s President,” was born on October 15, 1931, in Tamil Nadu.
• Trained as an aerospace engineer, Kalam played a pivotal role in India’s civilian space program and military missile development.
• Fondly known as the “Missile Man of India,” his leadership led to the successful Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998.
• In 2002, Kalam became the 11th President of India, serving until 2007, and earned widespread respect for his humility and accessibility.
• His presidency focused on youth empowerment and education, often engaging with students to share his vision for a developed India.
• Dr. Kalam’s inspirational speeches and books, like “Wings of Fire,” continue to motivate millions around the world.
• After his presidency, he remained committed to education and societal development, particularly in rural areas.
• Dr. Kalam passed away on July 27, 2015, leaving behind a legacy of integrity, simplicity, and dedication to nation-building.
• The “Kalam-Raju Rocket” and the “Vision 2020” initiative are testaments to his commitment to technological advancement and inclusive development.
• APJ Abdul Kalam remains an enduring symbol of excellence, a scientist, and a leader whose life continues to inspire generations.

Also See – Shivaji Maharaj Essay – 10 Lines, 100, 500, 1000 Words

APJ Abdul Kalam Essay in 100 Words in Short Essay

Explore the impactful life of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in this concise essay of APJ Abdul Kalam Essay, tracing his journey from a brilliant scientist and the “Missile Man of India” to the 11th President, emphasizing his contributions to India’s space and defense programs, commitment to education, and lasting legacy as a beacon of humility and inspiration.

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, born in 1931, was an eminent Indian scientist and the 11th President of India. Known as the “People’s President” and the “Missile Man of India,” he played a pivotal role in India’s space and defense programs, contributing to significant advancements.

Beyond his scientific achievements, Kalam was a visionary leader who prioritized education and youth empowerment. His presidency from 2002 to 2007 left an indelible mark, characterized by humility and accessibility. Even after his term, Kalam continued to inspire through speeches and writings. His legacy endures as a symbol of knowledge, integrity, and dedication to the nation’s progress.

APJ Abdul Kalam Essay in 500 Words

Delve into the inspiring life and contributions of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in this comprehensive 500-word essay of APJ Abdul Kalam Essay, exploring his early years, scientific achievements, presidency, educational endeavors, and enduring impact on India’s progress.

APJ Abdul Kalam: A Visionary Leader and Catalyst for Change

Dr. Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam, born on October 15, 1931, in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, India, transcended the realms of science and politics to become a revered figure, known as the “People’s President” and the “Missile Man of India.”

Kalam’s early life, rooted in humble beginnings, laid the foundation for an extraordinary journey. After obtaining a degree in aerospace engineering, he joined the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). His scientific acumen and leadership were instrumental in India’s space and missile development programs.

As the “Missile Man,” Kalam’s contributions to India’s defense capabilities were unparalleled. He played a pivotal role in the successful development of ballistic missile technology, including the Agni and Prithvi missiles. The defining moment of his scientific career came during the Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, solidifying India’s position as a technologically advanced nation on the global stage.

In 2002, Kalam’s journey took an unexpected turn as he was elected the 11th President of India. His presidency was marked by a departure from traditional norms, characterized by humility, accessibility, and a deep connection with the youth. Kalam’s presence in the Rashtrapati Bhavan signaled a shift towards a more inclusive and approachable leadership style.

Education was at the forefront of Kalam’s vision for a developed India. Post-presidency, he dedicated himself to educational initiatives and societal development, particularly in rural areas. His interactions with students and emphasis on scientific research aimed to inspire and shape the future of the nation.

The inspirational figure of Dr. Kalam extended beyond the boundaries of his presidency. His speeches, writings, and autobiography, “Wings of Fire,” became guiding lights for millions. “Vision 2020,” Kalam’s roadmap for a developed India by the year 2020, emphasized economic growth, technological advancements, and societal well-being.

Even after his passing in 2015, Kalam’s legacy continued to thrive. The “Kalam-Raju Rocket,” a joint venture between ISRO and a private company, and various educational initiatives like the “Kalam Libraries” stand as tangible evidence of his enduring impact on technological advancement and inclusive development.

In conclusion, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam’s life is a testament to the transformative power of knowledge, dedication, and visionary leadership. His journey from a small town to the presidency encapsulates the limitless potential of an individual to shape the destiny of a nation. Kalam’s legacy lives on as a source of inspiration for generations, a reminder that one person’s vision can catalyze positive change on a grand scale.

1000+ Words in APJ Abdul Kalam Essay in English

Embark on a comprehensive exploration of Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam’s impactful life and contributions in this extensive 1000+ words APJ Abdul Kalam Essay, covering his early years, scientific achievements, presidency, educational endeavors, and enduring influence on India’s progress.

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam: Architect of India’s Scientific Renaissance

Introduction

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam, the “People’s President” and “Missile Man of India,” left an indelible mark on India’s scientific and political landscape. This essay explores the multifaceted life and contributions of this iconic figure, spanning his early life, scientific achievements, presidency, educational endeavors, and enduring influence on India’s progress.

Early Life and Education

• Humble Beginnings: Born on October 15, 1931, in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, Kalam’s early life in a modest household instilled values of humility and perseverance.
• Educational Pursuits: Despite financial constraints, Kalam pursued education with zeal, earning a degree in aerospace engineering. His academic journey laid the foundation for his subsequent achievements.

Scientific Achievements

• The “Missile Man” Emerges: Kalam’s entry into the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Defense Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) marked the commencement of his scientific journey.
• Leadership in Missile Development: Kalam’s role as the “Missile Man” unfolded as he led key missile development programs, including the Agni and Prithvi missiles, showcasing India’s capabilities on the global stage.
• Pokhran-II Nuclear Tests: The pinnacle of Kalam’s scientific career was the Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, solidifying India’s position as a nuclear power. Kalam’s leadership was instrumental in this historic achievement.

Presidency and People’s President

• Election and Inclusive Leadership: In 2002, Kalam assumed the role of the 11th President of India. His presidency marked a departure from traditional norms, emphasizing humility, accessibility, and a genuine connection with the youth.
• Education for Development: Kalam’s presidency was marked by a passionate commitment to education. His belief in the transformative power of knowledge, particularly in shaping the future of the youth, was evident in his interactions with students and the initiatives he championed.

Educational Vision

• Post-Presidential Dedication: Beyond his presidency, Kalam’s commitment to education persisted. Initiatives such as the “Kalam Libraries” and his advocacy for scientific research exemplified his dedication to nurturing the intellectual capital of the nation.
• Interaction with Students: Kalam’s frequent interactions with students from various educational institutions showcased his unwavering belief in the potential of the youth. He saw education as the key driver for societal development.

Inspirational Figure

• Writings and Speeches: Dr. Kalam’s inspirational figure extended beyond his physical presence. His speeches, writings, and autobiography, “Wings of Fire,” became guiding lights for individuals aspiring to make a positive impact.
• Vision 2020: “Vision 2020,” Kalam’s roadmap for a developed India, emphasized economic growth, technological advancements, and societal well-being. It served as a blueprint for the nation’s progress in the 21st century.

Legacy and Enduring Impact

• The Kalam-Raju Rocket: The posthumous collaboration between ISRO and a private company resulted in the “Kalam-Raju Rocket,” a testament to Kalam’s enduring impact on India’s space program.
• Educational Initiatives: Initiatives like the “Kalam Libraries” continue to foster a culture of learning, reflecting Kalam’s vision for an intellectually empowered India.

In conclusion, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam’s life represents a tapestry woven with threads of resilience, dedication, and visionary leadership. From humble beginnings to the highest office in the land, Kalam’s journey encapsulates the transformative power of knowledge and the potential of an individual to shape a nation’s destiny. His legacy lives on as a source of inspiration, a reminder that one person’s vision can catalyze positive change on a grand scale, leaving an indelible mark on the scientific and political landscape of India.

In the grand narrative of Indian history, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam emerges not merely as a leader but as an enduring source of inspiration and change. His journey, from a small town to the highest office in the land, symbolizes the triumph of perseverance and knowledge.

As the “Missile Man of India” and the “People’s President,” Kalam’s scientific contributions and inclusive leadership transformed the nation’s trajectory. His vision of a developed and empowered India remains a guiding light for future generations, ensuring that the essence of his teachings endures.

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Essay, Paragraph or Speech on “If I Were President?” Complete English Essay, Speech for Class 10, Class 12 and Graduation and other classes.

If I Were President?

The first thing I would do as President of India is educate the masses. India’s biggest problem is its bludgeoning population. Poverty, crime, corruption all stem from this one problem. Land is finite and unless India takes a step to curb its population which seems to grow at the rate of infinity, we will go back to being a poor nation.

The next thing I would do as President is make all children study at military run schools. The child’s mind is like clay and if at an early age a child is taught discipline then the sky is the limit for what this child can achieve. We would have a whole generation of people who respect each other, women and their country. It would also mean a whole generation of youth who take pride in their nation. The military teaches you to love your brothers and to stand up for them and to cover their backs. The military teaches you the meaning of the word family.

The next thing I would do as President would be to end corruption. Money is the root cause of all problems and when it goes in to the wrong hands, only wrong things are done with it.

If I could do only these three things I would have achieved a lot – an educated nation, a disciplined nation, and an honest nation.

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Essay on India

Here we have shared the Essay on India in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on India in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams. 

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Essay on India in 150 words

Essay on india in 200-300 words, essay on india in 500-1000 words.

India, a diverse and culturally rich country located in South Asia, is renowned for its vibrant festivals, ancient heritage sites, and diverse landscapes. With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is a melting pot of religions, languages, and ethnicities. It is a secular nation that upholds democracy and freedom. India has made significant contributions to art, literature, science, and philosophy. Despite challenges, it has achieved progress in various fields, including technology and economic growth. As the world’s largest democracy, India’s cultural richness, traditions, and hospitality attract tourists from around the world. With a young and dynamic workforce, India is emerging as a global player in innovation and entrepreneurship. India’s resilience, cultural heritage, and growing influence continue to captivate the world, making it an important player on the global stage.

India, known as the land of diversity, is a country of rich culture, history, and traditions. It is located in South Asia and is the seventh-largest country by land area. India is renowned for its vibrant festivals, ancient heritage sites, and diverse landscapes, ranging from the majestic Himalayas to the serene backwaters of Kerala.

With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is a melting pot of different religions, languages, and ethnicities. It is a secular country that upholds the principles of democracy and freedom. India has made significant contributions to art, literature, science, and philosophy throughout history.

Despite its challenges, India has achieved notable progress in various fields, including technology, space exploration, and economic growth. It is the world’s largest democracy and has a parliamentary system of government. India’s cultural richness, traditions, and hospitality attract millions of tourists from around the world each year.

In recent years, India has emerged as a global player, contributing to the world economy, science, and technology. It is home to a young and dynamic workforce that is driving innovation and entrepreneurship.

In conclusion, India is a country that embraces diversity, celebrates its rich cultural heritage, and strives for progress. With its vast landscapes, ancient history, and vibrant culture, India continues to captivate the world. The resilience and spirit of its people, coupled with its growing influence, make India a significant player on the global stage.

Title: India – A Tapestry of Diversity, Heritage, and Progress

Introduction :

India, a nation located in South Asia, is a land of rich cultural heritage, diverse traditions, and breathtaking landscapes. With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India is known for its vibrant festivals, ancient history, and varied cuisines. This essay explores the multifaceted aspects of India, including its rich cultural tapestry, historical significance, economic growth, and contributions to the world. From the majestic Himalayas in the north to the serene backwaters of Kerala in the south, India’s beauty and diversity captivate the hearts of millions. Let us embark on a journey through the vibrant and enchanting land of India.

Cultural Heritage

India’s cultural heritage is as vast and diverse as its geographical expanse. It is a melting pot of religions, languages, and customs. The country is home to numerous religions, including Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Each religion has its own unique rituals, traditions, and festivals, contributing to the colorful tapestry of Indian culture. Festivals like Diwali, Eid, Holi, Christmas, and Durga Puja are celebrated with great enthusiasm and are a reflection of India’s religious diversity.

Historical Significance

India boasts a rich history that spans thousands of years. It has been the birthplace of several ancient civilizations, including the Indus Valley Civilization and the Maurya and Gupta Empires. The country has been the center of learning and trade for centuries, attracting scholars, explorers, and traders from around the world. The Mughal Empire, known for its architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal, left a lasting legacy on India’s history. The British colonial rule in India and the subsequent struggle for independence led by Mahatma Gandhi shaped the modern history of the nation.

Economic Growth

India has experienced significant economic growth in recent years. It is one of the world’s fastest-growing major economies and has become a prominent player on the global stage. The country has embraced economic liberalization, attracting foreign investments and fostering entrepreneurship. India’s information technology industry, pharmaceutical sector, and service industries have flourished, contributing to its economic prosperity. However, challenges such as poverty, income inequality, and unemployment persist, highlighting the need for inclusive growth and sustainable development.

Contributions to the World

India has made remarkable contributions to various fields, including science, literature, arts, and spirituality. Ancient Indian scholars made significant advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Indian literature, such as the Vedas, Ramayana, and Mahabharata, continues to inspire and influence people worldwide. Indian art forms like classical music, dance, and cinema have gained international recognition for their richness and beauty. Spiritual traditions like yoga and meditation have transcended borders, offering tools for holistic well-being.

Unity in Diversity

India’s strength lies in its unity amidst diversity. Despite its linguistic, religious, and cultural differences, the people of India have come together as a nation. The Constitution of India, adopted in 1950, upholds the principles of democracy, secularism, and unity. The diverse fabric of Indian society is reflected in its official languages, Hindi and English, and the recognition of regional languages. India’s unity in diversity is celebrated through cultural exchange, interfaith dialogue, and the promotion of national integration.

Future Challenges and Opportunities

India faces a range of challenges, including poverty, environmental degradation, healthcare disparities, and social inequality. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts in education, healthcare, sustainable development, and social welfare. However, India also presents immense opportunities for progress. With a young and dynamic workforce, a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit, and a growing middle class, India has the potential to achieve inclusive growth, technological advancements, and social transformation.

Conclusion :

India, with its diverse cultures, historical significance, economic growth, and contributions to the world, stands as a shining example of unity in diversity. The nation’s cultural heritage, ancient history, and rapid development reflect its resilience and potential. As India continues its journey toward progress and prosperity, it must embrace sustainable development, address societal challenges, and build an inclusive and equitable society. India’s beauty, traditions, and people leave an indelible mark on the hearts and minds of those who explore its captivating tapestry.

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Indian Presidential Election

• 14 Apr 2022
• GS Paper - 2

For Prelims: Constitutional Provisions related to the election of President, Election commission of India.

For Mains: Election of President and Impeachment.

Why in News?

The tenure of the current President of India is set to end in July 2022, which is also when the 16 th Indian Presidential election will be held to elect his successor.

How is the President elected?

• The Indian President is elected through an electoral college system , wherein the votes are cast by national and State-level lawmakers.
• The electoral college is made up of all the elected members of the Upper and Lower Houses of Parliament (Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha MPs), and the elected Members of the Legislative Assemblies of States and Union Territories (MLAs).
• Article 54: Election of President
• Article 55 : Manner of election of President.
• Article 56 :Term of office of President
• Article 57: Eligibility for re-election.
• Article 58 : Qualifications for election as President
• Before the voting, comes the nomination stage, where the candidate intending to stand in the election, files the nomination along with a signed list of 50 proposers and 50 seconders.
• The rule for securing 50 proposers and seconders was implemented when the EC noticed, in 1974, that several candidates, many without even a bleak chance of winning, would file their nominations to contest the polls.
• An elector cannot propose or second the nomination of more than one candidate.

What is the value of each vote and how is it calculated?

• A vote cast by each MP or MLA is not calculated as one vote.
• The fixed value of each vote by an MP of the Rajya Sabha and the Lok Sabha is 700.
• As per the Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act 2001, currently, the population of States is taken from the figures of the 1971 Census. This will change when the figures of the Census taken after the year 2026 are published.
• Uttar Pradesh for instance, has the highest vote value for each of its MLAs, at 208. The value of one MLA’s vote in Maharashtra is 175, while that in Arunachal Pradesh is just 8.

What is required to secure a victory?

• A nominated candidate does not secure victory based on a simple majority but through a system of bagging a specific quota of votes. While counting, the EC totals up all the valid votes cast by the electoral college through paper ballots and to win, the candidate must secure 50% of the total votes cast + 1.
• Unlike general elections, where electors vote for a single party’s candidate, the voters of the electoral college write the names of candidates on the ballot paper in the order of preference.
• The President’s election is held in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot.

Can the President be Impeached?

• According to Article 61, the President can be removed from his office before the expiry of his term only on the grounds of violation of the constitution.
• However, the Constitution does not define the meaning of the phrase ‘violation of the constitution’.
• The impeachment process can be started from any house of the parliament by levelling charges against him.
• The notice bearing the charges against the president must be signed by at least a quarter of the members of the house.
• The resolution to impeach the president must be passed by a special majority (two-thirds) in the originating house.
• Next, it is sent to the other house for consideration. The other house acts as the investigating horse. A select committee is formed to investigate the charges labelled against the president.
• During the process, the President of India has the right to defend himself through authorised counsel. He can choose to defend himself or appoint any person/lawyer or attorney general of India to do so.

UPSC Civil Services Examination Previous Year Questions

Q. With reference to the election of the President of India, consider the following statements: (2018)

• The value of the vote of each MLA varies from State to State.
• The value of the vote of MPs of the Lok Sabha is more than the value of the vote of MPs of the Rajya Sabha.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2

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• Dr. Rajendra Prasad: First President of India English Essay

admin December 1, 2019 Essays in English 9,068 Views

Name: Designation: Born: Died: Parents: Awards: Education:

‘Rajendra Prasad’ was born on 3rd December, 1884 in the Ziradei village, Siwan district of Bihar, India . His father’s name was Mahadev Sahai, who was a scholar of Sanskrit and Persian languages. His mother’s name was Kamleshwari Devi, who was a religious woman.

After the completion of elementary education, he went to study at T.K. Ghosh’s Academy in Patna. He joined the Presidency College, Calcutta in 1902. Once an examiner wrote on his answer sheet ‘examinee is better than examiner’. It proves that he was a great scholar. He served in various educational institutions as a teacher. He joined the High Court of Bihar and Odisha as a lawyer in 1916.

He was a good political leader, lawyer, statesman and social worker. He took active part in the freedom movements of India. He joined the Indian National Congress in 1911. He was elected as the President of the Indian National Congress during the Bombay session in October 1934. He was sent to Jail many times. He was elected the President of Constituent Assembly on 11 December 1946. Dr. Prasad was elected the first President of the Republic of India.

Dr Rajendra Prasad died on 28 February 1963. His death was a great loss for the nation. He was subsequently awarded the Bharat Ratna, the India’s highest civilian award. He authored many books. He was a great educationist and a man of world fame. High principles and ideals of Dr. Rajendra Prasad will always alive to show the right path.

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Death of Dr Rajendra Prasad - [February 28, 1963] This Day in History

The first President of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad passed away on 28 February 1963 at Patna.

In today’s edition of This Day in History, you can read about an important personality in the Indian national movement, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, for the IAS exam .

Biography of Dr Rajendra Prasad

• Rajendra Prasad was born in Zeradai, District Siwan in Bihar on 3 December 1884.
• His father Mahadev Sahai was a scholar of Persian and Sanskrit. His mother Kamleshwari Devi was a pious lady.
• After receiving elementary education at home from a tutor, he went to the Chapra District School. He won a scholarship to study at the University of Calcutta and joined the Presidency College in Calcutta. He completed his MA in Economics in 1907. While in college, he was an active social activist and joined the Dawn Society and the Servants of India Society.
• After his MA, he pursued a career as a teacher in various institutions following which he pursued a law degree.
• Later, Prasad also won a doctorate in law from the Patna University. In 1916, he commenced his legal career in the Patna High Court.
• Prasad’s involvement in the country’s freedom movement started during his student days when he attended an Indian National Congress session as a volunteer in 1906.
• He joined the organisation in 1911 and a few years later, he met Mahatma Gandhi.
• Inspired by the Mahatma, he quit his legal career and jumped into the freedom movement. He participated in the non-cooperation movement in 1920. He was deeply moved by Gandhi’s dedication and conviction.
• He took an active part in the rehabilitation work after the 1914 floods and the 1934 earthquake in Bihar. During the earthquake, Prasad was in jail and despite that coordinated relief work from there. He was released two days after the earthquake after which he formed the Bihar Central Relief Committee.
• Dr Prasad became the Congress president in 1934 at its Bombay session. He was chosen president once again in 1939.
• He spent almost 3 years in jail after the Quit India Movement .
• When Jawaharlal Nehru formed the Interim Government in 1946, Rajendra Prasad became in charge of the Food and Agriculture Department.
• In December 1946, he was elected as the Constituent Assembly’s President.
• After the Constitution of India was ratified, Rajendra Prasad was chosen to be India’s first President.
• He remained president till 1962 for a period of 12 years. He is the longest-serving president till date.
• In 1962, Prasad retired from politics and public life. He chose to go back to Patna to live his retired life.
• He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1962.
• Prasad died in 1963 at the Sadaqat Ashram in Patna. He was 78.

Literary Works of Dr. Rajendra Prasad’s

A list of the books written by Dr. Rajendra Prasad is given below:

• Mahatma Gandhi and Bihar, Some Reminiscences
• Satyagraha at Champaran
• Division of India
• Since Independence

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This article is from the cover package in the Fall 2024 print issue, featuring letters from thinkers around the world. Read all nine letters here .

What would you want to tell the next U.S. president? FP asked nine thinkers from around the world to write a letter with their advice for him or her.

Dear Madam or Mr. President,

S eventy-seven years ago, on India’s gaining independence, President Harry S. Truman said that in the United States, India would find a constant friend. It is such constancy that defines the expanding partnership between our two democracies. In the last two decades particularly, we have together achieved spectacular improvements in bilateral relations.

This letter, however, focuses on an area perhaps insufficiently grasped as the United States contemplates the India of today—that is, its self-definition as a civilizational state and its vision of strategic autonomy and multipolarity in global affairs.

The world of 2024 is vastly different from that of 1947, when India gained independence. The rules-based international order to which both our countries have pledged allegiance is in danger of falling apart, and in this season of change, Western dominance is waning. One is reminded of the writer and civil rights activist James Baldwin, who said in reflection in 1961: “The West, the entire West, was changing, was breaking up.”

The wars in Ukraine and the Middle East underscore the West’s weakness. Asia is the epicenter of change as countries such as India and China reassert themselves on the global stage. China has led the way with its dramatic rise; its authoritarian, quasi-imperial assertiveness on land and sea borders with its neighbors, including India; and its strategic competition and rivalry with the United States, which have defined new contours of conflict in the Indo-Pacific.

India, too, is taking strides globally. Its presidency of the G-20 in 2023 saw Prime Minister Narendra Modi speak about India’s growing leadership as a “Vishwaguru”—a teacher to the world—and as a nation founded on a civilizational base that stresses the welfare and happiness of all humanity. He referred to the surge of pride in India’s lunar mission, landing on the moon at a spot no one had reached before. India was becoming, Modi said, the voice of the global south, and it would not “bend before anyone.” India’s democracy was a “beautiful gift, a bouquet of hope” for all humanity, and its multilingual and multicultural diversity has imbued it with “great power.”

How should this civilizational power think about forging relationships with other countries? Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar says India’s partners should be “chosen on interests and not on the basis of sentiments or prejudices”—a nationalist diplomacy of Indian exceptionalism. What is seen by many in the country as hectoring by the West over democracy and human rights is rejected outright. At the same time, although India is “non-West,” it sees little profit in “being anti-West.” This image of new and alternative poles of power, as manifest in India, marks the dawn of a multipolar world.

Multipolarity, as India sees it, is what Jaishankar recently termed a “natural expression of global diversity.” While U.S.-China competition looms over the horizon today, power is becoming more diffuse and is no longer concentrated in one or two superpowers. The power of the United States to use its tremendous military power and bases across the world to deter conflict or check aggressive behavior or defeat religious extremism and radicalism (as in Afghanistan) is increasingly in question. At the same time, the image of the United States as a polarized and fractious polity and society is relayed across the world. This provides ample fodder for adversaries such as China and a surrogate Russia to challenge U.S. and Western dominance. Furthermore, many rising and middle powers, with concerns about peace and stability in their regions, including in the global south, are seeking to protect their own geopolitical and economic interests and refusing to be drawn into the web of great-power rivalries.

There is the impression that our American friends are uneasy about India’s vigorously expanding identity. The same week in July that Modi visited Russia, U.S. Ambassador to India Eric Garcetti said at a conference in New Delhi: “I respect that India likes its strategic autonomy. But in times of conflict, there is no such thing.” India and the United States would, he said, need to “act together.”

There is no hint of dogma in the Indian approach; it is just the closely held conviction of successive Indian governments from the time of independence onward that the country will not be swayed by bloc politics, alliance systems, or competing ideologies on the global stage and that when a crisis presents itself, India will decide on the course to follow independently, on its merits, and guided by realism.

What makes India’s approach resonate today—and also what makes the United States and others uncomfortable—is that it is propelled by growing military and economic power, the assertion of its civilizational uniqueness, and its increasing geopolitical weight. This creates a new balance of global interests that the West cannot dismiss or ignore.

Certainly, our ties with the United States—though cordial and marked by considerable strategic convergence, particularly in the Indo-Pacific—have recently been strained. Take India’s relations with Russia. Comments such as Garcetti’s, expressing their disappointment about Modi’s visit to Moscow, have sharpened such differences. India has refused to condemn Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, although it stresses the importance of dialogue and diplomacy over conflict. Indian imports of oil from Russia over the last two years have grown substantially in the face of U.S. opposition, and Russia continues to be the source of some 40 percent of India’s defense imports. But India argues that its national security and the welfare of its population are paramount, and it is on that basis that India continues to forge ties with Russia.

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Nonetheless, the strategic imperatives in the consequential India-U.S. relationship, and their numerous areas of convergence—including in defense and security, trade and investment, energy and technology, global cooperation, and our people-to-people ties—should outweigh such differences.

There will always be some points of contention on foreign-policy issues between our two countries, as there will perhaps be under your administration, but remember that there is no zero-sum game here. The India-Russia relationship, for instance, does not in any way eclipse the indispensable character of the India-U.S. strategic partnership. India’s active membership of the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, or Quad—with Australia, Japan, and the United States—demonstrates our strategic commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific. This investment in many ways has evolved at a much faster pace, and with much more substantive content, than India’s involvement with bodies such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation or the Russia-India-China trilateral forum, both of which pre-date the Quad.

There has never been a greater need for both our nations to understand each other better. Our democracies seek cooperation, connectivity, and respect for the global commons and the rules-based international order. India’s desire for a steadily improving non-alliance partnership with the United States remains strong and unflinching. It is embedded in the practice of an independent foreign policy with security interests that, by virtue of India’s geographical location, are complex and multifaceted. This is an approach that you will understand because it is not so different from the path that the United States has followed since its inception as a republic.

Nirupama Rao is a former Indian foreign secretary and ambassador to the United States and to China.

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Supreme Court of India: 75 years journey

Last updated on September 2, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

The Supreme Court of India, established on January 28, 1950, has completed 75 years of its existence, marking a significant milestone in the country’s judicial history. Over the years, the Supreme Court has played a crucial role in shaping India’s legal and constitutional landscape. Read here to learn more.

The Prime Minister unveiled a stamp and coin commemorating 75 years of the establishment of the Supreme Court on August 31, 2024.

The President unveiled the new flag and insignia of the Supreme Court to mark the 75th year. The flag features the Ashoka Chakra, the Supreme Court building and the book of the Constitution of India.

Here are some key highlights and reflections on the 75-year journey of the Supreme Court.

Table of Contents

History of the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of India, the highest judicial authority in the country, has a rich history that dates back to the pre-independence era.

Pre-Independence Period

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• Federal Court of India (1937-1950) : Before the Supreme Court was established, India had the Federal Court, created under the Government of India Act of 1935. The Federal Court functioned from 1937 to 1950, handling disputes between provinces and hearing appeals from lower courts.

Post-Independence Formation

• Constitutional Establishment (1950) : The Supreme Court of India was established on January 28, 1950, two days after the Constitution of India came into effect.
• The Court was created to serve as the apex judicial body, replacing the Federal Court and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London, the final court of appeal during British rule.
• First Proceedings : The Supreme Court held its inaugural session in the Chamber of Princes in the Parliament building, before moving to its current premises on Tilak Marg in New Delhi in 1958.
• Back then, the sanctioned strength of the Court was just eight. Six judges were present in the Court’s inaugural session on 28 January 1950: Chief Justice Harilal Kania, and Justices S. Fazl Ali, Patanjali Shastri, Mehr Chand Mahajan, B.K. Mukherjea, and S.R. Das. Justice N.C. Aiyar was appointed in September 1950. A year later, Justice Vivian Bose came on board to complete the o riginal roster of eight.
• Considering the workload, Parliament increased the number of Judges from 8 in 1950 to 11 in 1956; 14 in 1960; 18 in 1978; 26 in 1986; 31 in 2009 and 34 in 2019 (current strength).

Read:  History of Indian Judiciary

The 75-year Journey of the Supreme Court

Constitutional Guardian:

• Role as the Custodian of the Constitution : The Supreme Court has been the ultimate interpreter and guardian of the Indian Constitution. Landmark judgments like Kesavananda Bharati vs. State of Kerala (1973), which established the Basic Structure Doctrine, affirm the Court’s commitment to preserving the Constitution’s core values.
• Judicial Review : The power of judicial review, exercised by the Supreme Court, ensures that any law or executive action inconsistent with the Constitution can be struck down, thus maintaining the rule of law and constitutional supremacy.

Landmark Judgments:

• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) : The Court ruled that while Parliament has wide powers to amend the Constitution, it cannot alter its “basic structure.” This judgment has been pivotal in preserving democratic governance.
• S. R. Bommai vs. Union of India (1994) : This case defined the limitations on the use of Article 356 (President’s Rule) and reinforced the federal structure of the Indian polity.
• Vishakha vs. State of Rajasthan (1997) : The Court laid down guidelines to prevent sexual harassment of women in the workplace, leading to the enactment of specific legislation on the issue.
• Right to Privacy (2017) : In Justice K.S. Puttaswamy vs. Union of India, the Court declared the right to privacy as a fundamental right under the Indian Constitution.

Evolution of Jurisprudence:

• The Supreme Court has contributed to the evolution of Indian jurisprudence, particularly in areas like human rights, gender justice, environmental protection, and social justice. Its progressive interpretation of fundamental rights has expanded the scope of civil liberties in India.
• Public Interest Litigation (PIL) : The Court pioneered the concept of PIL , allowing greater access to justice for the marginalized and ensuring that the judiciary addresses broader societal concerns.

Important points related to the Supreme Court

The Supreme Court of India is the apex judicial body under the Constitution of India.

• Constitutional Framework: Articles 124 to 147 of Part V of the Indian Constitution outline the organisation, independence, jurisdiction, powers, and procedures of the Supreme Court. Parliament has the authority to regulate these provisions.

Appointment Process:

• Chief Justice of India: Appointed by the President after consulting with selected judges from the Supreme Court and High Courts.
• Other Judges: Appointed by the President after consulting the Chief Justice of India and additional judges from both Supreme and High Courts.
• Consultation Requirement: The Chief Justice of India must be consulted for the appointment of any judge other than the Chief Justice.

Eligibility Criteria:

To be appointed as a judge of the Supreme Court:

• A person must be a citizen of India and;
• Must have been, for at least five years, a judge of a High Court or two or more such Courts in succession, or;
• An advocate of a High Court or two or more such courts in succession for at least 10 years or;
• He must be, in the opinion of the President, a distinguished jurist.

Provisions exist for the appointment of a judge of a High Court as an Ad-hoc Judge of the Supreme Court and for retired judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts to sit and act as judges of that Court.

Removal of Judges: A Supreme Court judge can be removed by the President following an address by Parliament, supported by a two-thirds majority of members present and voting, on grounds of proven misbehaviour or incapacity.

Language and Regulation:

• Language: Proceedings are conducted in English.
• Rules: The Supreme Court Rules, 1966, and 2013, under Article 145, govern its practice and procedure.

Independence of the Supreme Court

The Constitution seeks to ensure the independence of Supreme Court Judges in various ways.

• A judge of the Supreme Court cannot be removed from office except by an order of the President passed after an address in each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of members present and voting, and presented to the President in the same Session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.
• A person who has been a judge of the Supreme Court is debarred from practising in any court of law or before any other authority in India.
• Supreme Court Rules, 1966 and Supreme Court Rules 2013 are framed under Article 145 of the Constitution to regulate the practice and procedure of the Supreme Court.
• Judges’ salaries and benefits are set by Parliament and charged on the Consolidated Fund, ensuring financial stability and independence.
• Judges’ conduct cannot be discussed by Parliament or State Legislatures, except in impeachment proceedings (Article 121).
• The Court can punish contempt to maintain its authority (Article 129).
• The Chief Justice of India appoints staff and determines their service conditions without executive interference.
• Parliament cannot reduce the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction but can extend it.
• Article 50 mandates the separation of the judiciary from the executive, ensuring no executive influence in judicial matters.

Significance of the Supreme Court

• Ensures the Constitution’s supremacy and protects Fundamental Rights through writs under Article 32.
• Acts as the final arbiter of legal disputes and ensures just application of laws through judicial review.
• Promotes social justice, protects marginalised communities, and upholds human rights.
• Serves as a check on the executive branch, ensuring actions are legally within limits.

Challenges and Controversies

• Judicial Activism vs. Overreach : The Supreme Court has often been praised for its activism, but there have also been concerns about judicial overreach , where the Court is perceived to have encroached upon the domains of the executive and legislature.
• Transparency and Accountability : The judiciary has faced criticism regarding the transparency of the collegium system for the appointment of judges . Efforts to reform and bring greater transparency to the process have been ongoing.

Way Forward

• Digitization and Access to Justice : The Supreme Court has embraced digitization, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, to ensure that justice delivery is not hindered. The introduction of e-courts and virtual hearings has been a significant step towards making justice more accessible.
• Judicial Reforms : As the Supreme Court looks to the future, there is a continuous need for judicial reforms to address issues like the backlog of cases, delays in justice delivery, and improving the efficiency of the legal system.

The 75 years of the Supreme Court of India represent a journey of upholding democracy, protecting fundamental rights, and ensuring justice for all. As it moves forward, the Court’s role in adapting to changing societal needs while adhering to constitutional principles will continue to be crucial for India’s democracy.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q. What is the tenure of Supreme Court judges?

Ans: The Constitution does not have any fixed tenure for a judge of the Supreme Court. However, it makes the following provisions in this regard: – He holds the office until he attains the age of 65 years. Question regarding his age is to be determined by such authority and in such manner as provided by Parliament.

Q. Has India had a female Chief Justice?

Ans: On 5 August 1991 – nearly 130 years since the first high court was established in India – Leila Seth became the first female Chief Justice, serving at Himachal Pradesh High Court. Leila Seth was a pioneer who made it possible for many other Indian women to pursue careers in law.

Related articles:

• Judicial Infrastructure in India
• Indianisation of Judiciary
• Women in Judiciary
• High courts in India
• The judiciary

-Article by Swathi Satish

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