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5 The Research and Analysis Wing

• Published: March 2024
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The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), India’s external intelligence agency, has been in operation for over five decades, yet the organization has no constitutional status in India. There is no official history of R&AW, and the little that is known about this organization can be gleaned from a handful of memoirs authored by former serving officers focused largely on covert operations. This chapter focuses primarily on the organizational aspects of the R&AW and aims to provide a clearer institutional account of one of India’s principal security institutions. This chapter is based on a careful survey of media reports on and analyses of the organization, government reports, and interviews with former officers and experts. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first outlines the history and the core objectives of the R&AW. The second shines a light on its governance, including its organizational structure, recruitment policies, external oversight, and human and financial capital. In the concluding section, the authors analyse the agency’s need for change and reform.

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India's external intelligence: Reforms in R&AW and DIA

2016, Strengthening India's External Intelligence Infrastructure: An Assessment

It is need of the hour that India revamp its external intelligence set-up based on number of advance national security threats to the country.

Related Papers

Mahima Duggal

India’s external intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) and its intelligence community at large are direly under examined subjects. Little is known about the history, mandate, structure and budget of the the intelligence wing; and even less has been written analysing its functioning and capacity. This dissertation seeks to deepen our understanding of R&AW by exploring how it was established and how it has evolved over its five decades of existence. It presents an account of India’s virtually non-existent intelligence capabilities after its independence. With a political leadership which had little faith in intelligence and new challenges associated with the formation and establishment of a sovereign state, Indian intelligence faced difficult times in its early days. The paper demonstrates that although R&AW may have grown in terms of staff and budget, it remains woefully stagnant today. Through an enquiry into key events in R&AW’s history, particularly its failures, the dissertation argues that India has rarely engaged in adequate intelligence reviews in the aftermath of crisis. Assessments of intelligence services have hardly ever resulted in direly needed comprehensive and effective reforms. Their piecemeal and ad hoc solutions, such as the creation of additional intelligence agencies, have only resulted in increased problems of overlapping directives, turf wars and lack of coordination. Consequently, the dissertation seeks to promote a debate on intelligence reform through evaluation of areas of Indian intelligence that require holistic and radical revisions. Firstly, it argues that as an organisation operating in a democracy, R&AW must be open to introducing legislative oversight and external supervision that can put in place much needed checks and balances. Granting it legal status through a parliamentary act is essential to clarify the agency’s function in India’s intelligence community. Secondly, it asserts that R&AW must overhaul its recruitment and training mechanisms in order to improve its man force and thereby its capacity. Lastly, the paper contends that R&AW must make an effort to be more transparent so as to improve its impression amongst the public and foreign entities. Therefore, the paper concludes that significant and wide-ranging reforms in aforementioned areas are the first step to an effective intelligence agency as India looks towards expanding its global presence and faces security challenges that hold the potential to derail its economic and social progress.

Manabrata Guha

This is a brief presentation on the problems and prospects of the Intelligence function in the context of National Security. It examines - albeit superficially - the case of the US and the Indian nuclear weapons test in May 1998.

Rajiv Narayanan

Commonwealth & Comparative Politics

Christine Fair

Arun Vishwanathan

isara solutions

International Res Jour Managt Socio Human

India was partitioned in the backdrop of large-scale communal riots, but the partition of the country on religious lines, without taking into consideration its multiple identities, instead of bringing the communal tensions down, in fact, worsened the situation. The continuing tensions between India and Pakistan have a direct bearing on the internal situation in India. They have further complicated the internal security situation. India is comprised of a rich mosaic of ethnicities, cultures, and religions. As the Economist notes, "Outside the cosseted places where rich Indians and foreigners gather, Indians have long been used to conflict and terror." 1 India's emerging threat environment, including compulsion and imperatives from the changing dynamics of power and global order, encompass military challenges. The prime focus among these objectives is economic development, technology, political and social stability, capacity building for current and future threats and the importance of indigenous development for defence. India's land borders exceed 15,000 km which it shares with seven countries including a small segment with Afghanistan (106 km) in northern Jammu and Kashmir (J&K). China is likely to remain the long-term challenge and Pakistan a receding threat, but China-Pakistan collusion has always raised the gravest concerns. Issues related to Afghanistan such as increasing sub-conventional threats from within and outside the country are enunciated. India's national objectives have evolved out of multifaceted components of 'Comprehensive National Power' that connect defence and diplomacy. Pakistan's future strategy and India's response options, and also the motivations and actions of Pakistan's 'deep state', have amplified the security concerns. Intelligence, internal security, financial support, India's space programme, cyber security, defence research, development strategy, economic warfare, energy security and defence production address important, intricate, and complex issues are requiring very detailed comprehension by those in charge at ministerial and other bureaucratic levels as the state's prime function is to provide the political good of security, to prevent cross-border invasions, infiltrations, any loss of territory, to eliminate domestic threats or attacks upon the national order and social structure, to prevent crime and any related dangers to domestic human security and to enable citizens to resolve their disputes with the state and with their fellow inhabitants without recourse to arms or other forms of physical coercion. 2

Niloy Biswas

Intelligence, National Security, and Foreign Policy: A South Asian Narrative, an edited volume by ASM Ali Ashraf, examines the linkages between the local understandings of intelligence, national security and foreign policy in the backdrop of the post-9/11 international politics. This book is a product of three seminars organized in 2014 by Bangladesh Institute of Law and International Affairs (BILIA) in collaboration with the Department of International Relations, University of Dhaka.

Strategic Analysis

Rand Europe

Greg Hannah , Kevin O'Brien

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RAW Full Form

What is the full form of raw.

The full form of RAW is the Research and Analysis Wing. RAW is India’s main international intelligence agency. After the Indo-China War in 1962 and the Indo-Pak War in 1965, the RAW agency was created. RAW was formed in September 1968 under the guidance of Rameshwar Nath Kao, with its head office in New Delhi, India. He was RAW’s first Director.

The primary reason for developing RAW was India’s intelligence committee’s bad performance in the battles against Pakistan and China. RAW agency’s new Director is Samant Kumar Goel. He was a 1984 batch IPS officer elected on June 26, 2019. Anil Dhasmana was the former Director of the RAW agency.

Objectives of RAW agency

• Collecting foreign intelligence.
• Encouraging counter-proliferation.
• Actively participate in counterterrorism.
• Guiding Indian decision-makers.
• Developing India’s international strategic interests.
• The weak performance of the Intelligence office in the battles against China in 1962 and Pakistan in 1965 was the most crucial foundation behind the establishment of RAW.
• RAW was developed in September 1968 under the management of Rameshwar Nath Kao.
• RAW started as a branch of the Chief intelligence service with 250 staff and an annual budget of around 20 million.
• The RAW annual budget had risen to some 300 million in the early seventies, while its staff and workforce counted quite a few thousand.
• Kao had persuaded the Government to establish the Aviation Research Center (ARC) in 1971.
• The Radio Research Center and the Electronics & Technology facilities were introduced to RAW in the years 1970 and 1990.
• Until now, the Government of India has supplemented another signal intelligence service called the National Technical Facilities Organization (NTFO) in 2004, which has been later named NTRO in a while.
• Under the Cabinet Secretariat, the JIC ( Joint Intelligence Committee) is responsible for bridging, evaluating and reviewing intelligence activities between RAW, the Intelligence agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA).

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India's External Intelligence: Secrets of Research and analysis Wing ( RAW) - 9788170493327 Hardcover – 1 January 2017

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• ASIN ‏ : ‎ B08X45RSNN
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Intelligence - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Intelligence

Intelligent analysis cognitive traps for intelligent analysis -int cycle security. ... times new roman default design powerpoint presentation united ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Director of National Intelligence
• National Intelligence Council
• Central Intelligence Agency Abroad
• National Security Agency
• National Reconnaissance Office Agency
• National Geo-spatial Intelligence Agency
• Federal Bureau of Investigation Home
• Dept of Homeland Security Office and Int Analysis
• National Counter terrorism Center
• National Counter intelligence Executive
• Defense Intelligence Agency Army, Air, Navy, Marine..
• Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC)
• MI6 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) Securing Int from Outside threats.
• Government Comn HQ (GCHQ)
• MI5 Security Service (SS) Home Security.
• National Criminal Intelligence Service (NCIS)
• Metropolitan Police (Scotland Yard)
• Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) Abroad
• Intelligence Bureau (IB) Home
• Defence Intelligence DMI, Army, Air, Navy, Def Security Corps, Sp frontier Force, National Security Guards, Sp Security Bureau.
• Para-Mil Intelligence e.g CRPF, BSF, Sp Protection Force, Rapid Reaction Force.
• Min of Home Affairs- CBI
• Min of Finance Economic Int Council
• Help decision-makers at every level to make informed decisions.
• Helps decision-makers/Government officials from being surprised.
• Correct intelligence will help the Government/ orgs to keep the initiative on their side.
• Intelligence is required both for offensive and defensive actions.
• Intelligence is secret state or group activity to understand or influence foreign or domestic entities e.g FBI, MI-5.
• Intelligence analysis is the application of individual and collective cognitive methods to weigh data and test hypotheses within a secret socio-cultural context.
• Intelligence errors are factual inaccuracies in analysis resulting from poor or missing data intelligence failure is systemic organizational surprise resulting from incorrect, missing, discarded, or inadequate hypotheses.
• Nation states try to find out the threat to their national vital interests (NVIs).
• Some HOG give quite specific orders, sometimes, illegal ones.
• Some say, Do what you gotta do.
• Can the Govt encroach upon the personal freedom and liberty?
• Thin line between personal freedom and liberty versus security and obligations to the nation! How to balance?
• Imagination. (Wrong/Right)
• Interpretation. (Wrong/Right)
• Priority. (too much of info too many sources.
• Correct processing.
• Communication channels
• Chain of command
• Established protocols
• Servers and networks
• Direction Policymakers fail to give direction.
• Collection Int services fail to collect critical info.
• Analysis Services analyze data incorrectly .
• Time Failure to disseminate intelligence quickly enough .
• Right org/person Failure to disseminate to the right decisionmakers
• Inaction blaming one another.
• Open Source Intelligence (OSINT)
• Human Intelligence (HUMINT)
• Fr, UK and US Sp Op Forces are regarded to be the best!
• Covert Action
• Direct Action (Mil)
• Clandestine Cell System
• Special reconnaissance
• By Alliances, Nations and Industries.
• Operational Platforms by Nation.
• SigInt in modern History.
• Intelligent Analysis
• Cognitive traps for Intelligent Analysis
• Counter Intelligence
• India Jt. Int. Cttee. (JIC)
• Germany Combat Intelligence Readiness Facility (UCIRF)
• UK Joint Analysis Center (JAC). Jt Int Cttee.
• USA Director of National Intelligence and Natl Int Council
• UN Joint military and civilian office (JMAC) is estd.
• Law enforcement versus national int org.
• Foreign-oriented versus domestic-oriented organizations.
• Public versus private interests.
• Conflict between clandestine intelligence and covert action.
• Nation states had creatively used the intelligence in sp of their National Interests both on peace and war.
• Many Nation states are using it effectively today.
• Immediate, short term and long term intelligence is planned and prioritized.
• Int org/agents are tasked to gather and forward infos to their respective centers so that it can be converted into meaningful and timely intelligence enabling the org/state to accomplish the task it has been undertaking.

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