peer pressure short essay

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Essay on Peer Pressure: 100, 200, and 450 Word Samples in English

• Updated on  
• Mar 2, 2024

Have you ever done something just because your friends or peers have done it? Say, watched a movie or TV series, visited places, consumed any substance, or academic achievement. This is a classic example of peer pressure. It means you are influenced by your peers or people around you.

Peer pressure can be both positive and negative, but mostly, it has negative effects. Peer pressure often occurs during adolescence or teenage years when individuals are more susceptible to the opinions and actions of their peers. Sometimes, peer pressure can lead to serious consequences. Therefore, we must deal with peer pressure in a civilized and positive way. 

On this page, we will provide you with some samples of how to write an essay on peer pressure. Here are essay on peer pressure in 100, 200 and 450 words.

Table of Contents

• 1 Essay on Peer Pressure in 450 Words
• 2 Essay on Peer Pressure in 200 Words
• 3 Essay on Peer Pressure in 100 Words

Master the art of essay writing with our blog on How to Write an Essay in English .

Essay on Peer Pressure in 450 Words

‘Be true to who you are and proud of who you’re becoming. I have never met a critic who was doing better than me.’ – Jeff Moore

Why do we seek recognition? Why do we want to fit in? Why are we not accepting ourselves in just the way we are? The answer to these questions is almost the same; peer pressure. Peer pressure is the influence of our peers in such a way, that we wish and try to do things in the same way as others did. 

Negatives and Positive Peer Pressure

Peer pressure can have positive and negative effects. Positive peer pressure can result in better academic performance, personal growth and development, etc. We can be a source of inspiration to our friends or vice versa, which can result in better academic growth, adopting healthier lifestyles, and engaging in community service. For example, you are part of a group collaborating on a community project that demonstrates the constructive influence of peer interaction. This can encourage a sense of purpose and shared responsibility.

Negative Peer Pressure is the opposite of positive peer pressure. In such cases, we are influenced by the negative bad habits of our peers, which often result in disastrous consequences. Consider the scenario where one of your friends starts smoking simply to conform to the smoking habits of his peers, highlighting the potentially harmful consequences of succumbing to negative influences.

How to Deal With Peer Pressure?

Peer pressure can be dealt with in several ways. The first thing to do is to understand our own values and belief systems. Nobody wants to be controlled by others, and when we know what is important to us, it becomes easier to resist pressure that goes against our beliefs.

A person with self-esteem believes in his or her decisions. It creates a strong sense of self-worth and confidence. When you believe in yourself, you are more likely to make decisions based on your principles rather than succumbing to external influences.

Choosing your friends wisely can be another great way to avoid peer pressure. Positive peer influence can be a powerful tool against negative peer pressure.

Building the habit of saying ‘No’ and confidently facing pressure in uncomfortable situations can be a great way to resist peer pressure. So, it is important to assertively express your thoughts and feelings. 

Peer pressure can have different effects on our well-being. It can contribute to personal growth and development, and it can also negatively affect our mental and physical health. We can deal with peer pressure with the necessary skills, open communication, and a supportive environment. We must act and do things in responsible ways.

Also Read: Essay on Green Revolution in 100, 200 and 500 Words

Essay on Peer Pressure in 200 Words

‘A friend recently started smoking just because every guy in his class smokes, and when they hang out, he feels the pressure to conform and be accepted within the group. However, he is not aware of the potential health risks and personal consequences associated with the habit. 

This is one of the many negative examples of peer pressure. However, peer pressure can often take positive turns, resulting in better academic performance, and participation in social activities, and physical activities. 

Dealing with peer pressure requires a delicate balance and determination. Teenagers must have alternative positive options to resist negative influences. Developing a strong sense of self, understanding personal values, and building confidence are crucial components in navigating the challenges posed by peer pressure.

Learning to say ‘No’ assertively can be a great way to tackle peer pressure. You must understand your boundaries and be confident in your decisions. This way, you can resist pressure that contradicts your values. Also, having a plan in advance for potential pressure situations and seeking support from trusted friends or mentors can contribute to making informed and responsible choices.

‘It is our choice how we want to deal with peer pressure. We can make good and bad decisions, but in the end, we have to accept the fact that we were influenced by our peers and we were trying to fit in.’

Essay on Peer Pressure in 100 Words

‘Peer pressure refers to the influence of your peers. Peer pressure either be of positive or negative types. Positive peer pressure can encourage healthy habits like academic challenges, physical activities, or engaging in positive social activities. Negative peer pressure, on the other hand, can lead us to engage in risky behaviours, such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or skipping school, to fit in with our peers.’

‘There are many ways in which we can deal with peer pressure. Everyone has their personal beliefs and values. Therefore, they must believe in themselves and should not let other things distract them. When we are confident in ourselves, it becomes easier to stand up for what we believe in and make our own choices. Peer pressure can be dealt with by staying positive about yourself.’

Ans: ‘Peer pressure refers to the influence of your peers. Peer pressure either be of positive or negative types. Positive peer pressure can encourage healthy habits like academic challenges,, physical activities, or engaging in positive social activities. Negative peer pressure, on the other hand, can lead us to engage in risky behaviours, such as substance abuse, reckless driving, or skipping school, to fit in with our peers.’

Ans: Peer pressure refers to the influence of our peers or people around us. 

Ans: Peer pressure can have both positive and negative effects on school children. It can boost academic performance, encourage participation in social activities, adopt healthier lifestyles, etc. However, peer pressure often results in risky behaviours, such as substance abuse, unsafe activities, or other harmful behaviours.

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Shiva Tyagi

With an experience of over a year, I've developed a passion for writing blogs on wide range of topics. I am mostly inspired from topics related to social and environmental fields, where you come up with a positive outcome.

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Peer Pressure Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on peer pressure.

Peer pressure can be both negative and positive. Because if a person is a peer pressuring you for a good cause then it is motivation. Motivation is essential for the growth of a person. While peer pressure for a bad cause will always lead you to a disastrous situation.

Therefore it necessary for a person to not get influenced by the people around them. They should analyze the outcome of the deed in a strict manner. So that they no may commit anything harmful for themselves. As this world is full of bad people, so you need to be careful before trusting anybody.

Advantages of Peer Pressure

Peer pressure is advantageous in many ways. Most importantly it creates a sense of motivation in the person. Which further forces the person to cross the barrier and achieve something great. Furthermore, it boosts the confidence of a person. Because our brain considers people’s opinions and makes them a priority.

Many salesmen and Entrepreneurs use this technique to influence people to buy their products. Whenever we are in a social meet we always get various recommendations. Therefore when a person gets these recommendations the brain already starts liking it. Or it creates a better image of that thing. This forces the person to buy the product or at least consider it.

This peer pressure technique also works in creating a better character of a person. For instance, when we recommend someone for a particular job, the interviewer already gets a better image of that person. Because he is recommended by a person the interviewer trusts. Therefore there is a great chance of that person to get hired.

Above all the main advantage of peer pressure can be in youth. If a young person gets influenced by an individual or a group of people. He can achieve greater heights in his career.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Disadvantages of Peer Pressure

There are various disadvantages of peer pressure which can harm a person in many ways. If any person is not willing to perform a task then the peer pressure can be frustrating to him.

Furthermore, peer pressure should not be in an excessive manner. Because it lands a negative impact on the person. A person should be of the mindset of listening to himself first. While considering opinions in favor of him.

Peer pressure in youth from a bad company can lead a person to a nasty situation. Furthermore, it can also hamper a student’s career and studies if not averted. Youth these days are much influenced by the glamorous life of celebrities.

And since they follow them so much, these people become their peers. Thus they do such things that they should not. Drugs and smoking are major examples of this. Moreover most shocking is that the minors are even doing these things. This can have adverse effects on their growth and career.

It is necessary to judge the outcome of a deed before getting influenced by peers. Furthermore, peer pressure should always be secondary. Your own thoughts and wants should always have the first priority.

Q1. What is peer pressure?

A1 . Peer pressure is the influence on people by their peers. As a result, people start following their opinions and lifestyle. Furthermore, it is considering a person or his opinion above all and giving him the priority.

Q2. Which sector of the society is the peer pressure adversely affecting?

A2 . Peer pressure has adverse effects on the youth of society. Some false influencers are playing with the minds of the youngsters. As a result, the youth is going in the wrong direction and ruining their career opportunities.

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Essay on Peer Pressure – Samples, 10 Lines to 1500 Words

Essay on Peer Pressure: Peer pressure is a powerful force that can influence individuals to make decisions they may not have made on their own. In this essay, we will explore the concept of peer pressure, its impact on individuals, and strategies for resisting negative peer influences. From adolescence to adulthood, peer pressure can manifest in various forms, from social norms to risky behaviors. Understanding how peer pressure operates is crucial for navigating social situations and making informed choices.

Table of Contents

Peer Pressure Essay Writing Tips

1. Introduction: Start your essay by defining peer pressure and explaining its significance in the lives of individuals, especially teenagers. Mention how peer pressure can influence decision-making and behavior.

2. Thesis statement: Clearly state your main argument or perspective on peer pressure. This will guide the rest of your essay and help you stay focused on your main point.

3. Provide examples: Use real-life examples or personal anecdotes to illustrate how peer pressure can manifest in different situations. This could include instances of peer pressure in school, social settings, or even within families.

4. Discuss the negative effects: Explain the potential negative consequences of succumbing to peer pressure, such as engaging in risky behavior, compromising personal values, or feeling a lack of autonomy. Discuss how peer pressure can lead to negative outcomes and impact mental health.

5. Address the positive aspects: While peer pressure is often associated with negative outcomes, acknowledge that it can also have positive effects. For example, peer pressure can encourage individuals to try new things, step out of their comfort zones, or adopt healthy habits.

6. Offer strategies for dealing with peer pressure: Provide practical tips and advice on how individuals can resist negative peer pressure and make independent decisions. This could include building self-confidence, setting boundaries, seeking support from trusted adults, or finding like-minded peers.

7. Discuss the role of parents and educators: Highlight the importance of parental guidance and education in helping young people navigate peer pressure. Explain how parents and educators can support individuals in making informed choices and developing resilience against negative influences.

8. Conclusion: Summarize your main points and reiterate your thesis statement. Emphasize the importance of understanding and managing peer pressure in order to maintain personal integrity and well-being.

9. Proofread and revise: Before submitting your essay, make sure to proofread for grammar, spelling, and coherence. Revise any unclear or redundant sections to ensure that your essay is well-organized and effectively communicates your ideas.

10. Consider different perspectives: While writing your essay, consider different viewpoints on peer pressure and acknowledge the complexity of this issue. This will help you present a more nuanced and balanced argument.

Essay on Peer Pressure in 10 Lines – Examples

1. Peer pressure is the influence that peers can have on an individual to conform to certain behaviors, attitudes, or beliefs. 2. It can be both positive, encouraging individuals to engage in healthy or productive activities, or negative, leading individuals to engage in risky or harmful behaviors. 3. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to peer pressure as they navigate their social circles and try to fit in with their peers. 4. Peer pressure can come in various forms, such as direct pressure, indirect pressure, or self-imposed pressure to conform. 5. It can affect individuals in various aspects of their lives, including academics, relationships, and decision-making. 6. Peer pressure can lead to individuals engaging in behaviors they may not otherwise participate in, such as substance abuse, bullying, or risky sexual activity. 7. It can also impact an individual’s self-esteem and sense of identity, as they may feel pressured to change who they are to fit in with their peers. 8. It is important for individuals to be aware of the influence of peer pressure and to develop strategies to resist negative peer pressure and make independent decisions. 9. Building strong relationships with positive influences and developing a sense of self-confidence can help individuals resist negative peer pressure. 10. Ultimately, individuals should strive to surround themselves with supportive and encouraging peers who will help them make positive choices and stay true to themselves.

Sample Essay on Peer Pressure in 100-180 Words

Peer pressure is a powerful force that can influence individuals to make decisions they may not have made on their own. It often occurs during adolescence when individuals are trying to fit in and be accepted by their peers. This pressure can manifest in various ways, such as trying drugs, engaging in risky behaviors, or conforming to certain social norms.

Peer pressure can have both positive and negative effects. On one hand, it can encourage individuals to try new things and step out of their comfort zone. On the other hand, it can lead individuals to make poor choices and engage in harmful behaviors.

It is important for individuals to be aware of the influence of peer pressure and to make decisions that align with their values and beliefs. Building strong self-esteem and confidence can help individuals resist negative peer pressure and make choices that are in their best interest.

Short Essay on Peer Pressure in 200-500 Words

Peer pressure is a common phenomenon that affects people of all ages, but it is especially prevalent during adolescence. It refers to the influence that peers have on an individual’s behavior, attitudes, and decisions. While peer pressure can sometimes have positive effects, such as encouraging individuals to engage in healthy behaviors or pursue their goals, it can also have negative consequences.

One of the most common ways in which peer pressure manifests is through social norms. People often feel pressure to conform to the behaviors and attitudes of their peers in order to fit in and be accepted. This can lead individuals to engage in activities that they may not feel comfortable with or that go against their values. For example, a teenager may feel pressured to try drugs or alcohol because their friends are doing so, even if they know it is not a good idea.

Peer pressure can also influence decision-making in more subtle ways. For example, individuals may feel pressure to make choices that align with the expectations of their peers, even if they personally disagree with those choices. This can lead to feelings of guilt or regret, as individuals may feel that they have compromised their own values in order to please others.

In some cases, peer pressure can have serious consequences. For example, individuals may engage in risky behaviors, such as driving under the influence or engaging in unprotected sex, in order to impress their peers or fit in with a certain social group. These behaviors can have long-lasting effects on an individual’s health and well-being.

It is important for individuals to be aware of the influence of peer pressure and to develop strategies for resisting it. One way to do this is to surround oneself with positive influences and supportive friends who encourage healthy behaviors and respect individual choices. It is also important to have a strong sense of self-confidence and self-esteem, so that individuals are able to make decisions that align with their own values and beliefs, rather than succumbing to pressure from others.

In conclusion, peer pressure is a powerful force that can influence individuals in both positive and negative ways. It is important for individuals to be aware of the influence of peer pressure and to develop strategies for resisting it. By surrounding oneself with positive influences and staying true to one’s own values, individuals can make decisions that are in line with their own beliefs and goals.

Essay on Peer Pressure in 1000-1500 Words

Peer pressure is a powerful force that can have both positive and negative effects on individuals. It is the influence that peers can have on each other to conform to certain behaviors, attitudes, and beliefs. While peer pressure can sometimes lead to positive outcomes, such as encouraging individuals to make healthier choices or pursue their goals, it can also have detrimental effects, such as leading individuals to engage in risky behaviors or make poor decisions.

One of the most common forms of peer pressure is social pressure, which involves the desire to fit in with a particular group or be accepted by one’s peers. This can manifest in various ways, such as dressing a certain way, listening to specific music, or participating in certain activities. For example, a teenager may feel pressured to try drugs or alcohol because their friends are doing so, or a student may feel compelled to cheat on a test to avoid being ostracized by their classmates.

Another form of peer pressure is direct pressure, which involves explicit requests or demands from peers to engage in certain behaviors. This can be particularly challenging for individuals who struggle to assert themselves or fear rejection from their peers. For example, a teenager may feel pressured to skip school or engage in risky behaviors by their friends, even if they know it is not in their best interest.

Indirect pressure is also a common form of peer pressure, which involves subtle cues or signals from peers that influence an individual’s behavior. This can include things like body language, tone of voice, or even social media posts that suggest certain behaviors are desirable or expected. For example, a teenager may feel pressured to conform to certain beauty standards or engage in unhealthy dieting practices because of the images they see on social media.

The impact of peer pressure can be significant, as it can shape individuals’ beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors in both positive and negative ways. On the positive side, peer pressure can encourage individuals to make healthier choices, such as exercising regularly, eating well, or avoiding risky behaviors. It can also motivate individuals to pursue their goals and aspirations, as they seek to emulate the success of their peers.

However, peer pressure can also have negative consequences, particularly when it leads individuals to engage in risky or harmful behaviors. This can include things like experimenting with drugs or alcohol, engaging in unsafe sexual practices, or engaging in criminal activities. In extreme cases, peer pressure can even lead individuals to engage in self-destructive behaviors, such as self-harm or suicide.

One of the reasons why peer pressure can be so powerful is that individuals have a natural desire to belong and be accepted by their peers. This desire for social acceptance can override individuals’ own values, beliefs, and judgment, leading them to make decisions that they may not otherwise make. This can be particularly challenging for young people, who are still developing their sense of identity and may be more susceptible to the influence of their peers.

In order to resist negative peer pressure, individuals need to develop strong self-esteem, confidence, and assertiveness skills. This can help them to assert their own values and beliefs, even in the face of pressure from their peers. It is also important for individuals to surround themselves with positive influences, such as friends who support and encourage them to make healthy choices.

Parents, teachers, and other adults also play a crucial role in helping young people navigate peer pressure. By providing guidance, support, and positive role models, adults can help young people develop the skills and resilience they need to resist negative peer pressure. It is also important for adults to create a safe and supportive environment where young people feel comfortable expressing their thoughts and feelings, without fear of judgment or rejection.

In conclusion, peer pressure is a powerful force that can have both positive and negative effects on individuals. While peer pressure can sometimes lead to positive outcomes, such as encouraging individuals to make healthier choices or pursue their goals, it can also have detrimental effects, such as leading individuals to engage in risky behaviors or make poor decisions. By developing strong self-esteem, confidence, and assertiveness skills, individuals can resist negative peer pressure and make choices that align with their own values and beliefs. It is also important for adults to provide guidance, support, and positive role models to help young people navigate peer pressure and make healthy choices.

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Essay on Peer Pressure for Students in English [500+ Words]

January 2, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Peer Pressure: Building up of negative influences within young adolescent minds to excel among peers is called peer pressure. It can create disturbed mind patterns and lead a person to suicidal thoughts, stress and depression. The outcome of such behaviour can negatively alter a person’s behaviour. It may misguide him to consume alcohol and drugs and risk his own life. It may also lead to anti-social behaviours amongst teenagers pushing them into criminal activities.

Essay on Peer Pressure 500 Words in English

Below we have provided Peer Pressure Essay in English, suitable for class 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10.

It’s Better To Walk Alone Than With A Crowd Going In The Wrong Direction. – Diane Grant

Human beings are social animals. We all make a lot of relations in our life. In choosing some relationships, we do not have a choice, but for some others, we do. Making friends and hanging out with them at school and other places is fun but we need to choose our friends wisely. Suppose your friend calls you to the basement stairs of the school and asks you to share a cigarette with him. You deny it. But then he says that if you do not smoke, he will spread your secrets in the whole class. This is known as peer pressure.

It is getting someone to do something that they might not like to do or might not be comfortable doing. Peer pressure is not always bad. Sometimes, it even makes you want to put in more effort and reach your potential. Positive peer pressure is beneficial and healthy, but it is the negative side of it, that can prove to be harmful. School children and teenagers are more prone to peer pressure. This is the age where they indulge themselves in alcohol, smoking, drugs, ragging, beating up others, stealing and what not!

Hence, it becomes necessary first to identify when we are trying to be peer pressured. We should know how to recognise when someone is trying to make us a victim of this. Whenever you feel like this, remember to ask yourself some questions. Is this right what they are asking me to do? Does it feel wrong to me? Am I uncomfortable while doing this? Would I still do this if my parents or some adult were around? There are many ways in which your friends can pressurise you. They may blackmail, threaten or even bribe you. But you should know what is right for you and that saying “NO” has so much power.

Negative Effects of Peer Pressure

Peer pressure can harm us. It results in grades at school getting lowered, a disrespect towards our parents, teachers and other adults, resorting to violent or aggressive acts and bunking or skipping classes. It may even lead to us getting addicted to various harmful substances and becoming insensitive towards others and their feelings. Imagine that you are playing with your friends in the park and your parents have told you to be back home by 7:00 p.m. But as soon as you say to your friends that you are leaving, one of them forces you to come to his house to play video games.

He says that if you do not agree to go, then you and he are no longer friends. What do you do in such a situation? Do you give in and go to his house and disobey your parents? Or do you make him understand that you must be home today and maybe tomorrow you can come to his house after taking permission from your mom and dad? There are numerous ways to resist peer pressure, and we should not hesitate to take them. We can simply walk away and even warn others about the consequences of what they are doing. We can say no firmly and also call for an adult in situations we feel that require their help.

Positive Effects of Peer Pressure

On the opposite side, we have good or positive peer pressure which is beneficial for us. If your friends do social work or volunteering, it is apparent that you too would want to indulge in such an activity. Say suppose at the time of after school activities, your friends already in a school sports team encourage you to join in. This is positive peer pressure because on the field; you get to collaborate and work together as a team. Thus, spending your time productively. If you have friends who encourage you to study more when your marks dip, then you indeed have found good friends who look out for you.

Peer pressure - List of Free Essay Examples And Topic Ideas

Peer pressure involves influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change their attitudes, values, or behaviors to conform to group norms. An essay on peer pressure could explore its effects on individuals, especially among teenagers, both positively and negatively. It may also delve into the psychological mechanisms behind peer pressure, strategies for resisting negative peer pressure, or the role of peer pressure in societal conformity and individual decision-making. We have collected a large number of free essay examples about Peer Pressure you can find in Papersowl database. You can use our samples for inspiration to write your own essay, research paper, or just to explore a new topic for yourself.

Positive Effects of Peer Pressure

What is peer pressure? Peer pressure is any influence from a group of people that changes a person’s behaviour or attitude. The term ‘peer pressure’ raises a lot of eyebrows; it is automatically assumed that it is inherently negative. However, this is not always the case. Despite the obvious stigma surrounding social influences, it is possible to be pressured in a positive way. There is another side of this phenomenon that most people don’t even consider to be peer pressure. […]

Peer Pressure in the Teen Years

Now a days, it’s hard to survive from peer pressure especially in the teen years. There are many solutions to handle peer pressure, but the most significant ways of doing it is keeping yourself busy. Surrounding yourself with people that you are very comfortable with, understanding your limits, keeping yourself busy with work, studying/doing homework, playing sports, etc. are all examples of keeping yourself busy. Once these solutions are executed, peer pressure will never become a problem.As children become teens […]

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Everyone is Affected by Peer Pressure

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Peer Pressure – Science Research

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Peer Pressure Among Teenagers

Peer pressure among teenagers is witnessed in almost all circles, with effects such as sexually transmitted diseases, increased murder cases, and unintentional injury or driving under the influence of alcohol. These are harmful indicators of health associated with many teenagers around the globe (Karakos, 2014). Indeed, these adverse effects can have dire consequences on the lives of these youths, especially regarding how they behave. Part of the increased changed behavior is that most of these teens are in their trial […]

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Essay about peer pressure This is when your peers try to influence the way you think or act. Therefore, the education system took care of how to resist this phenomenon? Students that attend C2E will be required to take a core class on “Teenage Survivor Skills”. This core class will be different for every grade, that way each grade learns age-appropriate material. It is the second period on Tuesdays/Thursdays. Funding is provided for a professional therapist through Bond and Mill Levy 5A and 5B that will rotate between classes teaching and will provide counseling for whoever needs it. This includes mental health awareness, drug, and peer pressure scenarios, and preparing for real-life dangerous situations. That way, kids will be informed earlier and more prepared for what is to come. This will help prevent mental health situations or hard times coming later in life. Older kids can come in to inform the younger ones about real-life experiences and give advice on situations. The classes are year-long so that the students can get the most information as possible. The classes are treated as a core class and graded accordingly while offering more hands-on activities. “Education about substance abuse is an important part of helping individuals understand the many aspects of it…” (“Substance Abuse Education Resources' 2018). People learn better through life experiences and making their own mistakes. Teens tend to want to experiment with drugs and alcohol and the class will explain the danger and effect of it. Most experiments are because of peer pressure, which is also vividly described in The Catcher in the Rye essay . Teens think that it will provide an escape, self-medication, boredom, rebellion, lack of confidence or misinformation. The class will help provide them with better and healthier ways to find confidence, help, etc. Many opponents to the idea will think that it is a waste of time and money to provide time and funding for this opportunity. “People should take tests to see what type of mental health diagnosis they have…also, if you aren’t seeing a good therapist then it is a waste of time and money. Not all kids get better from therapy and professionals so are we wasting our time.” While this fact is true it may be misinterpreted because, “1 in 5 children in youth have a diagnosable mental health condition, and 80% of them do not receive the help they need, only 40% of these kids will graduate from high school, and over 50% (14 and older) will drop out of high school.” Throughout the common misconceptions about high school dropouts, many do not get the help they need. Having courses to inform students stops many situations before they can even begin. Some studies have shown therapy is more harmful and can make you (more) depressed. Professor Glenys Parry (chief investigator of AdEPT) said “Most people are helped by therapy, but…anything that has real effectiveness, that has the transformative power to change your life, has also got the ability to make things worse if it is misapplied, the wrong treatment or if it’s not done correctly”. Although therapy can make you more depressed, it is actually a small percentage and very unlikely. Parry also said that the people who end up more depressed is because their therapist is “not practicing properly” , and you should get a new therapist. A good therapist can help you overcome and understand your feelings ('Hotline Information'). They will help find the problem and work on solving it. Therapy can also help you overcome fears, improve relationships, cope, and get rid of bad habits (drinking, drugs, etc.). Teenage Survival Skills will help prevent and prepare middle schoolers for upcoming years and peer pressure. The classes encourage and lead them carefully through tough situations they might face.  

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Essay on Peer Pressure

Updated December 21, 2023

Do you know the latest trend?

In the quest to find our place within friend circles, we often engage in activities we might not truly desire. The constant need to stay in tune with our identity while also aligning with the vibes of our peers has become a crucial aspect of teenage life. If you’ve ever felt the pressure to conform, rest assured, you’re not alone. Today, we address this widespread challenge experienced by every teenager and offer practical suggestions on navigating and coping with it.

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Types of Peer Pressure

Let’s delve into the various types of peer pressure:

1. Direct Peer Pressure

Direct peer pressure involves explicit attempts by individuals to influence others to conform to specific behaviors, choices, or actions. This can manifest through direct persuasion, encouragement, or even coercion. Examples include friends urging someone to try drugs, engage in risky activities, or adopt a particular lifestyle. The impact of direct peer pressure is immediate and tangible, as individuals may feel compelled to conform to avoid social rejection or gain approval.

2. Indirect Peer Pressure

Unlike its direct counterpart, indirect peer pressure operates more subtly. It involves the influence of societal norms, trends, or expectations that indirectly shape individuals’ behaviors. In this form, individuals may feel compelled to conform without explicit suggestions from peers. Adapting one’s appearance, interests, or behavior to align with what is considered popular or socially acceptable reflects the subtlety of indirect peer pressure. It often operates on a broader societal level, shaping cultural expectations and individual choices.

3. Positive Peer Pressure

Positive peer pressure involves encouraging or influencing peers towards behaviors that have constructive outcomes. Friends may motivate one another to study harder, participate in sports, or perform community service. This peer pressure fosters personal growth and development, creating a positive and supportive social environment. It emphasizes shared goals that benefit individuals and the community, promoting a sense of collective achievement.

4. Negative Peer Pressure

Negative peer pressure, on the other hand, encourages individuals to participate in potentially dangerous actions. Friends might pressure someone to skip classes, experiment with drugs, or engage in delinquent activities. Negative peer pressure often stems from the desire for social acceptance, fear of exclusion, or misguided attempts to fit in. The consequences of succumbing to negative peer pressure can range from immediate risks to long-term adverse effects on an individual’s well-being.

5. Individual Peer Pressure

Individual peer pressure is an internalized form where individuals pressure themselves to conform to perceived expectations, even without direct external influence. This may stem from a desire to fit in, avoid standing out, or align with personal ideals. The pressure comes from within, as individuals may feel compelled to adopt certain habits or make specific choices based on their perception of social norms or expectations.

6. Relational Peer Pressure

Relational peer pressure involves the influence exerted by the dynamics within specific relationships or cliques. Individuals within a close-knit group may feel pressure to conform to maintain social harmony. This form can be particularly intense, as the desire to belong and avoid conflict within the group may lead individuals to compromise their values or adopt behaviors that align with the group’s expectations.

7. Cyber Peer Pressure

With the advent of technology, cyber peer pressure emerges through online platforms, social media, and digital interactions. Individuals may feel compelled to conform to digital trends, participate in online challenges, or adopt behaviors influenced by their peers. Cyber peer pressure adds a new dimension to social influence as the online world shapes perceptions and expectations, impacting individuals’ choices and behaviors in both virtual and real-life settings.

Factors Contributing to Peer Pressure

Many factors shape the influence of peer pressure, each playing a role in the complex dynamics of social interactions. Here are key factors contributing to peer pressure:

• Developmental Stage: Peer pressure varies across different stages of development, with adolescents being particularly susceptible. During this phase, individuals often strive for identity and acceptance, making them more prone to conforming to peer expectations.
• Social Environment: Family, school, and community settings significantly impact the nature and intensity of peer pressure. Cultural norms and societal expectations can shape the values and behaviors that peers influence.
• Media and Technology: The pervasive influence of media, including social media platforms, can amplify peer pressure. Digital trends and online behaviors can quickly become influential, setting new standards for acceptance and popularity.
• Parental Influence: Parental attitudes and expectations affect how individuals respond to peer pressure. Parenting styles that encourage open communication and provide guidance can equip individuals with the tools to resist negative influences.
• School Environment: The social dynamics within schools, including the prevalence of cliques and social hierarchies, can intensify peer pressure. Academic and extracurricular pursuits may also contribute to individual pressures.
• Individual Differences: Personal traits, such as self-esteem, confidence, and resilience, play a crucial role in how individuals respond to peer pressure. Those with a strong sense of self are often better equipped to resist negative influences.
• Desire for Acceptance: The innate human need for social acceptance can drive individuals to conform to peer expectations. Fear of rejection or exclusion can be a powerful motivator, leading to choices that align with group norms.
• Cultural Influences: Cultural values and norms shape the expectations placed on individuals within a particular society. Conforming to these expectations may be seen as fitting in and gaining social approval.
• Peer Group Dynamics: The characteristics and behaviors of a specific peer group strongly influence the type of pressure exerted. Groups with shared interests and values may exert positive pressure, while others may promote negative behaviors.
• Lack of Guidance: Inadequate advice from trusted adults or mentors might leave individuals vulnerable to peer pressure. Having supportive role models can help individuals navigate peer pressure more effectively.

Effects of Peer Pressure

• Psychological Impact: Peer pressure can exert a profound psychological toll on individuals, manifesting in heightened stress, anxiety, and emotional turmoil. The persistent drive to conform to the expectations of a peer group can lead to internal conflicts as individuals struggle with the friction between their real selves and the need for social acceptability. Rejection or isolation can weaken identity, affect mental health, and lead to inadequacy.
• Behavioral Changes: The effects of peer pressure often extend to observable changes in behavior. Individuals may find themselves engaging in activities they would otherwise avoid, succumbing to the influence of their peers. This might range from following specific fashion trends to engaging in dangerous activities or substance misuse. Behavioral changes, driven by the desire to fit in or gain approval, may have immediate consequences and, if unchecked, can lead to long-term habits that deviate from one’s true values.
• Social Conformity: One prevalent effect of peer pressure is the inclination towards social conformity, where individuals alter their actions and beliefs to align with those of their peers. While providing a sense of belonging, this conformity can erode individual autonomy and critical thinking. The fear of standing out or being perceived as different may lead individuals to compromise their values, hindering personal growth and the development of a strong, independent identity.
• Risk-Taking Behavior: Negative peer pressure is often associated with increased risk-taking behavior. Whether it involves experimenting with substances, engaging in dangerous activities, or disregarding personal safety, individuals under the influence of peer pressure may take risks they would otherwise avoid. The allure of acceptance within a group can override rational decision-making, exposing individuals to potentially harmful situations and long-term consequences.
• Impact on Academic Performance: Peer pressure can extend into the academic sphere, affecting an individual’s focus, priorities, and study habits. Pursuing social acceptance may lead some students to prioritize socializing over academic responsibilities, potentially resulting in lower grades and compromised educational outcomes. This shift in priorities can affect future opportunities and personal development.
• Strained Relationships: The influence of peer pressure can strain relationships with family and non-peer connections. Conflicting expectations between peer groups and other significant relationships may create tension and create isolation. The pressure to prioritize peer relationships over familial or personal values can strain bonds and create challenges in maintaining a healthy support system outside the immediate peer group.

Coping Strategies and Solutions

1. building resilience.

Building resilience involves developing the ability to withstand and bounce back from challenges, including peer pressure. This can be achieved by fostering a strong sense of self, cultivating a positive mindset, and embracing failures as opportunities for growth. Resilient individuals are better equipped to navigate social pressures while staying true to their values and beliefs.

Example: Encouraging individuals to reflect on past challenges, identify strengths gained from overcoming them, and framing setbacks as learning experiences enhance resilience.

2. Assertiveness and Communication Skills

Developing assertiveness and effective communication skills empowers individuals to express their thoughts, opinions, and boundaries confidently. Being able to articulate one’s values and decisions helps in resisting negative peer pressure without succumbing to the fear of social rejection.

Example: Role-playing scenarios where individuals practice assertive communication can strengthen their ability to convey their choices respectfully and confidently.

3. Support Networks

Establishing and maintaining supportive relationships can be a crucial coping strategy. Having friends, family, or mentors who understand and respect individual choices provides a strong foundation against negative peer influences. Support networks offer encouragement, guidance, and a sense of belonging.

Example: Encouraging open communication within families, fostering mentorship programs, and creating supportive peer groups help individuals build and sustain positive connections.

4. Setting Boundaries

Clearly defining personal boundaries involves recognizing one’s limits and communicating them effectively. Setting boundaries is essential to maintaining autonomy and safeguarding individual values in the face of peer pressure.

Example: Individuals can practice assertively communicating their boundaries, such as saying “no” to activities that go against their values or comfort levels, reinforcing their commitment to personal integrity.

5. Cultivating Self-Efficacy

Cultivating self-efficacy involves developing a belief in one’s ability to navigate challenges and achieve goals. Individuals with high self-efficacy are more likely to resist negative peer pressure, as they have confidence in their capacity to make independent and positive choices.

Example: Encouraging individuals to set and achieve small goals builds self-efficacy, contributing to a sense of agency and control over their lives.

6. Critical Thinking Skills

Enhancing critical thinking skills enables individuals to assess situations objectively, weigh potential consequences, and make informed decisions. This cognitive ability is crucial in resisting peer pressure by allowing individuals to evaluate the impact of their choices on their well-being and future.

Example: Engaging in discussions that encourage critical thinking, such as analyzing the motivations behind peer pressure, helps individuals develop a thoughtful and analytical approach to decision-making.

7. Positive Role Models

Positive role models provide individuals with examples of values and behaviors that align with their aspirations. Observing and learning from role models who exemplify resilience, integrity, and independence can inspire individuals to resist negative peer pressure.

Example: Encouraging mentorship programs, highlighting inspirational figures, and fostering positive role models within communities contribute to a supportive environment.

Parental and Educational Roles

1. parental guidance.

• Open Communication: Effective communication between parents and their adolescents is a cornerstone in mitigating the impact of peer pressure. Encouraging an open dialogue creates a space where adolescents feel comfortable expressing their thoughts, concerns, and experiences. Parents might get significant insights into their children’s difficulties by actively listening and providing nonjudgmental assistance.
• Setting Realistic Expectations: Parents greatly influence their children’s expectations and values. Parents can assist teens in developing a strong internal compass by setting realistic expectations and emphasizing the implications of confident choices. This entails instilling a feeling of duty and accountability in them and equipping them to make informed decisions in the face of peer pressure.

2. School-based Programs

• Peer Mentoring: Peer mentoring programs within educational institutions can provide adolescents with positive role models. Older students serving as mentors can offer guidance, share personal experiences, and create a supportive environment for younger peers. This fosters a sense of community and helps counterbalance negative peer pressure with constructive influences.
• Character Education Initiatives: Integrating character education into the curriculum can equip students with essential life skills. This includes promoting values such as integrity, resilience, and empathy. Through targeted programs, schools can create an atmosphere that encourages personal development and cultivates a strong sense of self, helping students withstand negative peer pressure.

Case Studies and Examples

1. resisting negative peer pressure in college.

Emma, a college freshman, faced pressure from her new group of friends to participate in heavy drinking at social gatherings. Despite feeling uncomfortable with excessive alcohol consumption, Emma didn’t want to be perceived as “uncool” or risk social exclusion.

Emma decided to communicate her boundaries with her friends openly. She expressed her preference not to engage in heavy drinking due to personal reasons and health concerns. Surprisingly, her friends respected her decision; some shared similar problems but hesitated to voice them. This case illustrates the power of assertiveness and open communication in resisting negative peer pressure.

2. Positive Peer Pressure Leading to Academic Success

Mark was part of a friend group prioritizing academic achievement as a high school student. Although initially hesitant, Mark was positively influenced by his friends’ dedication to their studies.

Over time, Mark’s grades improved, and he became more focused on his academic goals. The positive peer pressure from his friends helped him develop better study habits and encouraged him to set higher educational aspirations for himself. This example showcases how peer influence can contribute to constructive outcomes when aligned with personal growth.

3. Navigating Cultural Expectations

Sara, a teen from a conservative cultural background, was under pressure to conform to traditional gender norms and job expectations. Her family expected her to pursue a medical career, but she aspired to become a graphic designer.

Sara engaged in open and respectful communication with her family, explaining her passion for graphic design. With time, she educated her family on the potential success and fulfillment she could find in this field. Eventually, her family, realizing her dedication, supported her decision. This case demonstrates the importance of setting and communicating personal goals even when facing cultural or familial expectations.

4. Peer Support in Overcoming Substance Abuse

Jake struggled with substance abuse during his teenage years, influenced by a group of friends who engaged in regular drug use. Recognizing the negative impact on his life, Jake decided to seek help.

With the support of a counselor and the encouragement of a new group of friends who promoted a drug-free lifestyle, Jake successfully overcame his addiction. This example underscores the significance of positive peer support in overcoming detrimental behaviors and making positive life choices.

5. Balancing Social and Academic Commitments

Sophia, a college student, faced the challenge of balancing social activities with academic responsibilities. Her friends often encouraged her to prioritize social events over study sessions.

Sophia implemented a time-management plan that allowed her to participate in social activities while dedicating focused time to her studies. She found a balance that met her social and academic needs by communicating her academic goals to her friends and involving them in group study sessions. This case highlights the importance of effective time management and communication in navigating peer pressure.

Peer pressure is a pervasive force that significantly shapes individuals’ lives. Whether facing challenges or enjoying positive influences, navigating peer pressure requires a combination of resilience, assertiveness, and a strong sense of self. Individuals can navigate social dynamics by fostering open communication, building supportive networks, and embracing positive role models while staying true to their values. Ultimately, understanding and addressing peer pressure contribute to personal growth, empowerment, and the development of authentic, fulfilling lives.

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• Peer Pressure Essay

Peer Pressure and Young People Essay

This peer pressure and young people essay tackles the issue of whether the influence of one's peers is negative or positive.

Take a look at the essay question.

Young people are often influenced in their behaviours by others in the same age group. Some argue that peer pressure is important while others feel it has distinct disadvantages.

Do the disadvantages of peer pressure outweigh the advantages?

Understanding the question

Though this is clearly a question asking about the advantages and disadvantages of one's peers, it's important to note that you can't just list the pros and cons without giving your opinion.

The question specifically says:

This is saying: "Are the disadvantages greater than the advantages?" So you must answer that question. You can do so within the body paragraphs or just at the end in the conclusion.

You could of course say they are equal and balance each other out, as long as you make it clear that that is your opinion.

Either way, you must also discuss disadvantages  and advantages. Whatever your opinion is, the question is clearly implying there are both - just that there may be more of one than the other. If you don't discuss both, the examiner may take the view that you have not fully answered the question which could limit you to a band 5 for task response.

Peer Pressure and Young People Essay Sample

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic:

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge.

Write at least 250 words.

Model Answer

Peer pressure is a pervasive phenomenon that significantly influences the behaviours of young individuals. While some argue that it plays a crucial role in positively shaping the lives of the youth, others contend that the disadvantages of peer pressure are very detrimental. 

Peer pressure, when harnessed positively, can have several advantages. Firstly, it can foster a sense of belonging and camaraderie among individuals within the same age group. Young people often seek acceptance and affirmation from their peers, and this can contribute to their emotional well-being and self-esteem. A further benefit is that positive peer pressure can encourage healthy behaviours, such as exercising or avoiding risky activities. For instance, a teenager might be motivated to quit smoking if their friends promote a smoke-free lifestyle.

However, peer pressure can also have distinct disadvantages. The most pressing concern is the potential for negative influences on impressionable minds. Young people may succumb to the pressure of engaging in harmful behaviours, such as substance abuse, criminal activities, or reckless behaviours like driving without a seatbelt, due to peer pressure, which can lead to long-lasting negative consequences and jeopardise their future.

Moreover, excessive pressure from peers can stifle individuality and creativity as young people may conform to the norms of their peer group instead of pursuing their own aspirations and dreams. This conformity may limit their personal growth and hinder their ability to think independently.

In conclusion, I would argue that peer pressure has more disadvantages as although it can foster a sense of belonging and promote healthy behaviours, it also carries the risk of leading young people astray and stifling their individuality. It is imperative for parents, educators, and society at large to guide young people in making informed choices and navigating the complexities of peer influence.

This peer pressure and young people essay would score highly for IELTS.

Regarding task response , it fully answers the question, discussing both the pros and cons of peer pressure and setting out a clear opinion on the topic - in this case that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Ideas are clearly stated and extended.

Coherence and cohesion is very good, with ideas sequenced logically and clearly and paragraphing used sufficiently and appropriately.

There is a wide range of lexis (vocabulary) used fluently and flexibly. For instance, in the first two paragraphs:

• pervasive phenomenon
• positively shaping
• harnessed positively
• foster a sense of belonging and camaraderie
• seek acceptance and affirmation
• emotional well-being and self-esteem

As for grammatical range and accuracy , there is a wide range of structures, with a high level of accuracy. An example of several complex structures used can be seen for instance here:

• Young people may succumb to the pressure of engaging in harmful behaviours, such as substance abuse, criminal activities, or reckless behaviours like driving without a seatbelt, due to peer pressure, which can lead to long-lasting negative consequences and jeopardise their future.

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What to Know About Peer Pressure

It's not as simple as just saying no

• Positive Peer Pressure

Peer Pressure vs. Parental Influence

Peer pressure beyond childhood.

Have you ever been pressured to have "one more drink," or stay out later than you said you'd be home? If so, you've been a victim of peer pressure—chances are, most of us have. Peer pressure is the process by which members of the same social group influence other members to do things that they may be resistant to, or might not otherwise choose to do.

Peers are people who are part of the same social group, so the term "peer pressure" refers to the influence that peers can have on each other. Usually, the term peer pressure is used when people are talking about behaviors that are not considered socially acceptable or desirable, such as experimentation with alcohol or drugs. According to child and adolescent psychiatrist Akeem Marsh, MD , "it’s very easy to be influenced by peer pressure as we humans are wired as social creatures."

sturti / Getty Images

Though peer pressure is not usually used to describe socially desirable behaviors, such as exercising or studying, peer pressure can have positive effects in some cases.

What Is an Example of Peer Pressure?

Peer pressure causes people to do things they would not otherwise do with the hope of fitting in or being noticed.

For adolescents, peer relationships are the most important of all thus leading to an increased susceptibility to peer pressure.

Things people may be peer pressured into doing include:

• Acting aggressively (common among men)
• Bullying others
• Doing drugs
• Dressing a certain way
• Drinking alcohol
• Engaging in vandalism or other criminal activities
• Physically fighting
• Only socializing with a certain group

Peer pressure or the desire to impress their peers can override a teen or tween's fear of taking risks, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse for Kids. Risky behavior with drugs and/or alcohol may result in the following:

• Alcohol or drug poisoning
• Asphyxiation
• Driving under the influence (of alcohol or other drugs)
• Sexually transmitted diseases

Behavioral Addiction

People can also feel an internal pressure to participate in activities and behaviors they think their peers are doing, which can put them at risk for the following behavioral addictions:

• Food addiction
• Gambling addiction
• Internet addiction
• Sex addiction
• Shopping addiction
• Video game addiction

In the case of teens, parents are rarely concerned about the peer pressure their kids may face to engage in sports or exercise, as these are typically seen as healthy social behaviors. This is OK, as long as the exercise or sport does not become an unhealthy way of coping, excessive to the point of negatively affecting their health, or dangerous (as in dangerous sports).

What starts out as positive peer pressure may become negative pressure if it leads a person to over-identify with sports, for example, putting exercise and competition above all else.

If taken to an extreme, they may develop exercise addiction , causing them to neglect schoolwork and social activities, and ultimately, use exercise and competition in sports as their main outlet for coping with the stresses of life. This can also lead to numerous health consequences.

What Are Examples of Positive Peer Pressure?

We tend to hear more about the potentially negative effects of peer pressure. But the reality is, peer pressure can also be positive. For instance, two friends might put positive pressure on each other to go to the gym together and stay accountable for their fitness goals.

Teens who volunteer in their community can keep each other motivated to participate. This involvement can lead to exposure to role models and eventually lead to the teens becoming positive role models themselves.

You can also positively peer pressure others by the way you respond to situations. For instance, if your friend is body-shaming another person, you can say, "Actually, it can be really harmful to criticize people's bodies like that."

In turn, your friend might reconsider criticizing people based on their appearance. By simply adhering to your own values and sharing them with a friend, you can positively peer pressure them to think before making a negative comment.

Although parents worry about the influence of peers, overall, parents also can have a strong influence on whether children succumb to negative peer pressure.

Rather than worrying about the effects of their children's friendships, parents would do well to focus on creating a positive, supportive home environment. That way, even if your child is peer pressured to do something they don't want to do, they'll feel comfortable coming to you to talk about it first.

Role modeling good emotional self-regulation may also help your child stick to their own values when it comes to peer pressure. Self-regulation involves the ability to control thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in order to manage current behavior and achieve long-term goals.

This will teach your child positive ways of solving problems and coping with uncomfortable feelings , rather than trying to escape by doing things to fit into a crowd. Parents can balance the peer pressure to take potentially harmful risks by ensuring they set appropriate boundaries, provide support, and help avoid risks. A few examples:

• Pick up your child from events where alcohol or drugs may have been consumed.
• Provide balanced, truthful information on issues such as alcohol and drug use.
• Stay involved in your child's life. Believe it or not, you are one of their biggest influences and they listen when you talk.
• Urge the importance of thinking before doing. Teach teens to ask themselves questions like: Could this harm me or someone else? Will this put my health or safety at risk? Is it legal? What are the long-term consequences for my health, family, education, and future?

As parents, we must be mindful of the impact of peer pressure on ourselves as our children will be observing and take notice.

Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to peer pressure because they are at a stage of development when they are separating more from their parents' influence, but have not yet established their own values or understanding of human relationships or the consequences of their behavior.

They are also typically striving for social acceptance and are more willing to engage in behaviors against their better judgment to be accepted.

However, adults are also vulnerable to peer pressure. Many adults are susceptible to drinking too much because their friends are doing it, or putting work before family because they're competing with other people in their office for a promotion.

Being aware of, and carefully choosing the influence of peers that will lead to healthy and happy experiences is a lifelong process.

How to Deal With Peer Pressure

Dealing with peer pressure can be difficult, but below are some ways to help address it.

Take Your Time

Instead of quickly agreeing to do something you'd rather not do, pause and take a few deep breaths . If someone is waiting for you to answer them, tell them you need to take a few days and think about it. It's easier to resist the pressure when you put some time and space between yourself and the situation.

Consider Your Reasons

When you're faced with a choice, ask yourself what your reasons are for doing something. If it's because all of your friends are doing it and you're afraid they won't talk to you if you don't join them, then you may want to reconsider.

You deserve to surround yourself with supportive people who respect your decisions—not people who pressure you into doing something that doesn't feel right.

Set Boundaries

Saying "no" can be hard, but it's necessary to set healthy boundaries in relationships . If someone persistently pressures you to do something, you can try telling them how it affects you.

For instance, you might say something like, "It upsets me when you offer me a cigarette when you know I don't smoke. I won't be able to keep hanging out with you if you don't respect my answer."

Offer an Alternative

It's possible that a friend who is peer pressuring you simply wants to spend more time with you or connect with you, but they don't know how else to ask.

If they pressure you to do shots with them at the bar when you aren't drinking, for example, you might suggest that you both hit the dance floor instead. Or maybe, you make a plan to go on a hike or to the movies the next time you hang out. That way, you're fulfilling both of your needs in a mutually beneficial way.

Clark DA, Donnellan MB, Durbin CE, et al. Sex, drugs, and early emerging risk: Examining the association between sexual debut and substance use across adolescence . PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0228432. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228432

Stanaland A, Gaither S. “Be a man”: The role of social pressure in eliciting men’s aggressive cognition . Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2021;47(11):1596-1611. doi:10.1177/0146167220984298

Sabramani V, Idris IB, Ismail H, Nadarajaw T, Zakaria E, Kamaluddin MR. Bullying and its associated individual, peer, family and school factors: Evidence from Malaysian National Secondary School students .  Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2021;18(13):7208. doi:10.3390/ijerph18137208

Kim J, Fletcher JM. The influence of classmates on adolescent criminal activities in the United States .  Deviant Behav . 2018;39(3):275-292. doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1269563

National Institute on Drug Abuse for Teens. Why Does Peer Pressure Influence Teens To Try Drugs? .

Pamela Rackow, Urte Scholz, Rainer Hornung.  Received social support and exercising: An intervention study to test the enabling hypothesis .  British Journal of Health Psychology , 2015;20(4):763. doi:10.1111/bjhp.12139

Vogel L. Fat shaming is making people sicker and heavier .  CMAJ . 2019;191(23):E649. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5758

Dhull P, Beniwal RD. Dealing with peer pressure . Online International Interdisciplinary Research Journal. 2017;7.

By Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD Elizabeth Hartney, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD is a psychologist, professor, and Director of the Centre for Health Leadership and Research at Royal Roads University, Canada. 

How to Deal with Peer Pressure: 3 Effective Essay Examples

Peer pressure is something we've all faced at various points in our lives. Whether it's the pressure to fit in during high school, the urge to conform to workplace culture, or even the subtle influences of social media, we've all faced the challenge of making choices that align with our own values. Writing an essay on how to deal with peer pressure is not only relevant but also impactful, as it speaks to a common experience. In this article, we will explore how to write essays on this topic using three different examples.

• What is Peer Pressure?

Defining Peer Pressure

Peer pressure occurs when individuals feel compelled to adopt certain behaviors, values, or attitudes to gain acceptance from their social group. This social group can be peers at school, colleagues at work, or even online acquaintances. Peer pressure can be both positive and negative, influencing people to make beneficial or harmful decisions.

The Impact of Peer Pressure

Peel back the layers of peer pressure, and you'll see its significant impact. It can affect mental health, leading to issues such as anxiety and depression. It can also contribute to risky behavior, including substance abuse, academic dishonesty, and unlawful activities. Conversely, positive peer pressure can encourage healthy habits like studying, exercising, or striving for personal growth.

• Understanding the Structure of an Essay on Peer Pressure

Before diving into examples, let's break down the structure of an essay on peer pressure. An effective essay generally contains:

• Introduction : Introduce the concept of peer pressure and its relevance.
• Thesis Statement : Provide a clear argument or perspective that the essay will discuss.
• Causes of Peer Pressure : Discussing why peer pressure exists and what drives it.
• Effects of Peer Pressure : Exploring the consequences, both positive and negative.
• Strategies to Deal with Peer Pressure : Offering solutions and coping mechanisms.
• Conclusion : Summarize the key points and restate the thesis in light of the discussion.
• Example 1: An Analytical Essay on Peer Pressure

Introduction

Peer pressure is an omnipresent force in our lives, pushing us sometimes towards betterment and other times towards detrimental behaviors. The social dynamics of acceptance and rejection create a powerful influence, compelling us to act in certain ways. This essay will delve into the causes of peer pressure, its effects, and strategies to manage it effectively.

Thesis Statement

Understanding the root causes and impacts of peer pressure is essential in developing effective coping strategies to navigate this social phenomenon.

Body Paragraphs

Causes of peer pressure.

One reason we succumb to peer pressure is our inherent need for social belonging. Humans are, by nature, social creatures who thrive in groups. This instinct can sometimes drive individuals to conform to group norms, even at the cost of personal values. Additionally, adolescence is a critical period when peer influence is most potent, as teenagers grapple with identity formation and self-esteem issues.

Effects of Peer Pressure

Peer pressure can lead to a myriad of outcomes. Positively, it might motivate individuals to excel academically or adopt healthier lifestyles. Conversely, it can lead to harmful behaviors such as substance abuse, academic dishonesty, or even criminal activities. The psychological impact can be equally severe, contributing to anxiety, depression, and diminished self-worth.

Strategies to Deal with Peer Pressure

The first step in dealing with peer pressure is developing self-awareness. Understanding one’s values and limits can provide a basis for making informed decisions. Building assertiveness skills is crucial, allowing individuals to say 'no' without feeling guilty. Seeking support from trusted adults or friends can provide additional backing, equipping individuals to resist negative influences.

Peer pressure is a multifaceted issue impacting individuals differently across various stages of life. By understanding its causes and effects, one can develop effective strategies to manage it, fostering healthier, more autonomous decision-making.

• Example 2: A Personal Narrative Essay on Peer Pressure

Growing up in a tight-knit community, I often felt the weight of peer pressure. From following fashion trends to engaging in risky behaviors, the urge to conform was ever-present. This personal narrative explores my journey in dealing with peer pressure, the lessons learned, and the strategies employed to navigate this tricky landscape.

My experience with peer pressure taught me valuable lessons about self-identity, resilience, and the importance of staying true to oneself.

The Early Years

As a preteen, I remember desperately wanting to fit in. The pressure to wear certain brands and partake in specific activities was immense. At one point, I compromised my own comfort to gain acceptance from a group of friends, only to feel more isolated in the process.

The Turning Point

The turning point came during my sophomore year of high school. A close friend and I were invited to a party notorious for underage drinking. Despite my reservations, the fear of social ostracism made me reluctantly agree. However, witnessing the consequences of that night—a friend hospitalized due to alcohol poisoning—shook me to my core.

Strategies for Overcoming Peer Pressure

Post this incident, I realized the importance of setting boundaries. I started practicing assertiveness, saying ‘no’ when needed, without remorse. Engaging in activities that aligned with my interests and values helped me forge genuine friendships. Open conversations with my parents also provided a support system, reinforcing my decisions.

Dealing with peer pressure is a vital part of growing up. My journey through the highs and lows of peer influence taught me invaluable lessons about authenticity, confidence, and the strength that comes from standing firm in one's beliefs.

• Example 3: A Persuasive Essay on Peer Pressure

Peer pressure exerts a powerful force that can shape behaviors and attitudes in profound ways. While often seen in a negative light, peer pressure can serve as a catalyst for positive change. This persuasive essay argues that with proper understanding and application, peer pressure can be leveraged for beneficial outcomes.

By harnessing the positive aspects of peer pressure, individuals and communities can foster environments that promote healthy, constructive behaviors.

The Nature of Peer Pressure

Peer pressure is not inherently negative. Social influence plays a crucial role in shaping behaviors, and when directed positively, can lead to beneficial outcomes. For instance, academic study groups often thrive on the principle of peer motivation, driving members to excel collectively.

Positive Outcomes of Peer Pressure

One compelling example of beneficial peer pressure can be seen in athletic teams. The collective drive to succeed pushes athletes to adhere to rigorous training regimes, fostering discipline and teamwork. Additionally, peer-led initiatives in schools promoting anti-bullying or mental health awareness capitalize on the power of social influence for positive change.

Strategies for Cultivating Positive Peer Pressure

Understanding how to cultivate a positive peer environment is essential. Encouraging open communication and fostering inclusivity can create spaces where positive behaviors are celebrated. Schools and organizations should implement programs that recognize and reward constructive peer influences. Mentorship programs, where older students guide younger ones, can serve as platforms for modeling positive behaviors.

While peer pressure often carries a negative connotation, its positive potential is immense. By consciously directing peer influence towards constructive goals, individuals and communities can leverage this powerful social force for the betterment of all.

• Wrapping It Up

Writing an essay on how to deal with peer pressure involves understanding the complexities of social influence and providing insights into effective coping strategies. Whether through analytical, narrative, or persuasive lenses, addressing this topic can offer valuable lessons and perspectives. Remember to structure your essay clearly, provide compelling arguments, and connect with your readers on a personal level. Peer pressure is a universal experience, and your essay can contribute significantly to the discussion on handling its challenges.

How to Write an Essay on How I Deal with Stress: 3 Best Examples

Stress can be overwhelming, but understanding how to manage it through personal strategies can be life-changing. Dive into our guide on writing an essay about dealing with stress, showcasing three insightful examples and practical tips to help you navigate life's challenges.

The Importance of Cybersecurity: How to Write Effective Essays with 3 Examples

In today's digitally-driven world, the significance of cybersecurity cannot be overstated. As cyber threats loom large, protecting data and sensitive information becomes quintessential. Writing an essay on the importance of cybersecurity not only raises awareness but also highlights practical measures to combat cyber threats. Let's dive in and explore how to effectively structure your essay, understand what makes a good cybersecurity essay, and examine 3 prime examples.

30 ‘In Conclusion’ Synonyms and How To Use Them Write Better Essays

A strong closing section is essential for any essay. Whether you’re writing an argumentative essay, an exposition, or a narrative essay, the conclusion needs to be one of the most impactful parts of your writing. If you’re looking at ‘in conclusion’ synonyms, then you likely need some help with crafting an impactful summary section.

Home — Essay Samples — Social Issues — Peer Pressure — Influences of Group Pressure on Individuals

The Impact of Peer Pressure on Students’ Academic Performance

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Published: Apr 29, 2022

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IELTS Essay: Peer Pressure

by Dave | Real Past Tests | 0 Comment

This is my IELTS writing task 2 sample answer essay on the topic of media instead of peer pressure from the real IELTS exam.

I write the essays on my blog for free for all students. If you want to support me to keep making materials, sign up for my full, exclusive IELTS EBooks here:

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Young people are often influenced in their behaviors by others in the same age group. Some argue that peer pressure is important while others feel it has distinct disadvantages.

Do the disadvantages of peer pressure outweigh the advantages?

Peer pressure refers to the influence young individuals experience within the same age group, affecting their behaviors. This essay will critically evaluate the drawbacks and benefits of peer pressure on young people.

Peer pressure often leads young individuals to engage in risky behaviors. For instance, teenagers may feel compelled to experiment with drugs due to the effect of their peers who engage in such activities. The desire to fit in and be accepted can override their better judgment, exposing them to serious short-term health risks and potential addiction later in life. Moreover, succumbing to negative peer pressure can adversely affect academic performance, as students may prioritize social acceptance over their studies. This desire for approval can result in poor grades, limited educational opportunities, and long-term negative consequences.

On the other hand, positive peer pressure can inspire young individuals to set higher goals, adopt healthier habits, and strive for academic excellence. Many teenagers are pressured by their peers to join a study group, leading to improved learning outcomes and academic success. Relatedly, supportive friends can inspire young individuals to engage in physical fitness activities or pursue positive hobbies and talents, promoting a healthier and more well-rounded lifestyle. This sense of camaraderie and mutual encouragement fostered within positive peer groups can contribute significantly to personal growth and self-confidence. Actively seeking out positive and active peer groups and engaging in behaviors aligned with one’s personal values can help mitigate the adverse effects of negative peer pressure while harnessing the advantages of positive influence.

In conclusion, although peer pressure encourages risky behaviors and hinders personal growth, the motivational and emotional advantage make it a positive on the whole. Ultimately, striking some degree of balance between independence and positive peer interactions is crucial to minimizing the disadvantages and embracing the benefits.

1. Peer pressure refers to the influence young individuals experience within the same age group, affecting their behaviors. 2. This essay will critically evaluate the drawbacks and benefits of peer pressure on young people.

• Paraphrase the overall essay topic.
• Write a clear opinion. Read more about introductions here .

1. Peer pressure often leads young individuals to engage in risky behaviors. 2. For instance, teenagers may feel compelled to experiment with drugs due to the effect of their peers who engage in such activities. 3. The desire to fit in and be accepted can override their better judgment, exposing them to serious short-term health risks and potential addiction later in life. 4. Moreover, succumbing to negative peer pressure can adversely affect academic performance, as students may prioritize social acceptance over their studies. 5. This desire for approval can result in poor grades, limited educational opportunities, and long-term negative consequences.

• Write a topic sentence with a clear main idea at the end.
• Explain your main idea.
• Develop it with specific or hypothetical examples.
• Keep developing it fully.
• Use specific examples.

1. On the other hand, positive peer pressure can inspire young individuals to set higher goals, adopt healthier habits, and strive for academic excellence. 2. Many teenagers are pressured by their peers to join a study group, leading to improved learning outcomes and academic success. 3. Relatedly, supportive friends can inspire young individuals to engage in physical fitness activities or pursue positive hobbies and talents, promoting a healthier and more well-rounded lifestyle. 4. This sense of camaraderie and mutual encouragement fostered within positive peer groups can contribute significantly to personal growth and self-confidence. 5. Actively seeking out positive and active peer groups and engaging in behaviors aligned with one’s personal values can help mitigate the adverse effects of negative peer pressure while harnessing the advantages of positive influence.

• Write a new topic sentence with a new main idea at the end.
• Explain your new main idea.
• Include specific details and examples.
• Add as much information as you can and make sure it links logically.
• Finish the paragraph strong.

1. In conclusion, although peer pressure encourages risky behaviors and hinders personal growth, the motivational and emotional advantage make it a positive on the whole. 2. Ultimately, striking some degree of balance between independence and positive peer interactions is crucial to minimizing the disadvantages and embracing the benefits.

• Summarise your main ideas.
• Include a final thought. Read more about conclusions here .

What do the words in bold below mean? Make some notes on paper to aid memory and then check below.

Peer pressure refers to the influence young individuals experience within the same age group , affecting their behaviors . This essay will critically evaluate the drawbacks and benefits of peer pressure on young people.

Peer pressure often leads young individuals to engage in risky behaviors. For instance, teenagers may feel compelled to experiment with drugs due to the effect of their peers who engage in such activities. The desire to fit in and be accepted can override their better judgment , exposing them to serious short-term health risks and potential addiction later in life . Moreover, succumbing to negative peer pressure can adversely affect academic performance , as students may prioritize social acceptance over their studies. This desire for approval can result in poor grades , limited educational opportunities , and long-term negative consequences .

On the other hand , positive peer pressure can inspire young individuals to set higher goals , adopt healthier habits , and strive for academic excellence . Many teenagers are pressured by their peers to join a study group , leading to improved learning outcomes and academic success . Relatedly , supportive friends can inspire young individuals to engage in physical fitness activities or pursue positive hobbies and talents , promoting a healthier and more well-rounded lifestyle . This sense of camaraderie and mutual encouragement fostered within positive peer groups can contribute significantly to personal growth and self-confidence . Actively seeking out positive and active peer groups and engaging in behaviors aligned with one’s personal values can help mitigate the adverse effects of negative peer pressure while harnessing the advantages of positive influence.

In conclusion, although peer pressure encourages risky behaviors and hinders personal growth , the motivational and emotional advantage make it a positive on the whole . Ultimately, striking some degree of balance between independence and positive peer interactions is crucial to minimizing the disadvantages and embracing the benefits.

For extra practice, write an antonym (opposite word) on a piece of paper to help you remember the new vocabulary:

Peer pressure refers to Social influence

influence Unsafe actions

within the same age group People the same age

affecting Impacting

behaviors How you act

critically evaluate Have a good opinion about

drawbacks Disadvantages

benefits Advantages

risky behaviors Dangerous actions

feel compelled to experiment with Are obligated to try

due to Because of

engage in Participate in

desire to fit in Need for belonging

be accepted Feel part of a group

override Ignore

better judgment Sound reasoning

exposing Being vulnerable to

serious short-term health risks Grave immediate health dangers

potential addiction later in life Possible future dependency

succumbing to Giving in to

adversely affect academic performance Negatively impact educational achievements

prioritize social acceptance over Care more about what people think of you

desire for approval Craving validation

result in poor grades Lead to low academic marks

limited educational opportunities Restricted learning prospects

long-term negative consequences Bad in the long run

On the other hand However

set higher goals Establish ambitious objectives

adopt healthier habits Embrace more wholesome practices

strive for academic excellence Pursue scholastic mastery

pressured by Encouraged by others

join a study group Study with others

improved learning outcomes Enhanced educational results

academic success Doing well at school

Relatedly Similarly

supportive Encouraging

inspire Encourage

engage in physical fitness activities Participate in exercise routines

pursue positive hobbies and talents Follow constructive interests and abilities

promoting a healthier and more well-rounded lifestyle Advocating for a balanced and wholesome way of living

sense of camaraderie Feeling of comradeship

mutual encouragement fostered within positive peer groups Helping each other out within a friend circle

contribute significantly to personal growth and self-confidence Play a major role in individual development and self-assurance

Actively seeking out positive and active peer groups Energetically pursuing supportive and proactive social circles

engaging in behaviors aligned with one’s personal values Participating in actions that resonate with personal principles

mitigate Lessen negatives

adverse Bad

harnessing Utilizing

encourages Promotes

hinders personal growth Impedes individual development

motivational Inspiring

emotional Sentimental

make it a positive on the whole Turn it into an overall positive experience

Ultimately In the end

striking some degree of balance between independence and positive peer interactions Finding a middle ground between being independent and engaging in positive social interactions

crucial Essential

minimizing Reducing

embracing Accepting

Pronunciation

Practice saying the vocabulary below and use this tip about Google voice search :

pɪə ˈprɛʃə rɪˈfɜːz tuː   ˈɪnfluəns   wɪˈðɪn ðə seɪm eɪʤ ɡruːp   əˈfɛktɪŋ   bɪˈheɪvjəz   ˈkrɪtɪkᵊli ɪˈvæljueɪt   ˈdrɔːbæks   ˈbɛnɪfɪts   ˈrɪski bɪˈheɪvjəz   fiːl kəmˈpɛld tuː ɪkˈspɛrɪmɛnt wɪð   djuː tuː   ɪnˈɡeɪʤ ɪn   dɪˈzaɪə tuː fɪt ɪn   biː əkˈsɛptɪd   ˌəʊvəˈraɪd   ˈbɛtə ˈʤʌʤmənt   ɪksˈpəʊzɪŋ   ˈsɪəriəs ʃɔːt-tɜːm hɛlθ rɪsks   pəˈtɛnʃᵊl əˈdɪkʃᵊn ˈleɪtər ɪn laɪf   səˈkʌmɪŋ tuː   ˈædvɜːsli əˈfɛkt ˌækəˈdɛmɪk pəˈfɔːməns   praɪˈɒrɪˌtaɪz ˈsəʊʃᵊl əkˈsɛptᵊns ˈəʊvə   dɪˈzaɪə fɔːr əˈpruːvᵊl   rɪˈzʌlt ɪn pɔː ɡreɪdz   ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˌɛʤʊˈkeɪʃᵊnᵊl ˌɒpəˈtjuːnətiz   ˈlɒŋtɜːm ˈnɛɡətɪv ˈkɒnsɪkwənsɪz   ɒn ði ˈʌðə hænd   sɛt ˈhaɪə ɡəʊlz   əˈdɒpt ˈhɛlθɪə ˈhæbɪts   straɪv fɔːr ˌækəˈdɛmɪk ˈɛksᵊlᵊns   ˈprɛʃəd baɪ   ʤɔɪn ə ˈstʌdi ɡruːp   ɪmˈpruːvd ˈlɜːnɪŋ ˈaʊtkʌmz   ˌækəˈdɛmɪk səkˈsɛs   rɪˈleɪtɪdli   səˈpɔːtɪv   ɪnˈspaɪə   ɪnˈɡeɪʤ ɪn ˈfɪzɪkᵊl ˈfɪtnəs ækˈtɪvətiz   pəˈsjuː ˈpɒzətɪv ˈhɒbiz ænd ˈtælᵊnts   prəˈməʊtɪŋ ə ˈhɛlθɪər ænd mɔː wɛl-ˈraʊndɪd ˈlaɪfˌstaɪl   sɛns ɒv ˌkæməˈrɑːdᵊri   ˈmjuːʧuəl ɪnˈkʌrɪʤmənt ˈfɒstəd wɪˈðɪn ˈpɒzətɪv pɪə ɡruːps   kənˈtrɪbjuːt sɪɡˈnɪfɪkᵊntli tuː ˈpɜːsᵊnᵊl ɡrəʊθ ænd sɛlf-ˈkɒnfɪdᵊns   ˈæktɪvli ˈsiːkɪŋ aʊt ˈpɒzətɪv ænd ˈæktɪv pɪə ɡruːps   ɪnˈɡeɪʤɪŋ ɪn bɪˈheɪvjəz əˈlaɪnd wɪð wʌnz ˈpɜːsᵊnᵊl ˈvæljuːz   ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt   ˈædvɜːs   ˈhɑːnəsɪŋ   ɪnˈkʌrɪʤɪz   ˈhaɪndəz ˈpɜːsᵊnᵊl ɡrəʊθ   ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃᵊnᵊl   ɪˈməʊʃᵊnᵊl   meɪk ɪt ə ˈpɒzətɪv ɒn ðə həʊl   ˈʌltɪmɪtli   ˈstraɪkɪŋ sʌm dɪˈɡriː ɒv ˈbælᵊns bɪˈtwiːn ˌɪndɪˈpɛndəns ænd ˈpɒzətɪv pɪər ˌɪntərˈækʃᵊnz   ˈkruːʃᵊl   ˈmɪnɪmaɪzɪŋ   ɪmˈbreɪsɪŋ  

Vocabulary Practice

I recommend getting a pencil and piece of paper because that aids memory. Then write down the missing vocabulary from my sample answer in your notebook:

P_____________________ o the i__________e young individuals experience w_________________________p , a__________g their b__________s . This essay will c____________________e the d_____________s and b______s of peer pressure on young people.

Peer pressure often leads young individuals to engage in r __________________ s. For instance, teenagers may f________________________________________h drugs d_______o the effect of their peers who e_________n such activities. The d ___________________ n and b_____________d can o_________e their b_____________t , e_____________g them to s________________________________s and p_____________________________e . Moreover, s_____________o negative peer pressure can a____________________________e , as students may p________________________________________r their studies. This d__________________l can r_____________________s , l_______________________________________s , and l____________________________________s .

O__________________d , positive peer pressure can i____________e young individuals to s_________________s , a_____________________________s , and s _________________________ e . Many teenagers are p_____________y their peers to j________________________p , leading to i________________________s and a ________________ s . R________y , s_______________e friends can i________e young individuals to e _____________________________ s or p______________________________________s , p _____________________________________________ e . This s________________________e and m___________________________________________________s can c_________________________________________________________________________________e . A________________________________________________________________________s and e________________________________________________________s can help m_________e the a_________e effects of negative peer pressure while h__________g the advantages of positive influence.

In conclusion, although peer pressure e________________s risky behaviors and h________________________h , the m___________________l and e___________l advantage m__________________________e . U____________y, s_________________________________________________________________________________________________s is c_______l to m___________g the disadvantages and e_______________g the benefits.

Listening Practice

Learn more about this topic by watching from YouTube below and practice with these activities :

Reading Practice

Read more about this topic and use these ideas to practice :

https://raisingchildren.net.au/teens/behaviour/peers-friends-trends/peer-influence

Speaking Practice

Practice with the following speaking questions from the real IELTS speaking exam :

• Do you prefer to have a lot of friends or a small group of friends?
• What do you usually do with your friends?
• Do you have a best friend?
• How do friends in your country stay in touch?

Writing Practice

Practice with the related IELTS essay topics below

Many people argue that in order to improve educational quality, high school students should be encouraged to question and offer criticisms on their teachers. Others think this will lead to a loss of respect and discipline in the classroom.

Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

IELTS Essay: High School Students

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Peer Pressure in Society Personal Essay

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Every single person has experienced peer pressure in their lives. Every single person has experienced peer pressure in their lives. Social life implies regular communication with various people that may impose their views on somebody. Such a contradiction between one’s own beliefs and the community’s values may affect a person rather harshly. The desire to conform does not make it easier for the person to blend in if the societal values do not resonate with their own. The individual beliefs often go in contrast with the societal standards which can cause the rejection or contempt by the community. The peer pressure of various characteristics due to the community’s contradicting desire can lead to moral decay or psychological illness in a person.

People of all ages are subjected to peer pressure; it happens not only in childhood but also in adulthood. Children are the most susceptible to it because of the forming identity and relationships. The main character in Salvation by Hughes was only twelve when he faced peer pressure to convert and join Jesus in a church. He could not handle the pressure and cried at night because of his disturbed morality as he “could not bear to tell her that he had lied” and did not see Jesus (2). The outcome of this decision was his hopelessness and belief that “there was a Jesus anymore” caused by the church congregation’s provocation (Hughes 2). Adults appear to be less influenced by their peers due to formed personality and consciousness, but the character of Orwell’s novel still silently suffered after killing the elephant. He experienced a complex societal dilemma when the boy realized his role in imperial society and the natives’ expectations towards a white person.

It may as well be spoken or unspoken, direct or indirect. The boy was affected by both types, but his peer’s spoken commentary on the bench influenced him the most. The boy’s perception was significantly affected because of the one-to-one environment, where the recipient is the most perspective. The praying group around him also gradually increased the tension and pressure. The dilemma the man faced inside his head, on the contrary, was unspoken. He did not specifically get the order to kill, nor the crowd told him, but he felt the pressure. The man realized that the action he took would significantly alter the societal opinion of him as he felt the unspoken crowd’s desire. Either way, peer pressure puts a person in a position of deciding on the spot. Indirect peer pressure is more subtle, like killing an elephant when the character saw the excited faces in the crowd as he was aiming the gun and felt a strong influence towards obeying their will.

Peer pressure does not necessarily have to negative; it can also promote positive action. The man experienced negative peer pressure, having to kill an elephant. The boy, on the other hand, was forced to engage in a somewhat positive activity. However, he did not seem to enjoy joining the prayers and his salvation at all. It turned out to be a painful experience causing a complete loss of faith. It appears that no matter what sort of activity a person is prompt into doing, it may still largely contradict a person’s values and beliefs. Such an action can cause pain and even lead to trauma. The man who was forced to kill an elephant felt a strong contradiction between his own desire and the crowd’s desire, which confused him. He disregarded his own belief that “it would be murder to shoot him” (Orwell 3) and suffered by watching an elephant die. He did not cry and looked rather indifferent than the boy, but he also suffered as he betrayed his principles and morality.

Peer pressure is inevitable as we live in society where every community and group of people have their own beliefs. It helps to maintain societal order but is often dismissive of individual struggles. Imposing these beliefs may often be rather aggressive and cause a person to suffer. Unfortunately, there is no power over society’s values as it is the majority. However, we have the power of what to do about these standards. The choice and responsibility of a decision we make under pressure still depends on us.

Works Cited

Hughes, Langston. “Salvation.” The Big Sea: An Autobiography . 2nd ed., Hill and Wang, 1993, pp. 18-21.

Orwell, George. Shooting an Elephant . Penguin Books, 2009.

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Peer Pressure in Youngsters Essay | Essay on Peer Pressure in Youngsters for Students and Children in English

February 13, 2024 by Prasanna

Peer Pressure in Youngsters Essay:  Peer pressure is a direct or indirect influence on an individual, which forces them to change their behaviours and attitude so that the influencing groups are satisfied.

During the adolescent stage of an individual, peer pressure is one of the most vital indicators in behavioural problems. Peer pressure from a lousy association during youth can lead an individual into a very horrid situation and hamper one’s whole career.

You can also find more  Essay Writing  articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

Long and Short Essays on Peer Pressure in Youngsters for Students and Kids in English

We provide students with essay samples on a long essay of 500 words and a short essay of 150 words on the topic of Peer Pressure in Youngsters for reference.

Long Essay on Peer Pressure in Youngsters 500 Words in English

Long Essay on Peer Pressure in Youngsters is usually given to classes 7, 8, 9, and 10.

In the social and emotional development of youngsters, peers play a huge role. Their influence starts at an early stage and increases throughout their teenage years. A child needs to have an honest and healthy relationship with their friends and rely on them to grow and mature together.

There are many positive and supportive outcomes of having peers to help a child develop new skills or stimulate interests in extracurricular activities or studies. But peers can also have negative influences. They might encourage each other to cheat, steal, share inappropriate materials online, use drugs and alcohol, or even involve in other risky behaviours.

The majority of the cases of teens with substance abuse reports start using drugs or alcohol due to peer pressure. The pressure can take place either in person or through social media platforms.

The main reason a youngster gives into peer pressure is that they want to fit in and be liked by kids his age, and they face anxiety issues about being left out if they don’t go along with the group. The youngsters perform a task that he is not willing to due to the frustrating peer pressure.

Peer pressure lands a negative impact on an individual as a person must be of the mindset of listening to himself first and considering decisions favourable to himself. Peer pressure faced during an individual’s youth can hamper a student’s studies and career if not averted at the right time.

You can now access Essay Writing on Peer Pressure In Youngsters and many more topics.

As youngsters nowadays are significantly influenced by celebrities, so in a way, these people also become their peers. As a result, they do things done by the stars, smoking, and drugs in significant cases. In a way, this also hurts an individual’s growth.

Based on research, an average of 34% of teens has done drugs, and 71% of teens already have tried alcohol by the end of higher-secondary school. So from the results, we can say that most or all adolescents would try to get their hands on drugs and alcohol due to the massive peer pressure they face.

Before getting influenced by any of the peers, it is essential to judge any deed result. Moreover, one should always prioritize his thoughts and wants before getting influenced by peer pressure and should always be secondary.

Adolescence is a stage when a youngster desires adult-like treatments as they begin to look like an adult on the exterior, but the interior can be easily influenced. Taking advantage of these situations, many peers encourages criminal activities, aggression, and other antisocial behaviours.

The only way to stop these aggressive behaviours among youngsters caused by peer pressure is by teaching kids tips about saying no when required and staying away from peers who pressure them to do things that they are not comfortable doing or dangerous. They have to spend time with other kids who can say no to peer pressure and always consult any adult they trust if they have a problem resisting peer pressure. The parents and teachers should pay attention to the kids to communicate with them if they face any difficulties.

Short Essay on Peer Pressure in Youngsters 150 Words in English

Short Essay on Peer Pressure in Youngsters is usually given to classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.

A genuine issue affecting many of the youngsters of the world is peer pressure. Teens often end up in the wrong directions due to the misleading advertisements offered by society. Nowadays, children face many sorts of forces, including smoking, staying past their curfew times, drinking, and even performing intercourse even if they are not ready.

Sometimes all these pressures are given by peers they trust. Either from schoolmates or friends, peer pressure forces a person to behave, act, and look at situations in a certain way. A child should always find someone with whom they can talk if they face peer pressure.

There are ways to fight peer pressure even if they seem extremely strong and irresistible. Many research types have shown how peer pressure alone can change someone’s mind from what they know is right to something very wrong. Self-confidence and inner strength to stand firm, resist, and walk away are required to halt peer pressure from taking place.

10 Lines on Peer Pressure in Youngsters Essay in English

FAQ’s on Peer Pressure in Youngsters Essay

Question 1. What are the six primary types of peer pressure?

Answer: The six-primary types of peer pressure are: a) Direct peer pressure b) Indirect peer pressure c) Negative peer pressure d) Positive peer pressure e) Spoken peer pressure f) Unspoken peer pressure.

Question 2. How can peer pressure be so assertive?

Answer: It is natural for individuals, especially youths, to compare themselves to their peers as they consider how they want to be or how they want to achieve something their peers already have. Peer influences individuals as they want to fit in and be like the peers they admire. This is why peer pressure is so powerful.

Question 3. Is peer pressure always negative?

Answer: Peer pressure is not always negative because not all peers pressure teenagers to commit crimes and engage in unhealthy behaviour. Peer pressure, in many cases, has positive effects in an adolescent’s life, and it can be considered as a reasonable force.

Question 4. How does peer pressure begin in the case of youngsters?

Answer: Peer pressure may start as wanting and forcing other children to play the game they want to play in early childhood. It generally increments through childhood and reaches its heights in the teen years.

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Short Paragraph on Peer Pressure (425 Words)

Here is your short paragraph on Peer Pressure !

Peer pressure is said to be a situation where a person (or a group of individuals) try to encourage other person (usually of their age) to do things that they wouldn’t do or try to alter their mind set, behavior, values or attitude towards something.

Peer pressure plays a major role behind dragging teenagers to get started on smoking, alcohol & drugs. If you try to escape from such habits you are considered as an outsider & un-cool by the people of your age.

Your wish to get fit into the system leads you to take alcohol and drugs. Peer pressure can make you sad, guilty, anxious, and disappointed or pushover. The best way to overcome the situation is to deal people tactfully in your own unique way so that your decisions don’t make them feel bad.

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Every coin has 2 sides. Similarly peer pressure should not always be taken in a negative manner because Peers help us to socialize. Many a times it may have a positive impact over the lives of many people. This is because your friends can influence you to do things that will improve your social life & health & make you feel good about the things you do.

All you need to do is take your time & think for a while if you are pushed to do something by someone & avoid doing things that are bad & you don’t want to do. Your friends can use peer pressure to make you a good human beings.

Below are some good things that can result from peer pressure:

• Avoid smoking
• Exercise (together)
• Avoid alcohol
• Avoid drugs
• Be good towards others
• Respect your elders
• Work hard to achieve your goals

Peer pressure is not necessary but plays a vital role for the growth and development of our society. Peers are not considered good because sometimes people are bound to do things that they do not want to do because they are pressurized to do so due to the following reasons-

• They are afraid of being rejected
• They do not want to lose a good friend
• They want to be liked
• They get confused on how to overcome the situation
• They are not sure of should be done
• They are not sure of what should be really done to overcome the situation
• They want to appear like they have grown up
• They don’t want others to make fun of them
• They do not want to hurt someone

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Peer Pressure: Short Essay on Peer Pressure and Its Effect

Peer pressure  means the pressure of doing the things that are considered right as per the  societal norms .

Put simply; it means that when there is an  accepted mode of thinking  or an  approved  set of actions , everyone in the peer group is expected to comply with those actions.

Peer pressure is an underrated problem. The biggest example where peer pressure plays an important role is when a girl or a boy gets to the age that is considered “right” for getting married. If a person is not married as per societal norms, peer pressure starts acting upon an individual. It is a big problem because many times people do things out of peer pressure even if they dislike it.

Another example of peer pressure is when graduates start looking for a job. If most people are working in mainstream companies and a person wants to think out of the box and do something different, he/she has to deal with a lot of peer pressure.

Children  want you to buy toys or clothes like their friends because they want to be liked by them. Later on, in adolescence, they feel the pressure to take up certain activities such as dance or sport because most children around them do it. In a severe case, they may want to copy anti-social behaviors like bullying, smoking or even drugs under the pressure of the ‘popular’ children.

Peer pressure is an essential  determinant of child behavior  in growing-up years; sometimes even in later adult age groups.  Healthy peer  pressure can be a positive motivator for doing well in studies, sports, and curricular activities. In excess, it might become counter-productive for the individual. Though, sometimes, peer pressure can be a  positive motivator,  but it should not be allowed to take over one’s personal preference and one’s inner true calling.

Effects of Peer Pressure

Let’s check out how peer pressure affects our lives:

• People get married out of peer pressure, and then they  regret the decision , and that might lead to an unhappy life.
• People choose career options out of peer pressure that leads them to face  difficulties  at the workplace
• People also end up making the  wrong choices  out of peer pressure

To sum up, everyone should  acknowledge their individuality  and must not succumb to peer pressure while taking important decisions in life.

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• Volume 14, Issue 9
• Effect of volatile anaesthetic agents on intracranial pressure, cerebrovascular flow and autoregulation: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
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• http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3016-2230 Ben Taylor 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ,
• Jack Ellis 4 ,
• Sam Ponty 2 ,
• Lewis Patrick 2 ,
• Timothy E Scott 1 , 3 , 4 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7072-1271 Nachiappan Chockalingam 1
• 1 Staffordshire University Faculty of Health Sciences , Stoke-on-Trent , UK
• 2 Keele University Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences , Keele , Staffordshire , UK
• 3 Academic Department of Military Anaesthesia and Critical Care , MOD , London , Greater London , UK
• 4 University Hospital of North Midlands , Stoke-on-Trent , UK
• Correspondence to Dr Ben Taylor; ben.taylor12{at}nhs.net

Introduction The use of volatile anaesthetic agents for the sedation of patients requiring critical care treatment offers several theoretical advantages over intravenous sedation, which may be of benefit in neurocritical care. However, there are concerns that they may increase intracranial pressure. The objective of this systematic review is to assess whether, and if so, to what extent volatile anaesthetic agents affect intracranial pressure, cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oximetry and cerebrovascular autoregulation. If sufficient data exist, subgroup analyses will be conducted in traumatic brain injury and decompressive craniectomy patients.

Methods and analysis A database search of PubMed, Medline (including Medline plus), CINAHL (including CINAHL Plus), Embase databases and the Cochrane Central Controlled Trials Register without time limits will be conducted. The search results will be screened by title and abstract by two independent researchers on a rule-in basis against predetermined criteria—controlled studies in humans of contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic agents against a control, which measures intracranial pressure, CBF, cerebral oximetry or cerebrovascular autoregulation. Articles responsive to screening will then be reviewed in full text by two independent researchers, requiring consensus or a tie-break by a third independent researcher. Reference lists and a non-generative AI tool will be examined for missed articles, with all identified articles being reviewed in full text by two independent researchers. The included articles will be assessed for risk of bias and will have data extracted by two independent researchers. If sufficient data exist, a meta-analysis will be performed; otherwise, a narrative description of outcomes will be performed.

Ethics and dissemination No ethics approval will be sought for this systematic review. This study has no explicit funding. The results of this study will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal, in a conference presentation and on PROSPERO.

Trial registration number PROSPERO number CRD42023474587

• adult anaesthesia
• systematic review
• anaesthesia in neurology
• intensive & critical care

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https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-086727

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STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THIS STUDY

Expansive inclusion criteria will widely examine the extent of the literature on humans.

A predetermined, systematic, multi-stage review process will ensure the quality and accuracy of data.

Most studies are anticipated to be unblinded due to the nature of the interventions.

There is likely to be a substantial heterogeneity in study design and outcome measurement.

Many studies are likely to be small and low quality, which may limit the quality of the eventual outcomes.

Introduction

The volatile anaesthetic agents sevoflurane, isoflurane and desflurane are commonly used medicines in human anaesthesia. 1 Their use has expanded into critical care with the advent of reflector devices, which allow their administration with an intensive care ventilator, and they are helpful in some clinical settings with a need for further research into patient groups where they may benefit over intravenous sedation. 2 In principle, they have many features that potentially make them helpful in sedating patients following traumatic brain injury (TBI) 3 ―they are short-acting, allowing rapid neurological assessment. 4 In the general critical care population, their use may result in more ventilator-free days than propofol control. 5 They have anticonvulsant properties 6 7 and reduce cerebral metabolic rates in a dose-dependent fashion. 8 They may have neuroprotective effects. 9 Furthermore, they avoid known complications of the most commonly used alternative intravenous sedatives―propofol infusion syndrome 10 and prolonged sedation with an increased delirium risk with midazolam. 11

However, there are concerns about the risk of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) with volatile agents. 12 They are known to cause cerebral vasodilation, 13 and there are concerns, given the Monroe-Kellie doctrine, that this may increase intracranial pressure. 14 Although a survey of neurocritical care units in Germany demonstrated relatively widespread adoption of inhaled sedation in neurocritical care with few reported side effects, some respondents raised concerns and cited that they would consider TBI a contraindication. 15 Management of intracranial pressure is a core part of the neurocritical care management of patients with severe TBI. 16 17 A sustained rise in intracranial pressure is strongly associated with mortality and a worse outcome in TBI. 18

Volatile agents are increasingly used in neurocritical care. 15 In the absence of randomised controlled trial evidence comparing outcomes with volatile sedation against intravenous sedation, a review of the existing evidence base in humans is urgently required to address these concerns and identify gaps in the literature.

Some centres and clinicians consider the concern that volatile agents may elevate ICP as a relative contraindication to their use in this population. 15 However, the same survey demonstrates that other clinicians and centres use them in neurocritical care. It is currently unclear whether they affect ICP in this population and, if so, to what extent and if this would outweigh any potential benefits they may offer. There were similar concerns regarding ketamine, which was considered contraindicated where the ICP could be elevated until a similar review of the existing evidence base revealed that the strength of the recommendation was not justified. 19 20 Ketamine is now widely used as an emergency anaesthetic for patients with TBI. It is considered beneficial in maintaining favourable haemodynamics compared with other agents. 21

Aims and objectives

The overall aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the effect of volatile anaesthetic agents on intracranial pressure and the hypothesised mechanistic potential causes of ICP elevation with these agents.

The specific objectives are to answer the following research questions:

Do contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic agents alter intracranial pressure in humans compared with alternative sedation or anaesthetic modalities?

Do contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic agents alter cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral oxygen delivery or surrogate measures in humans compared with alternative sedation or anaesthetic modalities?

In humans, do contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic agents impair cerebrovascular autoregulation compared with alternative sedation or anaesthetic modalities?

Is the effect of contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic agents on intracranial pressure, CBF/oxygen delivery or cerebrovascular autoregulation different in humans with traumatic brain injuries compared with humans without traumatic brain injuries?

Is the effect of contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic agents on intracranial pressure, CBF/oxygen delivery or cerebrovascular autoregulation different in humans with decompressive craniectomy compared with humans without decompressive craniectomy?

Does the effect of contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic agents on intracranial pressure, CBF/oxygen delivery or cerebrovascular autoregulation modalities differ between agents and doses of each agent?

Methods and analysis

This protocol has been developed per the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P). 22 This study has been prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023474587). Deviations from and any subsequent alterations to the protocol will be regularly updated on PROSPERO. The study will be started in June 2024 and is expected to last for approximately 6 months.

Study eligibility criteria

This systematic review will look at all published prospective human comparative studies that compare contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic agents against any control and examine any reasonable index of CBF, surrogate measures, intracranial pressure or cerebrovascular autoregulation in any patient population. We will review all studies indexed in available medical databases.

Inclusion criteria

Controlled prospective trials of any methodology, including randomised controlled trials and crossover design trials.

Human participants in any clinical and resource settings, including healthy volunteers.

Participants have been administered any contemporary inhaled fluorinated volatile anaesthetic at any dose and duration.

A control or comparator is present in the study design.

The study measures CBF (including surrogate measures if described elsewhere in the literature), cerebrovascular autoregulation (using any described method for static or dynamic autoregulation), cerebral oximetry or intracranial pressure.

Exclusion criteria

Uncontrolled trials, including case series and case reports.

Review articles, opinions and editorials.

In vitro studies.

Animal studies.

Non-fluorinated anaesthetic agents (eg, chloroform, diethyl ether, trichloroethylene, nitrous oxide, xenon).

Fluorinated anaesthetic agents which are no longer commercially available (eg, enflurane).

Studies which cannot be translated reliably into English.

Papers where a full-text copy cannot be obtained.

Retracted papers.

Types of participants

The participants are any live humans enrolled in any comparative clinical trial where contemporary inhaled fluorinated volatile agents are administered as one of the arms of the trial.

Types of interventions

Patients to be included in this systematic review and meta-analysis will have received any contemporary fluorinated volatile anaesthetic by inhalation, at any concentration, and administered by any device including anaesthetic machines with vaporisers as would be typical in an operating theatre, draw-over anaesthetic apparatus, portable anaesthetic inhaler devices and disposable critical care anaesthetic vapour reflectors.

Studies may be included if their primary purpose was to examine the effect of different physiological conditions, such as different levels of arterial carbon dioxide.

As there is a reason to believe that each volatile anaesthetic has different properties, only agents currently in contemporary production for clinical use on a substantial scale globally will be included. The agents to be included are, therefore, as follows:

Sevoflurane

Methoxyflurane

Non-fluorinated inhaled anaesthetic agents belong to different pharmacological classes, differ substantially in chemical structure and physical properties and are less relevant to the background question of critical care sedation. Therefore, agents such as nitrous oxide, xenon, diethyl ether and chloroform will not be included as interventions. Intravenous sedative agents such as propofol will not be included as interventions.

Types of comparator

Only studies which compare the administration of contemporary volatile anaesthetics against a control will be included. Controls may be any of the following:

An intravenous sedative or anaesthetic agent.

Any other inhaled anaesthetic that may include non-contemporary or non-fluorinated agents.

Any suitable comparative trial design may include a randomised controlled trial with fixed allocation, an intention-to-treat basis or a crossover design.

Studies will not be included if the only control/comparator has no sedation or sedation with the same agent at a different dose. As only prospective studies will be included, case-control studies, case reports and case series will not be eligible for inclusion.

Studies will be eligible for inclusion if outcomes from any of the following groups are measured including in studies where these outcomes were secondary outcomes for that trial.

Intracranial Pressure

Direct measurements of intracranial pressure, including mean and maximum ICP

Time above an ICP threshold (22 or 25 mm Hg).

CBF measured directly by any validated method, including magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide perfusion imaging and the Kety-Schmidt technique 23 .

Conventional indirect CBF measurements, including transcranial Doppler assessments of mean middle cerebral artery velocity.

Measures of cerebral vasodilatation, including digital subtraction angiography.

Cerebrovascular autoregulation

Any validated assessment of either static or dynamic cerebrovascular autoregulation.

Cerebral oximetry

Brain tissue oximetry and micro-dialysis.

Non-invasive infrared spectroscopy.

Jugular venous bulb saturations.

Database search

A systematic search of all relevant literature will be conducted using the following electronic databases:

Medline/Medline Plus

CINAHL/CINAHL Plus

Cochrane Central Controlled Trials Register

Given the long history of use and availability of agents that could be included in the review, no date limitation will be set aside from the search date. Figure 1 shows an example of the systematic search strategy to be used on Embase, and minor syntactical adjustments will be made as required depending on the syntax used for each database. The full search strings used for each database are available at Online Supplemental File 1 .

Supplemental material

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Embase search strategy. CBF, cerebral blood flow; CHS, coherent haemodynamics spectroscopy; ICP, increased intracranial pressure; MR, magnetic resonance; NIRS, non-invasive infrared spectroscopy; PET, positron emission tomography; SPECT, single photon emission computed tomography; Vmca, mean velocity of flow in the middle cerebral artery.

Other sources

The reference lists of included studies and any relevant excluded studies (eg, review articles, editorials and letters to the editor) will be screened for relevance to ensure that no studies are missed. Citation databases will be used to screen papers that cite included studies and relevant excluded articles, such as review articles.

Papers identified for inclusion will also be added to a non-generative AI tool (researchrabbit.ai) to further screen for potentially missed responsive articles.

Any studies identified through reference and citation trawls or using non-generative AI will be manually screened for suitability.

Data management

Studies identified from database queries will be uploaded to an online literature review tool (Rayyan.ai). Duplicate articles will be automatically and then manually removed. Data extraction of papers identified for inclusion will occur on Systematic Reviews Data Repository Plus ( https://srdrplus.ahrq.gov/ ), and extracted data will be processed using R V.4.3.2 with the ‘meta’ library installed.

Study selection

All papers identified through database searching will be screened in title and abstract form using Rayyan. Each paper will be examined by at least two authors working independently on a rule-in basis, and approval from any author will advance that paper to full-text review.

All papers approved by any author in that stage and any papers identified through reference, citation trawl or non-generative AI will be screened in full text by two authors working independently. Agreement between the screening authors will be required to advance the paper to inclusion and data extraction. The reasons for exclusion will be recorded. In the event of a disagreement, a third author who was not initially involved in advancing the study will mediate. Screening procedures will be presented using a PRISMA flow diagram.

Data extraction

Data will be extracted from all included studies by two reviewers working independently using a template in Systematic Review Data Repository Plus. If a disagreement on the extracted data cannot be resolved by discussion, a third reviewer will be asked to provide consensus. Data extraction will include the following information:

Study characteristics: title, first author, country, year of publication, study design, study size, resource setting

Clinical characteristics: age, gender, inhaled volatile anaesthetic(s) used, target concentration(s), control(s) used, target sedation depth in control. Identification of subgroups (TBI and decompressive craniectomy).

Intracranial pressure: any measure of intracranial pressure, the method used to measure ICP.

CBF: any measure of CBF, the method used to measure CBF.

Cerebrovascular autoregulation: any measure of static or dynamic cerebral autoregulation, the method used to assess autoregulation.

Cerebral oximetry: the method used, values.

Where data on inhaled volatile anaesthetic concentration is presented only as end-tidal gas concentration, this will be indexed to the minimum alveolar concentration for that agent in a 40-year-old using standard tables. 24–26

Assessment of risk of bias in included studies

The studies that are included will be scored for risk of bias at an individual study level using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROB-2). 27 The risk of bias will exclude no studies, as it is anticipated that allocation concealment will be difficult due to the nature and physical properties of the studied agents. However, the risk of bias will be used to illuminate the quality of the available evidence, and subgroup analyses may be performed in trials with a low risk of bias if sufficient evidence exists for any outcome. The risk of bias will be used to inform the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) of each outcome. Bias assessment will be reported using Funnel plots and Egger’s regression test. 28

Data synthesis and analysis

Data will be summarised by volatile agent and outcome where sufficient data allows comparison for that agent and outcome. A meta-analysis of these will be performed where there is sufficient continuous data from controlled trials for an agent against a single comparator. In this case, the heterogeneity of the available data will be evaluated using the I 2 and τ 2 statistics, and the standardised mean difference (95% CI) will be calculated for continuous outcomes and odds ratio (95% CI) for dichotomous outcomes. Meta-analysed data will be presented as a forest plot. A random effects model will be used unless there are a small number of studies (five or fewer) reporting for that endpoint, demonstrating high statistical and methodological homogeneity. 29

A narrative description will be performed where insufficient continuous or dichotomous data exist for a volatile agent and outcome.

The GRADE tool will be used for each outcome to communicate the strength of the body of evidence. 30

Missing data

Where a study would be eligible for inclusion but for missing outcome data, an attempt will be made to contact the corresponding author. Where data are only presented using a graphical form, an attempt will be made to contact the study’s authors. Where no response is heard, WebPlotDigitiser-4.6 (Ankit Rohatgi, Pacifica, CA, USA; https://automeris.io/WebPlotDigitizer ) will be used to estimate values.

Where sufficient continuous or dichotomous data exist to perform a meta-analysis, analysis of missing data due to publication bias will be assessed using a funnel plot and Eggers regression test. 28

Subgroup analysis

If sufficient responsive data exist, an a priori subgroup analysis will be conducted on the following:

Patients with TBI.

Patients with decompressive craniectomy.

Studies with a low risk of bias.

Sensitivity analysis

Where sufficient data exist to perform a meta-analysis, this will be reproduced following the removal of papers assessed to be at a high risk of bias or where the ‘metainf’ command within R indicates statistical indications of the excessive influence of a single paper.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication.

Not applicable.

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Contributors This work was proposed and initially drafted by BT who is the guarantor of this work under the supervision and with the advice of NC and TES. The protocol was developed through discussion and piloting by SP, LP and JE. This manuscript was initially drafted by BT. All other authors reviewed the draft manuscript, proofread it and were content with the article prior to submission.

Competing interests None declared.

Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, conducting, reporting or dissemination plans of this research.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

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