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The Evolution of Computers: A Comprehensive History in PowerPoint Presentation

The History and Evolution of Computers

Computers have come a long way since their inception, evolving from simple calculating machines to the sophisticated devices we use today. Let’s take a journey through the history of computers to understand how they have evolved over time.

Early Computing Devices

The history of computers can be traced back to ancient times when devices like the abacus were used for basic calculations. In the 19th century, mechanical calculators such as Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine laid the foundation for modern computing.

The First Electronic Computers

The mid-20th century saw the development of the first electronic computers, such as ENIAC and UNIVAC, which revolutionized data processing and computation. These early computers were large, expensive, and primarily used by governments and research institutions.

The Personal Computer Revolution

In the 1970s and 1980s, the invention of microprocessors led to the rise of personal computers (PCs). Companies like Apple and IBM introduced affordable desktop computers that brought computing power into people’s homes and offices.

The Internet Age

The advent of the internet in the late 20th century transformed how we use computers. The World Wide Web enabled global communication, e-commerce, social networking, and access to vast amounts of information at our fingertips.

Modern Computing Technologies

Today, we live in an era of smartphones, tablets, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing. These technologies continue to push the boundaries of what is possible with computers and shape our digital future.

In Conclusion

The history and evolution of computers is a fascinating journey that highlights human ingenuity, innovation, and progress. As we look towards the future, it is exciting to imagine what new advancements in computing technology will bring.

From Abacus to AI: Tracing the Milestones and Evolution of Computer Technology

Start with a brief overview of the history of computers, highlighting key milestones and inventions., include information about the evolution of computer hardware, from early mechanical devices to modern supercomputers., discuss the impact of major technological advancements on the development of computers over time., incorporate visuals such as images or timelines to enhance understanding and engagement., explore how different generations of computers have influenced each other and shaped today’s technology landscape., conclude with future possibilities and trends in computer evolution to provide a forward-looking perspective..

The history and evolution of computers are marked by significant milestones and groundbreaking inventions that have shaped the modern computing landscape. From the ancient abacus to Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, early computing devices laid the groundwork for the development of electronic computers like ENIAC and UNIVAC in the mid-20th century. The introduction of personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s, followed by the internet age and advancements in modern computing technologies, have propelled us into a digital era defined by innovation and progress. This tip on the history and evolution of computers PowerPoint presentation provides a comprehensive overview of these key historical moments, offering valuable insights into how far we have come in the world of computing.

In a PowerPoint presentation on the history and evolution of computers, it is essential to highlight the remarkable evolution of computer hardware. Starting from early mechanical devices like the abacus and Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine, the progression of computer hardware has been monumental. Advancements in technology have led to the development of modern supercomputers that can process vast amounts of data at incredible speeds. By showcasing this evolution in hardware, audiences can appreciate how far computer technology has come and gain a deeper understanding of the impact it has had on various aspects of our lives.

When creating a PowerPoint presentation on the history and evolution of computers, it is essential to discuss the impact of major technological advancements on the development of computers over time. By highlighting key milestones such as the invention of the microprocessor, the introduction of personal computers, and the emergence of the internet, you can demonstrate how these advancements have shaped the evolution of computing technology. Exploring how innovations like artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and quantum computing have further propelled the field forward will provide valuable insights into how far computers have come and where they may be headed in the future. Understanding the influence of these technological breakthroughs is crucial for appreciating the continuous growth and transformation of computers throughout history.

To enhance understanding and engagement in a PowerPoint presentation about the history and evolution of computers, it is recommended to incorporate visuals such as images or timelines. Visual aids can help illustrate key points, provide context to historical events, and make complex information more digestible for the audience. By including visuals like photographs of early computing devices, diagrams of technological advancements, or timelines showing the progression of computer development, presenters can create a more immersive and impactful learning experience for viewers. Visuals not only enhance comprehension but also keep the audience engaged and interested throughout the presentation.

By delving into the history and evolution of computers through a PowerPoint presentation, one can uncover how various generations of computers have influenced each other, leading to the shaping of today’s technology landscape. From the early mechanical calculators to the modern era of smartphones and artificial intelligence, each advancement has built upon the innovations of its predecessors, creating a rich tapestry of technological progress. Understanding this interconnected web of influences allows us to appreciate the complexity and interconnectedness of the devices we use daily, providing valuable insights into how far we have come and where future developments may lead us.

In conclusion, delving into the history and evolution of computers through a PowerPoint presentation offers valuable insights into how far we have come in the realm of technology. By reflecting on past milestones and breakthroughs, we can better appreciate the rapid pace of innovation that has shaped the computing landscape today. Looking ahead, it is intriguing to consider the future possibilities and trends in computer evolution. Advancements in areas such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and biotechnology hold immense potential to revolutionize how we interact with technology and each other. Embracing these emerging technologies will undoubtedly lead us towards a future where computers play an even more integral role in shaping our lives and society as a whole.

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Computing devices have been invented since ancient times to assist in calculating. However, with the development of digital computers, civilization began to use computers for many other tasks. Get our exhilarating History of Computers presentation template compatible with MS PowerPoint and Google Slides to demonstrate the evolution of the computer from years ago to modern times.

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THE HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

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A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

A HISTORY OF THE COMPUTER

A history of the computer five eras in computer development pre-history electronics mini micro network pre-history era 4th century b.c. to 1930s the abacus is ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Pre-History
• Electronics
• The abacus is believed to have been invented in 4th century B.C.
• The Antikythera mechanism, a device used for registering and predicting the motion of the stars and planets, is dated to 1st century B.C.
• Arabic numerals were introduced in Europe in the 8th and 9th century A.D. and was used until the 17th century.
• John Napier of Scotland invents logs in 1614 to allow multiplication and division to be converted to addition and subtraction.
• Wilhelm Schickard, a professor at the University of Tubingen, Germany builds a mechanical calculator in 1623 with a 6-digit capacity. The machine worked, but it never makes it beyond the prototype stage.
• Leonardo Da Vinci is now given credit for building the first mechanical calculator around 1500. Evidence of Da Vincis machine was not found until papers were discovered in 1967.
• Blaise Pascal builds a mechanical calculator in 1642 with an 8-digit capacity.
• Joseph-Marie Jacquard invents an automatic loom controlled by punch-cards in the early 1800s.
• Charles Babbage designs a Difference Engine in 1820 or 1821 with a massive calculator designed to print astronomical tables. The British government cancelled the project in 1842 Babbage then conceives the Analytical Engine, a mechanical computer that can solve any mathematical problem and uses punch-cards.
• Augusta Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace and daughter of English poet Lord Byron, worked with Babbage and created a program for the Analytical Engine. Ada is now credited as being the 1st computer programmer.
• Samuel Morse invents the Electric Telegraph in 1837.
• George Boole invents Boolean Algebra in the late 1840s. Boolean Algebra was destined to remain largely unknown and unused for the better part of a century, until a young student called Claude E. Shannon recognized its relevance to electronics design.
• In 1857, only twenty years after the invention of the telegraph, Sir Charles Wheatstone (the inventor of the accordian) introduced the first application of paper tapes as a medium for the preparation, storage, and transmission of data.
• The first practical typewriting machine was conceived by three American inventors and friends, Christopher Latham Sholes, Carlos Glidden, and Samual W. Soule who spent their evenings tinkering together.
• The friends sold their design to Remington and Sons, who hired William K. Jenne to perfect the prototype, resulting in the release of the first commercial typewriter in 1874.
• Herman Holleriths Tabulating Machines were used for the 1890 census the machines used Jacquards punched cards.
• In 1926, Dr. Julius Edgar Lilienfield from New York filed for a patent on a transistor.
• Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, completes the 1st general purpose programmable calculator in 1941.
• Colossus, a British computer used for code-breaking, is operational by the end of 1943.
• ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzor and Computer) is developed by Ballistics Research Lab in Maryland and built by the University of Pennsylvania and completed in 1945.
• The transistor is developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1947.
• UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) is developed in 1951 and can store 12,000 digits in random access mercury-delay lines.
• EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) is completed for the Ordinance Department in 1952.
• Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor both announce the integrated circuit in 1959.
• The IBM 360 is introduced in April of 1964 and quickly becomes the standard institutional mainframe computer. By the mid-80s the 360 and its descendents have generated more than 100 billion in revenue for IBM.
• The Mini Era began with the development of the integrated circuit in 1959 by Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor.
• Ivan Sutherland demonstrates a program called Sketchpad (makes engineering drawings with a light pen) on a TX-2 mainframe at MITs Lincoln Labs in 1962.
• By 1965, an integrated circuit that cost 1,000 in 1959 now costs less than 10.
• Doug Engelbart demonstrates a word processor in 1968.
• Also in 1968, Gordon Moore and Robert Noyce founded a company called Intel.
• Xerox creates its Palo Alto Research Center (Xerox PARC) in 1969.
• Fairchild Semiconductor introduces a 256-bit RAM chip in 1970.
• In late 1970 Intel introduces a 1K RAM chip and the 4004, a 4-bit microprocessor. Two years later comes the 8008, an 8-bit processor.
• Bill Gates and Paul Allen form Traf-O-Data in 1971 to sell their computer traffic-analysis sytems.
• Gary Kildall writes PL/M, the first high-level programming language for the Intel Microprocessor.
• Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak are building and selling blue boxes in Southern California in 1971.
• Intel introduces the 8008, the first 8-bit microprocessor in April of 1972.
• Jonathan A. Titus designs the Mark-8 and is featured in the July 1974 Radio Electronics.
• In January 1975 Popular Electronics features the MITS Altair 8800 it is hailed as the first personal computer.
• Paul Allen and Bill Gates develop BASIC for the Altair 8800. Microsoft is born!!!
• Apple is selling its Apple II for 1,195, including 16K of RAM but no monitor by 1977.
• Software Arts develops the first spreadsheet program, Visicalc by the spring of 1979. 500 copies per month are shipped in 1979 and sales increase to 12,000 per month by 1981.
• By 1980 Apple has captured 50 of the personal computer market.
• In 1980 Microsoft is approached by IBM to develop BASIC for its personal computer project. The IBM PC is released in August, 1981.
• The Apple Macintosh, featuring a simple graphical interface using the 8-MHz, 32-bit Motorola 68000 CPU and a built-in 9-inch B/W screen, debuts in 1984.
• Microsoft Windows 1.0 ships in November, 1985.
• Microsofts sales for 1989 reach 1 billion.
• Timesharing, the concept of linking a large numbers of users to a single computer via remote terminals, is developed at MIT in the late 50s and early 60s.
• Paul Baran of RAND develops the idea of distributed, packet-switching networks.
• ARPANET goes online in 1969.
• Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf develop the basic ideas of the Internet in 1973.
• In 1974 BBN opens the first public packet-switched network Telenet.
• A UUCP link between the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and Duke University establishes USENET in 1979.
• TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) is established as the standard for ARPANET in 1982.
• The number of network hosts breaks 10,000 in 1987 two years later, the number of hosts breaks 100,000.
• Tem Berners-Lee develops the World Wide Web. CERN releases the first Web server in 1991.
• By 1992, the number of network hosts breaks 1,000,000.
• The World Wide Web sports a growth rate of 341,634 in service traffic in its third year--1993.
• http//www.pbs.org/nerds/timeline
• http//www.maxmon.com/history.htm
• http//ei.cs.vt.edu/history/
• http//www.cybergeography.org/atlas/historical.htm l
• http//www.computerhistory.org

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History of Computing

Nov 30, 2012

1.26k likes | 2.29k Views

History of Computing. Leen-Kiat Soh JDE183H Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nebraska Fall 2006. Who Invented Computer?. Who Invented Computer?. The ABC Computer. Who Invented Computer?. Harvard Mark I. Who Invented Computer?. ENIAC. Who Invented Computer?.

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History of Computing Leen-Kiat Soh JDE183H Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Nebraska Fall 2006

Who Invented Computer?

Who Invented Computer? The ABC Computer

Who Invented Computer? Harvard Mark I

Who Invented Computer? ENIAC

People in Computers & Computing Charles Babbage (1791-1871)

People in Computers & Computing Charles Babbage (1791-1871) • Born December 26, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire UK, Died 1871, London • Known to some as the "Father of Computing" for his contributions to the basic design of the computer through his Analytical machine • His previous Difference Engine was a special purpose device intended for the production of tables • 1810: Entered Trinity College, Cambridge; 1814: graduated Peterhouse; 1817 received MA from Cambridge

People in Computers & Computing Charles Babbage (1791-1871) 1820: founded the Analytical Society with Herschel and Peacock 1823: started work on the Difference Engine through funding from the British Government 1827: published a table of logarithms from 1 to 108000 1828: appointed to the Lucasian Chair of Mathematics at Cambridge (never presented a lecture) 1831: founded the British Association for the Advancement of Science

People in Computers & Computing Charles Babbage (1791-1871) 1832: published "Economy of Manufactures and Machinery“ 1833: began work on the Analytical Engine 1834: founded the Statistical Society of London 1864: published Passages from the Life of a Philosopher

People in Computers & Computing Konrad Zuse (1910-??)

People in Computers & Computing Konrad Zuse (1910-19??) • Born June 22, 1910, Berlin-Wilmersdorf • invented pre-war electromechanical binary computer designated Z1 which was destroyed without trace by wartime bombing • developed two more machines before the end of the war but was unable to convince the Nazi government to support his work • fled with the remains of Z3 to Zurich where he developed Z4 • developed a basic programming system known as "Plankalkül" with which he designed a chess playing program

People in Computers & Computing Konrad Zuse (1910-19??) • 1927: enrolled at the Technical University in Berlin-Charlottenburg and began his working career as a design engineer (Statiker) in the aircraft industry (Henschel Flugzeugwerke) • 1935: completed a degree in civil engineering. • remained in Berlin from the time he finished his degree until the end of the war in 1945, and it was during this time that he constructed his first digital computers. • later formed his own company for the construction and marketing of his designs.

People in Computers & Computing Konrad Zuse (1910-19??) • During 1936 to 1938 Konrad Zuse developed and built the first binary digital computer in the world (Zl). A copy of this computer is on display in the Museum for Transport and Technology ("Museum fur Verkehr und Technik") (since 1989) in Berlin. • The first fully functional program-controlled electromechanical digital computer in the world (the Z3) was completed by Zuse in 1941, but was destroyed in 1944 during the war. Because of its historical importance, a copy was made in 1960 and put on display in the German Museum ("Deutsches Museum") in Munich.

People in Computers & Computing Konrad Zuse (1910-19??) • Next came the more sophisticated Z4, which was the only Zuse Z-machine to survive the war. The Z4 was almost complete when, due to continued air raids, it was moved from Berlin to Gottingen where it was installed in the laboratory of the Aerodynamische Versuchanstalt (DVL/Experimental Aerodynamics Institute). It was only there for a few weeks before Gottingen was in danger of being captured and the machine was once again moved to a small village "Hinterstein" in the Allgau/Bavaria. Finally it was taken to Switzerland where it was installed in the ETH (Federal Polytechnical Institute/"Eidgenossisch Technische Hochschule") in Zurich in 1950. It was used in the Institute of Applied Mathematics at the ETH until 1955.

People in Computers & Computing John Louis von Neumann (1903-1957)

People in Computers & Computing John von Neumann (1903-1957) • Born 28 December 1903, Budapest, Hungary; Died 8 February 1957, Washington DC • 1926: Doctorate, Mathematics (with minors in experimental physics and chemistry), University of Budapest • 1953: Medal of Freedom (Presidential Award) • 1956: Albert Einstein Commemorative Award, Enrico Fermi Award, Member, American Academy of Arts and Science …

People in Computers & Computing John von Neumann (1903-1957) • a child prodigy: When only six years old he could divide eight-digit numbers in his head. • under the tutelage of M. Fekete, with whom he published his first paper at the age of 18. • 1921: Entered the University of Budapest in 1921, studied Chemistry, moving his base of studies to both Berlin and Zurich • 1925: received his diploma in Chemical Engineering • 1928: returned to his first love of mathematics in completing his doctoral degree

People in Computers & Computing John von Neumann (1903-1957) • 1930: was invited to visit Princeton University • 1933: the Institute for Advanced Studies was founded at Princeton, appointed as one of the original six Professors of Mathematics, a position which he retained for the remainder of his life • Von Neumann's interest in computers differed from that of his peers by his quickly perceiving the application of computers to applied mathematics for specific problems, rather than their mere application to the development of tables.

People in Computers & Computing John von Neumann (1903-1957) • During the war, von Neumann's expertise in hydrodynamics, ballistics, meteorology, game theory, and statistics, was put to good use in several projects. • This work led him to consider the use of mechanical devices for computation • He brought together the needs of the Los Alamos National Laboratory (and the Manhattan Project) with the capabilities of firstly the engineers at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering who were building the ENIAC, and later his own work on building the IAS machine. Several "supercomputers" were built by National Laboratories as copies of his machine.

People in Computers & Computing John von Neumann (1903-1957) • Postwar von Neumann concentrated on the development of the Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS) computer and its copies around the world. His work with the Los Alamos group continued and he continued to develop the synergism between computers capabilities and the needs for computational solutions to nuclear problems related to the hydrogen bomb • There is no doubt that his insights into the organization of machines led to the infrastructure which is now known as the "von Neumann Architecture“

People in Computers & Computing John von Neumann (1903-1957) • recognized the need for parallelism in computers but equally well recognized the problems of construction and hence settled for a sequential system of implementation • through the report entitled First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC [1945], authored solely by von Neumann, the basic elements of the stored program concept were introduced to the industry. • In the 1950's von Neumann was employed as a consultant to IBM to review proposed and ongoing advanced technology projects.

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954)

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • Born 23 June 1912, London; Died 7 June 1954, Manchester England • Pioneer in developing computer logic as we know it today. One of the first to approach the topic of artificial intelligence. • 1931: Mathematics, Kings College, Cambridge; 1938: Ph.D., Princeton University • 1936: Smith's Prize, Cambridge University • 1946: Order of the British Empire (OBE) • 1951: Fellow, Royal Society

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • Alan Mathison Turing was one of the great pioneers of the computer field. He inspired the now common terms of "The Turing Machine" and "Turing's Test." • As a mathematician he applied the concept of the algorithm to digital computers. • His research into the relationships between machines and nature created the field of artificial intelligence. • Turing helped pioneer the concept of the digital computer. The Turing Machine that he envisioned is essentially the same as today's multi-purpose computers.

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • He described a machine that would read a series of ones and zeros from a tape. These ones and zeros described the steps that needed to be done to solve a particular problem or perform a certain task. The Turing Machine would read each of the steps and perform them in sequence, resulting in the proper answer.

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • This concept was revolutionary for the time. Most computers in the 1950's were designed for a particular purpose or a limited range of purposes. What Turing envisioned was a machine that could do anything, something that we take for granted today. The method of instructing the computer was very important in Turing's concept. He essentially described a machine which knew a few simple instructions. Making the computer perform a particular task was simply a matter of breaking the job down into a series of these simple instructions. This is identical to the process programmers go through today. He believed that an algorithm could be developed for most any problem. The hard part was determining what the simple steps were and how to break down the larger problems.

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • During World War II, Turing used his mathematical skills to decipher the codes the Germans were using to communicate in the Department of Communications in Great Britain. This was an especially difficult task because the Germans had developed a type of computer called the Enigma. It was able to generate a constantly changing code that was impossible for the code breakers to decipher in a timely fashion. • Turing and his fellow scientists worked with a device called COLOSSUS. The COLOSSUS quickly and efficiently deciphered the German codes created by the Enigma. COLOSSUS was essentially a bunch of servomotors and metal, but it was one of the first steps toward the digital computer.

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • Turing went on to work for the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) and continued his research into digital computers. Here he worked on developing the Automatic Computing Engine (ACE), one of the first attempts at creating a true digital computer. It was during this time that he began to explore the relationship between computers and nature. He wrote a paper called "Intelligent Machinery" which was later published in 1969. This was one of the first times the concept of artificial intelligence was raised.

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • Turing believed that machines could be created that would mimic the processes of the human brain. He discussed the possibility of such machines, acknowledging the difficulty people would have accepting a machine that would rival their own intelligence, a problem that still plagues artificial intelligence today. In his mind, there was nothing the brain could do that a well designed computer could not. As part of his argument, Turing described devices already in existence that worked like parts of the human body, such as television cameras and microphones.

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • Turing believed that an intelligent machine could be created by following the blueprints of the human brain. He wrote a paper in 1950 describing what is now known as the "Turing Test." The test consisted of a person asking questions via keyboard to both a person and an intelligent machine. He believed that if the person could not tell the machine apart from the person after a reasonable amount of time, the machine was somewhat intelligent. This test has become the 'holy grail' of the artificial intelligence community. Turing's paper describing the test has been used in countless journals and papers relating to machine intelligence. The 1987 edition of the Oxford Companion to the Mind describes the Turing test as "the best test we have for confirming the presence of intelligence in a machine."

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • Turing left the National Physical Laboratory before the completion of the Automatic Computing Engine and moved on to the University of Manchester. There he worked on the development of the Manchester Automatic Digital Machine (MADAM). He truly believed that machines would be created by the year 2000 that could replicate the human mind. Turing worked toward this end by creating algorithms and programs for the MADAM. He worked to create the operating manual for the MADAM and became one of the main users of MADAM to further his research.

People in Computers & Computing Alan Turing (1912-1954) • Turing died on June 7, 1954 from what the medical examiners described as, "self-administered potassium cyanide while in a moment of mental imbalance."

Timeline and History 350 Million Years BC The first tetrapods leave the oceans 30,000 BC to 20,000 BC Carving notches into bones 8500 BC Bone carved with prime numbers discovered 1900 BC to 1800 BC The first place-value number system 1000 BC to 500 BC The invention of the abacus 383 BC to 322 BC Aristotle and the Tree of Porphyry 300 BC to 600 AD The first use of zero and negative numbers 1285 AD to 1349 AD William of Ockham's logical transformations 1434 AD The first self-striking water clock 1500 AD Leonardo da Vinci's mechanical calculator 1600 AD John Napier and Napier's Bones 1621 AD The invention of the slide rule 1625 AD Wilhelm Schickard's mechanical calculator 1640 AD Blaise Pascal's Arithmetic Machine

Timeline and History 1658 AD Pascal creates a scandle 1670 AD Gottfried von Leibniz's Step Reckoner 1714 AD The first English typewriter patent 1761 AD Leonhard Euler's geometric system for problems in class logic 1800 AD Jacquard's punched cards Circa 1800 AD Charles Stanhope invents the Stanhope Demonstrator 1822 AD Charles Babbage's Difference Engine 1829 AD The first American typewriter patent 1830 AD Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine 1834 AD Georg and Edward Scheutz's Difference Engine 1847 AD to 1854 AD George Boole invents Boolean Algebra 1857 AD Sir Charles Wheatstone uses paper tape to store data 1867 AD The first commercial typewriter 1869 AD William Stanley Jevons invents the Jevons' Logic Machine Circa 1874 AD The Sholes keyboard 1876 AD George Barnard Grant's Difference Engine 1878 AD The first shift-key typewriter

Timeline and History 1881 AD Allan Marquand's rectangular logic diagrams 1881 AD Allan Marquand invents the Marquand Logic Machine 1886 AD Charles Pierce links Boolean algebra to circuits based on switches 1890 AD John Venn invents Venn Diagrams 1890 AD Herman Hollerith's tabulating machines Circa 1900 AD John Ambrose Fleming invents the vacuum tube 1902 AD The first teleprinters 1906 AD Lee de Forest invents the Triode 1921 AD Karel Capek's R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) 1926 AD First patent for a semiconductor transistor 1927 AD Vannevar Bush's Differential Analyser Circa 1936 AD The Dvorak keyboard 1936 AD Benjamin Burack constructs the first electrical logic machine 1937 AD George Robert Stibitz's Complex Number Calculator 1937 AD Alan Turing invents the Turing Machine 1939 AD John Vincent Atanasoff's special-purpose electronic digital computer 1939 AD to 1944 AD Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC)

Timeline and History 1940 AD The first example of remote computing 1941 AD Konrad Zuse and his Z1, Z3, and Z4 1943 AD Alan Turing and COLOSSUS 1943 AD to 1946 AD The first general-purpose electronic computer -- ENIAC 1944 AD to 1952 AD The first stored program computer -- EDVAC 1945 AD The "first" computer bug 1945 AD Johann (John) Von Neumann writes the "First Draft" 1947 AD First point-contact transistor 1948 AD to 1951 AD The first commercial computer -- UNIVAC 1949 AD EDSAC performs it's first calculation 1949 AD The first assembler -- "Initial Orders" Circa 1950 AD Maurice Karnaugh invents Karnaugh Maps 1950 AD First bipolar junction transistor 1952 AD G.W.A. Dummer conceives integrated circuits 1957 AD IBM 610 Auto-Point Computer 1958 AD First integrated circuit 1962 AD First field-effect transistor

Timeline and History 1963 AD MIT's LINC Computer 1970 AD First static and dynamic RAMs 1971 AD CTC's Datapoint 2200 Computer 1971 AD The Kenbak-1 Computer 1971 AD The first microprocessor: the 4004 1972 AD The 8008 microprocessor 1973 AD The Xerox Alto Computer 1973 AD The Micral microcomputer 1973 AD The Scelbi-8H microcomputer 1974 AD The 8080 microprocessor 1974 AD The 6800 microprocessor 1974 AD The Mark-8 microcomputer 1975 AD The 6502 microprocessor 1975 AD The Altair 8800 microcomputer

Timeline and History 1975 AD Bill Gates and Paul Allen found Microsoft 1975 AD The KIM-1 microcomputer 1975 AD The Sphere 1 microcomputer 1976 AD The Z80 microprocessor 1976 AD The Apple I and Apple II microcomputers 1977 AD The Commodore PET microcomputer 1977 AD The TRS-80 microcomputer 1979 AD The VisiCalc spreadsheet program 1979 AD ADA programming language is named after Ada Lovelace" 1981 AD The first IBM PC 1982 AD The TCP/IP protocol is established, and the term "Internet" is used 1982 AD IBM launches double-sided 320K floppy disk drives 1984 AD The domain name server (DNS) is introduced to the Internet (~1,000 hosts) 1987 AD William Gibson coins the term "cyberspace" in his novel Neuromancer

Timeline and History 1985 ADMicrosoft Windows is launched 1987 AD The number of Internet hosts exceeds 10,000 1988 AD Laptops are developed 1988 AD The first optical chip is developed 1988 ADWrite Once Read Many times (WORM) disks are marketed by IBM 1989 AD The "World Wide Web", invented by Tim Berners-Lee 1989 AD The Sound Blaster card is released 1990 AD The number of Internet hosts exceeds 300,000 1991 AD Linus Torvalds of Finland develops Linux, a variant of the UNIX operating system 1992 ADGopher servers are used to provide students with online information 1993 AD Commercial providers are allowed to sell Internet connections to individuals 1993 AD Pentium is released 1993 AD The first graphics-based web browser, Mosaic, becomes available 1993 AD The PDF (Portable Document Format) standard is introduced by Adobe 1997 AD AMD releases its Am486 microprocessor to compete with Intel's 80486

Timeline and History 1994 AD Object-oriented authoring systems such as HyperCard, Hyperstudio, and Authorware grow in popularity 1994 ADNetscape 1.0 is written as an alternate browser to the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) Mosaic 1994 AD First wireless technology standard (Bluetooth) 1994 AD Yahoo! Internet search service launched 1994 AD The World Wide Web comprises at least 2,000 Web servers 1995 ADWindows 95 is released, as well as Pentium Pro 1995 AD Netscape announces JavaScript 1996 ADNetscape Navigator 2.0 is released 1996 AD The number of Internet hosts approached 10,000,000 1996 AD Microsoft releases the first version of Internet Explorer 1997 AD Deep Blue by IBM defeats Kasporov

Timeline and History 1997-1998 AD The first Beboputer Virtual Computer Intel releases the Pentium MMX for games and multimedia enhancement Intel releases the Pentium II processor Microsoft releases Windows 98 AMD releases the K-6 microprocessor Palm Computing markets the first PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), the Palm Pilot Internet-based computing starts on a large scale with downloadable programs such as SETI@Home 1999 ADLinux Kernel 2.2.0 is released The number of people running Linux is estimated to be about 10 million AMD releases K6-III, the 400MHz version The 2000 (Y2K) compliance preparation AMD releases its proprietary Athlon chip, which sets a new speed record of 1 GHz outpacing all of the competing Pentium microprocessors offered by Intel

Timeline and History 2000 AD IBM releases a follow-up to Deep Blue, nicknamed Blue Gene: it operates at 1 quadrillion ops per second (one peta flop) and is 1,000 times faster than Deep Blue. Blue Gene will be used for modelling human proteins

History of Supercomputers Seymour Cray (1925-1996) Education:B.S. Electrical Engineering, University of Minnesota, 1950M.S. Applied Mathematics, University of Minnesota, 1951 Professional Experience:Engineering Research Associates, 1950-1957Control Data Corp., 1957-1972Cray Research Inc., 1972-1989Cray Computer Corp., 1989-1995SRC Computers Inc., 1996 Honors and Awards:W.W. McDowell Award, American Foundation of Information Processing Societies, 1968Harry H. Good Memorial Award, 1972

History of Supercomputers • Much of the early history of the supercomputer is the history of the father of the supercomputer, Seymour Cray (1925-96), and the various companies he founded; in particular, Cray Research, which was the U.S. leader in building the fastest supercomputers for many years. • 1957: Founded Control Data Corporation • 1958: Developed CDC 1604, first fully transistorized computer

History of Supercomputers • 1958-1972: Designed the CDC 6600, which used 60-bit words and parallel processing, demonstrated RISC design, and was forty times faster than its predecessor, followed by the CDC 7600 system • 1972: Founded Cray Research • 1976: Designed CRAY-1 (100 megaflops) • 1985: Designed CRAY-2 (1-2 gigaflops) • 1989: Founded Cray Computer Corporation, designed CRAY-3 (4-5 gigaflops). • 19??: Followed it with the CRAY-4, also based on gallium arsenide, which is twice as fast in per-node performance as the CRAY-3 and is smaller than the human brain.

History of Supercomputers • 1980s-90s: Advent of competition from Japanese companies such as Fujitsu Ltd., Hitachi Ltd., and NEC Corp.; and the rise in popularity of distributed computing based on large numbers of smaller microcomputers working together in a limited way all served to shrink the U.S. supercomputer industry • 1995: Cray Computer filed for bankruptcy

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