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Essay Course for UPSC

By vajiram & ravi.

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Date of Commencement

3rd July 2024

CLASSROOM & LIVE-Online

Rs.12000/ (Incl. GST)

Course Time

11:00 AM to 2:00 PM on Sundays and Wednesdays

The UPSC introduced the Essay paper in 1993, with the objective of testing a candidate’s proficiency in language, knowledge, and expression. The UPSC considers these skills so important that the Essay paper has always commanded the same marks as a GS or optional paper.

Since 2014, the Essay paper has been divided into 2 sections, of 4 topics each, with candidates having to choose one topic from each of the sections. This requires students to have an even wider knowledge base, without repetition or duplication of content.

In recent years, the emphasis has been on more abstract, quote-based essay topics. Candidates usually find these topics difficult to understand and struggle to find relevant content to write.

To do well in the Essay paper, a candidate must develop the skills necessary to interpret the topic correctly, generate diverse content, and write persuasively. These skills require practice and professional direction. Only an experienced and highly qualified educator can assist candidates in mastering the skills needed to write the UPSC Mains Essay Paper effectively.

Utility of the Essay Paper

Common problems that result in a low score in the essay paper, how to ensure a high score in the essay paper, features of upsc essay course.

Essay Script Assessment

The Vajiram & Ravi Essay Course by Brijendra Sir offers aspirants a comprehensive platform to master the intricacies of essay writing , guiding them through the demanding path of UPSC Civil Services Exam preparation .

Our meticulously designed Essay Course aims to:

• Enhance aspirants' competency across diverse essential themes.
• Strengthen understanding and effectiveness through provided handouts containing all pertinent information essential for crafting quality essays.
• Refine aspirants' writing proficiency, including language, grammar, and flow, through two specialized classes.
• Evaluate proficiency with a thorough test series.

This UPSC Essay Course assists students in structuring their essay preparation and cultivating a crucial set of skills to enhance their chances of securing high scores. Clear, concise, and well-structured essays are indispensable for aspiring civil servants. Mastery of essential elements of essay writing is paramount.

Through this course, students will:

• Clearly organize and articulate ideas.
• Analyze primary sources with critical insight.
• Apply critical thinking to evaluate information.
• Carries 250 marks, the same as a GS or Optional paper.
• High-scoring paper, which has frequently yielded scores above 150.
• Sets the tone for the Mains, as it is the first paper to be conducted.
• Requires systematic, but limited preparation.
• Game-changer in the final result – all toppers invariably have a high score in the Essay paper.
• Lack of focused preparation – Many candidates suffer the misconception that General Studies and Optional Paper knowledge is adequate to do well in the Essay paper also.
• Lack of content – Many candidates lack essay-specific content and repeat the same thoughts throughout their essays.
• Lack of writing practice - Inability to understand the difference between writing a GS answer and writing an essay.
• Lack of reliable evaluation , without which candidates are unable to understand their weaknesses and improve.
• Learn how to Interpret the topic correctly.
• Prepare exhaustive and diverse content, to address the demand of various topics that can be asked in the exam.
• Develop a writing style for essays, that is not a repetition of a GS answer.
• Practice essay writing on exam-worthy topics.
• Ensure a reliable evaluation of the essay.

This comprehensive essay writing course is designed to equip you with the skills and knowledge necessary to excel in the essay component of the UPSC Civil Services Examination. The features of our Essay Module Course are:

• 11 classes that comprehensively cover the various themes that have been used for framing essay topics.
• Well-curated and concise Handouts on each theme, so that candidates have adequate exam-ready content.
• Special emphasis on philosophical, quote-based essays.
• Mini-assignments during the class, to help master the fine nuances of essay writing.
• 6 tests (2 half length and 4 full length), to simulate exam-like writing practice.
• Detailed and objective evaluation of essay scripts, to exhaustively explain a candidate’s performance (sample script essay link) .
• Hand-held guidance after the tests, so that candidates can clarify their individual doubts.
• Classes will be held on Wednesday’s and Sunday’s.

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Postponement of 10th August GSFP D19 & D20 | New Date | Orientation 16th Aug | D19 - 20th August 2024 - Morning Batch | D20 - 17th August 2024 - Evening Batch   | Start Date : 21 August, MGP 2025 - COHORT 10 | Start Date : 16 August, MGP 2025 - COHORT 11  | Pre cum Mains 2025 classes will now start tentatively from 28th August 2024, Wednesday at 5 PM.

Essay Courses

About the course, program objectives.

The essay program is designed in a manner that it ensures following:

The focus of the program is to help students understand the art of essay writing and ultimately write essays in coherent fashion with an effective and exact expression which is rewarded by the commission. Candidates will also be trained to write on unconventional, abstract, and philosophical topics perceived as daunting topics. With requisite practice, good content provided as synopsis and comprehensive mentor guidance, the candidates are armed to handle any essay with ease and confidence.

What does the program consist of?

How to write a good essay in civil services.

Payment Details

• FLAVIANT NETWORK PRIVATE LIMITED
• ICICI Bank Limited
• CURRENT A/C Number :
• 164205500200
• ICIC0001642
• New Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi-110060

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Note: In case you made the payment through NEFT / UPI, please share the payment slip on [email protected] .

Our essay guidance batches, essay guidance program+ 2024 (with thematic classes) | batch-2 | 6th july | online&offline.

• It include 4 Thematic Classes + 3 workshops + 4 Sectional Test + 4 Full Length Test
• Open Workshop: 6th July at 5 PM
• Essay Workshops: Two sessions based on workshop format will be conducted  to teach art and science of writing.
• Sectional Half Length Tests: There will be 4 sectional Half Length Tests. You will be expected to write one essay in 1.5 hours.
• Self-Assessment Tests: Two FLTs will be for self-assessment.
• Mentorship Support: A team of dedicated mentors will provide individual mentorship based on the essay test, both in offline and online mode

Essay Guidance Program 2024 | Batch-2 | 6th July | Online&Offline

• It include 4 Sectional Test + 4 Full Length Test
• Open Workshop : 6th July at 5 PM

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Essay Guidance Program cum Test Series for CSE 2024

By Ruchika Ma'am.

NEXT IAS provides you the best Essay guidance to maximize your score in UPSC CSE Mains Examination. Essay Course is designed to provide comprehensive discussions of GS Mains Essay test papers, adequate practice, mentorship and guidance. It is conducted by Mrs. Ruchika Bhardwaj, a well-known faculty for Essay Guidance with over 15 years of experience in guiding and mentoring the Civil Services aspirants.

Key Features

• Orientation session on, ‘How to approach the Essay Paper’ with Ruchika Ma'am.
• Detailed discussion of all the tests by Ruchika Ma’am for better understanding of the complexities and core demand of the topic.
• On demand one-to-one mentorship with Ruchika Ma’am to refine strategies and approaches for deeper understanding of essay writing techniques.
• Flexible schedule of attempting tests. Students can appear for the tests any time after the scheduled test date.
• Improves the aspirant's performance by inculcating time management skills and better handling of real-time examination pressure.
• Robust and time bound copy evaluation with detailed feedback by a team of Essay specialists.
• Program run on advanced platform to provide unparalleled and seamless experience.

Batch Details

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Essay Writing

H ome   > Courses > Essay Writing

Essay Writing Course  By

Tirthankar roychowdhary sir.

Comprehensive preparation for Essay Writing at EDEN IAS, featuring insightful classes, enriching workshops with case studies, meticulously curated study materials, personalized mentorship, and a robust mechanism of sectional and mock tests to hone your skills to perfection.

Course Overview

EDEN IAS conducts the Essay Writing Course for UPSC CSE Mains under the guidance of one of the best teachers for UPSC exam preparation, Tirthankar Roychowdhary Sir .

This course is a complete solution for Essay writing for UPSC Mains Examination.

As we know, Essay paper is something which needs a lot of practice, which can’t be gained overnight. This course has a lot of practice activity involved in it, with proper individual attention to every aspirant.

The course holistically covers each and every type of essay asked by the UPSC in the Essay paper.Special emphasis is on philosophical essays.

Course Structure

The course is an amalgamation of Art of Essay Writing Class + Section wise practice sessions and discussions + Test Series + Personalized Mentorship . The duration of the course is approx   2 months .

Art of Essay Writing Class

In this class we learn-

• The Art of Essay Writing
• The Framework of an Essay
• Different Brainstorming Techniques
• Various Styles of Essay Writing
• Tools used in an Essay 
•  Integration of Philosophies and Themes in  an Essay
• Time Management During Essay Writing 
• Creativity and Innovation

Sectional Tests

These are a total of 5 Sectional Tests covering a diverse range of topics. The aspirants are expected to write both the essays which will be followed by a discussion session covering both the essays by Tirthankar Roychowdhary Sir. The areas to be covered include :

• Essay on Social Issues.
• Essay on Philosophical topics.
•  Essay on Environmental Issues.
• Essay on Science & Technology related Issues.
• Essay on Economic Issues.
• Essay on International & Geo-Political Issues.
• Essay on Ethical Issues.

Mock Tests 

The course includes 2 Full Length Mock Tests, exactly on the similar pattern as that of the Essay paper of UPSC Mains examination.

Feedback/Mentorship

The course also provides one to one mentorship session with the evaluators. Students enrolled  under this course can get personalised mentorship and Feedback from evaluators

Rs. 10,030/-( Including GST)

 5 sectional & 2 full - length tests, online & offline modes, 2.5 - 3 hrs, essay workbook, one to one mentorship.

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Embark on a journey of knowledge and discovery.  join eden ias  today, related courses.

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Essay writing is crucial to attain high marks in the Civil Services Mains Written Examination. It requires a lot of preparation & practice.

UPSC Mains Answer Writing

EDEN IAS has come up with an Answer writing course for beginners – SUGAM, which means “Easy”. This course covers the complete syllabus of UPSC Mains – GS I, II, III, IV.

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Best Essay Classes for UPSC

Essay course/classes for upsc in delhi, essay classes for upsc 2024-25 | essay online course for upsc, under the guidance of mridul sir.

Embark on a transformative journey towards mastering the art of essay writing tailored specifically for the UPSC Civil Services Mains examination with Chrome IAS, your trusted partner in UPSC preparation.

ESSAY for UPSC

Our essay course for upsc in old rajinder nagar, delhi, caters to the changing demands of upsc mains exam., by enrolling in mridul sir’s essay writing course for upsc in old rajinder nagar, delhi, you will learn following aspects :-.

1. Structuring of an Essay. 2. Writing effective Introduction 3. Writing effective Conclusion 4. How to open up dimensions in an Essay 5. How to deal with PHILOSOPHICAL Essays 6. How to diversify a philosophical essay 7. How to maintain flow in essay 8. How to do value addition in essay and many more.

• 2 - 3 classes
• Recorded Videos
• Android App only
• Total Lectures
• No. of Tests
• Practice Tests
• Thematic Coverage of Important Essay Topics
• Essay Booklet with Previous Years Model Essays

Essay writing for upsc is not an easy task. As recently Essay for upsc has become an uphill task with introduction of PHILOSOPHICAL essays. The way essay for upsc has been practised over the years is outdated now. With changing pattern of UPSC , Objective essays have been replaced by Philosophical essays. Students who used to score 140 + marks in objective essays, now finding it difficult to score 110-120 marks now in upsc essay exam.

Essay for upsc is one paper which gives ample opportunity to score good marks provided one has learned it the right way. Essay writing for upsc has to be done with an open mind, focussing on important aspects of an essay. We at CHROME IAS – not only helps students learn the nuances of essay writing for upsc but also practice them in real time. Mridul Sir’s essay classes are designed to give practical learning of essay writing. Not only this, Mridul Sir’s mentoring fills students with confidence. Essay for upsc, is an innovative and interesting course. CHROME IAS essay classes for upsc also includes practice tests to test individuals essay writing capabilities. Essay for upsc is a 250 marks paper which should be dealt with all seriousness to give an edge to an aspirant in MAINS Exam.

One should understand it clearly that an unorganized and unstructured Essay is the one which gets poor marks in Main Examination. Hence if you know how to structure your essay you can ensure good marks in this paper. Our online and offline UPSC essay course discusses various approaches to Essay writing in general and Introduction and Conclusion in particular. It is well known that many times students can write content for MAIN BODY , but when it comes to Introduction and Conclusion of Essay they can’t do justice with it.

Mridul Sir’s Essay course for upsc ( essay for upsc ) covers most importantly Philosophical essay topics which is an increasing trend in recent times. Essay for upsc must be prepared in a manner so that student can deal with easy as well as difficult topics. Our online essay classes for upsc and upsc essay test series caters to the changing demands of upsc essay paper. Another important aspect of upsc essay paper is practicing essay writing on upsc topics that is working on PYQs picked from UPSC essay topics.

With this essay test series is a medium to practice essay writing and getting it with experienced teachers who can pinpoint one’s weakness and strengths. One to one sessions with Mridul Sir are the best part where students freely discuss their doubts without any apprehensions.

Last but not the least, IAS essay paper is very crucial in getting a rank which ensure that you land in IAS or IPS .

Frequently Asked Questions

Essay writing for UPSC is a challenge for most of the students and that’s the reason for a specialized guidance by the best in the field. Mridul Sir, who is often called Best essay faculty for UPSC in Delhi by students ( Check student reviews ) for his sincere handholding and innovative approach to UPSC essay paper. CHROME IAS is amongst the best Institute providing Essay writing classes for UPSC in Delhi. One can check the scores of our past students (Tushar Dudi – 162 Marks, Amit Sunal – 160 Marks, Vikram Singh – 155 Marks, Mridul Singh – 148 Marks) which speaks of quality and for these reasons we are known to provide best essay classes for UPSC.

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I have no words to express my gratitude to theIAShub team and especially MK Yadav Sir. He was a mentor, a friend and like an elder brother to me since 2019. In 2019, when I met MK Sir through their INA and QEP program, he supported me during every ups and downs. If I have cleared mains in one go, that is because I could write better answers through MK Yadav Sir’s guidance Thank You for being a support pillar. There is no teacher like your in this industry and I am blessed to have you. Thankyou so much Aakrti Sethi AIR -249 (UPSC-CSE 2022)

This was my First Attempt and i have scored really good in GS i.e, 446 Marks so I attended The IAS hub ,MK Yadav Sir’s Quality Enrichment Program and i am telling this to anyone who is preparing for Civil Services Exam. Sir builds templates for themes like Agriculture, Infrastructure etc. He teaches to build proper Introduction and Conclusion which helped me to push my score from 70-80 to above 100.

Hello everyone Myself Sunil Phogat I secures Rank 77 in CSE'22. I was a student of QEP programme by MK Yadav Sir . It helped me solve the biggest problem while we prepare for UPSC. We have no idea which source to follow from where to pick Data, Fact & Figures, In QEP Sir provided us with templates of Agriculture, Internal Security, Good Governance etc.. which solved our problem. It also reflected in my marks like i used to get 340-350 marks in GS everytime but this time i got 410 marks. If i can improve from QEP, You can also improve i would highly recommend QEP Programme.

Hi I am Rajat Yadav I have secured AIR 111 in CSE'22. I have been associated with theIAShub for the Interview Mentorship Program. It is quite good and one on one session with MK Yadav sir was quite fruitful. Sir gives a long feedback and pinpointed views on every aspect. IAS hub also gave DAF based questionnaire which come in very handy.

Yadav Sir's Quality ENrichment Programme (QEP) was helpful in refining the preparations and answer writing just before Mains. It is amazing how he keeps himself updated with relevant information. My thanks to Yadav Sir and best wishes to his students .

Thank you so much sir for interview guidance. It couldn't have been possible without you sir.

Hello Myself Shivin Chaudhary I have secured AIR 297 in CSE'22. I was the student of QEP program by MK Yadav Sir. The templates that sir gave like for example of Good Governance that helps an aspirant to Enrich the answer there are some basic facts and figures which you can use in multiple answers. Also sir has very good teaching method in which he also predicts various themes on which questions are asked in Mains examination.

Hello Sir Myself Abhiruchi Yadav I secured AIR 317 in CSE'22 I took personalised mentorship from MK Yadav Sir. Sir gave very good insights on Answer Writing and also helped me with repeated themes which was very helpful in my Mains exam.

I, Akanksha Gupta was a student of QEP Program as well as interview program. QEP programs was helpful in providing mind maps as well as proper guided content for mains answer writing.Interview program helpful in providing DAF analysis. MK Yadav Sir and IAShub team was helpful and motivating in every aspect.

Thank you so much Sir.Your interview guidance in the form of questions from my DAF was really helpful. My best wishes to you and your team.

This is Krishna Chandra Gupta (AIR 142) . I have received guidance for Essay ( I scored 144) ,Ethics as well as General Answer writing from Peeyush Sir during my preparation. The Face to face feedback ,answer writing practice on alternative days ,plethora of anectodes, data for the Mains answer writing etc. have helped me to clear this examination . It helped me to structure as well as present my answer in a better manner . A constant source of motivation in the journey ,Peeyush Sir have helped me to achieve my dreams .I hope ,you all can achieve your dreams too under his guidance .

Hello Sir This is P Sravan Kumar, currently in IRS(C&IT). I have secured AIR 222 in UPSC CSE 2022. Thank you so much Peeyush Sir for all the help and support. Your sessions on Ethics and Essay really Helped me improve my marks vis-a-vis previous year scores. I've got 139 in ethics and 117 in essay in UPSC CSE 2022. Your sessions on Ethics helped me structure my answer, and think multidimensionally. Also, The detailed online evaluation helped me analyse test papers effectively. Thank You

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Essay Syllabus

In this article, we will discuss the UPSC essay syllabus and its importance in the preparation for the prestigious Civil Services Examination. The essay paper is a vital component of the UPSC mains exam, and it evaluates a candidate’s ability to express their thoughts in a concise and coherent manner. We will explore the structure and format of the essay paper, the types of topics that usually appear, and the approach that candidates should adopt while attempting the essay. By the end of this article, you will have a clear understanding of the IAS essay syllabus and how to prepare for it effectively.

Importance of Essay Paper

Aspiring candidates preparing for the UPSC IAS examination must pay close attention to the Essay Paper section. It holds significant weightage and plays a vital role in determining the candidate’s overall rank. You must dedicate time and effort to develop this skill, as the Essay Paper is a reflection of your critical analytical and comprehensive aptitude. This paper evaluates your presentation skills, creativity, and thought process. Moreover, it tests your ability to articulate your thoughts coherently and succinctly. So, start working on your writing skills from today to make the most of this crucial paper.

Syllabus Overview

The syllabus for the essay paper is not specifically defined . Aspiring civil servants preparing for the highly competitive UPSC IAS exam must focus their attention on the essay paper. This is where candidates can showcase their writing skills and analytical abilities.

The essay paper is divided into two sections, each consisting of four topics. Candidates are required to write two essays in a span of three hours. The essays carry a total of 250 marks and are a crucial part of the selection process. It covers a wide range of topics from socioeconomic issues, to political and philosophical musings.

However, it is important to note that candidates are not expected to be experts in any particular subject. Rather, the essay paper tests their ability to articulate their thoughts and opinions. It is crucial that candidates start preparing for the essay paper well in advance, paying careful attention to the type of essays and common mistakes to avoid.

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Types of Essays

When it comes to the UPSC Essay Syllabus , it’s crucial to understand the types of essays you’ll be asked to write. As such, you must know the different types of essays that are tested in the examination, such as Informative essays, Descriptive essays, Narrative essays, and Persuasive essays. Each type has its unique writing style, skill set, and format to adhere to.

Thus, mastering each essay type is important to score high marks in the exam. While an informative essay highlights the positive and negative points of the given topic, a descriptive essay must focus on describing the topic. The narrative essay must follow a story-style narration while the Persuasive essay must be written in a way to convince the reader about the given topic.

Therefore, a deep understanding of the types of essays is necessary to excel in the UPSC IAS Exam.

Topics for Essay Writing

The UPSC Essay paper is an important part of the Civil Services Examination. As a part of the UPSC essay syllabus , candidates need to write two essays for the examination. The essays are supposed to be on topics of national and international importance, relevant social, economic, and political issues, cultural, historical and geographical significance, and contemporary issues of interest.

The topics for essay writing can range from the economy, politics, education, health, women empowerment, environmental issues, human rights, current affairs, science, technology, and more. It is advisable to read newspapers and books to keep oneself updated with the latest developments and possible essay topics. Additionally, candidates can also refer to previous years’ question papers to understand the nature of the questions and topics that are frequently asked.

Candidates should choose a topic that they are familiar with and express their thoughts and opinions in a coherent and structured way. The essay should be well-researched, free from grammatical errors, and should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion. By choosing the right topic and writing an impressive essay, candidates can score well on the UPSC IAS Essay paper .

Essay Writing Tips

Here are some tips for candidates to excel in the essay writing section:

• Understand the topic: It’s important to read and comprehend the essay topic thoroughly. Ensure that you understand the question’s intent, the tone of the essay, and the arguments that you need to present.
• Prepare an outline: Creating an outline before writing helps the writer organise their thoughts and arguments logically. It ensures that the essay is structured and coherent.
• Write in a simple and lucid language: UPSC exams are not meant to test your vocabulary. Therefore, try to write in simple and clear language.
• Stick to the word limit: The UPSC sets a word limit for each essay question. Exceeding the limit can result in a deduction of marks. Therefore, it is crucial to practice writing essays within the stipulated word limit.
• Provide examples and facts: To support your arguments, use real-life examples and factual data to reinforce your views.

By following these tips and practising regularly, aspiring candidates can improve their essay-writing skills, making it easier to crack the UPSC exam successfully.

How to Prepare for an Essay Paper

The essay paper is an integral part of the UPSC IAS exam, and it requires a different level of preparation compared to other papers. In order to ace the essay paper, it is important to have a clear strategy and methodical approach.

First and foremost, it is essential to understand the types of essays that might appear in the exam. This will help in creating a plan for essay writing and practicing accordingly.

Another important aspect is staying updated on current affairs and trending topics. Keeping oneself informed about world events and happenings helps in generating ideas and content for the essay.

It is also crucial to focus on improving language skills and creative thinking. Reading widely, practicing writing every day, and taking mock essay tests can help in enhancing these skills.

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When it comes to time management, it is recommended to allocate a fixed amount of time for brainstorming, outlining, and writing the essay. This helps in maintaining a structured and organized approach.

Lastly, it is crucial to avoid common mistakes like using too many quotes, memorizing essays, or not staying relevant to the topic. These mistakes can be easily avoided by focusing on the guidelines and practicing regularly.

Overall, preparing for the essay paper requires focus, dedication, and a structured approach. By following these tips, one can improve their chances of acing the essay paper and moving closer to their dream of becoming an IAS officer.

Common Mistakes to Avoid in Essay Writing

UPSC essay writing is an important component of the civil services examination. However, many students make some common mistakes while writing their essays that can prove detrimental to their scores. Here are a few errors to avoid when writing your UPSC essays :

• Lack of clarity: One of the most common mistakes that students make is writing unclear or ambiguous essays. Ensure that the language and ideas that you use are clear and concise.
• Overuse of quotes: Many students use too many quotations in their essays, which makes them sound less original. Try to use quotes sparingly, and only when they add significant value to your essay.
• Poor structure: A well-structured essay requires an introduction, several paragraphs supporting your arguments, and a conclusion. Ensure that your essay has a clear and logical structure.
• Lack of relevance: Many students write essays that are not directly relevant to the question asked, which can result in a reduced score. Make sure you understand the question and write an essay that is directly relevant to it.
• Poor time management: UPSC essay writing requires a student to demonstrate their ability to write coherently and without errors within a given period. Students must manage their time effectively, allowing ample time for each paragraph, revision, and proofreading.
• Lack of examples: Candidates should use examples from real life, which strengthens their arguments and provides more depth to their essays.

Avoid these common mistakes during your UPSC essay writing , and you are one step closer to achieving a high score that will make you proud.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs):-

Q1. Which type of essay comes in the IAS exam?

Ans: The four types of essays that come in the IAS exam are Informative essays, Descriptive essays, Narrative essays, and Persuasive essays.

Q2. How to write a UPSC-level essay?

Ans: Tips to write UPSC Essay are given in the article above.

Q3. What is a good score for a UPSC essay?

Ans: An average score falls within the range of 110-125. However, exceptional essays can receive marks as high as 150-160.

Q4. How long is the UPSC essay paper?

Ans: The candidate is to write two essays in a span of 3 hours with a word limit of 1000-1200 words per essay. There are two sections which contain 4 topics each and out of which the candidate has to pick a single topic from each section to write an essay on.

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Moscow Format

Published: 22nd Nov, 2018

• In a significant departure from India’s stand on engaging the Taliban, the government for the first time participated at a “non-official” level , sending two former senior diplomats to attend talks on the Afghanistan peace process which was held and hosted by Russia.
• The talks, known as the “Moscow format” included a “high-level” delegation from the Taliban as well as a delegation of Afghanistan’s “High Peace Council”, along with twelve countries.

Moscow format:

• It was introduced in 2017 on the basis of the six-party mechanism for consultations among special representatives from Russia, Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Iran and India.
• The Moscow format meeting’s main objective is to facilitate the national reconciliation process in Afghanistan and secure peace in that country as soon as possible.
• The 2018 meeting in Moscow was second in this format. It was co-chaired by both Russia and Afghanistan.

Afghanistan Peace Process:

• The idea of reconciliation with the Taliban has been around since Taliban insurgency grew 2005 onwards.
• The British started doing side deals with local Taliban commanders and with the help of the Germans and the Norwegians, they began to persuade the U.S. to work for a political outcome.
• After being elected in 2008, President Barack Obama ordered a full-scale review of the U.S.’ Afghanistan policy.
• Operation Enduring Freedom ( US’ Global war on terrorism which primarily started in Afghanistan but now covers other nations too) formally ended in December 2014, handing over primary responsibility for combat operations to the Afghan security forces even as the insurgency gained ground.
• Insurgency could not be contained as long as sanctuaries existed in Pakistan and the carrot and stick policy with Pakistan had cost the U.S. $33 billion but failed to change Pakistan’s policy.
• After prolonged negotiations , a Taliban office opened in Doha in June 2013 to promote talks and a peace process, though later closed under pressure of USA and Afghan Government.
• A new initiative, Quadrilateral Coordination Group, involving the U.S., China, Pakistan and Afghanistan was launched in January 2016 and as a roadmap Pakistan was to use its influence to get the Taliban to the negotiating table.
• The situation continues to worsen as the Afghan government controls barely half the country , with one-sixth under Taliban control and the rest contested.
• S. President Donald Trump’s South Asia policy announced in 2017 aimed at breaking the military stalemate by expanding the U.S. and NATO presence, putting Pakistan on notice and strengthening Afghan capabilities.
• Its failure can be seen as the violence this year has also put 2018 on course to be the deadliest year for Afghan civilians , with an average of nine people killed every day, according to UN data .

Current Obstacles in Afghanistan Peace Process

• Taliban: 2017 saw a spike in violence, with the Taliban carrying out a set of coordinated assaults around Afghanistan, rejecting an offer of a three-month ceasefire by President Ashraf Ghani and laying siege to Ghazni city.
• Pakistan: Afghanistan government accuses Pakistan of treating the terrorists in hospitals close to the Afghan-Pakistan border, while Pakistani fighters, including from the Lashkar-e-Toiba were found to be among the insurgents operating on Afghanistan territories.
• Saudi Arabia: It is using its power to influence Pakistan and Taliban and their activities to involve Iran its eastern frontier of Afghanistan.
• USA : The USA administration’s collision course with Iran is another hurdle to realizing its South Asia policy. As Iran is an alternative route for landlocked Afghanistan’s trade routes to the sea, which would help India’s desire to circumvent Pakistan by developing the Chabahar port.
• Growing U.S.-Russia tensions are creating space for proxies for both on Afghan soil.
• The attacks by al-Qaeda and IS-related terror groups have their roots in the larger war between Iran and the Arab world.

USA’s policy towards Afghanistan: Based on its revised South Asia policy of 2017, it envisages

• more pressure on Pakistan,
• no early U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan,
• robust military action on counterterrorism and
• a greater role for India.

India’s approach towards Afghanistan Peace Process

• India supports all efforts at peace and reconciliation in Afghanistan that will preserve unity and plurality, and bring security, stability and prosperity to the country.
• India's consistent policy has been that such efforts should be Afghan-led, Afghan-owned, and Afghan-controlled and with participation of the Government of Afghanistan.
• India would have preferred a direct process between the Afghan government and the Taliban, but since that is less possible, a regional process like Moscow format is the next best option.

Way Forward for India:

• It is necessary that the Indian government spells out clearly its policy towards talks with the Taliban.
• India must focus on assisting Afghanistan to ensure that the country’s elections are as peaceful and participative as possible.
• India could assist Afghanistan in training of National Security Forces as per their requirement and supplying much-needed spare parts and such equipment as is possible without deployment of Indian troops in Afghanistan.
• The energy basket of Asia needs to be exploited for benefits of both the countries like TAPI pipeline
• India’s development assistance has been the source of its considerable influence and goodwill among Afghan citizens so the outlay for 2017-18 which is far lower than its commitment in 2015-2016 should be revised.
• Expeditious action on completion of the Chabahar port will help in increasing Afghanistan’s contacts with India and the outside world.

Defeating terrorism in Afghanistan needs every stakeholder to put aside differences, and acknowledge that the current situation is a danger to all.

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UPSC CSE Mains 2024 Schedule Released at upsc.gov.in; Exams From September 20

Published By : Suramya Sunilraj

Last Updated: August 10, 2024, 08:54 IST

New Delhi, India

UPSC CSE preliminary test was held on June 16, and the results were announced on July 1 (Representational/ PTI Photo)

The UPSC CSE mains 2024 test will commence with the essay paper on September 20. The UPSC intends to fill 1,056 positions this year

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has published the examination dates for the Civil Services Main Exam 2024. The UPSC CSE Mains 2024 test will take place from September 20 to September 29. The UPSC CSE mains 2024 comprehensive exam schedule may be seen on the official website, upsc.gov.in. Candidates who passed the UPSC CSE Prelims this year are eligible to compete in the UPSC CSE Mains 2024. A total of 14,627 students passed the preliminary test. UPSC CSE preliminary test was held on June 16, and the results were announced on July 1.

UPSC Civil Services Mains Exam 2024 Schedule: How to Check

Each applicant who will take the test can view and download the test schedule by following the steps outlined below.

Step 1: Go to UPSC’s official website, upsc.gov.in.

Step 2: From the home page, select the UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2024 schedule link.

Step 3: Candidates can view the timetable by opening a new PDF file that opens.

Step 4: Download the page and save a physical copy of the UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2024 time table in case you need it later.

The UPSC CSE mains 2024 test will commence with the essay paper on September 20. The General Studies Paper I and II sessions will take place on September 21 in the morning and afternoon, respectively. General studies papers III and IV will be due the next day, September 22, in the morning and afternoon, respectively. The qualifying papers for the Indian language and English will be conducted in the morning and afternoon sessions on September 28. The final examinations on September 29 will include optional subject papers I and II in the morning and afternoon, respectively.

The UPSC intends to fill 1,056 positions this year, 40 of which are set aside for people with benchmark disabilities (PwBD). This encompasses positions in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), the Indian Police Service (IPS), and the Indian Foreign Service (IFS). For additional information, aspirants can visit the UPSC’s official website.

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New START Treaty

Last updated on October 9, 2023 by ClearIAS Team

In February 2023, Russian President Vladimir Putin announced the suspension of Russia’s participation in the last major military accord with the United States, New START.

The US claims that Russia is violating the New START Treaty, jeopardising a source of stability in their relationship.

Russia claims that the US intends Russia’s strategic defeat, and the “theatre of the absurd” (the existentialist concept) is vital to Moscow. Over many years, the two countries signed numerous arms control treaties, thereby putting an end to their Cold War rivalry’s terrifying nuclear arms race.

Yet, the relationship between the United States and Russia is deteriorating, and the suspension of most treaties in recent years has increased the potential of a nuclear arms race once again.

Also read: Space Weaponization: All you need to know about

Table of Contents

History of START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

On May 9, 1982, US President Ronald Reagan introduced the START initiative. On June 29, 1982, he presented it in Geneva.

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The first phase would limit total warhead counts on all missile types to 5,000, with an extra 2,500 limit on ICBMs. Furthermore, a total of 850 ICBMs would be permitted, with a maximum of 110 “heavy throws” missiles such as the SS-18 and other restrictions on the overall “throw weight” of the missiles.

Similar restrictions were imposed on heavy bombers and their weapons, as well as other strategic systems, in the second phase.

The Soviet Army posed no significant danger to the United States since its strategy focused primarily on targeting US convoys in the Atlantic Ocean as well as surface targets on the Eurasian landmass .

Although the Soviets had 1200 medium and heavy bombers, only the Tupolev Tu-95s could reach continental North America without refueling in the air.

This made it difficult for them to fly across US airspace, despite its lax defenses. The fact that there were too few aircraft available in comparison to American bomber numbers was balanced out by the fact that US forces were required to reach Soviet airspace, which was far larger and more fortified.

Following the demise of the Soviet Union, treaty duties were transferred to twelve Soviet successor republics. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan each removed one nuclear-related site, and on-site inspections were suspended.

Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, and Ukraine continued to be inspected.

Also read: Indian Arms Import

The efficiency of the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

• Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine have all surrendered, disposed of, or transferred their nuclear weapons to Russia. Both the US and Russia have limited their weapon delivery payloads and vehicles to no more than 1600.
• According to a report provided by the US State Department on July 28, 2010, Russia was not complying with the majority of the treaty’s terms. It should be noted, however, that the circumstances of the noncompliance were not listed.

Also Read: Russia-Ukraine Conflict – ClearIAS

New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty

The only surviving weapons reduction treaty between the former Cold War adversaries, New START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty), limits the number of nuclear warheads that Russia and the United States of America can deploy to 1,550.

• It went into effect on February 5, 2011.
• The New START Treaty imposed even more restrictions on the United States and Russia by requiring them to reduce their strategic assets within seven years of its implementation.
• The boundaries were determined by a rigorous analysis conducted by the Department of Defense. These restrictions encompass 1550 nuclear warheads, which include intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), and even ordinances used in heavy bomber formations.
• The Treaty of Moscow contains 74% fewer limitations and 30% fewer restrictions than the pact established in 1991. Both parties will also be limited to 800 deployed intercontinental ballistic missile launchers.
• There will be no restrictions on present or prospective American missile defence programs’ testing, development, or deployment.
• The New START will last 10 years and can be extended for another 5 years at a time. It, like other control agreements, includes a typical withdrawal clause.
• It was supposed to last until 2021, but it was extended by five years to 2026.
• It was signed in 2010 by former US President Barack Obama and then-Russian President Dmitry Medvedev.
• It is one of the most significant limits for superpowers’ deployment of nuclear weapons.

Strategic Offensive limits

The New START Treaty went into effect on February 5, 2011. The treaty’s basic restrictions on strategic offensive armaments must be satisfied by the United States and the Russian Federation within seven years (by February 5, 2018), and they must thereafter enforce those limits for the remainder of the treaty’s validity.

• Organization of the Force : Each Party is able to choose how its troops will be organized, subject to general limits.
• The New START Treaty allows the United States to posture and maintains its strategic nuclear forces in the manner that best serves its national security objectives.
• It forbids Russia from deploying any intercontinental nuclear weapon, including any nuclear warhead carried by an intercontinental ballistic missile with a flight length of fewer than 30 minutes.

The history of Nuclear Relations Between the United States and Russia is evident. The US formally withdraws its intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF). The two countries agreed to eliminate all ground-based missiles with ranges of 500 to 5,500 kilometers.

Also Read: Second World War (1939-1945): Causes and Consequences – ClearIAS

Various Treaties signed Between USA & Russia

Various Treaties signed Between USA & Russia are listed below.

SALT-1 (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks)

It began in 1969, with both sides agreeing not to build new Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) silos, not to increase the size of existing ICBM silos considerably, and to limit the number of Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile (SLBM) launch tubes and SLBM-carrying submarines.

START-1 (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty)

The agreement, signed in 1991, demanded the destruction of excess delivery trucks, which was validated by an extensive verification system that included on-site inspections, frequent information exchange (including telemetry), and the deployment of national technical means (i.e., satellites). Agreed in 1993, the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty-2 called for lowering deployed strategic arsenals to 3,000-3,500 warheads and prohibiting the deployment of destabilizing multiple-warhead land-based missiles.

Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT)

Signed in 2004, the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) lowered the United States and Russia’s strategic arsenals to 1,700-2,200 warheads each.

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START)

A legally binding, verifiable agreement signed in 2010 that restricts each side to 1,550 strategic nuclear warheads deployed on 700 strategic delivery systems (ICBMs, SLBMs, and heavy bombers) and 800 deployed and nondeployed launchers.

Also Read : I2U2 Initiative – ClearIAS

Nuclear disarmament process between the US – Russia

The two countries launched weapons control discussions on three fronts in 1985.

• The first addressed strategic missiles with ranges greater than 5,500 kilometers, resulting in the START accord in 1991.
• Both sides had a total of 1,600 strategic delivery vehicles and 6,000 warheads at their disposal.
• A second track addressed intermediate-range missiles, resulting in the 1987 INF Treaty.
• Nuclear and Space Discussions, a third track, was designed to address Soviet worries about the United States Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), however, it had no results.

Reason for Russia to halt the inspection

Due to Western sanctions, including the closing of air space for Russian flights and visa restrictions, it is impossible for Moscow to conduct inspections on US land. It also indicated a recent increase in coronavirus cases in the United States.

Article Written By: Atheena Fathima Riyas 

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RSTV: THE BIG PICTURE- INDIA-RUSSIA PARTNERSHIP

Introduction:

Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov was in New Delhi on a two-day visit to India and held delegation level talks with his Indian counterpart.

Background :

• Relations with Russia are a key pillar of India’s foreign policy, and Russia has been a longstanding time-tested partner of India.
• Both countries signed “Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership” in October 2000.
• Traditionally, the Indo-Russian strategic partnership has been built on five major components: politics, defence, civil nuclear energy, anti-terrorism co-operation and space.

Why Russia is Important for India?

• The historical character of the bilateral relationship.
• Even as India is diversifying its defense trade partners, Russia still dominates the Indian defense inventory to the tune of about 70 per cent.
• Russia remains the only partner that is still willing to give India critical technologies, such as a nuclear submarine.
• The emerging Russia-China strategic relationship has important security consequences for India.
• Russia also reaffirmed its “unwavering support” to India for a permanent seat in an expanded UN Security Council.
• Russia expressed its support for India’s membership of the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
• Both countries have mutual benefits in supporting struggle against terrorism, Afghanistan, climate change; organisations like SCO, BRICS, G-20 and ASEAN..

Economic ties:

• Russia-India trade has not grown to great heights despite the encouragement of both states.
• Russia sees India – one of the fastest growing economies in the world – as a country that could alleviate Russia’s economic problems.
• Make in India initiative has welcomed Russian companies from the public and private sectors.
• Russian firms have shown a willingness to invest in India in construction, major infrastructure projects such as dedicated freight corridors and industrial clusters, smart cities, and engineering services, sharing technologies and skills.
• Indian companies are exploring major investment options in Russia, especially in natural resources such as coal, fertilizers, hydrocarbons, minerals, and rare earth metals.
• Trade and investment relations are not up to the mark and this needs improvements.

Energy ties:

• The Russia-India investments in the oil and gas sector and exports to third countries need to be energised.
• Russia is an important partner in peaceful uses of nuclear energy and it recognizes India as a country with advanced nuclear technology with an impeccable non-proliferation record.
• Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) is being built in India with Russian cooperation.

Political ties:

• New Delhi needs Moscow’s support in the former’s bid for a permanent seat on the UN Security Council.
• The Russians have backed the Indian position on Kashmir.
• India and Russia are engaged in several multilateral efforts that are greatly favoured by Russia such as the BRICS and the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation.
• Annual Summit meeting is the highest institutionalized dialogue mechanism under the Strategic Partnership

Issues of terrorism:

• Counterterrorism is another area where both countries find a convergence of interest.
• Both countries strongly condemned terrorism in all its forms, stressing the need for an effective global effort in dealing with the terrorist menace.
• They also called for the elimination, once and for all, of all terrorist “safe havens,” presumably referring to Pakistan.
• India and Russia also share concerns about the aggravation of the security situation in Afghanistan, including along its borders.
• India openly shared Russia’s concerns over developments in Syria.
• India’s stance on Syria will certainly help cement its ties with Russia countering the earlier feeling that India was not coming forward to support Russia in difficult times.

Cultural Cooperation:

• There is a strong tradition of Indian studies in Russia.
• Apart from Hindi, languages such as Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Bengali, Urdu, Sanskrit and Pali are taught in Russian Institutions.
• There is general interest among Russian people in Indian dance, music, yoga and ayurveda.
• There are regular cultural initiatives to promote people-to-people contacts between India and Russia

Way Forward:

• India-Russian relationship is passing through an interesting phase.
• There are bilateral challenges that need to be overcome.
• The defense deals and nuclear energy cooperation should keep the India-Russia relationship afloat.
• India has to rebuild on its strengths and common concerns with the Russians.
• Need to focus on increasing trade and investment ties between India and Russia.
• India must attract Russian investors to tap the vast opportunities in India’s infrastructure space.

Conclusion:

• India and Russia have identified several new areas of cooperation.
• These range from deep sea exploration to building knowledge based economies based on science and technology, innovation, robotics and artificial intelligence, focussing on infrastructure, skill development, agriculture, shipbuilding, railways, aviation and greater connectivity, especially people-to-people contacts.
• The two countries decided to setup more than 20 Russian designed nuclear units in India in the next 20-years.
• Above all, the push to ‘Act Far East’ allows India to demonstrate its commitment to an area of concern for Moscow, thus reassuring its traditional partner that in an increasingly polarised world, India is confident of working with multiple alignments, even if they are at cross purposes with each other.

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UPSC Civil Services Mains 2024: Exam Dates Announced – Check Your Timetable Here

The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) has announced the schedule for the Civil Services Main Examination 2024. Candidates who have qualified for the Mains can now access the detailed timetable on the official UPSC website at upsc.gov.in.

The Mains examination is set to take place on five days: September 20, 21, 22, 28, and 29, 2024. The exam will be conducted in two sessions each day. The morning session will run from 9:00 am to 12:00 noon, while the afternoon session will take place from 2:30 pm to 5:30 pm.

The schedule is as follows:

• September 20, 2024: Essay Paper
• September 21, 2024: General Studies Papers I and II
• September 22, 2024: General Studies Papers III and IV
• September 28, 2024: Indian Language Paper and English Paper
• September 29, 2024: Optional Subject Papers 1 and 2

How To Check The UPSC Mains 2024 Schedule:

Candidates can view and download the schedule by following these steps:

• Visit the official UPSC website at upsc.gov.in .
• Locate and click on the link for the UPSC Civil Services Main Exam 2024 schedule on the homepage.
• A PDF file containing the schedule will open.
• Download and print the schedule for future reference.

Candidates who cleared the UPSC Preliminary Examination, the results of which were announced on July 1, are now eligible to appear for the Mains. The preliminary results, including the names and roll numbers of successful candidates, were published on July 20, 2024.

This year, the UPSC aims to fill approximately 1,056 vacancies across various central government services and departments through these exams. This includes prestigious positions in the Indian Administrative Service (IAS), Indian Police Service (IPS), and Indian Foreign Service (IFS).

For further details and updates, candidates are advised to regularly check the official UPSC website.

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Make Your Note

Curbing the Menace of Terrorism

• 16 Nov 2022
• GS Paper - 3
• Challenges to Internal Security Through Communication Networks
• Government Policies & Interventions
• India and its Neighbourhood

This editorial is based on “How we can further our efforts in curbing terror financing” which was published in Indian Express on 16/11/2022. It talks about the Terror financing and challenges related to it.

For Prelims: Lone Wolf Attacks, National Investigation Agency, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act, National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) , United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT), Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Crypto currency, Bioterrorism, No Money for Terror Conference.

For Mains: Challenges Related to Terrorism in India, International Initiatives to Counter Terrorism.

Terrorism looms large over the world today. Amorphous terror groups, newer cyber linked terrorism , increasing lone wolf attacks are all adding to the ominous threats of violence. India has borne the brunt of terrorism and has witnessed serious loss of life and property in senseless violent explosions in large cities in the past few decades.

As the world shrinks with technological and communication changes, terrorists, weapons and funds are also able to move across national boundaries easily. International co-operation between law enforcement authorities in this area is a sine qua non for combating such cross border challenges.

What is India Doing to Combat the Threat of Terrorism?

• In the wake of the 26/11 terrorist attack. In January 2009, the National Investigation Agency was established to deal with terrorist crimes.
• In India, the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Amendment Act is the primary anti-terrorism law.
• To gather information related to security, the National Intelligence Grid (NATGRID) has been established.
• An operational hub has been created for the National Security Guard to ensure a rapid response to terrorist attacks.

What are the International Initiatives to Counter Terrorism?

• United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism (UNOCT)
• Terrorism Prevention Branch (TPB) of United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)
• Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
• India’s Annual Resolution on Counter-Terror

What are the Challenges Related to Terrorism in India?

• No Global Definition of Terrorism: There are no universally accepted definitions for what constitutes terrorism, so it is hard to classify a particular activity as a terrorist activity, which provides terrorists with an edge and allows some countries to remain silent and veto any action at global institutions.
• Expanding Web of Terrorism: The Internet provides a relatively unregulated and unrestricted place where terrorists can craft and disseminate propaganda through seemingly limitless numbers of websites and social media platforms, tailoring their pitch so as to target thousands of potential new recruits to join their organization and further their cause.
• It taints the international financial system and erodes public trust in the integrity of the system.
• Furthermore, the lack of regulation of crypto currency could make it a breeding ground for terrorists.
• Tropical agricultural pathogens or pests can also be used as anticrop agents to hamper food security worldwide.
• Cyber Attack: The world is moving towards a digital village where data is the new oil, terrorists use unlawful attacks in a country’s cyberspace, networks and use the information to intimidate or coerce a government or its people in furtherance of political or social objectives.

What Should be the Way Forward?

• A clear public posture on cyber defence will boost citizen confidence in the government thus enabling a more engaging, stable and secure cyber ecosystem.
• Accepting a universal definition of terrorism and global sanctions against nations that are state sponsors of terrorism can pave a way for peaceful world order.
• Also in order to have speedy trials, India also needs to enhance its National Criminal Justice system and implement strict legal protocol against terrorism
• India to host “No Money for Terror” Conference in Delhi would be a step in this direction.
• Also, undertaking policies to tackle economic and social inequalities will help in deterring disgruntled youth from being lured towards terrorism.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Question (PYQ)

Q. Hand-in-Hand 2007’ a joint anti-terrorism military training was held by the officers of the Indian Army and officers of Army of which one of the following countries? (2008)

(a) China (b) Japan (c) Russia (d) USA

Q. The scourge of terrorism is a grave challenge to national security. What solutions do you suggest to curb this growing menace? What are the major sources of terrorist funding? (2017)