do they have homework in japan

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• Entertainment

Do kids really need homework? Shogi star Fujii, Japanese educator question tradition

December 11, 2022 (Mainichi Japan)

Japanese version

TOKYO -- Schools across Japan give homework to students almost daily, resulting in headaches for many parents trying to get reluctant children to get it done. But are these assignments truly necessary for a child's education? Shogi star Sota Fujii and a leading educator question this long-held practice.

So why do schools give homework? The reasons may vary, from helping students develop good study habits to enhancing their academic abilities. While it's been taken for granted that children do homework, Fujii, 20, once asked his junior high school homeroom teacher why he had to do homework even though he listened to teachers well during classes.

Fujii's mother Yuko previously told the Mainichi Shimbun, "Sota has this theory that giving homework is nonsense."

According to Yuko, her son complained to her, "Kids who don't listen during class and then just copy their homework answers from others are getting credit. I wonder who is better, these students or the ones who skip their homework because they've paid close attention in class?"

As a shogi prodigy, Fujii needed to discipline himself to tackle tasks within a limited time by setting priorities, and might well have thought that it was a waste of time to do homework, even though he had already concentrated on and understood what was taught at school.

Yuichi Kudo, principal of Yokohama Soei Junior & High School and a school reform leader in Japan, abolished homework when he was the principal of Kojimachi Junior High School in Tokyo's Chiyoda Ward. He asserts that, for children to boost their academic skills, it is important to help them understand problems they have no clue about. And to do this, he states in his book, two points are essential: for students to ask about or do research on things that they do not understand, and to have children repeat the steps to truly acquire what they have learned. He says it's crucial to find out the best method for each student based on their respective properties.

But homework, which has the same questions for every child in a class, is a waste of time for those who already understand the content. And it is a burden for children who have a hard time coming up with answers, sometimes leading them to skip whatever they do not understand, according to Kudo. Furthermore, the more homework is assigned, the more its purpose becomes simply to hand it in.

"Uniform assignments do not work for children," Kudo warns. He recalled abolishing standardized, mandatory homework in favor of a system where students can voluntarily try to learn things they are unsure about.

(Japanese original by Mizuki Osawa, Digital News Center)

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Everything you want to know about Japan

Do Japanese schools give a lot of homework?

Introduction.

Japanese schools are known for their rigorous academic standards and high levels of discipline. One common question that many people have about Japanese education is whether or not Japanese schools give a lot of homework. In this article, we will explore the topic in detail and provide answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about homework in Japanese schools.

The history of homework in Japan

Homework has been a part of Japanese education for centuries. During the Edo period (1603-1868), students were required to complete assignments at home as part of their studies. However, the amount and type of homework have evolved over time, reflecting changes in educational policy, societal norms, and technological advancements.

Current policies on homework in Japanese schools

The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) sets guidelines for homework assignments in Japanese schools. According to MEXT, the purpose of homework is to reinforce what students have learned in class and develop their independent study skills. Schools are expected to assign homework that is appropriate for each student’s level and ability.

How much homework do Japanese students receive?

The amount of homework assigned varies depending on the grade level and school. In general, elementary school students may receive 30-60 minutes of homework per day, while junior high school students may receive up to 2 hours per day. High school students may receive 3-4 hours of homework per day or more.

Why do Japanese schools give so much homework?

Some people believe that Japanese schools give a lot of homework because they are trying to prepare students for the competitive university entrance exams. Others argue that it is a cultural expectation that students should work hard and be diligent. Additionally, some teachers may assign more homework than necessary due to pressure from parents or administrators.

The impact of homework on Japanese students

Many Japanese students report feeling overwhelmed and stressed by the amount of homework they receive. Some studies suggest that excessive amounts of homework can lead to physical and mental health problems, such as sleep deprivation and anxiety. However, other research shows that moderate amounts of homework can improve academic performance and study habits.

Alternatives to traditional homework

In recent years, some Japanese schools have experimented with alternative forms of homework, such as project-based learning or online assignments. These methods aim to make homework more engaging and relevant to students’ lives while still promoting learning outside of the classroom.

The role of parents in supporting their children’s education

In Japan, parents are expected to play an active role in their children’s education. This includes helping with homework and providing additional support as needed. However, some parents may feel overwhelmed by the amount of homework their children receive and struggle to balance their own work obligations with their children’s academic demands.

The impact of technology on homework

Advancements in technology have made it easier for students to complete their homework online or access digital resources outside of school hours. However, there are concerns that excessive screen time can have negative effects on children’s health and wellbeing.

The cultural context of homework in Japan

Homework is deeply embedded in the culture of Japanese education, reflecting values such as hard work, diligence, and respect for authority. However, there are also criticisms that excessive amounts of homework can lead to a lack of creativity or independent thinking among students.

In conclusion, Japanese schools do give a lot of homework compared to other countries. The amount varies depending on the grade level and school but it is generally seen as a way to reinforce what students have learned in class and develop their independent study skills. While excessive amounts of homework can lead to physical and mental health problems for some students, moderate amounts can improve academic performance and study habits. As technology continues to evolve, there may be opportunities for alternative forms of homework that better align with modern learning styles and needs. Ultimately, it is up to each individual school and teacher to determine how much homework is appropriate for their students.

How long is a day at a Japanese school?

On weekdays, children usually have to attend school from around 8:45 am to 3:15 pm, which adds up to about six and a half hours. Additionally, many students participate in after-school activities and may attend juku for extra studying in the evening.

Is Japanese school 6 days a week?

In Japan, the school year starts in April and students attend classes from Monday to either Friday or Saturday, depending on the school level.

Do Japanese students get homework over summer?

Teachers are able to assign summer homework to their students because the Japanese school year has a vacation period in the middle instead of between grades. As a result, students often participate in school activities like clubs and sports during their break.

What is a typical school like in Japan?

In Japan, the education system includes six-year elementary schools, three-year junior high schools, and three-year high schools, followed by either two-to-three-year junior colleges or four-year colleges. Students are required to attend school for nine years, including elementary and junior high school.

Are Japan schools strict?

Japanese schools are well-known for their strict regulations regarding students’ clothing and appearance, including guidelines that may even dictate the color of their underwear. This has been a longstanding tradition in Japanese education.

• Are phones allowed in Japanese schools?

In 2009, mobile devices were banned in elementary and junior high schools in Tokyo, and later in high school classrooms. Recently, the local board of education announced that these restrictions would be lifted due to safety concerns.

It’s worth noting that Japanese students have some of the longest school days in the world, with classes often starting at 8 am and ending as late as 6 pm. This means that even after spending long hours at school, students are still expected to complete homework assignments before going to bed. This can be particularly challenging for students who have extracurricular activities or part-time jobs.

In recent years, there has been a growing movement in Japan to reduce the amount of homework that students receive. Some parents and educators argue that excessive homework can lead to burnout and a lack of creativity among students. Some schools have responded by implementing policies that limit homework or emphasizing project-based learning instead.

Another factor that may contribute to the amount of homework given in Japanese schools is the focus on rote memorization and standardized testing. Because many university entrance exams in Japan rely heavily on memorization and multiple-choice questions, some teachers may feel pressure to assign a large volume of homework in order to prepare their students for these exams.

Despite these concerns, there are also many positive aspects of Japanese education, including a strong emphasis on discipline, respect, and academic achievement. Many Japanese students perform well on international tests such as the PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) and go on to attend prestigious universities both in Japan and abroad.

Ultimately, the question of how much homework is appropriate for Japanese students is a complex one with no easy answers. While it’s clear that excessive amounts of homework can have negative effects on students’ health and wellbeing, it’s also important to recognize the cultural context in which homework is viewed as an important part of education. As Japan continues to grapple with this issue, it will be important for educators and policymakers to consider a range of approaches that balance academic rigor with student well-being.

Related posts:

• How strict is Japanese school?
• Do Japanese students get Sunday off?
• Do Japanese go to school on Saturday?

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• Life & Culture

What is school life typically like in Japan?

In terms of education, Japan is one of the top-performing countries in the world , alongside countries like Hong Kong, Finland, and Canada. 

Analysis from the NCEE tells us that “there is a clear correlation between the quality of a country’s educational system and its general economic status and overall well-being”. So, it may come as no surprise that Japan, one of the world’s largest economies in the world, also offers a top-class education .

It begs the question: what is school life like in Japan?

In this article, we explore elements of the Japanese education system that might help to indicate why their education system is so successful, and how that translates into “typical” day-to-day Japanese school life.

The Structure of the Japanese Education System

The first thing to understand is the fact that the Japanese education system is highly standarised , with a national curriculum that ensures a consistent educational experience across the country. Students typically go through a highly uniform educational structure of six years of elementary school, three years of junior high school, and three years of high school.

Western education systems, on the other hand, especially in countries like the United States, can vary significantly between states and even individual schools. Some Western countries have a similar 6-3-3 model , while others may have different divisions, such as elementary, middle, and high school, or primary and secondary education.

Schools in Japan often open at, or shortly after, 8:00 am, with students arriving between 8:00 and 8:30 am. All levels of schools have six periods per day , with the first period usually starting after 8:30am. 

In Japanese elementary school, each period is 45 minutes, while in junior high and high school, each period is 50 minutes, with a small break between periods.

Standardised Learning

Japanese students put in a whopping 240 days a year at school , a whole 60 days more than their American counterparts. 

Although a significant portion of these days are dedicated to preparing for annual school events, Japanese students still log more classroom hours than their Western counterparts. While Saturdays were traditionally half-days , recent educational reforms have led to a decrease in the number of required Saturday sessions.

The Japanese Ministry of Education calls the shots when it comes to course selection and textbooks, leaving schools with limited autonomy in shaping their curriculum. Academic high school students generally tackle a three-year curriculum covering maths, social studies, Japanese, science, and English. Additional subjects may include physical education, music, art, and moral studies. Given the array of mandatory subjects, elective options are relatively scarce .

Japanese education also places a strong emphasis on standardised exams , notably the university entrance exams. Success in these exams often determines a student’s future academic and career paths, since the prospect of finding a good job in Tokyo balances on the school they attend. 

University entrance exams are particularly rigorous and highly competitive, but, practice tests at school and “ juku” (or “cram schools”: summer lessons in nonacademic subjects ) help teachers to usher students toward institutions whose examinations they are most likely to pass.

In comparison, western systems typically prioritise a holistic approach to evaluation , considering factors beyond exams, such as extracurricular activities, essays, and recommendation letters. While standardised tests are common, they might not carry the same weight as in Japan, and universities frequently consider a broader set of criteria than just grades.

What does the Japanese Education System Look Like for the Average Japanese Student?

Travelling to school.

High school students in Japan usually don’t drive cars. Instead, many opt for a stroll or hop on their bicycles if the distance isn’t too far. On your average weekday in Japan, you can expect to see groups of elementary schoolers walking each other to school , rather than their parents. For longer journeys, public buses and trains are the go-to, even if it means changing lines a couple of times — it’s not unusual for students to clock in two or more hours each day just commuting .

Once they’ve sat their standardised high school entrance exams post-junior high, some students find themselves trekking quite a distance to attend the school that their test scores landed them in. As we said before, the school day kicks off at 8:30AM, so these early birds might be leaving their nests as early as 6:30AM.

Some students catch up on much-needed sleep, or dive into their textbooks during the lengthy commute. However, public transportation also becomes a social hub , providing a chance for students to catch up and chat with their pals.

Of course, there are some ground rules. School policies regulate behaviour on the way to school, which can include

• no chewing gum
• no snacking
• or reading books on the move

Basically, nothing that might dent the school’s stellar reputation, which speaks to Japan’s culture of respect and integrity . And speaking of reputation, each school boasts a unique uniform, making its students stand out in the crowd (and far easier to report if they break school policy).

However, whilst policies such as those that suggest students stand on buses and trains to leave seats for others, the further they get from school, the more those rules tend to loosen up.

The Japanese School Day

Once students arrive at school, they step into an area filled with small lockers, where they stash their street shoes and slip into their school slippers. This is a continuation of Japanese customs, whereby guests and residents of homes, accommodations, restaurants, temples, (and even some hospitals and hotels) are expected to take off their shoes at the door , and slip into slippers suitable for inside. 

Many schools kick off the week with a school-wide assembly, and afterward, students gather in their homeroom classes to dive into the day’s studies.

The school day commences with some essential housekeeping tasks, like attendance-taking and announcements. Students handle these responsibilities on a rotating schedule called “toban.” This is one of many ways in which the Japanese school system is quite different to the UK & US system, where teachers usually take attendance and collect work. 

Typically, each homeroom hosts around 40-45 students, and they stick to their homeroom classrooms for most of the day . Teachers, on the other hand, navigate from room to room, operating out of a central teachers’ room. The only time students venture to different parts of the school is for subjects like physical education, laboratory classes, or to use other specialised facilities.

Between classes and during lunch breaks, classrooms buzz with activity and chatter. While some schools may boast a cafeteria, providing healthy, balanced meals, most rely on students bringing box lunches from home. These homemade lunches, usually prepared by mothers in the early morning hours, feature a nutritious mix of rice, fish, eggs, vegetables, and pickled goods . You can find out more about Japan’s healthy food culture in our article, Japan’s Healthcare System vs The US .

As the academic day winds down, all students pitch in for “o soji,” the school cleaning routine. They sweep classrooms and hallways, empty trash cans, tidy up restrooms, clean chalkboards and erasers, and pick up any litter on the school grounds. Again, this is a greatly contrasting element of the Japanese school day, when compared to Western school systems.

The day will typically finish with students returning to their homeroom for end-of-day salutations, which ends before 4:00 pm. After this time, junior high and high school students will usually take part in club activities , “bukatsu”, until about 6:00 pm.

Working in a Japanese School

Working in a Japanese school is a unique and enriching experience that blends tradition, discipline, and a strong sense of community. 

If you’re lucky enough to be an Assistant Language Teacher (ALT) , stationed at one of Japan’s broad range of public and private schools, you can expect to teach your own classes, accompanied by a Japanese teacher, to help manage the classroom and overcome any language barriers.

Taking on a teaching role anywhere in the world can be an incredibly formative and life-changing  experience, but there’s nothing quite like teaching in Japan, with one of the best education systems in the world.

Here’s a taste of what you should expect!

Most schools in Japan will have a principal (“kōchō-sensei”) and vice-principal (“kyoto-sensei” or “fuku-kōchō-sensei”). The number of homeroom/form teachers will depend on the school population. Class sizes usually range from 20 to 40 students. Each grade will have a head teacher, and each class will have a homeroom/form teacher, according to the Japanese school system.

Your First Day in a Japanese School

In most cases, you will be introduced to your schools prior to your first working day. You will meet a representative of each school, likely the head of the English program, and quite likely the principal and vice-principal as well. You should be shown your desk, shoebox, and other things that relate to you and will likely be asked to give a brief self-introduction to the other teachers, in Japanese if possible.

On your first day, unless otherwise notified, you will be expected to find your way to school on your own . Be sure to check and double-check your route, as a late arrival on your first day can sour your relationship with the school for the entire year! When you arrive, you should change into your indoor shoes, find your way to the teachers’ room, and offer a hearty “Ohayō gozaimasu!” with a bow at the door. You should already have been shown where to sit, so simply proceed inside and get settled into your role as an inspiring educator . If not, the head of the English program should be ready to guide you.

There may be an official welcome for you given by the students, where you will need to give another introduction, this time in English. If you come at the beginning of the Japanese school year (April), you will likely be introduced along with the other new teachers to the school, as Japanese teachers rotate regularly, only spending an average of three years in a school at a time .

If you want to know more about Japanese culture, Interac is home to a wealth of free articles to help give you a taste of life in Japan. Or, you could experience working and living in Japan first hand, by signing up to be an ALT with Intera c!

About the Author

Brian McDonough is a consultant at Interac , Japan’s largest provider of ALTs (Assistant Language Teachers).  Originally from the US, Brian has lived in Japan for over 25 years, giving him a unique perspective on the cultural differences and challenges people face when moving to Japan. He has first-hand experience of working in Japan as an American.

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Interesting Facts about Japanese School System

by NDFAuthors

• Mar 11, 2015

Did you know that, according to the newest study, children from Japan lead the world in numeracy and literacy skills? So, what makes the approach of Japanese school system so unique and different from the rest of the world, and more importantly, what can we learn from it?

How fast can you multiply 21 times 13? One minute, probably. And, what about 123 times 321? More than one, for sure. Well, Japanese children do it in no time, with a help of several lines. Any kid can do that, even a five year old. They don’t learn numbers by heart. Instead, they draw and play.

You wonder how can it be?

This is because teaching in this country is about the quality of lessons, not quantity.

Check out this short video , and see it for yourself.

Here’s an example of a regular math class in Japan :

The class starts with the customary aisatsu (greetings) to the teacher and is followed by his question if students know how to solve a problem he had previously put up on the board. That day his class is supposed to learn how to solve equations with multiple fractions and he instructs his fifth-graders how to approach these math problems.

The first student to finish shots a hand up. The teacher walks over, glances at the problem and circles it to signal it was correct. The student then gets up and away from his seat. Another hand shots up. But, this time the first student takes the role of the teacher, or the corrector.

Math is also a type of a language, so why wouldn’t we approach it as if we were learning English, Japanese or social studies?

The Japanese say that if you teach what you learn, you will remember about 90 percent. I f teachers stand at the board and just lecture, through mere listening, the students will retain far less “” say, 40 percent “” so it’s far more effective to have them discussing problems and teaching each other. Also, it’s important to have very little downtime or rest time and to constantly keep them motivated.

Let’s go into Language .

Children all around the world usually learn between 26-33 letters (not taking into account certain Asian languages which have a rather pictographic approach).  Do you know how many characters Japanese children need to know in order to read and write? More than 26, that’s for sure.

Japanese parents know how difficult it can be to help their children learn all the characters and use them in spoken and written communication. However, because of high quality approach to teaching, by the time they leave primary school, Japanese children will have already known 1,006 kanji characters. At the age of 15, when they end their compulsory education, they will know additional 1,130.

In addition to kanji, Japanese have   two sets of phonetic scripts , hiragana and katakana . Each set has 46 characters which behave as syllables (usually including a consonant and a vowel, like “ka”). Combined with specific dots used for marking changes of the original sounds, these characters are enough to express all the sounds of modern Japanese. Hiragana is used together with kanji to write ordinary Japanese words. Katakana is used to write words introduced from other languages, names of foreign people and places, sounds, and animal cries. Sounds complicated? Not for a Japanese person.

What makes Japanese school system so unique?

Japanese state education system is a national pride in this country, with a traditional approach that has helped Japanese pupils easily outperform their counterparts all around the world. PISA tests further prove this.

Japanese school system consists of :

• 6 years of elementary school,
• 3 years of junior high school,
• 3 years of senior high school and
• 4 years of University.

*The gimukyoiku (compulsory education) period is 9 years : 6 in shougakkou (elementary school) and 3 in chuugakkou (junior high school).

Due to the fact that their educational system is so good, Japan has one of the world’s best-educated populations (with 100% enrollment in compulsory grades and zero illiteracy) . Even though high school (koukou) is not compulsory, high school enrollment is still pretty high: over 96% nationwide and nearly 100% in the cities.

How Do Japanese Schools Operate?

Most schools operate on a three-term system with new school years starting every April. Except for the lower grades of elementary school, an average school day on weekdays lasts for 6 hours , making it one of the longest school days in the world. Even after the school ends, children still have drills and other homework to keep them busy. Vacations are 6 weeks long during summer break and about 2 weeks long during both in winter and spring breaks. There is often homework during these vacations.

Every class has its own classroom where students take all the courses, except for practical trainings and laboratory work. During elementary education, in most cases, one teacher teaches all of the subjects in each class. The number of students in one class is usually under 40. However, in the past, because of the rapid population growth, this number was lot higher, exceeding 50 students per class.

What Do Children Learn in Japanese Schools?

The subjects they study include Japanese, mathematics, science, social studies, music, crafts, physical education, and home economics (to learn simple cooking and sewing skills). An increasing number of elementary schools have started teaching English as well. Information technology has been used to further enhance education, and most schools have internet access.

Students also learn traditional Japanese arts like shodo (calligraphy) and haiku. Shodo involves dipping a brush in ink and using it to write kanji (characters that are used in several East Asian countries and have their own meanings) and kana (phonetic characters derived from kanji) in an artistic style .

Haiku, on the other hand, is a form of poetry developed in Japan about 400 years ago that has 17 syllables verse form, consisting of three metrical units of five, seven, and five syllables. It uses simple expressions to convey deep emotions to readers.

Here are some interesting facts about Japanese schools:

• Nearly all junior high schools require their students to wear a school uniform (seifuku) .
• In public elementary and junior high schools school lunch (kyuushoku) is provided on a standardized menu , and is eaten in the classroom. That way, pupils and teachers get to forge better relationships while eating together.
• Students don’t skip classes in Japan , nor do they arrive late for school
• Students in Japan have a strong sense of belonging in school , they don’t feel like  outsiders, nor do they feel left out.
• Students in Japan actually feel happy in school (85 percent of them).
• Around 91 percent of Japanese students reported that they never, or only in some classes, ignored what the teacher lectured.
• Their teachers never , or only in some lessons, have to wait a long time before the students settle down.
• Students spend on average 235 minutes per week in regular math classes (average in other countries is 218), but they spend less time in language and science classes – 205 and 165 per week respectively (in other countries the average is 215 and 200 minutes per week respectively).
• A high percentage of Japanese students attend after-school workshops where they can learn more things than in their regular school classes, and some do these workshops at home or at another venue.
• Pre-primary education is of the utmost importance for Japan. Research shows that students who attended preschool education tend to perform better at the age of 15 than those who did not. Therefore, it’s not surprising that 99 percent of Japanese children attend some kind of pre-primary education.
• Japanese students almost never repeat their grades in primary, lower secondary or secondary school

For more information on Japanese school system, read PISA (Program for International Student Assesment) findings .

Did you know much about Japanese school system? Do you find their approach interesting and what do you think we can learn from them?

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Daily Life in Japanese High Schools

Getting to School

Extracurricular activities, "cram schools", entrance examinations, questions for consideration, references and resources.

Understanding the Japanese people and culture requires understanding the factors that mold them. Particularly important are those components which influence them in their formative years. The Japanese education system is one of the most influential agents molding Japanese youth. Given the large amount of time that Japanese students spend in schools, it is little wonder that the education system plays a tremendous role in determining the fabric of Japanese society. An examination of the "typical" high school experience illuminates the function of the education system in Japanese society.

Japanese high school students do not drive cars. Many either walk or ride bicycles if the distance is not too great. In other cases, students must take public buses and trains, often changing lines several times in order to reach their destinations. It is not uncommon for students to spend two or more hours each day on public transportation. After junior high school, students attend schools based on standardized high school entrance examination scores. As a result, some students travel a great distance to attend the school determined by their test scores. The school day begins at 8:30, so students may leave home as early as 6:30. While some students sleep or study during their long commute, public transportation also provides a chance for socializing with peers. Student behavior on the way to school is regulated by school policies. These policies may prohibit certain activities in public--chewing gum, consuming snacks, reading books while walking--anything that might reflect badly on the reputation of the school. Each school has a unique uniform that makes its students easily identifiable to the public. School policies often require students to stand on buses and trains, leaving seats open for other passengers in order to demonstrate consideration. In practice, however, the behavior of students tends to relax as they move farther away from school.

Once at school, the students usually enter an area full of small lockers in which they place their street shoes and don school slippers. These slippers may be color coded: pink for girls and blue for boys. Many schools have a weekly school-wide assembly. Then students assemble in their homeroom classes for the day's studies. The school day starts with classroom management tasks, such as taking attendance and making announcements. These activities usually are conducted by the students themselves on a rotating duty schedule called toban . Each homeroom has an average of 40-45 students. Students stay in their homeroom classrooms for most of the school day while the teachers move from room to room, operating out of a central teachers' room. Only for physical education, laboratory classes, or other subjects requiring special facilities do students move to different parts of the school. Between classes and at lunch time, classrooms can be noisy, lively places. Some schools may have a cafeteria, but most do not. Even in schools where a lunch is prepared and provided to the students, they usually eat together in their homeroom classrooms. In most schools, students bring a box lunch from home, almost always consisting of foods prepared by the mother in the early morning hours, such s rice, fish, eggs, vegetables, and pickles.

Japanese students spend 240 days a year at school, 60 days more then their American counterparts. Although many of those days are spent preparing for annual school festivals and events such as Culture Day, Sports Day, and school excursions, Japanese students still spend considerably more time in class than American students. Traditionally, Japanese students have attended school for half a day on Saturdays; however, the number of required Saturdays each month is decreasing as the result of Japanese educational reforms. Course selection and textbooks are determined by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Schools have limited autonomy in their curriculum development. Students in academic high schools typically take three years each of the following subjects: mathematics, social studies, Japanese, science, and English. Other subjects include physical education, music, art, and moral studies. All the students in one grade level study the same subjects. Given the number of required subjects, electives are few.

At the end of the academic day, all students participate in o soji , the cleaning of the school. They sweep the classrooms and the hallways, empty trash cans, clean restrooms, clean chalkboards and chalk erasers, and pick up trash from the school grounds. After o soji , school is dismissed and most students disperse to different parts of the school for club meetings.

Club activities take place after school every day. Teachers are assigned as sponsors, but often the students themselves determine the club's daily activities. Students can join only one club, and they rarely change clubs from year to year. In most schools, clubs can be divided into two types: sports clubs (baseball, soccer, judo , kendo , track, tennis, swimming, softball, volleyball, rugby) and culture clubs (English, broadcasting, calligraphy, science, mathematics, yearbook). New students usually are encouraged to select a club shortly after the school year begins in April. Clubs meet for two hours after school each day and many clubs continue to meet during school vacations. Club activities provide one of the primary opportunities for peer group socialization. Most college bound students withdraw from club activities during their senior year to devote more time to preparation for university entrance examinations. Although visible in the general high school experience, it is in the clubs that the fundamental relationships of senpai (senior) and kohai (junior) are established most solidly. It is the responsibility of the senpai to teach, initiate, and take care of the kohai . It is the duty of the kohai to serve and defer to the senpai . For example, kohai students in the tennis club might spend one year chasing tennis balls while the upperclassmen practice. Only after the upperclassmen have finished may the underclassmen use the courts. The kohai are expected to serve their senpai and to learn from them by observing and modeling their behavior. This fundamental relationship can be seen throughout Japanese society, in business, politics, and social dealings.

An interesting component of Japanese education is the thriving industry of juku and yobiko , after school "cram schools," where approximately 60% of Japanese high school students go for supplemental lessons. Juku may offer lessons in nonacademic subjects such as art, swimming, abacus, and calligraphy, especially for elementary school students, as well as the academic subjects that are important to preparation for entrance examinations at all levels. Juku for high school students must compete for enrollment with yobiko , which exist solely to prepare students for university entrance examinations. Some "cram schools" specialize in preparing students for the examination of a particular school. Although it would seem natural for students to dread the rigor of additional lessons that extend their school day well into the late evening hours and require additional homework, many students enjoy juku and yobiko , where teachers often are more animated and more interesting than some of the teachers in their regular schools. Also, in many cases, the lessons studied in "cram schools" provide an intellectual challenge for students bored with the standardized curriculum of their regular schools.

Juku and yobiko are primarily private, for profit schools that attract students from a wide geographical area. They often are located near train stations, enabling students to transport themselves easily to juku directly from school. Juku and yobiko thrive in Japan, where it is believed that all people possess the same innate intellectual capacity, and it is only the effort of individuals, or lack thereof, that determines their achievement above or below their fellows. In Japanese schools, there is the tendency to pass students with their grade cohort. Therefore, without the supplemental juku lessons, some students could fall well behind their classmates. Yobiko also exist to serve ronin , "masterless samurai," students who have failed an entrance examination, but who want to try again. It is possible for students to spend a year or two as ronin after graduating from high school, studying at yobiko until they can pass a university entrance examination or until they give up. "Cram school" tuition is expensive, but most parents are eager to pay in order to ensure acceptance into a selective junior high school, high school, or university, and thus, a good future for their children.

In addition to university admission, entrance to high school also is determined by examination, and the subjects tested are Japanese, mathematics, science, social studies, and English. Private high schools create their own examinations, while those for public high schools are standardized within each prefecture. Students (and their parents) consider each school's college placement record when deciding which examinations to take. Success or failure on an entrance examination can influence a student's entire future, since the prospect of finding a good job depends on the school attended. Thus, students experience the pressure of this examination system at a relatively early age. But, practice tests at school and juku help teachers to direct students toward institutions whose examinations they are most likely to pass.

Japanese students devote approximately two hours per weekday to homework, and about three hours on Sunday. They spend an average of two hours per day watching television, half an hour listening to the radio, an hour reading casually, and less than half an hour in social relations with peers outside of school. Japanese adults tend to perceive high school students in many ways as large children instead of young adults. And, while opposite sexes are interested in each other, parents and teachers strongly discourage teenage dating. Most young people do not begin to date until after high school. Finally, for a variety of reasons, there are few drug problems among Japanese adolescents.

What fundamental social values are reflected in the education systems of the United States and Japan?

What are the intrinsic and extrinsic incentives motivating American and Japanese students?

Imagine high school life without cars. How would it be different?

There are different definitions of democracy as applied to education. In the United States, recognition of different talents=democracy. In Japan, "equal access" based on standardized scores=democracy. What do you think?

Dolly, John P. "Juku and the Performance of Japanese Students: An American Perspective. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Japan-United States Teacher Education Consortium, Tokyo, June 1992. ED 355 175

Pettersen, Larry. "Japan's 'Cram Schools.'" EDUCATIONAL LEADERSHIP 50, no. 5 (1993): 56-8. EJ 457 365

Rohlen, Thomas P. JAPAN'S HIGH SCHOOLS. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983. ED 237 343

Tomlinson, Tommy. "Hard Work and High Expectations: Motivating Students to Learn." Issues in Education. Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Washington, D.C. Report. April 1992. ED 345 871

Tsukada, Mamoru. "Institutionalized Supplementary Education in Japan: The Yobiko and Ronin Student Adaptations." COMPARATIVE EDUCATION 24, no. 3 (1988): 285-303. EJ 386 063

White, Merry. THE MATERIAL CHILD: COMING OF AGE IN JAPAN AND AMERICA. New York: The Free Press, 1993.

Marcia L. Johnson is the former Associate Director of the National Clearinghouse for U.S.-Japan Studies. Jeffrey R. Johnson has an MA in East Asian Studies and is a graduate student of history at Indiana University. The Johnsons have lived and taught in Japan for six years.

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• Japanese School Year – All Questions Answered

Whether you are an exchange student, a foreign learner, or parents who are moving to Japan, it is crucial that you know what kind of education you or your kids will enroll in. In this article, we not only reveal all the basic information regarding Japanese education but also discover a whole Japanese school year .

First, what is the Japanese school system like?

Compulsory education in Japan lasts 9 years, from the Elementary School to Junior High School. See the Japanese school grade by ages in the below chart:

Japanese school system

Like in other countries, there are two types of schools in Japan: public school and international school. Foreign students can register in both, and it is optional for them to follow the mandatory program. In an international school, the program will depend on the education system of many other countries. Check the Japanese education system for more details!

International school in Japan

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One thing to bear in mind is that if your family move from abroad to Japan, your kids may have to change their grade. The reason is that in Japan, the rules for school grades are quite unique. Kids have a birthday between April 2nd and April 1st of the next year are in the same grade. So if your child was 6 years old before April 1 st , he/ she will enroll in the elementary school that year. But if he/ she was born later, he/ she has to wait for the following year. However, parents can always require the school to move their kids to a lower or higher class.

Elementary students in Japan

When does school begin and finish in Japan?

In Japan, children go to school from April to March. But they may study according to yo either a two-semester or three-semester system.

A class of junior high school students

The three-semester system is dominant in popularity. In this system, students have the first semester between April and August, the second semester between September and December, and the next 4-month period is the third semester. At the end of each semester, there will be a break, called Summer, Winter, and Spring holiday respectively. Summer break is usually a little longer, approximately a month, while other breaks will be a few weeks maximum. You may read the below table for clearer information.

School year calendar

How many days a week do Japanese students go to school?

Five days during a week (Monday – Friday). Children in Japan normally don’t go to school on weekends but there are still some exceptions. On Saturday, a few schools still open classes.

Japanese students walk to schools.

If you do a simple calculation, you will see the volume of school days per year is around 210. That is the minimum estimate. Including other non-academic events, the number can rise up to 240 days.

Student Teachers

For college students aspiring to become educators, the experience gained during student teaching is immensely valuable. Typically occurring during their final year of college, student teachers immerse themselves in a school environment for one to two weeks, focusing on the grade level they wish to teach.

Due to their relative youth and the fact that they are not the regular classroom teacher, student teachers often become quite popular among the students, assuming a role more akin to that of an older sibling than a traditional instructor.

During this period, student teachers work closely with an experienced teacher, learning from their mentor and actively engaging with the students. Towards the end of their stint in the school, these aspiring teachers are provided with the opportunity to conduct their own class within their specialized field, with other educators in the school offering feedback and guidance.

Understandably, student teachers may feel nervous during this phase, and students often exhibit improved behavior in an effort to support and assist the student teacher during their lesson. In some cases, student teachers maintain connections with the class and continue to participate in classroom activities even after their formal student teaching period has concluded.

How much time a day do Japanese students study at school?

The daily schedule is up to each school in different regions, but the typical one will start from 8 am or 8:30 am to no later than 3:30 pm. That means six and a half hours at school every day. In the first and second year of Elementary school, kids will go home an hour earlier. But after classes, children in Japan usually start their club activities like sports until 5 or 6 p.m and attend extra classes at juku (cram school) in the evening.

A juku (cram school)

When it comes to junior and high schools, students study for 6 periods, each of which is around 50 minutes long, daily. Then students clean the classrooms in shifts and join after-school clubs. Most school rules note that students attend one compulsory club activity once a week. Whether or not you want to join other activities is totally up to you.

Japanese students extracurricular activities

School timetable

Let’s have a closer look at a sample school timetable for a high school student. First, he or she commonly takes part in the morning assembly which is kind of a brief meeting. It is also called the homeroom period within which headteachers distribute documents, mark the attendance, make some notification and help students to plan their day. After 4 periods in the morning, students gather at the homeroom to eat lunch. In the afternoon, they get only 2 classes before the end of the day clean-up and maybe another quick homeroom meeting.

The timetable of a Japanese high school

If your kid’s school has classes on Saturday, typically, they just have to study in the morning and are dismissed at 1 pm. Besides, there should be a weekly longer homeroom meeting in most high schools. This is because high school students are in a critical time in their lives.  They need some help on vocational orientation, better understanding and reflection of themselves as well as upcoming advancement from one grade to another. The specific topics have already prepared by the teachers. These discussion topics are planned by teachers and scheduled beforehand.

Watch the following videos to find out more about a school day of a high school student in Japan:

What are some holidays throughout the Japanese school year?

Except for 3 major breaks I mentioned above, the Japanese school year is also interrupted by quite a few other national holidays. I name some most popular ones below:

Holidays during the Japanese school year

There are some strange names here, so let me explain briefly.

• Respect for the Aged Day, as its name tells, is to honor the elder. For example, we would give the older member of the family flowers and cards.
• Culture Day, or Bunka no Hi in Japanese, is a really interesting holiday when art exhibitions and parades are held to appreciate the prominent artists’ work.
• Autumnal Equinox Day, otherwise called Shūbun no Hi, happens on the date of Southward equinox in Japan Standard Time. It may fall into 23 or 24 September depending on the time zones.
• Constitution Memorial Day is the day to remember the important historical events that the current Japanese constitution was founded. Fun fact, it is a section of Golden Week.
• Vernal Equinox Day or Shunbun no Hi in Japan is another non-religious holiday that celebrates the Northward equinox in Japan Standard Time.

Children day in Japan

Summer Break

Summer vacation for elementary, junior high, and high school students typically spans from July 20 to August 31, although there are regional variations in this schedule.

Unlike in some countries where summer vacation marks the division between academic years, Japanese students often have homework assignments to complete during this period and may even continue attending school for club activities.

Additionally, some schools require students to be present for various school-related events, such as morning assemblies, throughout the summer vacation.

For junior high and high school students, summer vacation does not signify a break from academic pursuits. In fact, for those preparing for upcoming high school or college entrance exams, the summer vacation often translates into an even more intense period of studying.

What are some Activities and Events in the Japanese School year?

Apart from official study time at school, Japanese students are highly active in extracurricular activities. For example:

• Entrance Ceremony: a celebration for entering elementary school children and junior high school. It usually has the presence of parents.
• Opening Ceremony (Shigyô shiki): a celebration for the start of every semester
• School Trips (Shûgaku ryokô): There is typically a minimum 2-day long excursion for last year students and various short trips for students to study outdoors (called Kougai gakushû)

a Japanese class observation

• Class Observation / Parents’ day (Jugyou sankan/ Koukai jugyou): parents pay a visit to an actual class to observe their kids studying and have a conversation with the teachers
• Sports Day (Undou kai / Taiiku sai): parents are encouraged to join with their kids
• Music and Play Appreciations (Ongaku / Engeki kanshôkai): its purpose is to promote the children’s interest in arts and music

Bunkasai of a school in Japan

• Student Performance and Cultural Festival (Gakugeikai, Bunkasai): performance of students
• End of the Term Ceremony (Shûryô shiki)

Here are more details:

School Entrance and Semester Commencement and Conclusion Ceremonies

In early April, schools convene a formal ceremony to welcome new students. During this event, new students are introduced to their peers and teachers, offering teachers and principals the opportunity to engage with them. Many parents of the new students also attend, often dressed formally, to express support for their children and to connect with other parents and teachers.

This ceremony signifies a new phase in the students’ lives as they transition to a new school and life stage. Similar to cherry blossoms, the sight of students in their fresh school uniforms heading to school for the beginning of the school year is a common springtime scene in Japan.

In early April, schools convene a formal ceremony to welcome new students. (Source: Internet)

Furthermore, Japanese schools hold ceremonies at the start and conclusion of each semester. While these ceremonies are not as elaborate as the entrance ceremony, they are still formal affairs. Students are expected to attentively listen to speeches and announcements by the principal.

The commencement ceremonies typically include the announcement of objectives for the upcoming semester, while the closing ceremonies often highlight significant events from the preceding semester.

School Excursions

Throughout the school year, students in a specific grade typically embark on educational outings to local points of interest. These excursions are often designed to complement the subjects studied in the classroom.

For instance, students might venture into the mountains to explore the environment, visit a factory to gain insights into corporate operations, or tour a farm to learn about agriculture and animals.

Field trips offer students the opportunity to interact in a more relaxed manner with both their peers and teachers compared to the regular classroom environment. While snacks are usually prohibited at school, students are typically allowed to bring them on these outings, which typically last for a single day.

Field trips offer students the opportunity to interact in a more relaxed manner with both their peers and teachers compared to the regular classroom environment. (Source: Internet)

Junior and senior high school students, typically in their second or third year, undertake more extensive journeys to different parts of the country, lasting up to a week. These trips often involve visits to historically significant sites, with Kyoto, the former imperial capital, being a popular choice.

In some schools, students even embark on international trips. Upon their return, students are expected to write brief reports summarizing their learning experiences during these excursions.

Athletic Festival or Undōkai

School athletic festivals are an integral part of the Japanese school year, alongside cultural festivals and school trips. Typically held on a school day in the fall, these festivals encompass a range of events, including track and field competitions, group dances, gymnastics, tug-of-war, and more.

Teams are formed based on homeroom classes, fostering friendly competition and giving classes the opportunity to boast about their victories. In recent years, many schools have extended participation to parents and community members, aiming to strengthen the bonds between the school, families, and the local community.

School athletic festivals are an integral part of the Japanese school year, alongside cultural festivals and school trips. (Source: Internet)

Some schools even encourage visitors to take part in events, such as tug-of-war matches between teachers and parents. Preparations for the athletic festival start well in advance, with students practicing group dances and creating elaborate banners for their homeroom classes.

In many cases, classes are canceled to allow students and teachers more time to prepare. The athletic festival is a time for students to enjoy themselves as a whole school community.

Cultural Festivals

Cultural festivals are another significant annual event in the Japanese school calendar, providing students and clubs with a platform to showcase their talents and achievements beyond the classroom.

These festivals are open to family members and members of the community. For junior high schools, cultural festivals involve award ceremonies, student and teacher performances, and the exhibition of artwork and other student projects.

These festivals are open to family members and members of the community. (Source: Internet)

In high school and college, cultural festivals take on a broader role, with students operating booths and shops in collaboration with their class, club, or group. Some university cultural festivals gain widespread recognition, attracting students from other universities and featuring performances by nationally renowned artists, as well as student-led performances.

High school and university cultural festivals can serve as a means of recruitment, offering prospective students a glimpse of the school’s culture. Cultural festivals are held at different times, depending on the school, but often coincide with Cultural Day (November 3).

Entrance Exam Season

The entrance exam season is a period of immense pressure for Japanese high school and junior high school students. It is during this time that students face rigorous and challenging examinations to gain admission to their preferred higher educational institutions.

Many students opt to attend Juku, a network of private tutoring schools, to prepare for these exams. Examinations at schools across the country are typically conducted from late January to late February. For those applying to private universities, specialized exams tailored to each institution are required.

The entrance exam season is a period of immense pressure for Japanese high school and junior high school students. (Source: Internet)

Meanwhile, applicants to public universities must complete a standardized national exam in addition to school-specific exams. The need to prepare for multiple exams places significant stress on students. Junior high school students, with the guidance of their teachers, must make decisions about the schools they wish to apply to.

For those not pursuing academic high schools, the chances of attending college may decrease. Thus, students must make crucial decisions about their academic futures at a relatively early stage.

Graduation Ceremony or “Sotsugyō Shiki”

Just as students participate in formal entrance ceremonies when they commence their academic journey, they also partake in formal ceremonies when they conclude it. The graduation ceremony, typically conducted in late March, is a profoundly solemn occasion, distinct from the often celebratory tone of many graduation ceremonies in the United States.

The graduation ceremony, typically conducted in late March, is a profoundly solemn occasion, distinct from the often celebratory tone of many graduation ceremonies in the United States. (Source: Internet)

During this ceremony, the principal confers diplomas upon the students, followed by a series of speeches delivered by the principal, other educators, and younger students. These speeches are characterized by reminiscences of their time with the graduating students. In return, the graduates express their gratitude and sentiments to their teachers, parents, and fellow students.

Class Inspection

To foster a strong connection between the school and families, many educational institutions host “class visitation” days. On these occasions, parents and guardians have the opportunity to visit the school and observe their child’s class in action.

More recently, some schools have expanded this concept to create “school visitation” days, during which all classes, lunch periods, and after-school activities are open for visitors to observe. This broader perspective allows guardians to gain insights into their child’s education, as well as the overall functioning of the school.

It offers parents and guardians a chance to witness the interactions between teachers and students within the school environment, complementing the teacher’s visits to students’ homes.

Teacher Home Visits

To obtain a more comprehensive understanding of a child’s home environment, homeroom teachers in preschools, elementary schools, and junior high schools often conduct home visits to their students.

These home visits provide teachers with an opportunity to familiarize themselves with the students’ living conditions and engage with parents in a more comfortable setting. In addition to home visits, joint conferences involving parents, teachers, and students are typically held at the school.

These home visits provide teachers with an opportunity to familiarize themselves with the students’ living conditions and engage with parents in a more comfortable setting. (Source: Internet)

These conferences, especially during the latter part of the second year and the middle of the third year, take on added significance. During these meetings, the three parties discuss the student’s future, including decisions regarding school applications and other relevant concerns.

For high school students, the primary topics of these meetings often revolve around choices related to college attendance or entry into the workforce.

> Want to see more articles about Location guides in Japan? Visit our link here <<

1. What is the age range for students in the first year of high school in Japan?

The initial year of high school in Japan typically includes students aged 16 to 18. Japanese high school education spans three years, commencing at age 16 and concluding at age 18. A notable distinction between junior high and high school lies in the requirement for entrance exams.

2. Is 17 considered a legal age in Japan?

Japan’s recent decision to increase the age of consent to 16 aligns it with the practices in several American states and European countries such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Finland. It is worth noting that several EU nations, such as Germany, Italy, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, Estonia, and Bulgaria, maintain a minimum age of consent at 14.

3. How many years does the school system in Japan encompass?

The mandatory education system in Japan spans a total of nine years, starting with six years of elementary school and concluding with three years of lower secondary school. Afterward, students proceed to upper secondary school, which caters to those who have completed their mandatory education and lasts for three years.

4. Is 16 still considered a minor in Japan?

For most legal processes, the age of majority in Japan remains 20 years old. Japan’s civil code, as defined in Article 4, designates the age of adulthood (成年, seinen) as 20 years old.

5. Does the school week in Japan include seven days?

No, public schools in Japan typically conduct classes from Monday to Friday, totaling five school days a week. While some schools may also have classes on Saturdays, junior high and high schools generally follow a schedule consisting of six daily class periods, each lasting around 50 minutes.

6. Is education provided for free in Japanese schools?

Public primary and secondary schools in Japan do not charge tuition fees, even for foreign students. However, families may be responsible for covering expenses related to school lunches, materials, uniforms, and contributions to the Parent-Teacher Association (PTA). Schools usually provide a detailed list of required items.

7. What is the duration of a typical school day in Japan?

Generally, school starts at around 8:45 am in Japan. The school day typically concludes around 3:15 pm, resulting in approximately six and a half hours of school attendance from Monday to Friday. Additionally, many students participate in after-school clubs and some attend juku (cram school) in the evenings for extra study sessions.

In summary, the Japanese school year is a unique and structured educational system with key features like three-year high school education starting at age 16 and a nine-year mandatory education period. Understanding this system provides valuable insights into Japanese culture and education.

It’s a testament to their commitment to holistic development and academic excellence. Whether you’re a student considering studying in Japan or just curious about global education systems, the Japanese school year offers a fascinating perspective on education in Japan.

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Japanese language schools FAQ

We make the process of applying for a student visa and going to a Japanese language school super easy, but there are still some basics you should know about how Japanese language schools work, what you learn and how the schools can support your language learning goals. Here are our top 10 most-asked questions about how Japanese language schools work!

1. How do language school terms in Japan work?

Official school terms in Japan start in January, April, July and October.  You can study Japanese in Japan for up to two years with a student visa , but it’s important to check your chosen school’s available course’s length, as they vary by term, with some schools and terms only offering courses that last 15 months versus others that offer a full 24 months.

2. How do Japanese language lessons in Japan work?

Full-time Japanese language students study for 5 days a week , typically half a day Monday to Friday, either in a morning or afternoon class. Japanese language class schedules are prescribed by each school depending on their schedule availability and language level of the student. Japanese language class sessions are normally broken up into blocks of 4 x 45mins or 2 x 90mins focusing on different topics like vocabulary, grammar, Kanji, reading, writing, listening and speaking.

3. What do you learn in Japanese Language class? 

There are different methods and school teaching methodologies depending on your current language level, your Japanese language goal and your desired intensity. Typically each school will teach a variety of topics to help you to achieve your desired language level using topics like vocabulary, grammar, Kanji, reading, writing, listening and speaking.

4. What are the differences between high and low-intensity Japanese language courses?

There are a variety of language schools available that offer high to low-intensity courses. A high-intensity school would expect you to attend classes, complete a significant homework load plus also do a lot of self-study, meaning for the first three months of school they do not recommend, or in some cases even allow, part-time work for their students. A low-intensity school will have a similar class load but will require less homework and self-study in order to keep up with the class curriculum and pass the course.

5. How can I pass Japanese language school?

All schools have regular tests throughout the term and at the end of each term (usually around three or six months) there is also a level check test to verify your language proficiency and allow you to move up a level if you successfully pass. In order to pass your language level test, you will need to ensure you have kept up with classwork and homework as well as doing any additionally required self-study recommended by your school. 

6. What is the difference between JLPT vs J-test?

The JLPT , or Japanese Language Proficiency Test , is considered the standard exam to take for Japanese learners and its qualifications are more widely recognised . The test has been around since 1984 and tests vocabulary, grammar, reading and listening. If taking the test in Japan, there are two opportunities to take the exam each year – once in July and another in December. If taking the test elsewhere in the world, the frequency will either be twice a year or once a year only in either July or December. 

The J Test , or the Test of Practical Japanese, started in 1991 and its levels are divided into beginner, beginner to intermediate and advanced. It tests reading, listening, writing and vocabulary. The exam is offered six times a year for intermediate to advanced learners in Japan and three times a year for beginners learning in Japan. This test is not administered globally – there are a select locations around Asia and Brazil where you can take this exam if you are unable to take it in Japan. 

7. How long does it take to become proficient in Japanese?

If you study Japanese full-time, it typically takes students around 18 months to two years to go from a beginner level to advanced (N2/N1 level). This assumes that students also put in extra effort to study outside of the classroom in addition to attending their regular daily classes. 

8. Will studying Japanese in class be enough to become fluent?

Homework and self-study are required for all levels of Japanese. Students who are committed to mastering the language are advised to attend every class , complete all required homework, as well as dedicate time outside of school to study the language. If speaking Japanese fluently is a goal, then students will also need to practise speaking the language often as well. 

9. Why do Japanese language schools teach in Japanese?

It’s the best way to immerse yourself into the language. Teachers using Japanese daily in all lessons is the fastest way to become proficient. This can be difficult at first but don’t be deterred as all our partner school will offer support if you need it.

10. Is learning Japanese in Japan, the best way to master the language?

In short: yes! If you’re learning a language, nothing beats being able to study while also living in a country where that language is spoken. Learning Japanese and studying at a Japanese language school in Japan means you are fully immersed in the language, culture and society, making it a more rounded experience since you will be able to use the language all the time, as well as better understand cultural nuances in the language. 

A note about school accreditation

It’s important to be realistic about how intense you want your studies to be and how much effort you’re willing to put in. Schools get penalised for poor student behaviour, such as students who overstay their visa or who work more than the 28 hours they’re allowed on their student visa.

They can lose their accreditation from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT). This means applying for that school can be much more complicated and involve more documentation than usual.

For any questions about the student visa application procedure or which school would be right for you, contact our Go! Go! Nihon staff today. We will assist you during the whole process.

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Studying in Japan: The Japanese University System Explained

James is senior content marketing manager at BridgeU. He writes and directs content for BridgeU's university partners and our community of international schools

What are the benefits of studying in Japan?

Studying in japan: different types of university, how to apply to study in japan, how to fund studying in japan.

Join 10,000 other counsellors & educators & get exclusive resources delivered straight to your inbox.

Japan is an increasingly popular destination for international students. Here’s an overview of the types of universities and courses on offer to your students, and how they can apply.

Studying in Japan is an increasingly appealing option for many international students – and for good reason.

While there are  vibrant and vital study hubs across the Asian continent , Japan is often particularly enticing. With many highly ranked universities, a world-leading technological sector, and a unique culture, it’s a strong bet for higher education.

Of course, COVID-19 has thrown up some difficulties, with Japan imposing tight entry restrictions. Nevertheless,  those with a visa to study in Japan  are  currently allowed to enter  the country. 

And it’s clear that despite these challenges, the Japanese government has been keen to attract international students over the past few years. In fact, it explicitly set a target to increase the number of foreign students in the country, which now stands at around 300,000.

Universities themselves have also introduced a variety of initiatives to be more accessible to international students, including:

• An easier, more online, application process
• An increase in the number of English-taught courses available
• Additional financial aid options
• Help finding a job after graduation

Nevertheless, for many counsellors the Japanese university system is new and unfamiliar territory. With no central application platform, the process can be even more confusing!

So in this blog post, we’ll look at the types of universities and courses on offer to your students, and how they can apply.

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To learn more about why Asia is such a brilliant study destination and get all our best information and advice on requirements, applications and student life,  download our comprehensive guide.

Studying in Japan grants access to world-renowned universities

Japan has a reputation for its great education. It has 48 institutions in the  QS World University Rankings 2022 , and its prestigious “National Seven” universities are on par with the Russell Group in the UK or the Ivy League in the US. They are:

• The University of Tokyo
• Kyoto University
• Osaka University
• Nagoya University
• Tohoku University
• Hokkaido University
• Kyushu University

Studying in Japan can bring lower tuition fees

Though Japan is one of the most expensive Asian university destinations, compared with countries like the UK and USA, tuition fees are fairly reasonable.

The Japanese government has also introduced a number of scholarship and financial aid options for international students. We’ll go into more detail about these a little later.

Studying in Japan provides good employment prospects

Japan has the world’s third-largest economy, and is home to huge global companies such as Sony, Hitachi, and Toyota. This means that there are a lot of jobs available for university graduates, and English-speaking graduates are in high demand.

Studying in Japan gives students the chance to learn a new language

Though an increasing number of university courses are taught in English, most students will have to learn some Japanese in order to get by in the country.

Don’t let this deter your students, though! There are plenty of language schools that offer both short-term and long-term courses, and Japanese is a fantastic language to know in the workplace.

Studying in Japan means soaking up a unique culture

From anime to J-pop, Japan has a dynamic culture that is popular with people all around the world.

As a country it is immensely modern and home to some of the world’s biggest tech companies. But Japan also takes pride in its rich cultural traditions and ancient history.

If your students are looking for a unique cultural experience that they won’t be able to get anywhere else, Japan is the place for them!

Studying in Japan puts students amongst vibrant student cities

Studying in Japan is also a great choice in terms of students’ broader lifestyles. Because so many international students  do  choose to study in Japan, there’s a rich and exciting student life and cities brimming with fellow students.

In fact, two of Japan’s cities are in the  top 20 student cities  in the whole world: Tokyo even takes a place on the proverbial podium at number 3!

Studying in Japan gives students the choice from a rich and diverse higher education system. The country has over 700 universities which can be classified into different types of university institution.

National universities

National universities in Japan are funded by the central Japanese government and are seen as the more prestigious universities in the country.

Degree programs at national universities tend to focus on general studies and the sciences.

Public universities

Public universities are similar in structure to national universities, but are run by local government and are therefore more rooted in their local community.

Private universities

Degrees at private universities in Japan tend to focus a bit more on humanities and social sciences. Private Japanese universities also tend to be more expensive than their national and local public counterparts.

Colleges of technology and engineering

Those interested in studying in Japan can also look into more vocational routes, as Japan has an array of excellent vocational universities and schools designed to help students to enter a particular trade or line of work. In fact, graduates of Japanese colleges of technology usually have an especially high employment rate.

Vocational study in Japan generally takes place in junior/technical college (Senmon Gakko) which can impart more vocational qualifications including associate degrees, diplomas and apprenticeships.

Students who are specifically interested in engineering could also look at the prestigious KOSEN, which are higher education institutions dedicated to engineering.

Special training colleges & community colleges

These are two year specialist schools that train students in fields such as education, health care, agriculture, social welfare and industry. Students are awarded a diploma after two years of study and an advanced diploma after three years of study.

Junior colleges

Junior colleges are institutions that offer shorter, more vocational and technical courses, often two to three years in length.

Unlike countries like the UK, applicants hoping to study in Japan have no central platform for their applications. Instead, students apply directly to their chosen institutions, and should check each university’s website carefully before applying.

Application deadlines for studying in Japan

The Japanese academic year usually starts in April and ends in March, but to become more attractive to international students, some courses allow students to begin in September.

Application deadlines vary, but are usually around six months before the start of the semester.

Documents required for studying in Japan

Broadly speaking, studying in Japan requires international students to submit the following documents:

• Application form from the individual university
• Secondary school transcript
• Letter of recommendation
• Certificate of proficiency in Japanese and English

Again, this will vary between institutions, so it’s worth students checking the university’s website ahead of time.

Once they have been accepted to a Japanese university, international students will also need a student visa. To obtain this, they should get a Certificate of Eligibility from their university, and then apply for their visa through their local Japanese embassy or consulate.

Entrance examinations

International students who wish to apply to university in Japan must take the  Examination for Japanese University Admissions , or EJU. The EJU is designed to test students’ basic academic abilities and Japanese proficiency.

It’s also worth noting that individual universities may require students to take entrance exams in addition to the EJU.

Tuition fees

Japan isn’t one of the cheapest countries to study in, but tuition fees aren’t as high as in the USA or UK. Annual fees at public universities tend to be around 4,800 USD, while at private universities this can rise to about 15,000 USD per year.

Tuition fees vary between universities, and students can also expect to pay a separate admission fee. They should contact the admissions department of their chosen university to confirm the exact amount they can expect to pay.

Scholarship options

The good news is that there are plenty of scholarships available for studying in Japan. Here are a few examples…

Japanese Government Scholarships

Students can apply to these scholarships either via through the Japanese embassy in their country of origin (who actively recruit international talent) or through Japanese universities themselves.

Japanese Student Services Scholarships (JASSO)

JASSO offers the  “Monbukagakusho Honors Scholarship for Privately-Financed International Students” . These are for international students who are accepted by a Japanese university, graduate school, junior college, college of technology, or specialised training college.

Local Government Scholarships

Local governments in Japan offer scholarships to international students in their municipal district. Students should research scholarships in the local region/district they ultimately decide to apply to.

Private Foundation Scholarships

These are Japanese scholarships offered by private companies and organisations.

Individual university scholarships

Japanese universities also offer their own scholarships.

The Study in Japan website has a useful  downloadable eBook  and  spreadsheet  of Japanese scholarships for you and your students to use.

As you can see, both the Japanese government and the university institutions themselves have been doing a great deal to make the country more welcoming to international students. So, if you have students considering alternative destinations, Japan is well worth a look!

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My Japanese Education What I learned, and didn't learn, in the Japanese education system

August 9, 2013 • words written by Mami Suzuki • Art by Aya Francisco

One day, even though I had plans to hang out with my friends Johnny Depp and Orlando Bloom, Professor Anderson gave me some homework: "Make one million sentences in English." About that time, they both of my star friends were really busy filming the "Pirates of the Caribbean," so it was my only chance to go out with them both together at the same time. Nevertheless, I chose to do my homework instead of going out because I was so diligent. I am still proud of the moment I made that decision.

This sounds like a dream, doesn't it? I wish this was true, but unfortunately not…

"Tell me about your greatest moment as a student." That was my homework from the ESL school that I used to go to. As you can probably tell, I wasn't particularly 'diligent' and that is why I made up a silly short story for my homework. Getting a high grade or making a great presentation could be thought of as a "great moment" for most students, but honestly I couldn't come up with any good examples at the time no matter how much I thought about it.

Education is often analyzed in terms of outcomes, results, or as a process. But here I would like to put this assumption aside, and just concentrate on the experience itself, specifically in Japan. Wouldn't you like to know what it is like?

Educational System in Japan

In Japan, the educational system in is the same as it is where I am now (Canada).

• 6 years of elementary school
• 3 years of junior high school
• 3 years of high school
• 4 years of university

This was actually reformed after WWII from the old 6-5-3-3 system to what you see above. Of these years of education, high school and university are not mandatory, though high school enrollment is over 96% nationwide in nearly all cities of Japan. Around 46% of Japanese high school graduates go on to college or university.

Most schools operate on a three-term system with the academic year starting in April when the cherry blossom bloom, and end in March of the following year. So in March there is a graduation ceremony, and I remember a lot of students were crying because of hay fever creating a very grave atmosphere.

There are some people who claim that Japan should change the school-year system to be the same as North America, because this difference sometimes causes inconveniences to students who wish to study abroad in places such as the US, Canada, and so on. The same problem would happen to foreigners who wish to study in Japan as well. They graduate from their school in June or July, but have to wait until April to go to a Japanese school.

Personally I would be a little sad if the Japanese school-year system was changed. It's such a beautiful moment to say goodbye to your friends underneath the cherry blossoms in full bloom.There are so many good songs about graduation and cherry blossoms, too, and they would all be ruined! Although I understand the student side of perspective, I'd like them to leave that system as a Japanese culture.

さくら（独唱）」／森山直太朗

卒園式の歌(さよなら僕たちの幼稚園) 号泣

Too Many Study Hours

Other than the lower grades of elementary school, an average school day on weekdays in Japan is seven to eight hours depending on the school and what grade you're in. That's one of the longest school days in the world! Despite this, a student's studying doesn't usually finish even after school lets out. Not only do they have drills and other homework after school, but there's also extra classes to attend at their public schools or at private "cram schools" known as juku 塾 （ じゅく ） . Especially with junior high and high school students, much extra time outside of regular school is spent studying and preparing for their entrance examinations. Even during vacations (six weeks in the summer and two weeks for both winter and spring) there is often homework to be done and jukus to attend. Hours outside of school hours are spent at juku.

If my memory serves me correctly, I started going to a cram school in my third grade of elementary school. I still remember when we had a "New Year's Eve all-night studying toshikoshi tetsuya benkyoukai 年越し徹夜勉強会 （ としこしてつやべんきょうかい ） event in my fifth grade. Teachers encouraged us not to fall asleep but to keep studying until the morning. It would have been very fun to stay up later with friends, if only we weren't studying. However, hatsuhi no de 初日 （ はつひ ） の 出 （ で ） , which means "the new year sunrise," was quite memorable and made everyone's new year resolution the same: achieve better grades and study hard. I found it pretty fun at first, because teachers actually prepared a little games for us, too. However, maybe around one o'clock, my eyelids started getting more and more heavy. I tried to study but couldn't concentrate on it anymore and I doubt that it was only me. It wasn't a efficient way to study at all. It was all about discipline .

Although studying itself is good for everyone, studying too much can make people stressed out. Therefore, if I could change the Japanese school system, I would remove the big entrance examinations and cut down the amount of private school education, because I think that is an overload of work for children. Second only to bullying, the number of children committing suicide due to "anxiety for the future" is increasing. Most of this is due to worry about how one will perform on examinations.

Japanese Classroom System

I was surprised that many schools in Canada don't seem to have fixed classrooms because in Japan every class has its own fixed classroom. In most cases in Japan, the students take all the courses in the same classroom with the same classmates, except for practical trainings and laboratory works. In my case, grades 3-4 and grades 5-6 were 2-year fixed classrooms, though it's usually just a 1-year fixed classroom system.

In elementary school, one teacher teaches all the subjects in each class, whereas the teacher changes depending on a subject in junior high and high school. Instead of the students moving around to the teachers, the teachers move around to the student (besides the exceptions I mentioned earlier).

Another thing that's different about the Japanese classroom system is that most elementary and/or junior high schools provide lunches on a standardized menus known as the kyuushoku 給食 （ きゅうしょく ） . The students are all divided into groups called han 班 （ はん ） . With lunch, this is important because one han is the kyuushoku touban 給食当番 （ きゅうしょくとうばん ） . This particular han's job is to take responsibility for the 給食. They pick up their classmates' lunches in the school kitchen / lunch delivery area, carry the lunches to the classroom, serve their fellow classmates, makes sure that the food settles down into each kids' stomachs, and then carries everything back. There is usually about a week rotation for which each han is the kyuushoku touban 給食当番 （ きゅうしょくとうばん ） .

If you're not on the lunch duty han, your han could be doing something else that's helpful. For example, students in a Japanese school are responsible for doing the cleaning of their own school. Sometimes there is a han that takes on the duty of cleaning souji 掃除 （ そうじ ） , and they are known as the soujitouban 掃除当番 （ そうじとうばん ） . I think this is a great system because it is a good way for kids to learn how to socialize and be responsible. It also makes them more aware about causing a mess, since either they or a friend will have to clean it up!

School Uniforms

Some elementary schools and nearly all junior and high schools require their students to wear school uniforms. In my case, I wore school uniforms from kindergarten to high school.

Although some people believe that students, or at least high school students, should be able to choose the clothes they want to wear in school, I'd say that the best policy is that they wear uniforms because it's more affordable and convenient.

Students tend to be very concerned about fashion and fitting in, so if they can choose the clothes they want to wear at school, they will prefer to wear brand-name clothing. For example, I remember that girls put a lot of money into brand-name socks or loose socks, which are a style of baggy socks. A pair of socks are sometimes 1,000-2,000yen. What a rip off! Thank goodness socks are the only brand-name thing for us to put on due to the uniform. If we were allowed to wear whatever we wanted, people would have certainly added hundreds of thousands of yen in clothing costs in a single year.

Also, uniforms are very convenient. Students do not need to worry about what they will wear to school. For instance, they do not need to consider what colors match with what, which style looks best, and what their classmate will think of their clothing. If everyone wears the same uniform, all of these choices are made in advance , so you don't have to feel self conscious about your clothes. It saves more time for students and they can concentrate on studying more, though it just gave me longer sleep in the morning.

Furthermore, uniforms tend to be made of strong materials and they are easy to clean. I wore uniforms from kindergarten to high school and I had two uniforms for each warm season and cold season. When one was dirty I would wash it and wear the other one. This way my school clothes were always clean and ready to be worn. Uniforms are very practical!

They are not good all the time, though. As in many countries, uniform policy is strictly adhered to. There is a set length for skirts and teachers would take out tape measures to check. Japan has four seasons and its weather and temperature can vary greatly. However, uniforms usually only come in two varieties: winter and summer. Anything in-between can be a bit uncomfortable.

I also remember that my teacher wouldn't allow me to put pants on because of the uniform policy, even though it was a freaking cold day. It might become less practical and ununified, but I think it would be good for students' health to wear warmer clothes on cold days and lighter clothes on warmer days. Heck, let the boys wear skirts in the summer if they want to! I still believe that I have bad circulation because of the school uniforms.

A Great Difference

A great difference between the Japanese school system and the North American School system is that the North American people respect and encourage independence whereas the Japanese people control individual responsibility by maintaining group rules. This explains one characteristic of Japanese social behavior (or maybe even Asian social behavior).

I realized this fact in ESL school in Canada. There were students from all over in the classroom: Saudis, Brazilians, Spanish, Chinese, Korean and me, Japanese. While the teacher was talking, myself, the Chinese, and the Korean students never butted in to ask questions or to announce our opinions. We waited until the teacher was completely finished, whereas students from other countries spoke out anytime.

We talked about this in the classroom once and figured out that this difference was caused by each country's school system: in Asia, we mostly have lecture style lessons and in other countries, they spend a lot of time doing discussion style lessons.

To finish this article, I wanted to end with a famous joke called A Brilliant Japanese Student In An American Classroom . I wonder if you find an odd bit in this joke… you got it? Yeah, the Japanese guy named Hideo speaks out too actively, doesn't he? Which is pretty different from what you've learned about Japanese students from this article today. I don't think the average Japanese student puts his/her hand up as much as this guy, either.

A BRILLIANT JAPANESE STUDENT IN AN AMERICAN CLASSROOM It was the first day of school and a new student named Hideo, the son of a Japanese businessman, entered the fourth grade. The teacher said, "Let's begin by reviewing some American history." Who said "Give me Liberty, or give me Death?" She saw a sea of blank faces, except for Hideo, who had his hand up. "Patrick Henry, 1775." he said. "Very good! Who said 'Government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth'"? Again, no response except from Hideo: "Abraham Lincoln, 1863.", said Hideo The teacher snapped at the class, "Class, you should be ashamed. Hideo, who is new to our country, knows more about its history than you do." She heard a loud whisper: "F-k the Japanese." "Who said that?" she demanded. Hideo put his hand up. "Lee Iacocca, 1982." At that point, a student in the back said, "I'm gonna puke." The teacher glares and asks "All right! Now, who said that?" Again, Hideo says, "George Bush, to the Japanese Prime Minister, 1991." Furious, another student yells, "Oh yeah? Suck this!" Hideo jumps out of his chair waving his hand and shouts to the teacher, "Bill Clinton, to Monica Lewinsky, 1997!" Now, with almost a mob hysteria, someone said, "You little sh*t, if you ever say anything else, I will have you killed." Hideo yells at the top of his voice, "Gary Condit, to Chandra Levy, 2001." The teacher fainted

Hope you enjoyed the joke! For me, the Japanese education system is weak because it makes Japanese students get more and more conservative as time goes by. I think Japanese students should be more vocal and participate in a conversation like Hideo. Well, maybe Hideo is too much, but at least a little more. Many of them don't have curiosity about the world or ambition to study overseas, either.

I think that this problem has been caused by the big examination system because they are forced to be in a competition to get into the better school from very early in their life. Their end goal is often set up to get into the best university by their parents and/or teachers. Hence, many of them don't gain curiosity about anything other than getting a good mark and they become like drones.

I'm pretty sure that you all probably have such interesting personal stories about your own educational experience. Tell me about your country's education system. How is it different? How is it the same? What do you like / dislike? I think all educational systems in the world have good parts and bad parts, so maybe if we learn from each other we can make education better around the world! Arigatou.

Promotion of Educational Travel to Japan

• ABOUT JAPAN EDUCATIONAL TRAVEL
• arrow_right WHY JAPAN?
• arrow_right Traditional culture
• arrow_right Modern culture
• arrow_right Natural environment
• arrow_right Japanese food
• arrow_right Sports
• arrow_right Made in Japan
• arrow_right Crisis management
• arrow_right Social systems and infrastructure
• arrow_right Peace and friendship
• arrow_right SCHOOL IN JAPAN
• arrow_right JAPANESE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
• arrow_right SCHOOL LIFE IN JAPAN
• arrow_right PLAN YOUR TRIP
• arrow_right SUGGESTED ITINERARIES
• arrow_right SCHOOL EXCHANGES
• arrow_right TIPS FOR A SUCCESSFUL ONLINE SCHOOL EXCHANGE
• arrow_right IN-PERSON EXCHANGES
• arrow_right ONLINE EXCHANGES
• arrow_right VISITOR'S VOICES

class JAPANESE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

About Japanese Educational System and Japanese Schools.

Curriculum Outline

The Japanese school system primarily consists of six-year elementary schools, three-year junior high schools and three-year high schools, followed by a two-or-three-year junior colleges or a four-year colleges. Compulsory education lasts for 9 years through elementary and junior high school. School exchanges during Japan Educational Travel are mainly implemented in junior high and high schools. For physically or mentally challenged students, there is a system called “Special Needs Education” to support special students to develop their self-reliance and thus enhance their social participation.

School Education Chart

Introduction to Schools in Japan

Event school timetable.

Public schools in Japan have classes five days a week, from Monday to Friday. There are also schools that have classes on Saturday. In junior high and high schools, there are six class periods each day, typically lasting 50 minutes for each. After classes, students clean the classrooms in shifts and then start their club activities. There are a variety of clubs such as cultural and sports ones.

An Example of School Timetable

event Academic Calendar

In principle, the school year begins in April and ends in March of the following year. Most schools adopt a three-semester system, with the first semester from April to August, the second semester from September to December, and the third semester from January to March. There is also a summer break (from the end of July to the end of August), a winter break (from the end of December to the beginning of January), and a spring break (from the end of March to the beginning of April).

An Example of Academic Calendar

event School Organization

Each school has a principal, a vice principal, teachers, a school nurse, and other administration staff. As the chief executive, the principal assumes all responsibilities of the school, including the courses provided and related administrative work. The vice principal supports the principal to manage administrative affairs of the school and to be in charge of student’s educational activities and curriculum as well. Furthermore, in order to ensure school’s smooth operation, teachers take on various responsibilities, such as taking care of educational activities, students’school life, and employment guidance for students after graduation. Many schools also establish their own committees, for example a International Exchange Promotion Committee, and others.

Related Information

Special Features of Japanese Education

About Features of Japanese Education.

event Regarding the Level of Education

The level of Japanese education is high even by world standards. In OECD’s Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) aimed at fifteen-year-olds, Japanese students recorded high levels of achievement, particularly in science related areas. Educational activities outside of school also flourish, and programs leading to advanced education are implemented. Enrollment in high schools, the second-half of secondary education, reaches over 90%, and the enrollments in college are also high reaching over 50%. Admission to high schools and colleges is mainly through entrance exams, held from January to March. Source: OECD

location_city Foreign Language Education

English is a compulsory subject in junior high and high schools. There are also elementary schools that introduce English education from intermediate grade classes. In some high schools, apart from English, students are also allowed to take courses in Chinese, Korean, French, German, etc.

location_city Student Clubs

Student clubs are a characteristic part in Japan’s school education. Under teachers’ guidance, students with the same interests in sports, cultural activities, or fields of study voluntarily gather together after classes and on days off. There are also numerous student clubs revolving around Japanese traditional sports and culture, such as judo, kendo(Japanese swordsmanship), sado (Japanese tea ceremony), kado (Japanese flower arrangement), shodo (Japanese calligraphy), etc. Club activities also provide students with the chance to participate in school exchange and friendly matches.

Sports Clubs

• Track and Field
• Kendo (Japanese swordsmanship)

Culture Clubs

• School Band
• School Choir
• Kado (Japanese flower arrangement)
• Sado (Japanese tea ceremony)
• Shodo (Japanese calligraphy)

check 学校交流する場合のポイント

Check_box 1～3月は受験シーズンのため交流は難しい.

海外における教育旅行は、それぞれの国・地域によって特徴が異なると考えられるが、日本で現在受け入れている教育旅行は、日本の修学旅行のように、教師等の引率者と児童生徒で構成される団体旅行として実施されることが多い。

check_box 英語での交流が可能

Check_box 部活動も充実, stories of school exchanges.

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Let's discuss summer homework

This week's featured article

The school summer holidays are now in full swing but an increasing number of parents and their children are spending the break hunched over a desk with a stack of workbooks instead of enjoying ice cream in the park.

The traditional rite of summer homework has been squeezing the joy out of vacations since the modernization of Japan's school system in the late-19th century.

For generations of children, summer homework has cast a long, dark shadow over what would otherwise be a time to relax and have fun as the mercury hits annual highs.

By extension, this time of recreation should apply to parents as well, since children rely on adults to take them to whatever venues they need to go to enjoy their time in the sun.

The deadline for completing summer homework is Sept. 1, the day children return to the classroom. Aug. 31, therefore, is traditionally a day fraught with anxiety, as entire families struggle to complete the exercises that have been assigned by teachers.

In spite of the hardship, most parents with children under 12 years old continue to support the assignment of summer homework, according to a report on fnn.jp .

Over the years, a number of schools have tried to introduce an element of fun into the homework they issue during summer each year. Methods have varied from institution to institution, but the Asahi Shimbun reports that some schools have gone overboard by mandating book reports and "daily exercise diaries" on top of everything else.

The average Japanese person spends 12 summers out of their young lives worrying about homework. Thankfully, there's no homework at college level, but once those precious years are over and graduates enter the workforce, the whole concept of taking several weeks over summer has long become a distant memory.

The next thing you know, ordinary folks in the workforce can only remember summer homework with a certain nostalgia, longing for kids of their own so that they might be able to pass on such memories to their own children. And, thus, the cycle of life continues.

First published in The Japan Times on Aug. 17.

One minute chat about summer memories

Collect words related to school: e.g. study, teacher, test

1) hunch: to bend forward, e.g., "He hunched over his dinner."

2) rite: a customary ceremony, e.g., "We watched a Buddhist rite."

3) mandate: to order, e.g., "We don't mandate attending the event."

Guess the headline

Excessive h _ _ _ _ _ _ _ may be exhausting students in Japan during their summer v _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1) How do parents view summer homework?

2) What are examples of summer homework?

3) Do you think the author supports summer homework or questions it?

Let's discuss the article

1) Share your summer homework memories.

2) Do you feel summer homework is needed?

3) What do children need for their vacation?

夏休みが始まるときには、今年こそ早めに宿題を終わらせて心置きなく残りの休みを満喫しようと思うのに、気が付くとその年も最後の数日でやっつけ仕事のように宿題をこなす。そんな苦い思い出があるかたは多いことでしょう。長い休みの間でも勉強の習慣がつくようにという意図で課されるはずの夏休みの宿題ですが、現実は計画性をもって日々宿題に取り組める子どもは多くありません。こうした宿題の形が受け継がれているなか、宿題自体への賛否も議論されるようになっているようです。新しい時代の夏休みにふさわしい宿題のありかたはどのようなものなのか、朝英語の会に参加し皆さんで話し合ってみましょう。

「朝英語の会」、はじめてみませんか？

「朝英語の会」とは、お友達や会社の仲間とThe Japan Timesの記事を活用しながら、楽しく英語が学べる朝活イベントです。この記事を教材に、お友達や会社の仲間を集めて、「朝英語の会」を立ち上げませんか？ 朝から英字新聞で英語学習をする事で、英語を話す習慣が身に付き、自然とニュースの教養が身につきます。

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Kids’ Summer Homework in Japan: With Friends Like These

For better or worse, summer-long school assignments have been a family affair in Japan for longer than you might think.

By Aonghas Crowe Aug 27, 2021 6 min read

As I’m knocking back some imo jochu (sweet potato shochu) during the Obon holiday, my wife tells me she needs me to go take some photos in front of our local train station.

“What for?”

Our son’s jiyu kenkyu (independent research project), she tells me.

Jiyu kenkyu, for the uninitiated, is one of the major headaches confronting Japanese kids and their parents during the natsu yasumi (summer break), sometimes also referred to as 夏 （ ） 季 （ ） 休 （ ） 暇  ( kaki kyuka ) on some school calendars sent home to parents.   In an open-ended research project, students are allowed to choose what they will study but must produce a poster of their findings that is then presented at school. The best projects are sent to a regional contest, with the winning entries bumped up to a national contest.

Summer break friend

As a bio-chem major, the notion of jiyu kenkyu strikes me as rather good—it compels children to examine the world around them, to be curious about its phenomena and to conduct an investigation, inculcating them with the Scientific Method at the tender age of 8. In the past years, my elder son has built handmade vacuum cleaners out of plastic bottles using different sized motors and blades and power sources.

It was not only fun (and a little dangerous), but also quite educational. It helped him along a path of building and tinkering, something that he still loves to do today.

The problem with jiyu kenkyu is that it is only one small but time-consuming part of the thick bundle of summer homework euphemistically called “ natsu yasumi no tomo ” (“summer break friend”)—and boy, with friends like that…

It includes an 80-page workbook with drills covering each subject, extra printouts for kanji (Japanese characters) and math study, reports, diaries, art projects, calligraphy, book reports and producing the front page of a newspaper. In addition, there are a slew of contests for essay writing, artwork, calligraphy, haiku (poetry) and more.

What do parents think?

Switch on any terebi anime (animated TV show) in the final week of the summer break and you will surely find cartoon parents yelling at their children to finally hit the books, a standard theme of popular shows like Sazae-san and Doraemon .

In a survey conducted by PR Times , two-fifths of parents said that although their children managed to get through the bulk of the work at the start of the summer break, the book reports and jiyu kenkyu tended to be put off until the very end of it. That’s been the case in our home, too, requiring me to put my shochu down and hump over to the station and snap some photos.

Half of the parents in the survey reported also having to help their children with their research projects. Another 40% helped with the book report, which in my younger son’s case ended up being six handwritten pages long; while another 34% assisted with the art project. Only 16% said they didn’t lend their children a hand at all.

Growing up in America, homework was the very antithesis of summer vacation, which in my day lasted three glorious months and was spent entirely at our cabin in the San Bernardino mountains east of Los Angeles, swimming, playing shuffleboard and ping pong, hiking and—most importantly—forgetting half the stuff our teachers had tried to cram into our thick skulls during the previous nine months. Come to think of it, I doubt I even read books back then, whereas my sons today devour several books a day, sometimes in one gulp.

Cramming and more cramming

But, naturally, they have different ideas here in Japan about the purpose of kaki kyugyo , as the summer break is officially called. One of the main purposes of it is to instill in children the ability to learn independently. All well and good, but sheesh—talk about wet blankets!

Most elementary school kids, though, have it comparatively easy. At least they can spend time with their “summer break friend” in the comfort of their own home. The older children get, however, the more likely they will be doing hard time at a juku (cram school).

Two-fifths of sixth graders, according to Child Research Net , attend extracurricular cram schools. That figure rises to almost 60% in the third year of junior high school. Many juku hold special summer break “camps,” which might sound like teepees and totem poles, but actually involves studying sometimes 12 or more hours a day, with daily tests determining the seating arrangement of the students—the sharp-witted twirling mechanical pencils in the front of the class; the dolts slumped in a miasma of self-loathing in the very back row. In high school, the drudgery of cram schools is replaced by kagai jugyo , supplementary lessons held throughout most of the summer “break.”

Switch on any terebi anime (animated TV show) in the final week of the summer break and you will surely find cartoon parents yelling at their children to finally hit the books…

Is all this cramming, all these projects, all this review really necessary? Well, according to a survey by the advertising company Eole , 65.4% of parents believe it is, a figure that was mirrored in the PRTimes survey. However, 37%  felt that calligraphy wasn’t (probably because cleaning up the mess afterward is a major hassle), 36.3% said that the poster was a waste of time, while 30.1% felt the book report could be done away with (again probably because two-fifths of parents had to help them with it).

The only true authority: my wife

Naturally, the only Japanese parent’s opinion I really give a tinker’s damn about is my wife’s. When I asked her the same question, she said that she was far more shocked to learn that American kids had none. After some thought, she said, “Come to think of it, the only reason parents today don’t question the need for summer homework is that they had to do it themselves when they were young.” And she’s right: Natsu yasumi no tomo has been around since the Taisho era, meaning her great-grandparents also had to do it.

“Oh, and don’t forget to take those photos,” she adds. “Chop-chop.”

With a sigh, I put my sweating glass of shochu down, push myself out of the chair, grab my ichigan refu (single lens reflex) camera, then head out the door.

This year’s jiyu kenkyu is about CO2 levels found in the environment. Apparently, my son picked up a kit containing phenolphthalein, a chemical compound that is used as an indicator in acid-base titration. A weak acid, the deprotonated ion is fuchsia in color. When in contact with CO2, however, the color fades. The faster the color fades, the higher the level of C02.

My son predicted that due to all the car and bus traffic around the station C02 levels would be high, but to his surprise, they were not.

At first, he guessed it may be due to the fact that almost 40% of new cars sold in Japan now are so-called “next generation,” namely, electric, hybrid and so on. What we learned was that it was actually hard to record atmospheric CO2 levels with cheap kits from hobby shops. (The quickest reactions, incidentally, were triggered by gas from carbonated drinks and air fresheners.)

And so, like generations of Japanese parents before me, I can only acquiesce, despite the constant niggling. I find some solace in the fact that my son didn’t bother asking daddy to contribute some of his hot air for the project.

How is summer homework for your school-age children handled in your home? Do you get as involved in the projects as the kids? Or do you scramble to help as the return to school approaches? Let us know win the comments!

Aonghas Crowe

Hakata-based American writer, translator and student of Japanese dialects and literature.

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Primary - Elementary School System in Japan

You may be wondering what children in Japan are learning in elementary school and how they spend their day along with what unique subjects are taught in Japan that are not found in foreign countries. In this article, you will learn about the subjects taught at Japanese elementary schools and a typical daily schedule for students.

Note: The system below is current as of March 13, 2023, and this page is not guaranteed to be up-to-date. The system is subject to change, so please check the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology website for the most up-to-date information.

If you would like to know about the custom of Japanese public elementary schools, this article has a great explanation.

> Japanese Daycares, Preschools & Kindergartens—How Do They Work?

> List of International Schools in Japan

Number of school hours spent on each subject in a Japanese Elementary School

Below is the number of class hours that must be dedicated to each subject throughout the year according to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology . Did you notice any classes that you are unfamiliar with? Please read further for more information about what they are.

*swipe or scroll to see the complete table

Data from Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

The Subjects taught at a Japanese Elementary Schools

Below are subjects that may not be common in other countries.

Source: MEXT: 小学校学習指導要領解説

Social Studies (Shakai - 社会）

Through activities that enable students to use social perspectives and ideas to pursue and solve problems, aiming to develop the basic civic qualities and abilities necessary to become a peaceful, democratic nation and society in a globalized international society.

To understand the geographical environment of familiar areas and municipalities, various activities for local safety, local industries and consumer life, and changes in local conditions, based on the relationship with people's daily lives.

Understand the characteristics of the geographical environment of their own prefectures, the functions that support the health and living environment of local people, various activities to protect local safety from natural disasters, local traditions and culture, and the work of predecessors who contributed to the development of the region, based on the relationship with people's daily lives.

Understanding of the geographical features of Japan's land environment, the current state of industry, and the relationship between the informatization of society and industry, based on the relationship with people's daily lives.

Understanding of Japan's political system, its structure and functions, the achievements and outstanding cultural heritage of our predecessors who played an important role in the development of the nation and society, the lives of countries closely related to Japan, and the role of Japan in the globalizing international society.

Living Environment Studies (Seikatsu - 生活)

Through concrete activities and experiences, aiming to cultivate qualities and abilities that will enable students to become independent and enrich their lives by making the most of their views and ideas related to everyday life.

Music (Ongaku - 音楽)

Through activities of expression and appreciation, aiming to cultivate the following qualities and abilities that will enable students to use their musical perspective and thinking, and to relate to the sounds and music in their daily lives and in society in abundance.

(1) To understand the relationship between musical ideas and the structure of music, and to acquire the skills necessary for expressing the music they wish to express.

(2) To be able to devise musical expressions and to listen to music with appreciation.

(3) Through experiencing the joy of musical activities, to develop a love of music and sensitivity to music, as well as to cultivate an attitude of familiarity with music and cultivate rich emotionality.

Students learn about singing, playing musical instruments such as a recorder , a keyboard harmonica , reading music notes etc.

You may also be interested in reading   Enrolling in a Japanese public school and materials you need to prepare.

Art and Handcraft (Zugakousaku - 図画工作)

Through activities of expression and appreciation, the children will develop the following qualities and abilities that will enable them to use their own creative perspectives and ideas, and to relate to the shapes and colors of daily life and society in abundance.

(1) To understand through their own senses and actions the figurative viewpoints that perceive objects and events, and to be able to create and express themselves creatively by using materials and tools and devising ways to express themselves. 　

(2) To think about the goodness and beauty of art, what they want to express, and how they want to express it, and to develop creative ideas and concepts, as well as to deepen their own perspectives and feelings about their works.

(3) To experience the joy of creating, to nurture sensitivity, to cultivate an attitude to create a joyful and rich life, and to cultivate rich emotionality.

Home Economics (Katei - 家庭)

The goal of the program is to develop the following qualities and abilities to improve their lives through practical and experiential activities related to food, clothing, shelter, and other aspects of daily life, by exercising their viewpoints and ways of thinking.

(1) To develop a basic understanding of the family, home, food, clothing, shelter, consumption, and the environment necessary for daily life, and to acquire the skills necessary for these areas.

(2) Cultivate the ability to solve problems by finding problems in daily life, setting issues, thinking of various ways to solve them, evaluating and improving practices, and expressing what they have thought.

(3) Cultivate a practical attitude to cherish family life, think about relationships with family and community members, and devise ways to improve life as a member of a family.

Health and Physical Education (Taiku / Hoken-Taiku - 体育 / 保健体育)

Through the process of learning to see and think about physical education and health, to identify issues, and to solve them, we aim to develop the qualities and abilities needed to maintain and improve physical and mental health throughout life and to realize a rich sports life, as follows.

(1) To understand how to perform various types of exercise according to their characteristics, as well as health and safety in their daily lives, and to acquire basic movements and skills.

(2) To discover one's own issues regarding exercise and health, to think and judge in order to solve them, and to develop the ability to communicate them to others.

(3) To foster an attitude to lead a happy and cheerful life by becoming familiar with exercise and aiming to maintain and improve health and physical fitness.

Health and Sexuality Education

Starting from the 4th grade, both boys and girls will learn about growth and development. They will learn about individual differences in height and weight gain, changes in physical constitution, menstruation and the function of hormones.

Mental health (Grade 5-6)

Guidance will be given on mental health so that students can learn the following through activities aimed at identifying and resolving issues.

(1) Understand the development of the mind and how to cope with anxiety and worries, as well as simple ways to deal with them.

(2) The mind develops with age through various life experiences.

(3) The mind and body are closely related.

(4) There are various ways to cope with anxiety and worries, such as talking to adults and friends, playing with friends, and exercising.

Disease Prevention (Grade 5-6)

Through activities aimed at identifying and solving problems regarding the prevention of disease, students will be guided to acquire the following

(1) Understanding of disease prevention.

(2) Diseases are caused by the relationship between pathogens, body resistance, lifestyle behaviors, and the environment.

(3) To prevent diseases caused mainly by pathogens, it is necessary to prevent pathogens from entering the body and to increase the body's resistance to pathogens.

(4) In order to prevent diseases caused mainly by lifestyle-related diseases, it is necessary to develop desirable lifestyle habits, such as appropriate exercise, a diet free of unbalanced nutrition, and oral hygiene.

(5) Behaviors such as smoking, drinking alcohol, and drug abuse are causes of poor health.

Foreign Language Activities (Gaikokugo katsudo - 外国語活動)

The goal is to cultivate the following qualities and abilities that will provide the basis for communication through listening and speaking language activities in English, while encouraging students to use their views and ideas in communicating in the language.

(1) Through English, to deepen their understanding of language and culture through experience, to become aware of the phonetic differences between Japanese and foreign languages, and to become familiar with the phonetic sounds and basic expressions of English.

(2) Cultivate the students' ability to communicate their thoughts and feelings by listening to and speaking about familiar and simple matters in English.

(3) Through English, deepen their understanding of languages and the cultures behind them, and develop an attitude to communicate proactively using the language while taking others into consideration.

Foreign Language (Gaikokugo - 外国語)

The goal is to develop the following qualities and abilities that form the basis for communication through language activities such as listening, reading, speaking, and writing in a foreign language, while developing ways of seeing and thinking about communication in English.

(1) To become aware of the differences between Japanese and English in terms of sound, letters, vocabulary, expressions, sentence structure, language functions, etc., to understand this knowledge, to become familiar with reading and writing, and to acquire basic skills that can be used in actual communication through listening, reading, speaking, and writing in a foreign language.

(2) To develop the basic skills to communicate one's thoughts and feelings by listening and speaking about familiar and simple matters according to the purpose, scene, and situation of communication, as well as reading while guessing vocabulary and basic expressions in English which they are fully familiar through speech, and writing while being conscious of word order. Cultivate the basic ability to communicate one's thoughts and feelings.

(3) Deepen understanding of the culture behind the foreign language and cultivate an attitude to communicate proactively using the foreign language with consideration for others.

Ethics / Moral Education (Doutoku - 道徳)

In order to cultivate the moral character that is the foundation for a better life, cultivate moral judgment, feelings, and the will and attitude to practice through learning to look at oneself, to think about things from multiple perspectives and from multiple angles, and to deepen one's ideas about one's own way of life, based on an understanding of moral values.

Integrated Studies

Students should actively incorporate social experiences such as nature experiences and volunteer activities, hands-on activities such as manufacturing and production, observation and experimentation, observation and investigation, and presentations and discussions into their learning activities.

Through the use of inquiry-based views and thinking, and through cross-curricular and integrated learning, aim to develop the qualities and abilities to better solve problems and think about one's own way of life, as follows

(1) In the process of inquiry-based learning, acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to solve problems, form concepts related to problems, and understand the advantages of inquiry-based learning.

(2) To discover questions from the real world and real life, set their own agenda, gather information, organize and analyze it, and summarize and express it.

(3) To engage independently and cooperatively in inquiry-based learning, and to cultivate an attitude of active participation in society while making the most of each other's strengths.

Learning activities to acquire logical thinking skills while experiencing programming

In the process of exploratory learning, students should devise learning activities such as collecting, organizing, and transmitting information through appropriate and effective use of computers and information communication networks. In doing so, students should acquire the basic operations of information tools necessary as a foundation for learning, such as typing on a computer, and should be able to independently select and use information and information tools.

Volunteer and hands-on activities

Students should actively engage in social experiences such as nature experiences and volunteer activities, hands-on activities such as manufacturing and production, and learning activities such as observation, experimentation, observation, investigation, presentation, and discussion.

Special Activities

These include school events, arts and sciences faires, exhibitions, concerts, athletic meet, excursions, volunteer work, group accommodation activities etc.

Timetable of a Day at Japanese Elementary Schools

This is how elementary school students spend their time at school, the flow of the day. Depending on the school, the content may differ from what is described. However, this is what most public elementary schools follow.

Timetable of a Day at Primary Schools in Japan

* After the lunch break or the end-of-the-day homeroom (depends on the school), students clean their classroom and/or common parts of school building. In most cases the lower grade students (first and second grade) are supported by elder students.

School hours start at around 8:00 - 8:20. Depending on the area, students walk to school in a group, or are led by guardian (one of the student's parents).

Morning Meeting

The morning meeting is from 8:25 to 8:35. At the morning meeting, the teacher provides information necessary, and does things such as checking the physical condition of all their students, check the schedule for today, and hand out submissions.

Class Hours

The first class starts around 8:45. Each class' duration is 45 minutes.

Between classes there are breaks which last about 5-10 minutes. During this time, students prepare for the next lesson, move to the classroom etc. In addition, there is a 20-minute break between the 2nd and 3rd hours.

After 4 classes in the morning, the lunch is scheduled from 12:15 to 13:00. The time allocation is considered to be about 15 minutes for preparation, 20 minutes for meals, and 10 minutes for tidying up. Students take turns to serving lunch and cleaning up.

Lunch Break

13:00 to 13:20 is the lunch break time. When the weather is good, students play on the playground, and when it rains, they spend time in the library or classrooms.

From 13:20 to 13:40 after the lunch break, everyone cleans up the school. The place to clean is shared. Some schools schedule the cleaning time after lunch and some schools do it after lunch break.

End-of-the-day Meeting

The closing meeting is held for about 10 minutes after all the lessons are over. The teacher gives out prints for students to give to their parents, talks about the day, and provide information.

Going Back Home

Some schools organize groups and students to go back home together in a group.

What about Saturdays?

Due to the increase in the number of classes, the number of elementary schools that hold classes once or twice a month on Saturdays is increasing. In addition to regular classes, Saturday classes may include various school events such as extra classes, athletic events, and parents' visits.

You may also be interested in:

*  List of International Schools in Japan

*  Japanese education system and which school is the best for your child

* Enrolling in a Japanese public school and materials you need to prepare

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* Yearly Activities and Events in Japanese Public Schools

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9 Ways Japanese Schools Are Different From American Schools

By ellen freeman | dec 18, 2015.

They say education is the foundation of society—and since Japanese and American societies are different in many ways, it may not surprise you that aspects of the two countries’ educational systems are like chalk and cheese. To find out just how different learning your ABCs (or あいうs) can be in the U.S. and Japan, study up on these nine things that are commonplace in Japanese public schools, but probably wouldn’t fly in America.

1. Dress Code

While only about 20 percent of public schools in the U.S. require uniforms, nearly all Japanese public school students suit up from junior high school on. The traditional uniform is a high-collared, black, military-style suit for boys and a beribboned sailor blouse and pleated skirt for girls (sorry ladies, there’s no pants option). These as-seen-in-anime styles are still the norm for middle school students, but the high school uniform is gradually being replaced by the tartan skirts and trousers with ties typical of Western parochial schools. Besides regulating clothing, shoes, and backpacks, many Japanese secondary schools impose strict bans on makeup, nail polish, hairstyles, and even eyebrow grooming that would make the average American teen wince. Perhaps the most eye-opening aspect of Japanese school dress codes, though, is that until the 1990s , these mortifying buruma (bloomers) were the standard girls’ PE uniform.

2. No Janitors

You won’t find a janitor in any Japanese school. Instead, industrious students and teachers roll up their sleeves and spend a few minutes every day mopping the floors, clapping erasers, and even scrubbing the toilets. Which means that students wouldn’t dream of putting gum under their chair or doodling on the desks—‘cause they know they’ll just have to clean it up themselves.

3. No Substitutes

Leaving 30 teenagers unsupervised in a classroom would be the stuff of nightmares in an American high school, but that’s exactly what happens when a teacher calls in sick in Japan. Japanese secondary schools rarely use substitutes; instead, students are trusted to study quietly and independently.

4. The Sasumata

Even in a country as safe as Japan, schools have to prepare themselves for the possibility of a violent intruder. Enter the sasumata : an aluminum pole with two curved prongs at one end which is adapted from an ancient samurai weapon—and found today hanging in schools all across Japan. The idea is to use the tool to immobilize the trespasser (who is hopefully not carrying a gun, which would be highly unlikely in Japan anyway).

5. Kancho-ing the Teacher

If the sasumata doesn’t work, there’s always the kancho . A favorite prank among elementary and kindergarten students, all foreigners coming to Japan to teach English are duly warned about getting kancho ’d. How it works: kids clasp their cute little hands together, extend the pointer fingers, then aim them right at the unsuspecting teacher’s butthole.

Forget PB&J, it’s hot lunch every day at Japanese elementary and junior high schools. Students and teachers forgo cafeterias, instead eating all together at their desks in the classroom. Everyone eats the exact same meal, which is prepared by lunch ladies and served by students who take turns dishing out the rice, fish, and soup to their classmates. And because waste is a big no-no in Japanese culture, schools are known for enforcing 100 percent membership in the Clean Plate Club, requiring even the pickiest of eaters to finish every last bite.

7. Greetings

Greetings are an integral part of Japanese culture, and school is no exception. At the beginning and end of each class, students stand and greet the teacher, then bow in unison. Many high schools also bring a little of the dojo into the classroom with a brief mokuso , (closed-eyes meditation) to allow students to center themselves before class. 

8. Saturday School

One-day weekends were the norm for Japanese schools until 1992, when the government began phasing out Saturday lessons as part of a national push for a more relaxed educational system . Despite this, many school boards ignored the change and continue to hold extra lessons on Saturdays—and almost half of all Tokyo elementary and junior high students still spend at least one Saturday morning a month doing math instead of watching cartoons. 

9. Summer Bummer

Japanese students do get a five-week summer vacation (about half as long as America’s), but calling it a “break” might be a stretch—unlike in America, the Japanese summer break is right in the middle of the school year, and though school is technically out, students and teachers will still typically come to school almost daily for club activities. Even elementary school students are assigned a legendarily hefty summer homework packet.

Japanese-style education seems to work for them; the latest OECD global math and science rankings place Japanese high schoolers at fourth in the world, while students in the U.S. have slipped to 28 th place. So though we probably won’t find American students scouring the bathroom floor while wearing a pair of bloomers anytime soon, Saturday school may be worth considering.

• High School

10 Things to Expect Before High School in Japan

Suzanne is a freelance travel writer and international educator. Although originally from Trinida...

• Before You Go
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Do you want to learn how to eat ramen like a pro , find rare Pokemon on Mount Fuji, or get lost in the crowds at Shibuya Crossing? If you do, why not consider a high school study abroad program in Japan ? There are so many programs out there to get your juices flowing. Once you’ve decided if studying abroad in high school is right for you , here are a few things to expect during high school in Japan:

The school year in Japan starts in the spring, with the start of the cherry blossoms blooming.

1. The school year starts with sakura.

One of the major differences between Japanese high schools and Western high schools is that the school year starts in April, not September, and finishes in March, not June. Many schools host official entrance ceremonies to coincide with the budding of the sakura or cherry blossoms. Believe it or not, those little pink suckers help to create a sense of expectation and hope for the coming year.

Once the school year starts, there’s never a dull moment. Expect tons of events like school trips, ball days, concerts, and graduation. Get a chance to do funny relay exercises during Sports Day, or undoukai, or get scared stiff by a Grudge look-alike at a student horror house during the Cultural Festival, or bunkasai .

2. One look fits all.

While going casual may fly in some high schools around the world, this is a definite no-no in many Japanese high schools. Each high school in Japan has its own distinctive uniform, whether it’s high collared, military style jackets for the boys or Sailor Moon type outfits for the girls. Uniforms also change with the seasons, because winter uniforms need to be a lot heavier than summer uniforms. In some high schools in Japan, the dress code may be strict, with teachers checking students’ uniforms meticulously, even nail and hair length! Also, don’t wear makeup, nail polish, or piercings at school; keep those for when you let your hair down on the weekend.

Get used to blending in with the crowd in your school uniforms.

3. Shoes off!

The Japanese are sticklers for cleanliness, even in high schools. When you get to school, you’ll see rows and rows of cubbies near the student entrance. Get used to trading your outdoor shoes for regulation indoor shoes every time you go inside. Trust me, you’ll thank your lucky stars to slip those babies on, especially if outside’s wet, muddy, or snowy. Also, you’ll have to get indoor gym shoes to keep those already spotless gym floors squeaky clean.

Insider Tip: don’t ever go barefoot. The Japanese prefer keep their tootsies covered all the time (even in summer!), so stock up on some clean, new socks. Even if you don’t have that many, they’re pretty affordable in Japan and you can pick them up almost anywhere.

4. Schedules, schedules, schedules.

Classes are usually 40 minutes long, with 10 minute breaks in between to do whatever you want. Also, instead of shuffling from class to class, you get to stay in your homeroom for almost all subjects, except things like gym and art. However, classes at Japanese high schools may be a bit different than what you’re used to.

Usually, the teacher lectures and writes everything on the board while students listen and take lots of notes. Students rarely raise their hands to ask a question during class and class discussions are not the norm. It’s also common to see kids sleeping in class and the teacher does nothing about it. Get ready for lots of homework, even during school breaks, too. Additionally, don’t get offended if some of your Japanese peers can’t hang out with you after school or on Saturdays, because they often have to go to juku, or cram schools, to prep for university entrance examinations. Rigid schedules are the norm for Japanese high school students.

Let loose and have fun with your fellow students on sports day!

5. Grab a broom!

Another way Japanese high schools differ to other high schools around the world is that there aren’t any janitors . If you make a mess, guess who’s gonna have to clean it up? You, of course, together with your friends. Everyday, before or after classes, all students and teachers get down and dirty during soji or cleaning time. There are plenty of brooms, mops, toilet brushes, and dust rags to go around. Even if you’ve never cleaned your room back home, now’s not the time to get squeamish; just muck in, because everyone else will be! Think of it as quality bonding time with your peers.

6. Respect my authority (cue Cartman)!

Japan is world famous for its awesome team spirit and one of the reasons for this is respect for hierarchy. Before and at the end of every class, you’re expected to perform aisatsu, which involves greeting and bowing to your teachers, who are considered your superiors. Even if you see your chemistry sensei rushing down the stairs, take a moment and acknowledge him or her. If you want to see someone in the staff room, knock first and say, “ Shitsurei shimasu! ”, or “Excuse me,” before you go in. Many students also say, “ Shitsurei shimashita, ” when they leave the staff room as well.

Although you expect some level of hierarchy in student-teacher relationships, it also worms its way in students’ personal relationships. In Japanese high schools, there’s serious respect for the sempai/kohai, or senior/junior, relationship. In other words, you better respect students in the years above you, even in your school club.

7. Bring a bento .

Lunchtime at Japanese high schools is a bit different. Many schools don’t have large cafeteria halls; instead, students eat in their homerooms. Unlike Japanese elementary schools and junior high schools, high school students don’t eat mandatory school lunches. Instead, when you attend high school in Japan you’ll be expected to bring a packed lunch, or bento, from home or the konbini ( convenience store) . Eating with hashir (chopsticks) is the way your peers will eat, so practice, practice, practice if you want to impress your classmates and avoid spilling rice everywhere. It’s also a good idea to bring stuff like sweets or cookies to share in order to make friends more easily, especially on Valentine’s Day or Halloween.

Your lunch might not be as cutesy, you’re almost an adult after all, but you’ll love nomming on your bento during lunch hour.

8. Club activities rock!

Clubs or bukatsu are serious business at Japanese high schools. In fact, all high school students are expected to join at least one club during the school year. There are tons of clubs to join, from sports clubs like cheerleading, ping pong, and kendo, to cultural clubs like calligraphy, photography, and brass band. Some clubs meet once a week while others are more hardcore. If you sign up for a sports club like the baseball team, for example, expect lots of practice on mornings, evenings, weekends, even national holidays. Alternatively, if you join a culture club like the English Club, expect a more relaxed schedule.

Also, note that although high school students have regular school breaks during spring, summer, Golden Week, and winter, many Japanese students choose to come in during vacation to take part in club activities. Talk about dedication!

9. Prep for the land of many seasons.

Japan is a temperate country, so depending on where you go, prepare yourself for white winters, spectacular fall leaves, screaming cicadas, and typhoons in summer , and of course, pale pink cherry blossoms in spring. Although many classrooms have heaters for the winter and air conditioning for the summer, don’t expect these gadgets to be on full blast 24/7.

Many high schools in Japan cannot turn them on until a specific date, so stock up on portable fans and sweat rags for the summer humidity and disposable hand/feet warmers for the winter, when your classmates will think it’s a good idea to keep the windows open. You can always pick these necessities up for peanuts at your local 100 yen store though. Another good idea is to keep a small towel handy, since high school toilets don’t have fancy hand dryers or paper towels usually.

Prep yourself and pack for every season!

10. Play the gaijin card.

Depending on what country you’re from and what you look like, as a gaijin, or foreigner, expect to be very popular at your high school in Japan. If you’re American, expect a lot of questions, since many Japanese high school students are ga-ga for American culture. If you’re not, expect to be asked whether you’re American.

Some high schools in Japan may ask you to make a speech in front of all the teachers and student body, so wow them by memorizing a self-introduction in Japanese. Afterwards, expect lots of ridiculous praise like, “Your Japanese is so good!” Also, expect lots of random students shouting “Hi!” to you in the corridors. If you’re an extrovert, this is great. If you’re an introvert, it could take some getting used to.

Now comes the hard part , where should you attend high school in Japan and what program should you choose? It all depends on your personality and your preferences. Our suggestions? Read high school program reviews twice, nay thrice, and talk to people who have actually done the program or attended the high school in Japan you are eyeing. If you’re still stuck, ask yourself these 7 questions before choosing your high school study abroad program in Japan. You can (and should) also use myGoAbroad to save your favorites and compare program options too!

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Kids Web Japan

Web Japan > Kids Web Japan > Explore Japan > Schools > Homework/Kanji

Explore Japan

Q. what kinds of homework do the students do, and how long do they study each day how do they learn kanji (sino-japanese characters).

A girl keeps records of plant growth

Elementary school pupils get homework nearly every day. Often they have to do math drills and learn kanji (Sino-Japanese characters), which are an important part of the Japanese language.

Schoolchildren are expected to learn 1,026  kanji while in elementary school, around half of the 2,136 that have been specified as being kanji for daily use. The children have to learn not only the correct stroke order but must also master the different readings that the kanji have.

When a new kanji comes up in a textbook, children memorize it by practicing writing it dozens of times in their notebooks.

Kids also get homework over summer and winter vacations . They frequently undertake a project of their own choosing, like studying the growth of plants or researching the history of their community, and write compositions on the books they read.

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Japanese School Grades By Age | Guide to Japanese School System

Here’s a guide to Japanese School Grades By Age . Read on to find out everything about the Japanese school system. 

School systems and structures vary from country to country. The age at which a child starts school may differ as the start date of every academic year differs in different countries. 

In Japan, the academic year begins in April and ends in March of the following year. Children who are born between April 2nd of the current year and April 1st of the following year enter the same grade. 

Children start the first grade of elementary school of the year that they have their sixth birthday on or before April 1st of that year. 

Japan places a lot of importance on education during the early years of a child’s life. This is why it is not uncommon for children to start preschool by the time they are around 2.5 to 3 years. 

Page Contents

Key Takeaways

• The Japanese education system is managed by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT) and is compulsory at the elementary and lower secondary levels.
• Children start their education at age 6 and attend elementary school for six years, followed by three years of junior high school and three years of high school.
• The Japanese school year starts in April and ends in March, with a long summer break from late July to early September.

Japanese School Grades By Age

The Japanese education system comprises six levels:

• Kindergarten (Yōchien): Ages 3-6
• Elementary School (Shōgakkō): Ages 6-12
• Junior High School (Chūgakkō): Ages 12-15
• High School (Kōkō): Ages 15-18
• Vocational School (Senmongakkō): Ages 15-18 (alternative to High School)
• University (Daigaku): Ages 18-22 (or longer for postgraduate studies)

Japanese School System Overview

The Japanese school system is known for its high academic standards and rigorous curriculum. In Japan, education is compulsory for children from the age of 6 to 15, which includes six years of elementary school and three years of junior high school.

Students then have the option to attend three years of high school, followed by two or three years of junior college or four-year universities.

The Japanese school year begins in April and ends in March, with three semesters. The first semester runs from April to July, the second from September to December, and the third from January to March.

The summer vacation is six weeks long, while the winter and spring breaks are two weeks each.

The Japanese school system places a strong emphasis on discipline and respect for authority. Students are expected to follow strict rules and adhere to a hierarchical system, where older students have more authority over younger ones. This system is reinforced by the use of uniforms and a strict code of conduct.

In Japan, students are placed in classes based on their academic ability, with the highest-performing students in the top class and the lowest-performing students in the bottom class. This system is designed to encourage competition and motivate students to work harder.

Overall, the Japanese school system is highly respected for its academic rigor and emphasis on discipline. However, it has also been criticized for its lack of creativity and individuality, as well as its high levels of stress and pressure on students to perform well.

Pre-School Education in Japan

In Japan, pre-school education is not mandatory, but it is highly encouraged. Children usually attend pre-school between the ages of one and five, although some may begin earlier. Pre-school education is divided into two categories: hoikuen (nursery schools) and yochien (kindergartens).

Nursery schools are for children under the age of six, and they are usually run by local governments or private organizations.

They provide full-day care and education, including meals and snacks. The curriculum is designed to help children develop their social, emotional, and cognitive skills.

Kindergartens, on the other hand, are for children between the ages of three and six. They are usually run by private organizations, and they provide half-day education. The curriculum is focused on developing children’s social skills, creativity, and independence.

Both hoikuen and yochien have their own unique characteristics and teaching methods. Some hoikuen may focus more on play-based learning, while others may have a more structured curriculum. Similarly, some yochien may focus more on academics, while others may prioritize social and emotional development.

Overall, pre-school education in Japan is highly valued, and it is seen as an important foundation for future academic and social success. Parents are encouraged to enroll their children in pre-school programs, and the government provides financial support to make it more affordable for families.

Elementary Education in Japan

In Japan, elementary school education is compulsory for all children. It begins at the age of 6 and lasts for six years, from grades 1 to 6. Children enter first grade in April following their sixth birthday.

The curriculum in Japanese elementary schools includes subjects such as Japanese language, mathematics, science, social studies, music, art, and physical education. English education is not mandatory in elementary school, but some schools offer it as an elective subject.

Students are usually assigned to a homeroom teacher who is responsible for their overall education and well-being. In addition to academic subjects, elementary schools also focus on instilling good values and manners in their students.

The Japanese education system places a strong emphasis on discipline and respect for authority. Therefore, students are expected to follow strict rules and regulations in school, such as wearing uniforms and bowing to their teachers.

Overall, elementary school education in Japan is designed to provide a strong foundation for students to build upon in their future academic and personal pursuits.

Junior High School Education in Japan

Junior high school education in Japan is compulsory and lasts for three years. Students attend junior high school between the ages of 12 and 15, after completing their elementary education. The focus of junior high school education is on academic studies, and students are required to take a wide range of subjects, including Japanese language, mathematics, science, social studies, and English.

In addition to academic studies, junior high school students also participate in extracurricular activities such as sports, music, and art. These activities are an important part of the school curriculum and provide students with opportunities to develop their skills and interests outside of the classroom.

At the end of their junior high school education, students take a standardized test called the “high school entrance examination” to determine which high school they will attend. The results of this exam are a significant factor in determining a student’s future academic and career opportunities.

Overall, junior high school education in Japan is rigorous and demanding, but it provides students with a solid foundation in academic and social skills that will serve them well throughout their lives.

High School Education in Japan

In Japan, high school education typically spans three years, starting at age 15 and concluding at age 18. The initial year of high school includes students aged 15 to 16. A notable distinction between junior high and high school lies in the requirement for entrance exams.

The Japanese high school curriculum is divided into two parts: compulsory subjects and elective subjects. Compulsory subjects include Japanese language, social studies, mathematics, science, and English language. Elective subjects include music, art, physical education, and foreign languages other than English.

Japanese high schools offer a wide range of extracurricular activities, including sports, cultural clubs, and volunteer work. These activities are an important part of the high school experience and are often used to develop leadership skills and foster a sense of community.

Upon completion of high school, students have the option to pursue further education at a university, junior college, or vocational school. The entrance process for these institutions is highly competitive and often requires students to take entrance exams and submit essays and recommendations.

Japanese Grading System

The Japanese grading system is divided into three levels: elementary school, junior high school, and high school. Each level is further divided into grades based on the student’s age.

Elementary School

Elementary school in Japan consists of six grades, starting from age six to twelve. The grading system in elementary school is based on a five-point scale, with five being the highest grade and one being the lowest.

Junior High School

Junior high school in Japan consists of three grades, starting from age twelve to fifteen. The grading system in junior high school is also based on a five-point scale, with five being the highest grade and one being the lowest.

High School

High school in Japan consists of three grades, starting from age fifteen to eighteen. The grading system in high school is different from that of elementary and junior high school. Most high schools in Japan use a numerical grading system from 5 to 1, with 5 being the highest grade and 1 being the lowest.

University Level

In Japan, students must pass a standardized test to be accepted into a university. Most national universities employ a 4-scale grading system, with A, B, C, and F being the grades.

Overall, the Japanese grading system is designed to encourage students to strive for excellence and to provide a clear and objective way to evaluate their academic performance.

Age vs Grade Comparison

In Japan, the education system is structured in a way that students are grouped according to their age. The age range of students in each grade level is roughly the same across the country. The following is a comparison of the age and grade structures in Japan.

• Age range: 6 to 12 years old
• Age range: 12 to 15 years old
• Age range: 15 to 18 years old

It is important to note that the age range for each grade level is not set in stone. Some students may be a year older or younger than the average age for their grade level, depending on their individual circumstances.

In comparison to other countries, the age range for each grade level in Japan is relatively consistent. For example, in the United States, students in the same grade level can have a wider age range due to differences in the cut-off dates for school enrollment.

Overall, the age vs grade comparison in Japan provides a clear and consistent structure for students to follow throughout their education. This structure helps to ensure that students are learning at a pace that is appropriate for their age and developmental stage.

Transition Between Grades

In Japan, the transition between grades is a significant event in a child’s education. The school year starts in April and ends in March, and children who were born between April 2nd and April 1st of the following year are placed within the same grade. This means that a child’s grade level may change when they move to Japan from another country.

The transition between grades is marked by a ceremony called “shuugaku ryokou,” which is a school trip taken by students at the end of their elementary school years. This trip is meant to be a celebration of the students’ achievements and a way to prepare them for the next phase of their education.

During the transition between elementary school and junior high school, students are required to take an entrance exam, which determines which school they will attend. The entrance exam is a significant event in a student’s life, and preparing for it can be stressful for both the student and their family.

After junior high school, students take another entrance exam to enter high school. The high school entrance exam is even more challenging than the junior high school exam, and the competition for admission to top high schools is fierce.

Overall, the transition between grades in Japan is marked by significant events and can be a stressful time for students and their families. However, it is also an opportunity to celebrate achievements and prepare for the next phase of education.

Challenges and Criticisms

While the Japanese education system is often praised for its rigor and high academic standards, it also faces a number of challenges and criticisms. One of the main criticisms is the excessive emphasis on rote learning and memorization, which some argue stifles creativity and critical thinking skills.

Another challenge is the pressure placed on students to perform well on standardized tests, which can lead to high levels of stress and anxiety. This pressure is particularly intense for students in their final year of high school, who must perform well on the university entrance exams in order to secure a place at a top university.

In addition, the Japanese education system has been criticized for its lack of emphasis on practical skills and real-world experience. Some argue that the system is too focused on academic achievement and does not do enough to prepare students for the workforce or for life outside of school.

Despite these challenges and criticisms, the Japanese education system remains one of the most highly regarded in the world, and continues to produce many highly skilled and successful graduates. However, there is ongoing debate about how best to address these challenges and improve the system for future generations.

Japanese School Grades by Age : FAQs

What are the grade levels in the japanese school system.

The Japanese school system consists of six years of elementary school, three years of junior high school, three years of high school, and four years of university. The grade levels are as follows:

• Elementary school: 1st-6th grade
• Junior high school: 7th-9th grade
• High school: 10th-12th grade

What is the age range for high school students in Japan?

The age range for high school students in Japan is typically 15 to 18 years old. However, some students may start high school at a younger or older age depending on their individual circumstances.

How old are students in their third year of high school in Japan?

Students in their third year of high school in Japan are typically 17 to 18 years old. This is the final year of high school before students graduate and move on to university or other post-secondary education.

What is the age of a first-year student in Japanese high school?

A first-year student in Japanese high school is typically 15 years old. However, as mentioned earlier, some students may start high school at a younger or older age depending on their individual circumstances.

At what age do Japanese students typically attend middle school?

Japanese students typically attend middle school, or chugakko, from the age of 12 to 15 years old. This is after completing six years of elementary school.

What age range do Japanese students fall under for elementary school?

Japanese students usually start elementary school, or shogakko, at the age of six and attend for six years until the age of 12.

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Cultural Differences in the Japanese Classroom

Many teachers find the cultural differences involved in teaching Japanese students quite a challenge and something they are still discovering years after they first teach a class with Japanese people in, something made more difficult by the fact that the politeness of most people and the seeming Westernization and mechanization of the big cities can lull people into not seeing there is a problem. Not only can you improve your ability to understand and teach Japanese students with the few tips below, you can also give them cultural pointers on how to deal with foreign people- something that they are often interested in. With all the tips please be aware that the Japanese do not usually expect foreigners to understand or follow Japanese ways, and that younger or more Westernized people might not follow all of the things below.

1. Body language and gestures English gestures that Japanese people do not usually understand include rubbing your finger and thumb together to show money, tapping the side of your nose for “nosy/ mind your own business”, kissing the tips of your fingers for “delicious”, pointing to your chest for “I” (the Japanese point at the nose), the hand position for “come here” and “go away”, a cut across the neck for “time up”/ “stop the speech” (in Japanese it usually means “you are fired”), and cross your heart for “I promise” (in Japanese that is linked little fingers). Gestures that could be considered offensive by Japanese people include raising your eyebrows to say hello (it is a come on in Japanese) and thumbs down for bad (it means to “go to hell” in Japanese). People also tend to stand up and sit very straight and to avoid putting their hands in their pockets. Like most nationalities, they are generally not aware that the first two fingers with your palm towards you is offensive in the UK and Australia. Gestures they might want to use that don’t really exist in English include the neck cutting gesture mentioned for “you are sacked”, and the little finger as a non-offensive gesture for “woman”. You might also find male students tipping their heads to one side and/ or sucking air in through their teeth, or rubbing the back of their heads. These are signs of not knowing the answer, doubting what you are saying and/ or stress. Although the Japanese don’t usually use thumbs up, handshakes and hunched shoulders for “I don’t know”, all these are usually no problem.

2. Dress Despite what pop culture cliches might make you think, the Japanese tend to be quite conservative in dress, and age appropriacy and different clothes for different places have been very important concepts since the age of the kimono. This means that the famous short skirts, floppy socks and garish make up of various teenagers might not be considered appropriate for older people or in professional settings. This is also somewhat true of bright colours. For any age groups and even at the weekend, showing shoulders, bra straps, or even a slither of belly is considered daring and so Japanese girls usually wear another T-shirt under a strappy top or see through blouse. Not wearing make up is also considered slightly risque. If you are working in a Japanese style school or room, you might have to take your shoes off- in which case be careful of holey socks!

3. The teacher’s role Unlike the cliche that many people have of East Asian classrooms, Japanese students do not usually expect foreign teachers to be an authoritarian font of all wisdom who leads everything. This is partly because they choose foreign teachers, study abroad and conversation schools in order to experience free conversation and a more relaxed atmosphere, and also because certain parts of the Japanese education system such as primary schools and some juku cram schools are quite freewheeling and responsive to student needs. The things that most Japanese students will expect from a foreign teacher therefore are, in approximate order: (1) A friendly personality and friendly atmosphere, (2) A personalised touch in terms of giving personal information and responding to student needs, (3) Giving them a model for the language they can use in bothcontrolled and freer activities, including lots of pronunciation help, (4) Cultural information and realistic real life practice of interacting with a foreigner.

4. Asking questions/ saying you don’t understand This is the one where Japanese students can fit in with the Asian stereotype. One classic example is that in a Japanese company it is normal for a subordinate to say “Yes, I understand” to any instructions from the boss, and then find out from elsewhere whatever they didn’t understand. Another is that people giving presentations and speeches they have given in other countries who leave the usual 20 minutes at the end for questions often have to improvise something to fill up the time when no questions are forthcoming, but then find themselves deluged with questions at the drinks afterwards. Some people can show the same reaction to grammar explanations and game instructions in the classroom. This is particularly the case in teenage classes where the factors of not wanting to stand out by either being too keen and fluent or making a mistake are strongest. Solutions include making sure you answer what their questions might be without actually waiting for the questions (maybe with “If you are wondering why…”), looking over their shoulders to see what they are getting wrong or missing out in their books, and making yourself available for questions during pairwork and after the class when people don’t stand out so much.

5. Making mistakes and correction One of the most heard comments about Japanese and other East Asian students is that they won’t speak because they don’t like making mistakes, but in fact silence and long pauses are just as likely to be because of a lack of ideas, vocabulary or functional language as it is to be worries about grammar. One proof of this is that Japanese students are less likely to demand more correction than some European students, and the percentage of students who will get stuck at a low level because they aren’t interested in correction as long as they can communicate is as high in Japan as it is in any place I have taught. Where the number of students who don’t like obvious mistakes to be made is higher than in some countries is in written work. Most Japanese students are not happy for their mistakes to stay on the page, and therefore they will erase a whole line and start again rather than just adding the one extra word that is needed. This can also be a factor in games involving drawing, where some of the students will try and make an error free work of art every time. The only solution seems to be to continue with games where writing and drawing speed are important, but to let them erase such sloppy efforts when the game finishes.

6. Modesty Modesty is famously a Japanese attribute, and in the classroom it can result in some students not asking if they think they should go up a level, and not mentioning their achievements in English and study abroad during needs analysis. Modesty might also make some students unhappy about topics that could seem to result in them boasting. This is also one of the reasons why Japanese housewives spend so much time slagging off their husbands and most English conversation school teachers have an exaggerated idea of how unhappy Japanese family life is.

7. Strictness Although you might not expect it from the fact that the streets are clean and the trains run on time, the Japanese expect a very Eastern amount of flexibility from their teachers and practises like bumping up everyone’s marks so they all seem to have passed the exam are usual. Young children are also very much indulged or ignored when they misbehave. Students do, however, expect to be motivated by their teacher, and nagging, cross looks and even the occasional outburst are all considered perfectly acceptable motivational techniques.

8. Groups and individuality Japanese students might be embarrassed if a classroom activity or a question about their previous studies and travels makes it obvious that they are a higher or lower level than the rest of the class. With Junior High School students, you might also find that they will prefer to come to a consensus and report back to the class or teacher through a spokesman rather than give their views individually.

9. Hygiene and cleanliness Some Japanese can be very sensitive to, and even openly critical of, both body odour and strong perfume. Some older people have also not got used to the smell of garlic, and for this and other reasons Japanese school teachers will clean their teeth and/ or gargle before lessons and after lunch. Blowing your nose in front of people is also much frowned upon among the older generation, and if you point out to a student how annoying sniffing instead is considered to be in most countries they will more than likely be shocked. Although it is fairly common to see people wearing masks in the street during the colds and hayfever season, in class this is much more unusual and people will almost always take them off if asked to do so to facilitate communication. As with many Latin students, bags are not usually put on the ground if at all possible, and you might want to provide a spare table or chair for students to put them on instead. You might also find your students collecting up the bits that are left behind from their use of the eraser, which is nice, and worrying about whether scraps of paper need to go back to the teacher or not.

10. Names and titles In Japanese in-company classes students will expect the teacher to call them by their first names but might continue calling each other by their family names- in fact, they probably won’t know each others’ first names. Students might also make mistakes such as using Mr plus first name. Students might also call you “teacher” thinking it is an honorary title like “sensei”, but most people have got used to calling native speaker teachers by their first name since they had ALTs at junior high school, and can even go too much the other way.

11. Showing your real feelings Although the Japanese have a reputation for hiding their true feelings, in fact hiding your true feelings in a situation when you should show them like in front of your family is as bad as being rude by showing them to someone you shouldn’t. Unlike in Thailand, I have found that my Japanese classes have always had a positive reaction to me showing my real feelings about them not doing their homework for the 15th time etc, and it is not unheard of for Japanese school teachers to have a bit of a shout. As in most countries, even with students who are critical of Japan there might be a negative reaction to you showing too much disapproval. It can depend a lot on the students, but safe things to say you don’t like usually include some types of Japanese food you can’t eat (e.g. raw fish), general disapproval of the political and educational systems, and how crowded the country is. Criticisms more likely to cause confusion or embarrassment include comments about the ugliness of some tourist spots, racism in Japan and the quality of housing.

12. Taboo topics Taboo topics in conversation between Japanese people include the bukakumin traditional underclass, uyoku rightwingers and their black vans, and the royal family. Other things that might cause discomfort include anything that gives away social class (area you live in, name of university, name of school or juku, your hometown, your parents’ jobs, your or your family speaking a dialect) and which newspaper you read (as it can give away your political position). Questions that Japanese students might need to be told to avoid elsewhere include asking about marital status and kids in the UK, and talking about cleaning your house and sleeping at the weekend.

13. Pacing In Japanese schools there is very little streaming and classes tend to go at the pace of the slowest, so even the higher level students might be surprised (often pleasantly so) if you aim the class at the average or better students. This is also a factor in the number of mixed level classes that teachers are likely to have in Japanese schools and businesses, and in the tendency to move all students up to the next level together.

14. Yes and no As well as the well-known tendency of Japanese negotiators to say “I’ll ask my boss” and “That could be difficult” when they mean no, this could also involve the Japanese answers to negative questions, where “Yes” means “Yes, I don’t”. It is also worth teaching them that a tick is a positive thing (in Japanese a similar mark is sometimes used to show something is wrong and a right answer is illustrated with a circle) and that the Japanese gestures of waving your hand in front of your nose or making a cross shape with your fingers or palms to mean “no” look a bit too strong in English.

15. Silence In some countries, most famously Japan and Finland, silence between conversation turns and when thinking are quite normal. The danger is that the teacher or another student might jump in to fill the silence and so prevent them from speaking, or that they will make others feel uncomfortable with their silence. The best short term solution is to teach phrases to fill the thinking time like “Well, let me see”, with the next stage being teaching sentence stems to at least get them started quickly, e.g. “I think that…” In complete contrast, when listening to someone else in Japanese people make a lot of encouraging noises, so students might misinterpret your silence or feel uncomfortable not knowing how to say “Really?” and “I don’t believe it!” in reaction to others when speaking English.

Part Two: More cultural differences in the Japanese classroom

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• Important Cultural Differences in the Classroom
• More Important Cultural Differences in the Classroom

One of the biggest shocks I had was discovering that students at the elementary and junior high school levels can’t fail a grade. They will always be advanced to the next grade regardless of test scores or attendance. Or so I was told by many ALTs. I never saw hard evidence of this, like a student’s actual report card. Even the wikipedia article that makes this claim lists no sources. But I did attend the graduation where all the yankis who never came to class got their diplomas. That’s some kind of evidence, I suppose.

Part Two of this article is here:

https://www.tefl.net/elt/articles/home-abroad/more-cultural-differences-in-the-japanese-classroom/

Nakamura sensei (something like “teacher smith”) or just sensei (literally “teacher”, but more like calling someone “sir” or “maam”/ “miss”)

This was really helpful but i have a question.

Do you know what Japanese teachers call their students? I mean, do they just call them by their first name or second name or whether they add a title after the first or second name? I’m sorry if it’s a little confusing but can you help me if you know?

Just such a fabulous read. I am currently studying a TEFL course and on the module about cultural awareness. I have been asked to discuss a country I would like to teach in and Japan was my choice.

When researching, I found your piece. Again, fabulous.

Thank you for sharing your knowledge to help new starters like me along.

Thank you so much for this info, I have been looking to find something like this for a while! I have a project which requires me to talk about Japanese school during the 2nd world war. I am concentrating on primary school, so young students. I haven’t had any luck so far on finding info. I though perhaps you could help me. Would you say students and teachers attitude at that time were similar to what it is now? What would young students be like in class and mostly what would japanese teachers be like? What kind of atmosphere? I hope you can help me and thank you for such a great post!

Thanks Taro, you are quite right it’s “burakumin”- unfortunately I couldn’t rely on Spellcheck to pick that typing slip up for me…

Thanks for the interesting topics! I happened to come across your website during looking for the information about IELTS, and ended up reading your writings instead of studying for the exam. You are an astute observer!

I just want to mention one thing. The word “bukakumin” appears in the paragraph “12 Taboo”, but as you might already know, it’s “burakumin” in Japanese. Buraku-min refers to people who are originally from certain areas called “buraku”, as you mentioned in your essay.

Keep on writing about Japan! Yours are fun!!

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Mastering the Phrase: How to Say Homework in Japanese

Are you looking to expand your Japanese language skills? Learning how to express academic tasks like “homework” in Japanese is a great place to start. In this section, we will guide you through the different ways to say “homework” in Japanese, providing you with the necessary tools to communicate more effectively in the language.

Although it may seem simple, expressing “homework” in Japanese is not as straightforward as you may think. Japanese has multiple words and expressions for this concept, depending on the context and level of formality. But fear not! By the end of this article, you will know how to say “homework” in Japanese like a pro.

So, are you ready to learn the Japanese word for homework and other relevant phrases? Let’s get started!

How to Say Homework in Japanese

When it comes to expressing the concept of homework in Japanese, there are various phrases and expressions you can use. Here are some common ways to say “homework” in Japanese:

Note that the word “宿題” (shukudai) is the most commonly used term for “homework” in Japanese. However, the other phrases can also be used depending on the context and level of formality.

How to Say Homework in Japanese in Different Contexts

Depending on the situation, the appropriate Japanese phrase for “homework” may vary. Here are some examples:

• If you want to ask your teacher about the homework: 「今日の宿題は何ですか？」(Kyou no shukudai wa nan desu ka?) which means “What is today’s homework?”
• If you want to tell a friend that you have homework to do: 「宿題があるんだよ」(Shukudai ga aru n da yo) which means “I have homework to do.”
• If you want to express that the homework is difficult: 「宿題が難しいです」(Shukudai ga muzukashii desu) which means “The homework is difficult.”

By using these phrases in the appropriate context, you can effectively communicate about homework in Japanese.

Japanese Vocabulary for Homework

As mentioned earlier, the Japanese language has multiple words and expressions for “homework”, depending on the context and level of formality. Here are some of the most commonly used vocabulary words and phrases related to homework in Japanese:

It’s important to note that the pronunciation of each word and phrase can vary depending on the speaker’s region and dialect, so it’s best to listen to native speakers for proper pronunciation.

Homework Phrase in Japanese

The most commonly used phrase for “homework” in Japanese is “shukudai” (宿題), which is also the most casual and familiar. For a more formal or academic context, “kadai” (課題) can be used instead.

In addition to these phrases, Japanese educators may use the term “jishu gakushu” (自主学習) when referring to self-study or homework outside of class. Students may also use the phrases “yoshu” (予習) for preparing for a lesson and “fukushu” (復習) for reviewing material covered in class or for exams.

By familiarizing yourself with these vocabulary words and phrases, you can accurately express and discuss homework in Japanese conversations.

Ways to Express Homework in Japanese

Japanese has multiple words and expressions for “homework” depending on the context and level of formality. Here are some common ways to express homework in Japanese :

In addition to the words listed above, there are also many expressions commonly used to talk about homework in Japanese. Here are some examples:

• しゅくだいのりょうがおおい
• The amount of homework is large
• まいばんしゅくだいをする
• To do homework every night
• しゅくだいをほうちする
• To leave homework undone

By learning these variations for expressing homework in Japanese, you can showcase your language prowess and effectively communicate about academic tasks in various contexts.

Pronunciation and Usage Tips

Now that you know how to say homework in Japanese and have familiarized yourself with the related vocabulary and expressions, it’s important to understand how to pronounce these phrases correctly.

The Japanese word for homework is しゅくだい (shukudai). To pronounce it correctly, begin with the “shu” sound, which is similar to the English “shoe” sound, but with a slightly shorter duration. Next, move on to the “ku” sound, which is similar to the English “koo” sound. Finally, say “dai” with a long “i” sound, similar to the English word “die.”

Another word commonly used for homework in Japanese is 宿題 (shukudai). To pronounce this word, start with “shu” as before, then say “ku” and “dai” as you did previously. The final syllable “kai” is pronounced with a long “i” sound as in the English word “high.”

It’s important to note that Japanese has different levels of politeness and formality, and the appropriate word choice and expressions will depend on the context and situation. For example, if you want to ask a friend if they have any homework, you might use the phrase “shukudai aru?” which means “Do you have homework?” In a more formal setting, you may use “shukudai ga arimasu ka?” which has the same meaning, but with a higher level of politeness.

By paying attention to pronunciation and using the appropriate level of formality, you can effectively communicate about homework in Japanese. Keep practicing and soon you’ll be a master of the phrase!

Summary and Conclusion

In conclusion, learning the various ways to express “homework” in Japanese is an essential part of mastering the language. The Japanese language has multiple words for homework, and it’s important to understand the context and level of formality when choosing which phrase to use.

By familiarizing yourself with the specific vocabulary and expressions related to homework in Japanese, you can effectively communicate about academic tasks in various contexts. Additionally, understanding the correct pronunciation of these phrases will enhance your language skills and improve your overall communication in Japanese.

We hope this article has provided you with valuable insights into the different ways to say “homework” in Japanese and has helped you improve your language proficiency. Remember to practice and use these phrases in your Japanese conversations to further enhance your skills!

Q: How do you say “homework” in Japanese?

A: The word for “homework” in Japanese is “宿題” (しゅくだい, shukudai).

Q: Are there any other ways to express “homework” in Japanese?

A: Yes, besides “宿題” (しゅくだい, shukudai), you can also use the phrases “宿題をする” (しゅくだいをする, shukudai o suru) which means “to do homework,” or “宿題を出す” (しゅくだいをだす, shukudai o dasu) which means “to assign homework.”

Q: How do you pronounce “宿題”?

A: “宿題” (しゅくだい, shukudai) is pronounced as “shoo-koo-die” in English.

Q: Can you provide an example sentence using the word “宿題”?

A: Sure! An example sentence could be “毎晩、宿題をします” (まいばん、しゅくだいをします, Maiban, shukudai o shimasu) which means “I do homework every night.”

Q: Are there any other words or phrases related to homework in Japanese?

A: Yes, some related words and phrases include “テストの勉強” (てすとのべんきょう, tesuto no benkyou) for “studying for a test” and “レポートを書く” (れぽーとをかく, repooto o kaku) for “writing a report.”

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A Peek Inside the Brains of ‘Super-Agers’

New research explores why some octogenarians have exceptional memories.

By Dana G. Smith

When it comes to aging, we tend to assume that cognition gets worse as we get older. Our thoughts may slow down or become confused, or we may start to forget things, like the name of our high school English teacher or what we meant to buy at the grocery store.

But that’s not the case for everyone.

For a little over a decade, scientists have been studying a subset of people they call “super-agers.” These individuals are age 80 and up, but they have the memory ability of a person 20 to 30 years younger.

Most research on aging and memory focuses on the other side of the equation — people who develop dementia in their later years. But, “if we’re constantly talking about what’s going wrong in aging, it’s not capturing the full spectrum of what’s happening in the older adult population,” said Emily Rogalski, a professor of neurology at the University of Chicago, who published one of the first studies on super-agers in 2012.

A paper published Monday in the Journal of Neuroscience helps shed light on what’s so special about the brains of super-agers. The biggest takeaway, in combination with a companion study that came out last year on the same group of individuals, is that their brains have less atrophy than their peers’ do.

The research was conducted on 119 octogenarians from Spain: 64 super-agers and 55 older adults with normal memory abilities for their age. The participants completed multiple tests assessing their memory, motor and verbal skills; underwent brain scans and blood draws; and answered questions about their lifestyle and behaviors.

The scientists found that the super-agers had more volume in areas of the brain important for memory, most notably the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. They also had better preserved connectivity between regions in the front of the brain that are involved in cognition. Both the super-agers and the control group showed minimal signs of Alzheimer’s disease in their brains.

“By having two groups that have low levels of Alzheimer’s markers, but striking cognitive differences and striking differences in their brain, then we’re really speaking to a resistance to age-related decline,” said Dr. Bryan Strange, a professor of clinical neuroscience at the Polytechnic University of Madrid, who led the studies.

These findings are backed up by Dr. Rogalski’s research , initially conducted when she was at Northwestern University, which showed that super-agers’ brains looked more like 50- or 60-year-olds’ brains than their 80-year-old peers. When followed over several years, the super-agers’ brains atrophied at a slower rate than average.

No precise numbers exist on how many super-agers there are among us, but Dr. Rogalski said they’re “relatively rare,” noting that “far less than 10 percent” of the people she sees end up meeting the criteria.

But when you meet a super-ager, you know it, Dr. Strange said. “They are really quite energetic people, you can see. Motivated, on the ball, elderly individuals.”

Experts don’t know how someone becomes a super-ager, though there were a few differences in health and lifestyle behaviors between the two groups in the Spanish study. Most notably, the super-agers had slightly better physical health, both in terms of blood pressure and glucose metabolism, and they performed better on a test of mobility . The super-agers didn’t report doing more exercise at their current age than the typical older adults, but they were more active in middle age. They also reported better mental health .

But overall, Dr. Strange said, there were a lot of similarities between the super-agers and the regular agers. “There are a lot of things that are not particularly striking about them,” he said. And, he added, “we see some surprising omissions, things that you would expect to be associated with super-agers that weren’t really there.” For example, there were no differences between the groups in terms of their diets, the amount of sleep they got, their professional backgrounds or their alcohol and tobacco use.

The behaviors of some of the Chicago super-agers were similarly a surprise. Some exercised regularly, but some never had; some stuck to a Mediterranean diet, others subsisted off TV dinners; and a few of them still smoked cigarettes. However, one consistency among the group was that they tended to have strong social relationships , Dr. Rogalski said.

“In an ideal world, you’d find out that, like, all the super-agers, you know, ate six tomatoes every day and that was the key,” said Tessa Harrison, an assistant project scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, who collaborated with Dr. Rogalski on the first Chicago super-ager study.

Instead, Dr. Harrison continued, super-agers probably have “some sort of lucky predisposition or some resistance mechanism in the brain that’s on the molecular level that we don’t understand yet,” possibly related to their genes.

While there isn’t a recipe for becoming a super-ager, scientists do know that, in general , eating healthily, staying physically active, getting enough sleep and maintaining social connections are important for healthy brain aging.

Dana G. Smith is a Times reporter covering personal health, particularly aging and brain health. More about Dana G. Smith

A Guide to Aging Well

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Despite a fortified border, migrants will keep coming, analysts agree. Here's why.

Sergio Martínez-Beltrán

Border Patrol picks up a group of people seeking asylum from an aid camp near Sasabe, Arizona, on Wednesday, March 13, 2024. Justin Hamel/Bloomberg via Getty Images hide caption

Border Patrol picks up a group of people seeking asylum from an aid camp near Sasabe, Arizona, on Wednesday, March 13, 2024.

The U.S. southern border is as fortified as ever and Texas is carrying out its own enforcement to stop people from crossing illegally, yet observers and analysts agree on this: migrants not only will continue to come, but their numbers will likely increase in the coming months.

The expected surge can be attributed not only to seasonal migration patterns, but an increase of people displaced by war, poverty, and climate factors in all continents.

And why do these analysts say this?

They keep a close eye on the Darién Gap in Panama and the borders between Central American countries, two key points to gauge the number of people venturing up north.

"In most countries (outward) migration has increased ... particularly in Venezuela, and that's not really reflected yet in the U.S. numbers," said Adam Isacson, an analyst of border and migration patterns at the Washington Office on Latin America, a nonpartisan research and advocacy organization based in Washington D.C.

Despite Mexico's cracking down on migrants, Isacson said people are still making their way up north, even if they need to pause for months at different points during their journey.

"There must be a huge number of people from Venezuela bottled up in Mexico right now," he said.

The Darién Gap serves as a good barometer for migration flows.

This 100-mile-long tropical jungle between Colombia and Panama has claimed the lives of hundreds of migrants, according to a report from the Migration Policy Institute, a Washington, D.C.-based think tank.

Yet the dangers at this jungle are not a deterrent, said Ariel Ruiz Soto, a senior policy analyst with this organization. The majority of people migrating are from Venezuela.

"The reason why I referred to Venezuelans in particular is because they represent a key challenge for removals from Mexico and from the United States to Venezuela," Ruiz Soto said.

Mexico and the U.S. had been flying Venezuelan migrants back to the South American country . However, earlier this year, Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro stopped accepting flights from the U.S. in response to economic sanctions imposed by the Biden administration.

Panama reported a 2% increase in crossings through the Darién Gap in February compared to the previous month.

Aerial view showing migrants walking through the jungle near Bajo Chiquito village, the first border control of the Darien Province in Panama, on September 22, 2023. LUIS ACOSTA/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

Aerial view showing migrants walking through the jungle near Bajo Chiquito village, the first border control of the Darien Province in Panama, on September 22, 2023.

What the numbers show

Analysts are projecting the increase in the remaining months of the fiscal year, even though U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported a 2.2% decrease in encounters with migrants along the Southern border in March. An encounter is every time a migrant is picked up by immigration authorities.

These numbers are consistent with cyclical patterns of illegal crossings that dip in the winter months, followed by more migrants attempting to get to the U.S. as warm weather arrives, said Ruiz Soto.

In a statement, CBP Spokesperson Erin Waters said the agency remains vigilant to "continually shifting migration patterns" amid "historic global migration."

Waters said the agency has also been partnering with Mexico to curb the flow of people migrating to the U.S.

Mexico has commissioned its National Guard to patrol its borders with Guatemala and the U.S.

"CBP continues to work with our partners throughout the hemisphere, including the Government of Mexico, and around the world to disrupt the criminal networks who take advantage of and profit from vulnerable migrants," Waters said.

Where are migrants crossing the border?

For the last few months, more migrants are attempting to cross through Arizona instead of Texas, according to CBP.

In 2023, the El Paso and Del Rio sector in Texas saw more crossings than any other place across the 2,000-mile Southern border. But this year the Tucson sector in Arizona has seen a 167% increase in crossings, more than any other.

Tiffany Burrow, operations director at Val Verde Border Humanitarian Coalition, an assistance organization for newly border crossers in Del Rio, said she has seen the shift.

"It's empty," Burrow said, pointing to her organizations' office. "There are no migrants."

In March, she helped only three migrants after they were released by CBP pending their court date. In December, they helped 13,511 migrants.

Burrow said that's how migration works — it ebbs and flows.

"We have to be ready to adapt," Burrow said.

Texas Department of Safety Troopers patrol on the Rio Grande along the U.S.-Mexico border. Eric Gay/AP hide caption

Texas Department of Safety Troopers patrol on the Rio Grande along the U.S.-Mexico border.

Texas' role

Burrow and other immigrant advocates are closely observing Texas' ramping up of border enforcement.

In 2021 Gov. Greg Abbott launched Operation Lone Star initiative and deployed the Texas National Guard. Last year the state started lining up razor wire in sections of the Rio Grande.

Texas is also asking the courts to be allowed to implement a law passed last year by the Republican-controlled legislature, known as SB4, which requires local and state police to arrest migrants they suspect are in the country illegally.

It might be too early to know if all these efforts will have an impact on migration patterns, analysts said, considering that Texas saw the highest number of illegal crossings last year.

But, Mike Banks, special advisor on border matters to Abbott, said the state's efforts are fruitful.

Texas has spent over $11 billion in this initiative.

"The vast majority of the United States' southern border is in Texas, and because of Texas' efforts to secure the border, more migrants are moving west to illegally cross the border into other states," said Mike Banks in a statement to NPR.

Ruiz Soto, from the Migrant Policy Institute, said the impact of Texas' policies on arrivals "is likely to be minimal over the long term."

Carla Angulo-Pasel, an assistant professor who specializes in border studies and international migration at the University of Texas at Rio Grande Valley, said that even with Texas' policies in place, migrants are likely to continue to cross.

"You can't claim, as much as I think Gov. Abbott wants to claim, that Operation Lone Star is going to somehow mean that you're going to see less numbers in Texas because that hasn't held true," Angulo-Pasel said. "We could also argue that things are going to progressively get more and more as the spring months progress."