diversity in the philippines essay

• Cultural Diversity In Philippines

The Philippines is known as the land of cultural diversity. With over 110 indigenous communities and 170 ethnolinguistic groups, the cultural diversity of Philippines seems to be growing.  Moreover, history bears testimony to the fact that the Philippines has been colonized by several countries. This is also the reason that the culture of these countries has assimilated into the Philippines culture

Due to the exposure to different customs, traditions and cultural practices, Filipinos are extremely hospitable and accepting. Moreover, the cultural diversity in Philippines often attracts many people to study it.

Here are a few cultural practices of Philippines which make an interesting read:

While sitting on the table, one must wait till they are offered a seat and told to sit. It is dining practice in the Philippines. It is rude to start eating till the hostess invites you to do so. Meals are often buffets, where one has to self-serve. Spoon and fork is the cutlery used in the Philippines; where you hold the spoon in the right hand and the fork in the left.

“Proudly Pinoy”, as the name suggests It is really proud being a Filipino.

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Cultural milieu

Daily life and social customs, cultural institutions.

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Cultural life

Philippine society is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity . Although geographically part of Southeast Asia , the country is culturally strongly Euro-American. Forces of assimilation have constantly worked to overcome cultural differences between the various ethnic groups that are scattered—sometimes in relative isolation—throughout the archipelago. Nearly four centuries of Western rule, however, have left an indelible imprint on the Philippines, serving as a conduit for the introduction of Western culture and as the catalyst for the emergence of a sense of Philippine political and cultural unity. While the Christian churches built by the Spanish and the mosques built by the Muslims provided a spiritual anchor, the educational system established by the United States and expanded by the Filipinos has become emblematic of cultural unity and socioeconomic progress. Nonetheless, through the persistence of strong family ties, the revival of the barangay as the smallest unit of government, increased attention to Asian history and literature, and subsequent revival of dormant traditions, the Philippines has strengthened its Asian heritage without abandoning its Western cultural acquisitions.

Life in the Philippines generally revolves around the extended family , including parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins (up to several times removed), and other relatives. For Catholic families, godparents—those to whom care of children is entrusted should the parents die or otherwise be incapacitated—also figure prominently in the kinship network. Members of extended families typically gather for major life events such as baptisms and confirmations (for Catholic Filipinos), circumcisions (for Muslim Filipinos), and marriages, as well as for major religious and other national holidays. Among the religious holidays officially observed in the Philippines are Christmas and Easter, as well as Eid al-Fitr , which marks the end of the Muslim fasting month of Ramadan . Other major holidays include New Year’s Day, Labor Day (May 1), and Independence Day (June 12).

Whether festival fare or everyday food, major meals in most Filipino societies are built around boiled or steamed rice or rice noodles. Small amounts of meat, including chicken, pork (in non-Muslim communities), goat, or fish complement the rice or noodle core, along with an assortment of fruits and cooked vegetables. Assorted alcoholic drinks are made from coconut sap, sugarcane, and rice. Balut , a parboiled embryonic duck still in the egg, is a popular street food in the Manila area.

Although slacks, shirts, skirts, and dresses based on European designs are common throughout the Philippines, some garments are unique to particular groups or regions. The malong , a colourful woven tube of cloth that can be worn in a variety of ways by both men and women, is characteristic of Muslim communities in Mindanao . In the urban areas, many men wear an intricately embroidered shirt, the barong , for casual and formal events. On special occasions, urban women may wear the terno , a long dress characterized by broad “butterfly” sleeves that rise slightly at the shoulders and extend about to the elbow. Many of the smaller ethnic groups have characteristic attire for events of special cultural significance.

Early Spanish chroniclers testified that the Filipinos carved the images of their anitos (gods and goddesses) and ancestors in wood. They also played a variety of musical instruments, including end-blown flutes, nose flutes, jew’s harps, gongs, drums, and lutes, among others. Various seasonal celebrations (e.g., harvest) and life rituals (e.g., courtship and marriage) called for certain instrumental music, songs, and dances. For instance, in some of the Muslim communities of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago , the kulintang ensemble, consisting of a set of gongs suspended horizontally and vertically and a single-headed drum, can still be heard at festive events.

Although the community of practitioners of rural performing arts has been diminishing, efforts have been under way to revive as well as recontextualize some of the indigenous traditions so that they resonate with an increasingly cosmopolitan Philippine society. Some of the local dance traditions have been preserved or reinterpreted by contemporary performing groups such as Bayanihan (the national folk dance company of the Philippines), established in the mid-20th century, as well as by the Ramon Obusan Folkloric Group and Ballet Philippines. A growing number of world music artists, such as Joey Ayala, have been creating innovative syntheses of indigenous Philippine traditions—such as kulintang —and popular music form.

Many Filipino musicians have risen to prominence in the Western classical music tradition, including the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon (known for his nationalistic themes), and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes. The Cultural Center of the Philippines, the Folk Arts Theater, and the restored Manila Metropolitan Theatre (all in Manila) provide homes for the performing arts, featuring local and foreign opera and ballet. To encourage the development of arts, the government gives awards of recognition and maintains a National Arts Center (established 1976), which includes the Philippine High School for the Arts in Los Baños , south of Manila.

Filipino painters have included Juan Luna, whose agitated works helped inspire a sense of Filipino nationalism in the late 19th century; Fernando Amorsolo, who is known for his traditional rural scenes; the muralists Carlos V. Francisco and Vicente Manansala; and the modernists Victorio Edades and Arturo Rogerio Luz. Among sculptors, Guillermo Tolentino and Napoleon Abueva are prominent. Rural artists from mountainous regions in northern Luzon and craftsmen living northwest of Manila and in Paete on the eastern shore of Laguna de Bay are known for wood carvings. Romblon and other nearby islands are noted for their marble sculptures. Notable Filipino architects include Juan F. Nakpil, Otilio Arellano, Fernando Ocampo, Leandro Locsin, Juan Arellano, Carlos Arguelles, and Tomas Mapua.

The outspoken political novels of nationalist leader José Rizal were Philippine literary landmarks of the late 19th century, and the work of Nick Joaquin has been among the most highly acclaimed Philippine literature since the mid-20th century. The diverse cultural heritage of the country not only animates most of Joaquin’s fiction writing, but it is also central to his nonfiction work. Among the most celebrated of Joaquin’s works are his play A Portrait of an Artist as a Filipino (1966) and his biography of assassinated presidential candidate Benigno Aquino , The Aquinos of Tarlac: An Essay on History as Three Generations (1983). Spanish was the prinicipal literary medium until the end of the 19th century, before yielding to English after U.S. occupation. Since independence an increasing number of writers have been composing their works in Filipino or Tagalog .

Filipinos have a tradition rich in local and regional lore. Myths and legends deal with such subjects as the origin of the world, the first man and woman on earth, why the sky is high, why the sea is salty, and why there are different races. Other tales are associated with the Spanish conquest. On the island of Mindanao an epic known as the Darangen (“To Narrate in Song”) depicts the historical and mythological world of the Maranao community, while in northern Luzon the Ilocano epic Biag ni Lam-ang (“Life of Lam-ang”) recounts the exploits of a traditional folk hero.

The Philippines has produced a handful of internationally acclaimed films, including Himala (1982), which recounts the adventures of a young miracle worker; Oro, Plata, Mata (1982), the story of two noble families on the island of Negros during World War II; and Small Voices (2002), the tale of a teacher in an impoverished rural community who, through music, inspires her students to shed their cynicism . Despite its successes, the film industry in the Philippines has remained small, its growth hindered by escalating production costs, high taxes, uncontrolled piracy of videotapes and CDs, and the popularity of foreign films over local productions.

The National Museum in Manila, which houses a substantial ethnographic collection, is the principal government vehicle for preservation and conservation of the country’s tangible and intangible cultural property. Many of the provinces have established their own museums dedicated to local history and tradition. A few institutions of higher education—such as the University of Santo Tomas, Silliman University in eastern Negros, Mindanao State University in Lanao del Sur, and the University of the Philippines at Diliman—likewise have added museums to their campuses. The National Library serves as a repository for Philippine literary materials and supervises public libraries throughout the country.

A number of locations in the Philippines have been designated as UNESCO World Heritage sites . These include four 16th-century churches built by the Spanish in Manila, Santa Maria, Paoay, and Miag-ao (collectively designated in 1993), the 16th-century trading town of Vigan (1999) in northwestern Luzon, and the ancient rice terraces of the northern Luzon cordilleras (1995). Local nongovernmental organizations such as the Heritage Conservation Society and some historical groups have also sought to preserve the local heritage.

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Philippine Cultural Diversity, Research Paper Example

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Introduction

The culture and traditions of Philippine people is unique and highly spiritual at the same time. The below essay will focus on different areas of Filipino life, including family life, education, belief systems, spirituality and religion, as well as the impact of Western civilization on today’s people with Filipino heritage.

Cultural Background

Filipino culture is unique in Asia, as it is the only Catholic country in the region. As the islands are separated by water from the rest of the continent, the culture of the Philippines is different from other countries’. As the islands were under Spanish rule for a long time, Catholicism spread rapidly in the country, and created a completely new form of spirituality. The country, however, has been influenced by other religions and belief systems, as well, such as the Islam, in the 16 th Century, and the intervention of the United States during the Spanish-American war, and the Japanese invasion in 1944 (Everyculture.com). However, the standard language in the country is a mixture of English and Tagalog, often called “Taglish”, and the Philippines has the third largest number of English speakers in the world. The common usage and knowledge of English makes the Filipino culture more open to Western influences than other countries.

According to Shapiro (2), the culture of the Philippines is collectivist, and social, family relations have a higher importance than in Western civilizations. The identity of a person living in the Philippines is closely influenced by their family and social relationships. As traditions and norms are strong in the country, every person needs to consider their decision based on how it would affect their family’s reputation.

People consider relationships (social and blood)  important in their lives. The role of aunts, uncles, and grandparents is greater in the culture than in the western world. The decision making process of Filipino people also differ from Americans’ and Western Europeans’. All major life decisions are discussed in the family, including education, marriage, career, and even friendships (Shapiro). There is also a strict family hierarchy in the family. The head of the household is usually the father, however, the elder brother is responsible for the younger family members. The role of the youngest daughter is to look after aging grandparents. When the youngest daughter gets married, this role falls on her mother. In the Filipino culture, unmarried children are not allowed to live alone, and stay with their parents until a suitable marriage has been agreed to.

Castes and classes still exist in the Philippines, according to Everyculture.com. One’s class and social status is determined by various things, such as the color of their skin, wealth, and beauty. Light-skinned individuals are considered to be more intelligent. Those who have influential and wealthy friends or family members are able to succeed easier than those without such relations.  Money is highly associated with power in the Filipino culture, and having a car provides the family with a social status. However, higher social classes also distinguish themselves by sending their kids to elite schools and higher education.

There is one important and interesting aspect of the culture, and this is related to education. The family supports children throughout their lives to gain a formal education and build a successful career. Education is a tool for achieving both social status and power.

A sign of real friendship in the Philippines is to walk hand in hand. Family members of all ages and sexes do this. Women are more restricted by social norms than men, as they are not supposed to drink in public or cross their legs. While 85 percent of the population is Catholic, there are some customs that originate back to times before the Spanish arrived. The Constitution of the country provides every citizen with the freedom of religion.

Tremlett (1) mentions amulets and talismans being used as symbols of spiritual power. Further, the author states that tattoos are often based on symbols of power, such as depicting Saint Francis and the serpent, or Jesus. Latin words of power are also often used in tattoos, clearly showing the influence of Christianity (Tremlett, 4).

A family’s lifestyle highly depends on their social status. Most people live in extended family communities, and occupy large, Spanish style buildings with verandas. In rural communities, outside of Manila, people usually live in nipa huts, constructed of palm trees and cinder blocks. Some new houses have two kitchens; one that is the traditional “dirty kitchen” for preparing food, and a “clean kitchen” for eating. People in the middle class have tiled roofs. 46 percent of the land in the Philippines is forest. Those in rural areas often visit the local market to obtain goods that are not produced in their community. Women manage the money, and they enjoy equality. While male heirs are desirable, women can inherit as well. Interestingly, the value and power of women is determined by their beauty, and in many cases beauty pageant winners succeed better in marriage and business than others. Families usually share childcare duties, and the youngest daughter remains at home to look after elderly or sick family members, however, she can still marry. Grandparents living with the family usually look after small children.

The society of the Philippines is based on unequal distribution of wealth. One of the most significant problems in the society, according to Everyculture.com is that “Spanish and American rule left arable land concentrated in the hands of 2 percent of the population and those owners will not give up their land without compensation”. Unemployment rate is high. Eighty percent of people living in rural areas live in poverty, while fifty percent of the urban residents are considered to be below the poverty line. Many people from poor rural areas try to relocate to the cities, but they cannot find work or adequate housing, and they settle in Shanty towns, garbage dumps, or public places.

Men and women have different roles in the society, and labor is divided into male and female work. Women usually work in the garden, while men often take on construction or driving jobs. Educated women often become teachers or administrators.

The main focus of the Filipino value system is family. Every person defines their role based on their family’s history, traits, and take on the advice of elders. Every individual aims for social acceptance, status, economic security, and social mobility. Education is highly valued in the Philippines. Value and virtue is often associated with one’s physical appearance. Bahala na, or the absolute trust in the Divine (Dy, 67) means that human effort combined with faith is always favored by God. Dy, however, also states that Filipinos tend to leave everything for God, and sit back relying on their faith. As the belief system is deeply founded in Christianity, Filipino is a humane society, caring for the elderly, family members, and the poor.

According to Everyculture.com, “Filipinos regard education as the path to upward mobility”. Therefore, education is important for all families. Literacy rate over the age of 10 is 90 percent, even though education is only compulsory up to the age of 12. The poorest children, however, do not attend school, and work around the house, being looked after and educated by older family members. While children start learning in Filipino, English is introduced at an early age. There are between 25 and 50 children in each class, and there is a great difference between public and private schools’ teaching quality, as well as equipments. School is only open between June and March, due to the extremely hot weather in April and May.

Those who can afford it do everything to get their children into college. Every province has its own colleges and universities. However, those living in remote areas might need to travel to the university.

Life expectancy for males is 64 years for men and 70 years for women in the Philippines (Everyculture.com). Free basic health care is provided for all citizens. Polio was eliminated in 2000, and regional public hospitals treat all patients, arrange vaccination and screening. Infant mortality rate is extremely high in the Philippines: 48.9 percent.

The use of alternative medicines is common in the country, and folk doctors are often used instead of health centers. Massage oils, herbal medicines are used by folk healers, however, there are also faith healers, who promise instant cure for chronic illnesses (Shapiro, 2). High blood pressure is a significant health problem in the country, and without adequate management, it can become deadly. One in ten people aged fifteen or over have high blood pressure. Another health concern is tuberculosis, followed by dengue fever and malaria (Everyculture.com). Government has not yet introduced adequate mosquito control. According to the WHO (12), there is a great inequality in health outcomes based on social status and wealth. Those who can afford can take part in screening and prevention programs, attend private clinics, and generally have a greater knowledge about diseases and their prevention.

Death Rituals

One of the most significant customs of the Philippine culture is related to death and mourning. After one passes away, relatives hold a 24-hour vigil at their house, and then escort the coffin to the cemetery (Everyculture.com). Relatives are to wear a black pin on their clothing, or black clothes, but close family members are required to wear these symbols for one year. Some tribes still have their pagan traditions, such as the Benguets, blindfolding the dead for eight days, or the Ilokanos, who believe that the spirit of the dead is still present, and it is possible to communicate with it (Thefuneralsource.net).

Other Interesting Aspects of Filipino Culture

Tremlett (3) describes how the people of the Philippines combine Christianity with shamanism and other pagan beliefs. He describes some groups wearing a T-shirt with latin prayers printed on it in order to obtain magic powers and the ability to fight enemies. Indigenous tribes often believe that the use of tattoos and amulets, often consisting of Christian symbols provides them with invulnerability and power.

Works Cited

Dy, M. Values in Philippine Culture and Education. 1994. Print.

Everyculture.com “The Philippines” n.d. Web. <http://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/The-Philippines.html>

Shapiro, M. “Asian Culture Brief: Philippines”. 2010. Web.  <Asian Culture Brief: Philippines >

The Funeral Source. “Asian Funeral Traditions. Filipino Funeral Traditions”. n.d. Web. <http://thefuneralsource.org/trad140208.html>

Tremlett, P. “Religion, Culture and Politics in the Philippines”. 2007. Web. <http://www.anpere.net/2007/8.pdf>

WHO “The Philippines Health System Review” 2011. Web. <http://www.wpro.who.int/asia_pacific_observatory/Philippines_Health_System_Review.pdf>

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Religion, Customs, and Tradition of the Philippines: A Tapestry of Spiritual and Cultural Diversity

Religion, Customs, and Tradition of the Philippines – Cultural Heritage of Philippines

The Philippines, known for its stunning natural beauty, is also home to a rich tapestry of religious diversity. The spiritual landscape is woven with threads of indigenous beliefs, colonial influences, and contemporary faiths. This article unravels the intricate layers of religion, customs, and traditions in the Philippines, exploring the significance of sacred spaces, customs, and the fusion of spiritual practices that shape the nation’s cultural heritage.

Indigenous Beliefs: Ancestral Spirits and Nature Worship

Anito worship: connecting with ancestors.

Before the arrival of foreign influences, indigenous communities in the Philippines practiced animism. Anito worship involved connecting with ancestral spirits through rituals and ceremonies. Sacred spaces, such as ancient trees or natural formations, served as altars for communing with the spirit world. Despite the impact of later religions, elements of animistic beliefs persist in Filipino culture.

Bathala: The Supreme Deity

Bathala, considered the supreme deity in pre-colonial Tagalog mythology, represented the creator of all things. Worship of Bathala involved rituals expressing gratitude for nature’s bounty. Although the prominence of Bathala waned with the introduction of new religions, the concept of a supreme being remains ingrained in the Filipino psyche.

Colonial Influences: The Arrival of Christianity

Spanish colonization and the spread of christianity.

The 16th century marked a transformative period in Philippine history with the arrival of Spanish colonizers, bringing Christianity to the archipelago. The Spanish introduced Roman Catholicism, leaving an indelible mark on the religious landscape. The fusion of indigenous beliefs with Catholicism gave rise to a unique syncretic form of worship.

Baroque Churches: Architectural Testaments of Faith

The Spanish colonial era left a profound architectural legacy with the construction of Baroque churches across the Philippines. These architectural marvels, such as the San Agustin Church in Manila, stand as testaments to the enduring faith of the Filipino people. Intricate carvings, ornate altars, and religious artworks within these churches reflect the fusion of Spanish and indigenous influences.

Roman Catholicism: Pillar of Filipino Spirituality

Feast of the black nazarene: a symbol of devotion.

The Feast of the Black Nazarene in Quiapo, Manila, is an iconic religious event that draws millions of devotees. The Black Nazarene, a dark-skinned statue of Jesus Christ, is venerated for its supposed miraculous powers. The annual procession, marked by devotees participating barefoot and pulling the carriage of the Black Nazarene, is an expression of deep devotion and penance.

Santo Niño: Child Jesus as Patron

The veneration of the Santo Niño, or the Child Jesus, is widespread in the Philippines. The Sinulog Festival in Cebu, dedicated to the Santo Niño, is a grand celebration featuring a colorful parade and street dancing. The devotion to the Santo Niño reflects the Filipinos’ enduring childlike faith and resilience amid challenges.

Islamic Heritage in the Philippines

Islam in the southern philippines.

In contrast to the predominantly Christian regions, the southern part of the Philippines has a significant Muslim population. Islam was introduced by Arab traders before Spanish colonization. The Marawi Grand Mosque in Mindanao stands as a symbol of Islamic heritage, showcasing the architectural influence of the Middle East.

Ramadan and Eid al-Fitr: Celebrating Islamic Traditions

Muslims in the Philippines observe Ramadan, a month of fasting, prayer, and reflection. The culmination of Ramadan is celebrated with Eid al-Fitr, marked by communal prayers, feasting, and acts of charity. These traditions highlight the cultural diversity within the Philippines, where different religious communities coexist.

Chinese Traditions and Buddhism

Chinese influence in filipino culture.

The Philippines has a significant Chinese community that has contributed to the cultural mosaic. Chinese traditions, including ancestral veneration, the Dragon Boat Festival, and the Lunar New Year, are celebrated alongside local customs. The blending of Chinese and Filipino cultures is evident in practices like feng shui influencing architectural design and city planning.

Buddhism in the Philippines: A Minority Presence

While Buddhism is a minority religion in the Philippines, there are communities that practice Theravada Buddhism. The presence of Buddhist temples, such as the Seng Guan Temple in Manila, reflects the multicultural landscape of the country. Buddhists engage in meditation, rituals, and the observance of Buddhist festivals.

Iglesia ni Cristo: A Homegrown Faith

Iglesia ni cristo: an indigenous christian church.

Founded in 1914, the Iglesia ni Cristo (Church of Christ) is a homegrown Christian denomination with a significant following in the Philippines. Known for its unique doctrines and architectural landmarks like the INC Central Temple, this indigenous Christian church has played a prominent role in the country’s religious landscape.

Rethinking The Future (RTF) is a Global Platform for Architecture and Design. RTF through more than 100 countries around the world provides an interactive platform of highest standard acknowledging the projects among creative and influential industry professionals.

Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Philippines: A Tapestry of Tradition

Food and Cuisine of the Philippines: A Gastronomic Journey Through Cultural Heritage

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Cultural Issues In The Philippines: Insights & Trends

What are the pressing cultural issues in the Philippines that demand our attention? Are we truly aware of the challenges faced by the Filipino people? Let’s delve into the intricate tapestry of Philippine culture and uncover the realities that shape its society.

Key Takeaways:

• The human rights situation in the Philippines is a cause for concern, with thousands of extrajudicial killings and restrictions on freedom of speech and media.
• The “war on drugs” has had devastating effects, particularly on marginalized communities, leading to an increase in violence and impunity.
• Activists, journalists, and indigenous leaders face threats and attacks, eroding freedom of expression and endangering those who speak out.
• The media landscape in the Philippines is under immense pressure, with cases of harassment, defamation charges, and closure of critical outlets.
• The Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated social issues in the Philippines, including human rights abuses and a rise in domestic violence.

Challenges of “War on Drugs” in the Philippines

The “war on drugs” in the Philippines has had significant cultural challenges and social issues in Filipino culture . The approach to addressing drug-related problems has resulted in thousands of extrajudicial killings, with a particular focus on impoverished Filipinos in urban areas.

During the Covid-19 lockdown, the killings further escalated, exacerbating concerns about human rights violations and impunity. The impact of this violence extends beyond the immediate victims, affecting the lives of children left behind. These children often face the hardships of poverty, psychological distress, and even bullying in their communities.

“The ‘war on drugs’ in the Philippines has unleashed a brutal wave of violence, with thousands of lives lost and families torn apart. The devastating consequences of this approach reach far beyond the individuals directly affected, affecting entire communities and perpetuating a culture of fear and impunity.” – Human Rights Organization

The Impact on Children

• Children left behind by victims of extrajudicial killings often face significant challenges.
• They may experience poverty due to the loss of their primary breadwinner.
• The trauma and psychological distress resulting from the violent deaths of their loved ones can have long-lasting effects.
• Bullying and discrimination by peers, who stigmatize them due to their association with drug-related violence, is a common occurrence.

Threats and Attacks Against Activists and Journalists

Activists, environmentalists, community leaders, journalists, and lawyers in the Philippines have faced numerous threats and attacks, including targeted killings. The challenging social issues in Filipino culture have led to an environment where individuals advocating for change and fighting for human rights are increasingly at risk.

Within the context of cultural challenges in the Philippines , left-wing political activists have been particularly targeted. This is especially true for those individuals associated with the communist New People’s Army (NPA) insurgency. The government’s response to left-wing activism has led to a series of unfortunate events, resulting in increased risks and violence towards activists.

Human rights groups have reported cases of red-tagging in the country, whereby individuals are unfairly labeled as communists or terrorists. This labeling has significant consequences, exposing those targeted to additional risks, threats, and even physical violence.

The situation in the Philippines is concerning, as threats and attacks against activists and journalists are hindering freedom of expression and stifling the pursuit of justice. These cultural challenges not only impact social progress but also have wider implications for democracy and human rights in the country.

Targeting Activists and Leaders

Political activists, environmentalists, community leaders, journalists, and lawyers in the Philippines face significant dangers as they voice their concerns and advocate for change. These individuals play a crucial role in holding the government accountable and working towards a more inclusive and just society. However, their commitment to social change often puts them in the crosshairs of violence and intimidation.

The Perils of Red-Tagging

One of the alarming tactics used against activists is red-tagging. This involves falsely labeling individuals as communists or terrorists, endangering their lives and inciting violence against them. The culture of red-tagging perpetuates fear, division, and discrimination, creating a hostile environment for those fighting for social justice.

Implications for Democracy and Human Rights

The threats and attacks against activists and journalists not only hinder social progress but also undermine the very foundations of democracy and human rights. Freedom of expression and the right to dissent are vital pillars of a democratic society. By silencing activists and journalists, these cultural challenges in the Philippines erode democratic principles and prevent the development of an open and inclusive society.

It is essential to address these cultural challenges and protect the individuals who are at the forefront of advocating for positive change. Only by ensuring the safety and freedom of activists and journalists can the Philippines move towards a more just, equitable, and democratic society.

Freedom of Media in the Philippines

The freedom of the media in the Philippines is currently facing significant challenges, highlighting the cultural and social issues prevalent in Filipino society. Cases of harassment, defamation charges, and even the closure of media companies critical of the government have become increasingly common. This has raised concerns about the state of press freedom and safety in the country.

“Journalism can never be silent: that is its greatest virtue and its greatest fault.” – Tom Stoppard

A prominent example of the government’s crackdown on media is the conviction of journalist Maria Ressa, the CEO of Rappler, on cyber libel charges. This case has drawn international attention and raised questions about the protection of freedom of speech and expression in the Philippines.

Furthermore, the government’s decision to shut down ABS-CBN, the largest television network in the country, has further restricted the media landscape. This move has significantly curtailed the dissemination of independent news and information, posing additional challenges to press freedom and diversity of voices.

The killings of journalists have also continued, perpetuating an environment of fear and intimidation. These cases not only infringe upon the rights of journalists but also have a broader impact on society’s ability to access accurate and unbiased information.

The Role of an Independent Media

An independent and free media is crucial for any democratic society. It serves as a watchdog, holding those in power accountable and providing citizens with the information necessary to make informed decisions. Without a robust and vibrant media landscape, the public’s right to know is compromised.

Journalists play a vital role in shaping public opinion, raising awareness about social issues, and providing a platform for marginalized voices to be heard. They play a crucial role in promoting social progress, challenging the status quo, and fostering a culture of transparency and accountability.

It is essential for the government and relevant stakeholders to prioritize the protection of press freedom and ensure the safety and security of journalists. Encouraging an environment that fosters independent and critical journalism will contribute to a more open and inclusive society.

As the Philippines grapples with the challenges surrounding freedom of media, it is imperative for individuals and organizations to advocate for the protection of journalists and press freedom. Safeguarding the rights of the media is not only a matter of protecting the rights of journalists but also upholding the democratic principles upon which a just and inclusive society is built.

Impacts of Covid-19 in the Philippines

The Covid-19 pandemic has had significant impacts on the Philippines, affecting not only the health of its citizens but also their human rights and social well-being. The government implemented stringent lockdown measures to curb the spread of the virus, but these measures have had unintended consequences that pose cultural challenges and social issues in Filipino society.

During the lockdown, reports have emerged of arrests and detention in overcrowded facilities, leading to violations of rights. Vulnerable populations, such as the LGBT community and children, have been particularly affected. The lack of adequate facilities and the strain on the criminal justice system have exacerbated the plight of those who have been arrested, further infringing upon their cultural rights and freedoms.

One alarming consequence of the lockdown has been the surge in domestic violence cases. As families were confined to their homes, tensions escalated, placing women and children at greater risk. This rise in domestic violence not only threatens the safety and well-being of individuals but also undermines the cultural foundations of Filipino society, based on respect for family and community.

It is essential to address these cultural challenges and social issues caused by the pandemic in order to protect the well-being and rights of all Filipino citizens. By prioritizing the safety and inclusivity of vulnerable populations and providing support for those affected by domestic violence, the Philippines can navigate through these challenging times and preserve the rich cultural fabric that defines the nation.

“The Covid-19 pandemic has unveiled the vulnerabilities within our society and highlighted the urgent need for comprehensive and compassionate solutions. We must come together as a nation and address the cultural challenges and social issues that have arisen during this crisis.”

Efforts should be made to ensure that resources and support systems are in place to aid those in need, such as helplines for domestic violence victims and community programs that promote respect and understanding within families. By nurturing a culture of empathy and solidarity, the Philippines can overcome the impacts of Covid-19 and emerge stronger as a nation.

Uninvestigated Killings and Impunity

The cultural challenges in the Philippines are compounded by the lack of thorough investigations into the killings related to the “war on drugs,” resulting in a culture of impunity for the perpetrators. This issue undermines the social fabric of Filipino culture, eroding trust, and perpetuating a cycle of violence.

While some cases are being investigated, the effectiveness of these efforts is questionable given the composition of the committee tasked with examining police involvement in the killings. Key agencies implicated in the violence are part of the committee’s leadership, raising concerns about conflicts of interest and potential bias.

Cultural sensitivity and respect for human rights are essential in addressing this issue and ensuring justice for the victims. By conducting impartial investigations and holding those responsible accountable, the Philippines can work towards healing its society and restoring faith in its cultural values.

Political Killings and Intimidation

One of the significant social issues in Filipino culture is the prevalence of political killings and intimidation. Human rights defenders, activists, and leaders in the Philippines face constant threats, intimidation, and even fatal consequences, especially if they are associated with left-wing or indigenous movements. This distressing pattern of violence poses a grave challenge to the cultural fabric of the nation, hindering progress towards a more inclusive and equitable society.

The military and national security agencies in the Philippines have been deploying social media platforms as tools for red-tagging individuals, maliciously labeling them as supporters of insurgents to undermine their credibility and incite further violence. This strategy exacerbates the risks and dangers faced by those who advocate for social justice, human rights, and political change.

“We cannot allow fear to hold us back from fighting for what is right. Even in the face of intimidation and violence, we must stand together and continue our struggle for a better future.”

This climate of fear and intimidation has further intensified due to the government’s campaign against communist organizations, which has led to increased risks and violence. Such an environment undermines the fundamental principles of freedom of expression, association, and the right to dissent, which are essential components of a healthy and thriving democracy.

Addressing these cultural challenges in the Philippines requires collective efforts from society, government, and international organizations. Protecting the rights of activists and defenders of human rights is vital to foster an environment where diverse voices can be heard, respected, and engaged in meaningful dialogues to create lasting positive change.

Cultural Milieu of the Philippines

The Philippines is a diverse country that embraces various cultural influences, resulting in a rich and unique cultural milieu. Located in Southeast Asia, the Philippines has been shaped by its historical connections with Spain and the United States, along with its Asian heritage.

Through the centuries, the Philippines has experienced the fusion of different cultures, creating a vibrant and diverse society. While the country has a strong Euro-American cultural influence, there have been concerted efforts to strengthen its Asian heritage. Initiatives such as revitalizing traditional customs and promoting Asian history and literature aim to preserve and celebrate the country’s cultural diversity.

The Filipino people take pride in their cultural heritage, as it serves as a source of identity and unity. The diverse traditions, languages , and practices found across the archipelago reflect the country’s multiculturalism and create a sense of belonging among its citizens.

In recent years, there has been a greater acknowledgment of the importance of cultural preservation and the need to safeguard indigenous practices and customs. This inclusivity allows for a deeper appreciation of the various ethnic groups within the country and fosters a spirit of respect for diversity.

“The cultural richness of the Philippines is a testament to the harmonious coexistence of different cultural influences. It is an opportunity for Filipinos to continue embracing their heritage while nurturing a more inclusive and diverse society.”

Cultural Influences

The cultural influences in the Philippines are diverse, reflecting the interactions between local communities and foreign powers throughout history. Here are some of the key cultural influences:

The interactions between these cultural influences have led to a unique amalgamation, making Filipino culture an intricate tapestry of diverse customs, traditions, and beliefs.

The image above showcases the diversity found in Filipino culture. It depicts traditional attire worn during festivals, highlighting the colorful and vibrant nature of the Philippines’ cultural heritage.

Daily Life and Social Customs in the Philippines

In the Philippines, daily life and social customs revolve around the importance of family and community. Filipino culture cherishes the extended family, with gatherings and celebrations held for major life events and holidays. This emphasis on close-knit relationships and interconnectedness brings a sense of support, unity, and belonging to the Filipino people.

When it comes to food, rice or rice noodles serve as the staple in Filipino meals. They are often accompanied by small amounts of meat, fruits, and vegetables, creating a balanced and flavorful combination. The act of sharing a meal holds deep cultural significance, fostering camaraderie and bonding among family and friends.

Traditional clothing continues to play a role in Filipino culture. The malong, a versatile tube-like garment, and the barong, a formal embroidered shirt worn by men, hold special significance for specific regions and occasions. However, in urban areas, Western-style attire has become prevalent, reflecting the influence of globalization and modernization.

Arts, Music, and Dance

The Philippines boasts a rich tradition of arts, music, and dance, which are deeply intertwined with its cultural heritage. Traditional music and instruments, such as the kulintang, showcase the country’s indigenous roots and are celebrated for their distinct rhythms and melodies. Filipino musicians have also made their mark in Western classical music, with talents like pianist Cecile Licad gaining international recognition.

Furthermore, the Philippines has made notable contributions to the world of cinema, with its film industry producing critically acclaimed works. Filipino filmmakers have tackled a diverse range of themes, showcasing the country’s creativity and storytelling prowess.

“The arts and culture in the Philippines reflect our identity and resilience as a nation. They provide a platform for self-expression and a bridge that connects us to our roots.”

The arts serve as a powerful means of self-expression, preserving cultural narratives, and fostering a sense of pride among the Filipino people.

The Philippines’ diverse cultural norms and practices reflect its rich heritage and deep-rooted values. By embracing and honoring these customs, the Filipino people continue to forge a resilient and dynamic national identity.

The Arts in the Philippines

The Philippines has a rich and vibrant arts scene, encompassing both traditional and contemporary forms of artistic expression. From music and dance to film and literature, Filipino artists have made significant contributions that shape the country’s cultural identity.

Traditional Music, Dance, and Instruments

In the Philippines, traditional music, dance, and instruments have deep-rooted cultural significance. The rhythm and melodies of traditional Philippine music, often accompanied by indigenous instruments such as the kulintang (a set of gongs), continue to be celebrated and passed down through generations. Folk dances, such as the Tinikling and Singkil, captivate audiences with their graceful movements and storytelling.

Filipino Musicians in Western Classical Music

Filipino musicians have also achieved recognition in Western classical music. From world-renowned piano virtuosos like Cecile Licad to acclaimed singers like Lea Salonga, they have showcased their talent and made their mark on the international stage. These individuals serve as ambassadors, bridging the gap between Philippine culture and the global classical music community.

Internationally Acclaimed Films

The Philippines has a burgeoning film industry that has gained international acclaim. Filipino filmmakers and actors have received recognition at prestigious film festivals, with their works exploring a diverse range of themes and narratives. Acclaimed directors like Lav Diaz and Brillante Mendoza have become known for their thought-provoking storytelling and unique cinematic style.

Literature Shaping National Identity

Literature plays a significant role in shaping the national identity of the Philippines. Works from esteemed authors such as José Rizal and Nick Joaquin resonate with the Filipino people, reflecting their history, struggles, and aspirations. These literary works offer profound insights into the cultural sensitivity and diverse perspectives within Philippine society.

“The arts have the power to transcend boundaries and unite people. In the Philippines, they serve as a powerful expression of our cultural heritage and help us foster cultural sensitivity and understanding.” – Anonymous

Through various forms of artistic expression, the arts in the Philippines not only entertain but also educate, inspire, and create opportunities for dialogue. By appreciating and supporting the arts, we can cultivate cultural sensitivity and promote a deeper understanding of Philippine culture.

Cultural Institutions and Heritage Preservation

The Philippines boasts a rich cultural heritage that is deeply valued and celebrated. To preserve and promote this heritage, the country has established various cultural institutions such as museums, libraries, and arts centers. These institutions serve as custodians of the country’s history, art, and traditions, allowing both locals and visitors to immerse themselves in the vibrant tapestry of Filipino culture.

One significant recognition of the Philippines’ cultural wealth comes from UNESCO, which has designated several sites in the country as World Heritage sites. These sites include the historic town of Vigan, the stunning rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, and the beautiful Baroque churches in the province of Ilocos.

Local organizations also play a pivotal role in preserving and promoting the rich cultural traditions of the Philippines. These organizations work tirelessly to safeguard indigenous practices, customs, and languages , ensuring that cultural diversity thrives in the midst of a rapidly evolving world.

Preserving our cultural heritage is not just about conserving artifacts or physical structures; it is about safeguarding the intangible essence of who we are as a people. It is about recognizing the value of our traditions and passing them on to future generations, so they too can be touched by the beauty and wisdom of our ancestors.

Reviving Indigenous Practices and Customs

Efforts are underway to revive indigenous practices and customs that have shaped Filipino culture for centuries. Through revitalization initiatives, these ancient traditions are being reintroduced and celebrated, allowing communities to reconnect with their roots and preserve their unique identities.

Indigenous dances, music, and rituals are being taught and performed, ensuring that these living traditions continue to thrive. By embracing and sharing their cultural heritage, indigenous communities are fostering a sense of pride and strengthening their cultural resilience in the face of modern challenges.

Furthermore, the Philippines recognizes the importance of preserving its linguistic diversity. Local languages are being promoted and taught in schools, helping to ensure the survival and vibrancy of these unique linguistic traditions.

In summary, cultural institutions and heritage preservation efforts in the Philippines serve as vital pillars in the preservation, promotion, and revival of the rich and diverse cultural tapestry that defines the nation. By recognizing and cherishing its cultural heritage, the Philippines ensures that future generations can appreciate and draw inspiration from the wealth of traditions and customs that make up the Filipino identity.

Historical Background and National Identity

The Philippines has a rich history that has greatly influenced its national identity. From Spanish colonization to American influence, the country’s past has shaped its cultural differences and fostered diversity in Filipino culture . Significant events and figures have played pivotal roles in creating a sense of nationhood and inspiring resilience in the Filipino people.

The Struggle for Independence

During the colonial era, the Philippines faced Spanish rule. However, this period also sparked the spirit of resistance and the desire for self-determination. National heroes like José Rizal emerged, advocating for independence and inspiring others to fight for their rights. Their courage and commitment have become symbols of Filipino identity and pride.

“I have to believe much in God because I have lost my faith in man.” – José Rizal

A Blend of Cultural Influences

The Philippines’ unique cultural diversity is the result of various influences from different parts of the world. Spanish colonization introduced Catholicism and left a lasting impact on the country’s language , architecture, and traditions. American influence brought widespread use of the English language and shaped aspects of Filipino education, politics, and popular culture.

Resilience through Challenges

Throughout its history, the Filipino people have faced numerous challenges, from colonial rule to natural disasters. Yet, they have demonstrated remarkable resilience and perseverance in the face of adversity. The pursuit of social justice, human rights, and equality has remained central to the Filipino identity, driving ongoing efforts to address cultural differences and promote diversity in Filipino culture .

The historical background of the Philippines has had a profound impact on the country’s national identity. The struggles faced and the cultural influences experienced have shaped a diverse and resilient Filipino culture, highlighting the importance of embracing and celebrating cultural differences in the Philippines .

The cultural issues in the Philippines , ranging from human rights abuses to challenges during the Covid-19 pandemic, emphasize the pressing need for cultural sensitivity, awareness, and preservation. These challenges have had a profound impact on the diverse cultural heritage of the country and have shaped the Filipino identity. It is crucial for individuals and communities to recognize and address these cultural concerns while fostering inclusivity and respect for the rich diversity in Filipino culture .

The human rights situation in the Philippines, particularly the extrajudicial killings under President Rodrigo Duterte’s “war on drugs,” has raised significant concerns both locally and internationally. The government’s targeting of political activists, journalists, and indigenous leaders has further restricted freedom of speech and the media. Moreover, the Covid-19 pandemic has exacerbated these challenges, with reports of human rights abuses and an alarming increase in domestic violence.

Despite these issues, the Philippines remains a country with a vibrant cultural milieu. Efforts have been made to revitalize traditional customs and promote Asian heritage alongside the strong Euro-American cultural influence. Filipino culture places a strong emphasis on the extended family, and traditional arts, music, and literature continue to play a significant role in shaping the nation’s identity.

It is essential to address the cultural challenges faced by the Philippines, promote cultural awareness, and work towards preserving the country’s rich and diverse heritage. By fostering inclusivity and respect for diversity, the Filipino people can build a society that embraces and celebrates their cultural differences. Only through these collective efforts can the Philippines overcome its cultural issues and strive towards a more inclusive and harmonious future for all.

What are the cultural challenges in the Philippines?

What is the “war on drugs” in the philippines and its challenges, what threats and attacks do activists and journalists face in the philippines, what is the state of freedom of the media in the philippines, how has the covid-19 pandemic impacted the philippines, what is the situation regarding uninvestigated killings and impunity in the philippines, how are political killings and intimidation affecting the philippines, what is the cultural milieu of the philippines, what are the daily life and social customs in the philippines, what is the significance of the arts in the philippines, how does the philippines preserve its cultural heritage, what is the historical background and national identity of the philippines, source links.

• https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/philippines
• https://www.britannica.com/place/Philippines/Cultural-life
• https://www.everyculture.com/No-Sa/The-Philippines.html

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Home — Essay Samples — Social Issues — Cultural Diversity — Filipino Culture: The Dynamics, Challenges, and Opportunities

Filipino Culture: The Dynamics, Challenges, and Opportunities

• Categories: Cultural Diversity

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Words: 604 |

Published: Mar 8, 2024

Words: 604 | Page: 1 | 4 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, the dynamics of filipino culture, challenges of filipino culture, opportunities of filipino culture.

• Family: Family is at the heart of the Filipino culture. Filipinos value kinship ties and maintain strong family relations. Families play a crucial role in providing emotional and financial support, celebrating special occasions, and sharing experiences.
• Religion: Religion plays an important role in the lives of Filipinos. The Catholic church is the dominant religion, but there are also other religions such as Islam, Buddhism, and Protestantism. Religious beliefs and practices influence many aspects of Filipino culture.
• Language: Filipinos speak many different languages and dialects. The national language of the Philippines is Filipino, which is based on Tagalog. English is also widely spoken and used in schools, business, and government.
• Hospitality: Filipinos are known for their hospitality. They welcome visitors and guests warmly, and it is customary to offer food and drinks to anyone who visits their home or office.
• Food: Filipino cuisine is diverse and influenced by different cultures. Rice is a staple food, and seafood, meat, vegetables, and fruits are commonly consumed. Filipino dishes are known for their flavorful and aromatic ingredients.
• Arts: Filipino arts are vibrant and diverse. Traditional Filipino arts include music, dance, literature, and visual arts. Contemporary Filipino artists also make significant contributions to the arts scene.
• Modernization: As society evolves, the Filipino culture faces challenges that threaten its preservation. Technology and globalization have introduced new lifestyles, values, and beliefs that are not indigenous to the Filipino culture.
• Language Barrier: The diversity of languages and dialects creates communication gaps that hinder interconnectedness. The prevalence of English in business and government creates a division between those who can speak English and those who cannot.
• Family Disintegration: The strong family ties of the Filipino culture are compromised by the modernization of society. Many families are now dispersed, and some have weakened family structures due to migration , urbanization, and globalization.
• Political Instability: Political instability has been a pervasive problem in the Philippines. Corruption, human rights violations, and ineffective governance affect the country’s economic development, social stability, and cultural preservation.
• Cross-cultural Collaboration: The multicultural nature of the Filipino culture creates opportunities for cross-cultural collaboration. Filipinos have a unique perspective on the world that can enrich global discourse and cooperation.
• Cultural Tourism: The diverse and vibrant heritage of Filipino culture attracts local and international tourists. Cultural tourism creates opportunities for employment, economic development , and social upliftment.
• Philanthropic Entrepreneurship: The strong sense of community and compassion in Filipino culture can create lucrative opportunities for philanthropic entrepreneurship. Social enterprises that address local issues can create sustainable business models and positive social impact.

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Essay on Philippine Culture

Students are often asked to write an essay on Philippine Culture in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Philippine Culture

Introduction.

Philippine culture is rich and diverse. It is a mix of various influences from its history. This makes it unique and interesting. The culture includes traditions, languages, festivals, and art forms.

Traditions and Customs

Languages and dialects.

The Philippines has many languages. Filipino and English are the main ones. There are also over 170 dialects. This shows the country’s diversity.

Festivals and Celebrations

Festivals are a big part of Philippine culture. They are colorful and fun. Each festival has a story behind it. This makes them special and meaningful.

Arts and Crafts

Philippine culture is a blend of many influences. It is unique and diverse. It is a culture that values respect, hospitality, and creativity. It is a culture to be proud of.

250 Words Essay on Philippine Culture

Introduction to philippine culture.

The Philippines is a beautiful island country in Southeast Asia. It is known for its rich culture that is a mix of many influences. These influences come from its history, people, and its location in the world.

Historical Influence

The Philippines was a Spanish colony for over 300 years. This Spanish rule has left a big mark on the country’s culture. Many Filipinos have Spanish names, and the country’s main religion is Roman Catholicism. This shows the strong Spanish influence.

People and Traditions

The people of the Philippines, called Filipinos, are known for their friendliness. They love to celebrate and have many festivals throughout the year. These festivals are filled with music, dance, and colorful costumes. They also have a tradition called “Bayanihan”. This is where everyone in a community helps each other. It shows the strong sense of community in Filipino culture.

Food in the Philippines

Filipino food is a big part of their culture. It is a blend of many different styles, like Spanish, Chinese, and native Filipino. Rice is a staple food, eaten at almost every meal. Adobo, a dish made from meat, vinegar, and soy sauce, is a popular Filipino dish.

Philippine Art

In conclusion, the culture of the Philippines is a rich mix of history, people, and traditions. It is a culture that values community, celebration, and art.

500 Words Essay on Philippine Culture

Philippine culture is a beautiful mix of different influences from its history. It is unique and rich because of the combination of Eastern and Western cultures. This essay will explain the culture of the Philippines in a simple way.

The Philippines has over 170 languages, but Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English are the official languages. This means that most people in the Philippines speak at least two languages. This is a big part of their culture because it shows how they can adapt to different languages and still keep their own.

Family Values

Festivals, or “fiestas”, play a big role in the culture of the Philippines. There are lots of fiestas all year round. They have these to honor their local saints, to give thanks for a good harvest, or to celebrate history. During a fiesta, there is often music, dancing, and lots of food. The “Sinulog” and “Ati-Atihan” are two of the most popular festivals.

Arts and crafts are also a part of the culture of the Philippines. Filipinos are known for their weaving, pottery, and jewelry-making. They use local materials like bamboo, rattan, and shells. They also have unique dances, songs, and stories that they pass down from generation to generation.

Philippine culture is a wonderful mix of different influences. It is rich in traditions, languages, foods, and arts. Even with all the changes over the years, Filipinos have kept their unique culture alive. They are proud of their history and traditions, and they continue to share them with the world.

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Austronesian Archipelagic Linguistic Diversity Amid Globalization in the Philippines

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• First Online: 23 October 2019
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• Meriam A. Bravante 3 &
• William N. Holden 4  

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The Philippines, an archipelago of 7,100 islands located in Southeast Asia, are marked by substantial linguistic diversity with 181 living languages being used. The languages of the Philippines belong to the Western Malayo-Polynesian group of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Although the Philippines were a Spanish colony from 1568 to 1898, the Spanish were reluctant to allow the masses to learn Spanish. Nevertheless, numerous Spanish loan words made their way into the Filipino languages and into the toponymy of the archipelago; indeed, in one part of the Philippines a Spanish Creole language emerged that persists to this day. From 1898 to 1946, the Philippines were a colony of the United States, and the Americans aggressively promoted the teaching of English. Today, English as an official language in the Philippines is the language used in government and law and is widely spoken as a second language by many Filipinos. English proficiency has contributed greatly to the employment of overseas Filipino workers around the world and to the development of call centers in the Philippines. Studying the languages of the Philippines illustrates many concepts in linguistic geography. The effect of physical geography upon linguistic diversity is demonstrated by much of the archipelago’s linguistic diversity being attributed to its fragmented territorial morphology. The role of power relations upon languages is demonstrated by the incorporation of Spanish and English words into the Filipino languages. The use of English by overseas Filipino workers and in call centers demonstrates the role of English as the language of globalization.

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Bravante, M.A., Holden, W.N. (2020). Austronesian Archipelagic Linguistic Diversity Amid Globalization in the Philippines. In: Brunn, S., Kehrein, R. (eds) Handbook of the Changing World Language Map. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02438-3_12

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Linguistic diversity in the Philippines

First of 2 parts

THE Philippines is one of the most linguistically diverse nations in the world. According to Ethnologue, a catalogue of world languages that keeps being updated yearly, there are 171 living languages in the archipelago. Many Filipinos mistakenly label as a "dialect" any language which is not widely spoken in the country, like Bicolano, Chavacano or Waray. This is a pejorative distinction that has no basis from a linguistic point of view. As the eminent linguist Max Weinrich said, "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy," meaning, clearly all dialects are actually languages. The only difference is the existence of any political support.

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MULTICULTURALISM IN MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES: THE ROLE OF ETHNICITY IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HEGEMONY

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The issues and challenges facing multicultural societies around the globe could plausibly be argued to be similar in nature. The demand for recognition by certain segments or compartments in society calls for further examination of these demands and how the demands fit with the politics adopted by the respective states. However, the social, political and economic landscape of each particular society has a bearing on the policies formulated to address these issues and challenges. This has given rise to terms such as plural society, multicultural society, multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies to indicate the existence of such variants in a society. As for Malaysia, its colonial experience can be identified as one of the factors that contributed to the formation of a multicultural society and later to the formulation of policies which sustained the formation of a multicultural identity. Nevertheless, the main issue and challenge facing multicultural Malaysia is to grapple with the...

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The paper presents a fair perspective on most the feelings encompassing multiculturalism. Multiculturalism requires correspondence and its central importance is to incorporate others. Its point is the nonattendance of inclination and looking for just equivalent status among racial and ethnic gatherings. All the more halfway, my motivation of this article is to dissect the hypothesis of multiculturalism and to put the best meaning of it other than alluding to the difficulties face multicultural society. In multicultural society individuals appreciate equivalent regard, nobility, and personality because of the equivalent social arrangement of their general public. I'm insinuating the possibility of equity and having a place. Since in any coordinated society, having a place helps individuals of various ethnic foundation to be treated as regarded, dependable, and to be shielded from rejection. In the light of these contemplations, multiculturalism implies the incorporation of social minorities into the host social orders. Multiculturalism implies shared estimations of the general public all in all and enthusiasm for its variety including strict social, and way of life foundation. It alludes to rise to a promising circumstance and antiracist society. Multiculturalism turns into a significant develop for the 21th century. It permits social orders and people groups to be brought together through an enthusiasm for their social contrasts and semantic foundation. The primary benefits of the multicultural society are value, social equity and opportunity. All the people groups everywhere on the world try to accomplish these benefits inside their social orders.

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A Cultural Diversity Like No Other in Asia

After white-knuckle rafting down the Chico River, spelunking in nearby caves or marveling at ancient coffins suspended from high clifftops, visitors to Mountain Province, about a day’s bus ride north of the Philippine capital of Manila, can recharge their batteries in the main town of Sagada with a generous helping of the local specialty, lemon meringue pie.

“The Filipino’s attitude towards meeting people is perfect for tourism – we are hospitable, cordial and cheerful” Cesar D. Montano - Tourism Promotions Board Chief Operating Officer

That’s right. Lemon meringue pie.

First-time visitors to the Philippines soon learn that if there’s one thing they can rely on, it’s the Southeast Asian nation’s capacity to surprise.

And those newbies are turning up in ever greater numbers: arrivals have doubled over the past decade, reaching almost 6 million last year, government numbers show. Arrivals rose a further 14% in the first five months of this year, led by South Korea, the U.S. and China. South Koreans account for almost a quarter of all visitors, while there was a 37% jump in arrivals from China.

Ten years ago, Sagada was a sleepy mountain hideout for the kind of backpackers who liked to work for a year in their rich-country homes and then eke out their savings over two or three more in the mountains, soaking up the languid pace of life 5,000 feet above sea level. Things have picked up a notch since then, says Frank Longid, who grew up in Manila but whose family has deep roots in the area. “Sagada’s so popular now you get traffic jams during Holy Week,” he quips.

Part of the draw is that the town and its surrounding area developed along a different path to much of the rest of this predominantly Catholic nation. While more than three centuries of Spanish occupation left an indelible mark on much of the country, Madrid hadn’t quite gotten around to conquering this small but inaccessible region and its indominatible hill tribes by the time it lost the Spanish-American War of 1898 -- and with it, all of its prized Asian possessions to the U.S.

So it was Episcopalian influences -- and those of the church’s American missionaries -- that took root around Sagada, blending with the local cultural, culinary and devotional traditions. When the church’s American clergy were interned by Japanese occupiers during World War II, the first locals were ordained -- Mr. Longid’s grandfather Edward was among them, and would later become the first Filipino Episcopalian Bishop.

While there are fewer shops selling those trademark pies in Sagada these days -- the aptly named Lemon Pie House is the best-known survivor -- the historical legacy still shapes the look, feel and even sounds of the area, says Mr. Longid, with an unmistakable American twang.

Such unique and differentiated communities spread like a patchwork-quilt across this archipelago of more than 7,000 islands, making the Philippines a never-ending journey of discovery for the adventurous traveler.

At the country’s northernmost tip is Batanes, a cluster of tiny islets from which it is said you can see Taiwan on a clear day. Although it’s the country’s smallest province, the fewer than 20,000 inhabitants speak three indigenous languages. More than 1,000 miles to the south, the Sulu archipelago is home to at least nine ethnic groups.

“We define diversity,” says Buddy G. Recio, a leading publisher who has been tracking the Philippine tourism industry for three decades. “Visitors are guaranteed a unique experience for every island.”

By some measures, the country has more than 170 ethno-linguistic groups whose distinct cultural traditions are overlaid with influences from waves of Malay, Hindu, Arab, Spanish, Chinese and American migration, trade and conquest.

Maybe it was being at the center of such a global crossing, but from such diversity has sprung what is almost certainly Asia’s most outward-looking, globally connected and welcoming society. More than 2 million Philippine nationals work overseas -- Hong Kong-based Mr. Longid is among the one-in-five or so who are professionals. Emigres and their descendants form a diaspora of many millions more.

Those who remained at home have the highest rates of English literacy in Asia, and a passion for social media and messaging platforms that makes them ready-made marketers.

“The Filipino’s attitude towards meeting people is perfect for tourism – we are hospitable, cordial and cheerful,” says Tourism Promotions Board Chief Operating Officer Cesar D. Montano. “Filipinos are among the happiest, friendliest and most welcoming people in the world.”

When Filipinos traveling at home post details of their destinations they create a truly insider’s guide to a country that offers something for almost every traveler and almost every budget.

With 64% of arrivals flying into Manila, most visitors’ first experiences are of the country’s vibrant and sprawling capital. From casinos to the ancient walled city of Intramuros, and from rock concerts to international culinary festivals, Manila’s reputation for depth and variety is growing.

With a growing number of international airports dotted around the country, it’s getting easier to skip Manila’s congestion and seek out the plethora of riches on offer.

Volcanic peaks soar above precipitous valleys carved into spectacular and ancient rice terraces -- including those in the Cordilleras region that are among the country’s six U.N. World Heritage Sites. These give way to endless miles of flawless sandy beaches, many fringed by reefs that were formed by more than 500 species of coral.

There can be no ambiguity about the eastern border: an 800-mile long subsea gash known as the Philippine Trench hugs the coast, plumbing depths of more than 34,000 feet. Then there’s just the Pacific Ocean. It’s from here that the Philippines gets its regular and vicious beatings from tropical cyclones. But the ocean brings blessings too: giant waves that draw the world’s best surfers -- and a host of wannabees. The island of Siargao in September hosted Cloud 9, part of the World Surf League’s circuit.

The Deep is also home to some of the world’s most exciting fish -- the prize catch during April’s 10th Siargao International Game Fishing Tournament was a seven-foot sailfish weighing more than 70 pounds.

To the west, the long finger of Palawan stretches out to the Malaysian and Indonesian island of Borneo. At 280 miles long, even old hands will still have much to discover on Palawan -- this year voted the world’s best island for a second time in Travel + Leisure magazine’s annual readers’ poll. First-time visitors, though, tend to follow the same itinerary -- dive trips to El Nido, or snorkelling in Coron.

Still, it’s easy to avoid the crush, says Mr. Longid: try a private charter at an early hour.

“Pay a little more and be a little earlier,” he says. “After all, two times nothing is still nothing.”

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Biodiversity Facts

Status and trends of biodiversity, including benefits from biodiversity and ecosystem services.

The Philippines is one of 18 mega-biodiverse countries of the world, containing two-thirds of the earth’s biodiversity and between 70% and 80% of the world’s plant and animal species. The Philippines ranks fifth in the number of plant species and maintains 5% of the world’s flora. Species endemism is very high, covering at least 25 genera of plants and 49% of terrestrial wildlife, while the country ranks fourth in bird endemism. The Philippines is also one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots with at least 700 threatened species, thus making it one of the top global conservation areas. The national list of threatened faunal species was established in 2004 and includes 42 species of land mammals, 127 species of birds, 24 species of reptiles and 14 species of amphibians. In terms of fishes, the Philippines counts at least 3,214 species, of which about 121 are endemic and 76 threatened. In 2007, an administrative order issued by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources established a national list of threatened plant species, indicating that 99 species were critically endangered, 187 were endangered, 176 vulnerable as well as 64 other threatened species. This unique biodiversity is supported by a large variety of ecosystems, landscapes and habitats, most of which are also greatly threatened by human activities. According to the FAO definition, the Philippines has 7.2 million ha of forest ecosystems, comprising approximately 24% of the total land area. It is however estimated that, between 2000 and 2005, the Philippines lost 2.1% of its forest cover annually, representing the second fastest rate of deforestation in Southeast Asia (second to Myanmar) and seventh in the world. The country’s agricultural ecosystem is also noteworthy. The Philippines is part of the center of diversity of rice, coconut, mung bean, taro and yam, as well as the center of origin and diversity of bananas in Southeast Asia. Yet this agricultural biodiversity is nowadays experiencing general decline, as is the land area devoted to these activities. The trend is similar for inland water biodiversity, with findings indicating a decreasing trend in water quality, fish, biodiversity and cultural value in the country’s largest lake (Laguna de Bay) and its tributary rivers. The Philippines presents unique coastal, marine and island biodiversity. It is indeed located within the Coral Triangle, at the center of highest marine biodiversity. A study conducted in 2005 noted that there is a higher concentration of species per unit area in the country than anywhere in Indonesia and Wallacea. Yet this ecosystem is also greatly at risk. While the 2005 review of the state of the marine and coastal environment indicated an increase in the mangrove cover, reef cover, seagrass cover and fishery production are nowadays decreasing substantially. The Philippines derives large benefits from ecosystems. In particular, the country recognizes the important role played by watersheds, river basins and coastal areas in the environment and in society as a source of livelihood (supporting fisheries, recreation and tourism and many other activities). For instance, a watershed with adequate forest cover provides water that supports lowland agriculture, prevents soil erosion and siltation of coasts and water bodies, and sustains the supply of surface and groundwater for domestic use. Likewise, the forest ecosystem provides ecological services that benefit agriculture, industries, water and power needs. Production forest areas for tree plantations and agroforestry activities are sources of jobs and revenues, with agriculture having represented 18.4% of the country’s GDP in 2007.

Main pressures on and drivers of change to biodiversity (direct and indirect)

Threats to biodiversity differ from one ecosystem to another. In the forest ecosystem, the primary causes of forest loss are commercial exploitation and population growth (including lifestyle and consumption patterns) and the introduction of invasive alien species. Loss of biodiversity in the agricultural ecosystem is a direct consequence of habitat destruction via conversion of agricultural land to other uses; the possible negative impacts of biotechnology; natural calamities or extreme weather events associated with climate change; introduction of invasive alien species, pests and diseases; and inherent institutional problems of government agencies responsible for conserving agrobiodiversity. Yet the observed decline is also the indirect result of the increased demand for food, land and other agro-based resources; pursuit of economic growth through intensive agriculture, export-oriented policies and the promotion of extractive industries, such as mining, that are potentially damaging to the environment; and lifestyle change of farmers brought about by urbanization. Major threats to inland water biodiversity, as well as marine and coastal environments, include chemical pollution and eutrophication, fisheries operations, habitat alteration, invasion of alien species and global climate change.

Measures to Enhance Implementation of the Convention

Implementation of the nbsap.

The Philippines started formulating its National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan in 1994 with the formulation of the Philippine Strategy for the Conservation of Biological Diversity (PSCBD). In 1995, the Philippines undertook an assessment of the country’s biodiversity through the UNEP-assisted Philippine Biodiversity Country Study. As a result, the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) was developed and published in 1997. Five years later, in 2002, a review of the NBSAP was undertaken that identified 206 conservation priority areas and species conservation priorities, collectively known as the Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities (PBCP), which is considered the second NBSAP revision and incorporates six major strategies and immediate actions. Finally, the PBCP was reinforced in 2006 with 228 key biodiversity areas (KBAs) identified covering an estimated 10.56 million hectares. The updating of the NBSAP is on-going. The process builds on the current status and achievements of the Philippines with respect to biodiversity planning and reporting. It aims to integrate the Philippines’ obligations under the CBD into its national development and sectoral planning frameworks through a renewed and participative ‘biodiversity planning’ and strategizing process. It is expected to produce measurable targets for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. Interim biodiversity targets were also incorporated into the Philippine Development Plan (2011-2016).

Actions taken to achieve the 2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets

Among the major achievements toward the 2020 Aichi Biodiversity Targets is the increase of the forest cover from 23.9% in 2003 to 52.6% of the total land area in 2006 (2007 MDG report), the extension of the terrestrial protected areas network from 8.5% in 1992 to 12.8% of the total land area in 2008 (2007 MDG report), along with 1,169 marine protected areas (in the form of reserves, sanctuaries and parks), and improvement in management effectiveness of these sites, which rose from 10-15% in 2000 to 20-30% in 2007. In addition, threatened flora and fauna were given further protection through various species conservation programs and executive and administrative issuances (with positive trends recorded for marine turtles and mangroves); the number of confiscations of illegally traded wildlife species regulated under CITES increased from 513 heads in 2005 to 11,124 heads in 2011; measures such as fish farming and eco-tourism in protected areas are being implemented to promote sustainable use and benefits for local livelihoods; indigenous knowledge and the practices of 16 tribes were documented by the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) between 2005 and 2008; policy-making and access and benefit-sharing have been institutionalized through the process of free and prior informed consent from indigenous and local communities.

Support mechanisms for national implementation (legislation, funding, capacity-building, coordination, mainstreaming, etc.)

Traditionally, sectoral approaches have been used in the Philippines to manage environmental and natural resources, which have led to separate governance mechanisms for different resource uses, and conflicts in management. In the 1990s, the watershed approach, integrated Ecosystem Approach, bay regional planning, integrated river basin and coastal zone management approach to development and management emerged for planning and addressing issues that cut across ecosystems. Presidential Memo Order No. 289 (1995) was issued, directing the integration of the NBSAP, as was Executive Order No. 578 (2006) establishing national policy on biodiversity and directing all concerned government agencies and offices and local government units to integrate and mainstream the protection, conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity into their policies, rules and regulations, programs and development planning processes. Since then, several initiatives have been launched, notably in terms of integrated watershed management. Moreover, Executive Order 533 (2006) mandated the adoption of integrated coastal management (ICM), with a recent review indicating that significant resources had been invested into ICM, with the participation of various stakeholders, and that several concerns were taken into account, ranging from poverty alleviation to food security and sustainable development. Finally, enhanced cooperation on biodiversity management is promoted through the formalization of partnerships, either through Executive Orders, as in the case of the Bicol River Basin and the Watershed Management Councils in Lake Lanao and Bukidnon Watershed, or through a Memorandum of Agreement or Understanding, such as in the case of the Kabulnan Watershed Multi Sectoral Council. Under said councils, multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary task forces, committees, and technical working groups are organized to address specific policy decisions or implementation problems or issues, either at the local, provincial or regional level, depending on the extent of coverage of the river basin and watershed. A multi-sectoral, multi-institutional mechanism called “Network for Nature” (N4N) should be put in place to proactively disseminate, monitor and coordinate the implementation of the Philippine Biodiversity Conservation Priorities (PBCP).

Mechanisms for monitoring and reviewing implementation

Monitoring activities are led in relation to water quality, coral reefs cover (notably recording the impacts of climate change in the framework of the ICE CREAM project), and species conservation. Several biodiversity monitoring tools have been developed but sustaining the effort remains a challenge, especially after donor exit. In 1999, the Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS) was introduced as a tool to collect data on priority species and resource use and to guide decision-making by the Protected Areas Management Board (PAMB). This was institutionalized through policy. For a time, monitoring efforts yielded promising results and resulted in management interventions. In some protected areas, the BMS was sustained through local efforts but, in general, monitoring ceased due to lack of funds. Efforts regarding the development and implementation of criteria and indicators for sustainable forest management, requiring the participation of multi-disciplinary teams, etc., had a similar fate after donor exit. The Biodiversity Indicators for National Use (BINU) for Coastal and Marine Ecosystems remain to be implemented by other stakeholders, although the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources is slowly piloting them within its bureaucracy. Implementation of Conservation International’s framework for monitoring biodiversity conservation outcomes held promise however has failed to fully take off due to lack of funds.

Workplace Equality and Diversity in the Philippines: 8 Laws to Protect You All employees must feel safe and included within their company. Your workplace should respect all employees’ sexual orientation, age, beliefs, gender, skills, race, career experience, and cultural background. A company that fosters an inclusive culture in the workplace can boost the business’s chances of success through improved employee engagement and productivity.  To promote workplace diversity and create a more welcoming environment, employees and employers should understand the laws that protect the staff from workplace discrimination. This infographic will be your guide on workplace discrimination, discrimination laws in the Philippines, and how you can protect yourself. What is Workplace Discrimination? Workplace discrimination occurs when people treat an employee unfavorably or unfairly because of their religion, gender, race, sexuality, or disability. Treating someone less favorably because they have different characteristics from the rest of the staff is discrimination. Employees can experience discrimination in various ways. It can be a one-time incident or an ongoing dynamic between co-workers or between employees and employers. The act can be done intentionally or unintentionally. Regardless of its intended purpose, workplace discrimination is harmful and unlawful.  Workplace discrimination manifests in different ways. Here are some instances in which you may encounter discrimination: Unfair treatment Unfairly treating an employee because of who they are is discriminatory. When this happens, they may feel ashamed, upset, or scared, leading to a drop in their productivity and performance levels.  This form of discrimination involves spreading rumors about an employee about their protected characteristics or compensating certain workers less for doing the same job due to biases and prejudices. Harassment is repeated unreasonable behavior towards an individual. You may experience it verbally, physically, or psychologically. Some forms of harassment include disability harassment, sexual harassment, or racial hatred.  Denial of transfers and other opportunities When supervisors deny an employee a transfer to a lateral employment position or a promotion because of their protected characteristic, it’s considered workplace discrimination.  Exclusion or isolation by co-workers Exclusion or isolation means that your co-workers fail to involve you in activities or interactions. It becomes discriminatory when the cause is based on your protected characteristic.  Unfair dismissal Unfair dismissal is when your employer ends your contract for unjust or unreasonable grounds. Employees are usually unfairly dismissed when they try to exercise their workplace rights, and their employers don’t allow them to because of discriminatory reasons.  How Companies Are Negatively Affected by Workplace Discrimination Aside from the legal fines, your company can also suffer from other forms of damage that are beyond the scope of the law. Here are a few possible scenarios that can occur: Potential for a public relations crisis to ensue Discrimination is very much frowned upon in today’s progressive society. Once your company finds itself in the middle of a discrimination scandal, bad PR and loss of income may ensue. Employees are the company’s advocates, and if they’re mistreated, they can spread the word among their networks and discourage them from doing business with the company. Bad reputation for the company Customers aren’t the only people you’ll lose if your company practices discrimination. Developing a bad reputation will also affect the relationship with your business partners. Since they will not want to be associated with a brand that treats a certain group of people inferior, they may pull out of deals or choose not to do business with you in the future. Job seekers may also be discouraged to apply in your company, and thus your talent pool of skilled workers may shrink.  Costly lawsuits Once a discrimination case is taken up to court, your company will have to pay extensive legal fees as long as the lawsuit ensues. If proven guilty, alongside fines, the company may also pay the victim for the emotional distress they’ve suffered. All of these are on top of the financial costs the company will have to bear due to a damaged reputation.  High employee turnover Employees who feel like they’re being discriminated against will not hesitate to leave the company. This situation will increase company turnover, which adds up to the organization’s costs as you will have to process recruitment and training multiple times.  High employee turnover affects the workplace as a whole. Discrimination fosters a toxic work environment where there’s a lack of psychological safety for workers, leading to lower productivity and disengagement.  8 Laws That Protect You 1. prohibition on discrimination against women (republic act 6725). RA 6725 considers it discriminatory discrimination when your employer favors a male employee over a female counterpart when they consider giving out promotions, salary raises, training opportunities, or other benefits. Article 288 of The Labor Code states that the penalty for violating this law is a fine of P1,000.00 to P10,000.00, imprisonment of three months to three years, or both. In addition to this, the aggrieved employee may file a separate claim for money damages and affirmative relief. 2. Extended Maternity Leave Law (Republic Act 11210) RA 11210 entitles all female workers with 105 days of maternity leave, paid with 100% of their average daily salary credit. This Act prohibits employers from discriminating against women as they’ll still provide their female employees’ benefits even if they’re on maternity leave.  If an employer fails to comply, they will be subject to a fine of P20,000 to P250,000, imprisonment of six years and one day to 12 years, or both. Additionally, the company won’t get to renew its business permit.  3. Anti-Sexual Harassment Act (Republic Act 7877) Under RA 7877 , sexual harassment includes physical forms (malicious touching, gestures with lewd insinuation, overt sexual advances), verbal forms (requests for sexual favors, lurid remarks), and use of objects, pictures, or letters with sexual underpinnings.  When a person in the company performs the abovementioned acts as a basis for employment decisions (hiring, salary raises, promotion), to interfere with someone’s work performance, or to cause discomfort or insecurity, it’s considered sexual harassment. The penalty for violations is imprisonment of one month to six months, a fine of P10,000 to P20,000, or both. 4. The Solo Parents’ Welfare Act (Republic Act No. 8972) Under RA 8972, you’re considered a solo parent if you are solely responsible for a child’s upbringing. In addition, you’re eligible to get a solo-parent ID to get access to benefits. The solo parent benefits include a flexible work schedule, 7-day parental leave, and non-discrimination at work. Unfortunately, there are no penalty clauses under this Act to hold employers liable if they refuse to comply.  5. Anti-Age Discrimination in Employment Act (Republic Act No. 10911) RA 10911 mandates companies to hire employees based on their competence and not their age. As such, employers can’t publish job ads that indicate their age preferences. The penalty for violation is a fine of P50,000 to P500,000, imprisonment of three months to 2 years, or both. 6. Magna Carta of Disabled Persons (Republic Acts No. 7277 & 9442) In RA 7277 , employers must give a qualified disabled employee the same terms and conditions of employment as a qualified non-disabled person would have. Meanwhile, in RA 9442 , it’s unlawful to make fun of or mock a person with a disability, whether in writing, words, or actions.  Any person who violates these Acts shall suffer a fine of P50,000 to P100,000, imprisonment of six months to two years, or both. 7. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Presidential Decree No. 966) PD 966 aims to eliminate all forms of racial discrimination. This decree prohibits the promotion and incitement of racial superiority or hatred, whether in acts of violence, dissemination of ideas, or propaganda activities.  Moreover, employers can’t discriminate against an applicant or employee on any aspect of employment. Additionally, one is not allowed to utter racial slurs, display racially offensive symbols, or make derogatory remarks about a person’s race, color, or ethnic origin.  Anyone guilty of inciting racial discrimination may be imprisoned for ten days to six months. If the offense is starting acts of violence against any race or organizing propaganda activities that promote racial discrimination, the offender might face a month to a year of imprisonment.  8. The Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (Republic Act No. 8371) RA 8371 recognizes, protects, and promotes indigenous cultural communities or indigenous peoples (ICCs/IPs). This Act extends to providing the same employment rights, opportunities, and privileges available to ICCs/IPs as an employer would grant any other company member.  According to this Act, it’s unlawful “to discriminate against any ICC/IP with respect to the terms and conditions of employment on account of their descent.” This also prohibits denying ICCs/IPs any rights and discharging them to prevent them from enjoying their rights and benefits.  The penalty for violations is imprisonment for nine months to 12 years, a fine of P100,000 to P500,000, or both. In addition to this, they “shall be obliged to pay to the ICCs/IPs concerned whatever damage may have been suffered.”  Protect Yourself Against Discrimination If you feel like you’re being discriminated against or harassed by your colleagues or employer, here are some tips on what you can do to protect yourself.  Know your protected characteristics Everyone has protected characteristics, and it’s against the law to discriminate against someone because of these. Knowing your protected characteristics can help you determine if the act is discriminatory.   Here are some of your protected characteristics: Pregnancy and maternity Religion or belief Know the law You must know what your rights are and what’s considered discrimination and harassment. By learning about the law that protects you, you can identify the violation made against you. The article and infographic above can be your guide on the laws and your protected categories.  Gather documentation As you come forward with your discrimination case, it’s best to record the incident, especially subsequent ones. As much as you can, take down notes on everything about the incident. Digital evidence such as emails, videos, and photos can also take you a long way to support your case.  Report the incident to HR Filing a formal complaint about what happened will show that you are serious about the incident and were offended by the treatment of your co-worker or supervisor. When you don’t report these incidents to the HR department, people will think that what happened wasn’t a big deal. If management doesn’t do anything about the incident, it may be best to move forward and explore your legal options.  Educate employees on diversity Diversity in the workplace is beneficial to companies. However, this can only happen when both management and employees commit to making their workplace more inclusive. With this in mind, as management, it’s your responsibility to educate employees on diversity and inclusive practices in the workplace. However, these lessons should not be confined to the workplace, as it is equally important to treat customers, vendors, and partners more inclusively. By holding diversity training programs, the company can prevent encountering discriminatory cases as all employees will know how to treat everyone with respect.  Create an Inclusive Workplace Culture There are times when offhanded jokes can sometimes turn to harassment. Your company must foster respect and workplace equality. Educate yourself about workplace discrimination to avoid reinforcing harmful stereotypes and damaging the reputation of your organization, which can lead to significant business losses and legal penalties. Remember, too, that you have a responsibility to protect your employees from any form of harm that may weaken their morale and sense of well-being as well as loss of opportunity to earn income fairly. If you need help finding the right employees for your company, it’s best to work with the leading recruitment agency in the Philippines . Manila Recruitment offers top-notch services in assisting with HR and people management. Get in touch with us today to learn more! DISCLAIMER: The information in this webpage / blog / article / infographic we have published and the associated commentary are presented as general information and is not a substitute for obtaining legal advice in this area. Manila Recruitment does not accept liability for any action taken based on the information presented or for any loss suffered as a result of reliance on the information provided. 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A series of random questions answered by Harvard experts. Explore the Gazette Read the latest. That old ‘Gatsby’ magic, made new  American Dream turned deadly Just one family’s history – and the world’s Digging into the philippines collections at the peabody museum. Peabody Museum Associate Archivist Marie Wasnock and former Philippines Vice President Leni Robredo at the Peabody Museum. Photo by Jeromel Dela Rosa Lara ’23. Faith Sutter Harvard Museums of Science & Culture Communications Filipino American archivist offers personal perspective to exhibit As part of Asian American Pacific Islander Heritage Month and to mark the digital launch of its exhibit “Balikbayan | Homecoming: Filipino Perspectives on the Philippine Collections,” the Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology spoke with Associate Archivist Marie Wasnock, a Filipino American from Hawaii who worked on the exhibit. You’re currently helping curator of Oceanic Collections Ingrid Ahlgren with her upcoming online exhibit “Balikbayan | Homecoming: Filipino Perspectives on the Philippine Collections,” launching Wednesday.   You’re also one of the participants who is reflecting on the collections. What has that been like? I’m usually busy helping researchers search for information or access collections, so I rarely get to do research myself. But the online exhibit has given me the perfect opportunity to dig into the collections at the Peabody Museum and at Harvard University libraries, learn more about my cultural heritage, and reflect on my own identity as a Filipino-American.  Looking through the photograph collections about the Philippines can be a powerful experience, evoking many feelings, emotions, and questions. Many of the images are heavy reminders of the American colonization of the Philippines in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and those can be difficult, disturbing, or offensive to see. However, beyond the colonial lens of these images, there are also photos that show the cultural and geographical diversity of the Philippines. There is very little information accompanying these photographs, so many questions come to mind when I look at these images — about the people, the land, the languages, art, culture, and traditions — encouraging me to explore them further to find answers.  “Growing up in America, you do not usually learn about the Philippines’ complicated colonial history or the complexities of Filipino culture and identity in your standard social studies class.” Girls embroidering traditional Filipino piña fabric made from the fibers of the pineapple plant. Gift of William Cameron Forbes, 1912. Courtesy of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology Tell us more about those images. More than 5,700 Philippines photos in the Peabody have been scanned and made available in the Peabody Museum’s Collections Online . When these photos were taken between 1899 and 1912, the Philippines was still a new and unfamiliar place to most Americans and perhaps the rest of the world. The photos were created by a team of American photographers and amateur anthropologists who were hired by the U.S. government to document the Philippines in hopes of learning more about their new colonial acquisition after the Spanish-American War. Although the photos come with limited information about the ethnic groups and provinces that were photographed, viewers can see how culturally and biologically diverse the Philippines is just by looking at the breadth of these images. There are still several photo albums in the collection that are unidentified and not digitized. For example, I found one mysterious photo album containing many unidentified portraits of Filipina women in traditional Filipiniana dress. This album struck my curiosity when I showed it to former Philippine Vice President Leni Robredo during her visit to the museum. Some of the women appear to be students, nurses, musicians, etc., but there is little to no information about them in the Peabody’s archives. I wanted to be able to identify at least one of these women and get a sense of what it was like being female in the Philippines in the early 20th century.    The photo collection was donated by former U.S. governor-general to the Philippines and Harvard alumnus William Cameron Forbes. Many of his journals and personal papers are held at Harvard’s Houghton Library, so I continued my research there. I hoped to learn more about Forbes’ service in the Philippines, the provinces he visited, and the people he encountered. He kept very thorough and detailed journals during his 10 years living there — and even created an index for his 10 volumes of journal — so that was extremely helpful to understanding many of the photos. In the exhibit, I take readers on my archival journey to learn more about these photographs and the women in them. Women preparing to extract oil for cooking in Nueva Ecija province, circa 1898-1912. Wasnock recalls family stories of her grandmother running the Uytingco Bakery in Gapan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Young lady wearing a traditional baro’t saya or “blouse and skirt,” made of pineapple fabric called piña, an indigenous textile of the Philippines, circa 1909. Three Filipina nurses who received awards for the highest averages and technique work in the operating room, circa 1909. How has the collection research connected with you personally? Growing up in America, you do not usually learn about the Philippines’ complicated colonial history or the complexities of Filipino culture and identity in your standard social studies class. I don’t think many people realize that there are more than 7,000 islands in the Philippines and more than 100 ethnolinguistic groups in its population. As a Filipino American who was born and raised in Hawaii, I’ve often felt like I wasn’t “Filipino enough,” especially because I don’t know the language and haven’t spent a lot of time the Philippines. But I believe one commonality that links many Filipinos are the values our elders instilled in us and the respect we have for family, culture, faith, land, and education. I feel even more connected to my Filipino heritage now that I have a better understanding of the country’s history and have had a chance to reflect on and appreciate my personal experiences and memories of growing up in a Filipino family.   My mom is from Manila, and she was thrilled to learn about this exhibit. She reminds me how lucky I am to have access to these resources at Harvard, and while that is true, really anyone can ask to view these collections at the Peabody Museum and at Houghton Library. I’m honored as a librarian and an archivist to introduce these collections to people who are interested in them. My father was from the city of Gapan in the Nueva Ecija province. I was actually able to find some photos of Gapan and it’s really great to envision the memories that my family has of the Philippines. He passed away almost 10 years ago, so I wish he could see the work I’m doing. He was a proud Filipino and would have been happy to see how we’re highlighting Philippine culture. What’s a typical day for you in the Peabody Museum’s archives? I help researchers in the Harvard community as well as the general public find what they’re looking for in the archives, typically photographs and papers such as field notebooks, manuscripts, and other historical documents. I also host researchers and class visits when they want to study archival materials in the museum. Most of my days are spent finding answers to research questions from people all over the world — it can be very fascinating! Three Kings Parish and Minor Basilica and National Shrine of La Virgen Divina Pastora in Gapan, Nueva Ecija, Philippines, circa 1898-1912. Do you have any other highlights of your time in the Peabody’s archives? Last fall, former Philippines Vice President Leni Robredo was a Hauser Leader at the Harvard Kennedy School. Jeromel Dela Rosa Lara ’23 brought her to the museum, and I got to meet and show her some items from the collection, including that mysterious photo album. I love my job at the Peabody Museum because it often feels like I’m an armchair anthropologist, meeting people from all over the world, learning about their research, and learning about world cultures and history along the way. Being an archivist is also almost like being an archaeologist, but we dig through boxes of papers and photographs for information about the past. As part of ArtsThursdays, “Celebrate Filipino Heritage” at the Peabody Museum of Archaeology & Ethnology from 5 to 9 p.m. Thursday (May 30). Share this article You might like. Fitzgerald’s masterpiece, now the inspiration for a new A.R.T. musical, never reads the same  He just needs to pass the bar now. But blue-collar Conor’s life spirals after a tangled affair at old-money seaside enclave in Teddy Wayne’s literary thriller Claire Messud’s autobiographically inspired new novel traces ordinary lives through WWII, new world orders, Big Oil, and rise and fall of ideals  Women who follow Mediterranean diet live longer Large study shows benefits against cancer, cardiovascular mortality, also identifies likely biological drivers of better health Bringing back a long extinct bird Scientists sequence complete genome of bush moa, offering insights into its natural history, possible clues to evolution of flightless birds Harvard-led study IDs statin that may block pathway to some cancers Cholesterol-lowering drug suppresses chronic inflammation that creates dangerous cascade 24/7 writing help on your phone To install StudyMoose App tap and then “Add to Home Screen” Cultural Evolution of Early Filipinos Save to my list Remove from my list Cultural Evolution of Early Filipinos. (2016, Mar 22). 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Dureza promotes unity amidst Filipinos’ diversity GUIMBAL, ILOILO, 06 April 2018 — Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Jesus Dureza yesterday encouraged Guimbalanons to embrace the varying historical roots and cultures of the Filipinos as he gave the keynote message in this town’s annual Bantayan Festival. “The Philippines is a diverse country. We have different beliefs from different sectors, but we must unite as one nation. Let us stop judging the other person based on our own standards,” he said. One of the festival’s highlights, a reenactment of the Moro raids in the area during the Spanish colonial period, showed how the natives used the gimba — a hollowed trunk from a palm tree — as an instrument to warn the settlers of incoming Moro pirates. “The Moros today are different from the Moros that we know of before. Instead of the fighting, the locals should also represent (in the performance) how we embrace the Moros as they are now,” Dureza said. He also noted the shift in the relationship with the Moro people over the years. He cited how the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) greatly helped the government during the Marawi siege last year through the establishment of the Peace Corridor, which was instrumental in the rescue of 255 civilians. The Peace Corridor was a safe and secure route jointly established by the government and the MILF for civilians who were fleeing the crisis. Two Peace Corridors were created: one in Marawi used for the retrieval of trapped locals, and one in Malabang used for the safe passage of humanitarian assistance. “Let us forget the past, embrace our Moro brothers and sisters, and move forward for peace. We have to celebrate all Filipinos — Moros man sila, Christians, or IPs (indigenous peoples) alike,” Dureza said. Where would you like to share PEACE today? About the author:. Related Posts BTA to fast track remaining key legislation before first BARMM regional elections 15 ex-rebels from Agusan del Norte seek amnesty under OPAPRU’s LCT-FISU Mindanao Second Chances and Steady Steps: Decommissioned MILF Combatants Find Peace Surigao del Norte PLGU, OPAPRU lead launching of Peace Center Galvez thanks DBM for releasing P4 Billion in funds for PAMANA projects Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace, Reconciliation and Unity 5/F Agustin I Building, F. Ortigas Jr. Road, Ortigas Center, Pasig, Philippines Office of the Secretary: +632 637-6083 Trunk line: +632 636-0701 to 07 Fax: +632 638-2216 Email: [email protected] Copyright 2016 | All rights reserved. Office of the Presidential Adviser on Peace, Reconciliation and Unity. Why the Pandemic Probably Started in a Lab, in 5 Key Points By Alina Chan Dr. Chan is a molecular biologist at the Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, and a co-author of “Viral: The Search for the Origin of Covid-19.” This article has been updated to reflect news developments. On Monday, Dr. Anthony Fauci returned to the halls of Congress and testified before the House subcommittee investigating the Covid-19 pandemic. He was questioned about several topics related to the government’s handling of Covid-19, including how the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, which he directed until retiring in 2022, supported risky virus work at a Chinese institute whose research may have caused the pandemic. For more than four years, reflexive partisan politics have derailed the search for the truth about a catastrophe that has touched us all. It has been estimated that at least 25 million people around the world have died because of Covid-19, with over a million of those deaths in the United States. Although how the pandemic started has been hotly debated, a growing volume of evidence — gleaned from public records released under the Freedom of Information Act, digital sleuthing through online databases, scientific papers analyzing the virus and its spread, and leaks from within the U.S. government — suggests that the pandemic most likely occurred because a virus escaped from a research lab in Wuhan, China. If so, it would be the most costly accident in the history of science. Here’s what we now know: 1 The SARS-like virus that caused the pandemic emerged in Wuhan, the city where the world’s foremost research lab for SARS-like viruses is located. At the Wuhan Institute of Virology, a team of scientists had been hunting for SARS-like viruses for over a decade, led by Shi Zhengli. Their research showed that the viruses most similar to SARS‑CoV‑2, the virus that caused the pandemic, circulate in bats that live r oughly 1,000 miles away from Wuhan. Scientists from Dr. Shi’s team traveled repeatedly to Yunnan province to collect these viruses and had expanded their search to Southeast Asia. Bats in other parts of China have not been found to carry viruses that are as closely related to SARS-CoV-2. The closest known relatives to SARS-CoV-2 were found in southwestern China and in Laos. Large cities Mine in Yunnan province Cave in Laos South China Sea The closest known relatives to SARS-CoV-2 were found in southwestern China and in Laos. philippines The closest known relatives to SARS-CoV-2 were found in southwestern China and Laos. Sources: Sarah Temmam et al., Nature; SimpleMaps Note: Cities shown have a population of at least 200,000. There are hundreds of large cities in China and Southeast Asia. There are hundreds of large cities in China and Southeast Asia. The pandemic started roughly 1,000 miles away, in Wuhan, home to the world’s foremost SARS-like virus research lab. The pandemic started roughly 1,000 miles away, in Wuhan, home to the world’s foremost SARS-like virus research lab. The pandemic started roughly 1,000 miles away, in Wuhan, home to the world’s foremost SARS-like virus research lab. Even at hot spots where these viruses exist naturally near the cave bats of southwestern China and Southeast Asia, the scientists argued, as recently as 2019 , that bat coronavirus spillover into humans is rare . When the Covid-19 outbreak was detected, Dr. Shi initially wondered if the novel coronavirus had come from her laboratory , saying she had never expected such an outbreak to occur in Wuhan. The SARS‑CoV‑2 virus is exceptionally contagious and can jump from species to species like wildfire . Yet it left no known trace of infection at its source or anywhere along what would have been a thousand-mile journey before emerging in Wuhan. 2 The year before the outbreak, the Wuhan institute, working with U.S. partners, had proposed creating viruses with SARS‑CoV‑2’s defining feature. Dr. Shi’s group was fascinated by how coronaviruses jump from species to species. To find viruses, they took samples from bats and other animals , as well as from sick people living near animals carrying these viruses or associated with the wildlife trade. Much of this work was conducted in partnership with the EcoHealth Alliance, a U.S.-based scientific organization that, since 2002, has been awarded over $80 million in federal funding to research the risks of emerging infectious diseases. The laboratory pursued risky research that resulted in viruses becoming more infectious : Coronaviruses were grown from samples from infected animals and genetically reconstructed and recombined to create new viruses unknown in nature. These new viruses were passed through cells from bats, pigs, primates and humans and were used to infect civets and humanized mice (mice modified with human genes). In essence, this process forced these viruses to adapt to new host species, and the viruses with mutations that allowed them to thrive emerged as victors. By 2019, Dr. Shi’s group had published a database describing more than 22,000 collected wildlife samples. But external access was shut off in the fall of 2019, and the database was not shared with American collaborators even after the pandemic started , when such a rich virus collection would have been most useful in tracking the origin of SARS‑CoV‑2. It remains unclear whether the Wuhan institute possessed a precursor of the pandemic virus. In 2021, The Intercept published a leaked 2018 grant proposal for a research project named Defuse , which had been written as a collaboration between EcoHealth, the Wuhan institute and Ralph Baric at the University of North Carolina, who had been on the cutting edge of coronavirus research for years. The proposal described plans to create viruses strikingly similar to SARS‑CoV‑2. Coronaviruses bear their name because their surface is studded with protein spikes, like a spiky crown, which they use to enter animal cells. T he Defuse project proposed to search for and create SARS-like viruses carrying spikes with a unique feature: a furin cleavage site — the same feature that enhances SARS‑CoV‑2’s infectiousness in humans, making it capable of causing a pandemic. Defuse was never funded by the United States . However, in his testimony on Monday, Dr. Fauci explained that the Wuhan institute would not need to rely on U.S. funding to pursue research independently. The Wuhan lab ran risky experiments to learn about how SARS-like viruses might infect humans. 1. Collect SARS-like viruses from bats and other wild animals, as well as from people exposed to them. 2. Identify high-risk viruses by screening for spike proteins that facilitate infection of human cells. 2. Identify high-risk viruses by screening for spike proteins that facilitate infection of human cells. In Defuse, the scientists proposed to add a furin cleavage site to the spike protein. 3. Create new coronaviruses by inserting spike proteins or other features that could make the viruses more infectious in humans. 4. Infect human cells, civets and humanized mice with the new coronaviruses, to determine how dangerous they might be. While it’s possible that the furin cleavage site could have evolved naturally (as seen in some distantly related coronaviruses), out of the hundreds of SARS-like viruses cataloged by scientists, SARS‑CoV‑2 is the only one known to possess a furin cleavage site in its spike. And the genetic data suggest that the virus had only recently gained the furin cleavage site before it started the pandemic. Ultimately, a never-before-seen SARS-like virus with a newly introduced furin cleavage site, matching the description in the Wuhan institute’s Defuse proposal, caused an outbreak in Wuhan less than two years after the proposal was drafted. When the Wuhan scientists published their seminal paper about Covid-19 as the pandemic roared to life in 2020, they did not mention the virus’s furin cleavage site — a feature they should have been on the lookout for, according to their own grant proposal, and a feature quickly recognized by other scientists. Worse still, as the pandemic raged, their American collaborators failed to publicly reveal the existence of the Defuse proposal. The president of EcoHealth, Peter Daszak, recently admitted to Congress that he doesn’t know about virus samples collected by the Wuhan institute after 2015 and never asked the lab’s scientists if they had started the work described in Defuse. In May, citing failures in EcoHealth’s monitoring of risky experiments conducted at the Wuhan lab, the Biden administration suspended all federal funding for the organization and Dr. Daszak, and initiated proceedings to bar them from receiving future grants. In his testimony on Monday, Dr. Fauci said that he supported the decision to suspend and bar EcoHealth. Separately, Dr. Baric described the competitive dynamic between his research group and the institute when he told Congress that the Wuhan scientists would probably not have shared their most interesting newly discovered viruses with him . Documents and email correspondence between the institute and Dr. Baric are still being withheld from the public while their release is fiercely contested in litigation. In the end, American partners very likely knew of only a fraction of the research done in Wuhan. According to U.S. intelligence sources, some of the institute’s virus research was classified or conducted with or on behalf of the Chinese military . In the congressional hearing on Monday, Dr. Fauci repeatedly acknowledged the lack of visibility into experiments conducted at the Wuhan institute, saying, “None of us can know everything that’s going on in China, or in Wuhan, or what have you. And that’s the reason why — I say today, and I’ve said at the T.I.,” referring to his transcribed interview with the subcommittee, “I keep an open mind as to what the origin is.” 3 The Wuhan lab pursued this type of work under low biosafety conditions that could not have contained an airborne virus as infectious as SARS‑CoV‑2. Labs working with live viruses generally operate at one of four biosafety levels (known in ascending order of stringency as BSL-1, 2, 3 and 4) that describe the work practices that are considered sufficiently safe depending on the characteristics of each pathogen. The Wuhan institute’s scientists worked with SARS-like viruses under inappropriately low biosafety conditions . In the United States, virologists generally use stricter Biosafety Level 3 protocols when working with SARS-like viruses. Biosafety cabinets prevent viral particles from escaping. Viral particles Personal respirators provide a second layer of defense against breathing in the virus. DIRECT CONTACT Gloves prevent skin contact. Disposable wraparound gowns cover much of the rest of the body. Personal respirators provide a second layer of defense against breathing in the virus. Disposable wraparound gowns cover much of the rest of the body. Note: ​​Biosafety levels are not internationally standardized, and some countries use more permissive protocols than others. The Wuhan lab had been regularly working with SARS-like viruses under Biosafety Level 2 conditions, which could not prevent a highly infectious virus like SARS-CoV-2 from escaping. Some work is done in the open air, and masks are not required. Less protective equipment provides more opportunities for contamination. Some work is done in the open air, and masks are not required. Less protective equipment provides more opportunities for contamination. In one experiment, Dr. Shi’s group genetically engineered an unexpectedly deadly SARS-like virus (not closely related to SARS‑CoV‑2) that exhibited a 10,000-fold increase in the quantity of virus in the lungs and brains of humanized mice . Wuhan institute scientists handled these live viruses at low biosafet y levels , including BSL-2. Even the much more stringent containment at BSL-3 cannot fully prevent SARS‑CoV‑2 from escaping . Two years into the pandemic, the virus infected a scientist in a BSL-3 laboratory in Taiwan, which was, at the time, a zero-Covid country. The scientist had been vaccinated and was tested only after losing the sense of smell. By then, more than 100 close contacts had been exposed. Human error is a source of exposure even at the highest biosafety levels , and the risks are much greater for scientists working with infectious pathogens at low biosafety. An early draft of the Defuse proposal stated that the Wuhan lab would do their virus work at BSL-2 to make it “highly cost-effective.” Dr. Baric added a note to the draft highlighting the importance of using BSL-3 to contain SARS-like viruses that could infect human cells, writing that “U.S. researchers will likely freak out.” Years later, after SARS‑CoV‑2 had killed millions, Dr. Baric wrote to Dr. Daszak : “I have no doubt that they followed state determined rules and did the work under BSL-2. Yes China has the right to set their own policy. You believe this was appropriate containment if you want but don’t expect me to believe it. Moreover, don’t insult my intelligence by trying to feed me this load of BS.” SARS‑CoV‑2 is a stealthy virus that transmits effectively through the air, causes a range of symptoms similar to those of other common respiratory diseases and can be spread by infected people before symptoms even appear. If the virus had escaped from a BSL-2 laboratory in 2019, the leak most likely would have gone undetected until too late. One alarming detail — leaked to The Wall Street Journal and confirmed by current and former U.S. government officials — is that scientists on Dr. Shi’s team fell ill with Covid-like symptoms in the fall of 2019 . One of the scientists had been named in the Defuse proposal as the person in charge of virus discovery work. The scientists denied having been sick . 4 The hypothesis that Covid-19 came from an animal at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan is not supported by strong evidence. In December 2019, Chinese investigators assumed the outbreak had started at a centrally located market frequented by thousands of visitors daily. This bias in their search for early cases meant that cases unlinked to or located far away from the market would very likely have been missed. To make things worse, the Chinese authorities blocked the reporting of early cases not linked to the market and, claiming biosafety precautions, ordered the destruction of patient samples on January 3, 2020, making it nearly impossible to see the complete picture of the earliest Covid-19 cases. Information about dozens of early cases from November and December 2019 remains inaccessible. A pair of papers published in Science in 2022 made the best case for SARS‑CoV‑2 having emerged naturally from human-animal contact at the Wuhan market by focusing on a map of the early cases and asserting that the virus had jumped from animals into humans twice at the market in 2019. More recently, the two papers have been countered by other virologists and scientists who convincingly demonstrate that the available market evidence does not distinguish between a human superspreader event and a natural spillover at the market. Furthermore, the existing genetic and early case data show that all known Covid-19 cases probably stem from a single introduction of SARS‑CoV‑2 into people, and the outbreak at the Wuhan market probably happened after the virus had already been circulating in humans. An analysis of SARS-CoV-2’s evolutionary tree shows how the virus evolved as it started to spread through humans. SARS-COV-2 Viruses closest to bat coronaviruses more mutations Source: Lv et al., Virus Evolution (2024) , as reproduced by Jesse Bloom The viruses that infected people linked to the market were most likely not the earliest form of the virus that started the pandemic. Not a single infected animal has ever been confirmed at the market or in its supply chain. Without good evidence that the pandemic started at the Huanan Seafood Market, the fact that the virus emerged in Wuhan points squarely at its unique SARS-like virus laboratory. 5 Key evidence that would be expected if the virus had emerged from the wildlife trade is still missing. In previous outbreaks of coronaviruses, scientists were able to demonstrate natural origin by collecting multiple pieces of evidence linking infected humans to infected animals. Infected animals Earliest known cases exposed to live animals Antibody evidence of animals and animal traders having been infected Ancestral variants of the virus found in Documented trade of host animals between the area where bats carry closely related viruses and the outbreak site Infected animals found Earliest known cases exposed to live animals Antibody evidence of animals and animal traders having been infected Ancestral variants of the virus found in animals Documented trade of host animals between the area where bats carry closely related viruses and the outbreak site For SARS-CoV-2, these same key pieces of evidence are still missing , more than four years after the virus emerged. For SARS-CoV-2, these same key pieces of evidence are still missing , more than four years after the virus emerged. Despite the intense search trained on the animal trade and people linked to the market, investigators have not reported finding any animals infected with SARS‑CoV‑2 that had not been infected by humans. Yet, infected animal sources and other connective pieces of evidence were found for the earlier SARS and MERS outbreaks as quickly as within a few days, despite the less advanced viral forensic technologies of two decades ago. Even though Wuhan is the home base of virus hunters with world-leading expertise in tracking novel SARS-like viruses, investigators have either failed to collect or report key evidence that would be expected if Covid-19 emerged from the wildlife trade . For example, investigators have not determined that the earliest known cases had exposure to intermediate host animals before falling ill. No antibody evidence shows that animal traders in Wuhan are regularly exposed to SARS-like viruses, as would be expected in such situations. With today’s technology, scientists can detect how respiratory viruses — including SARS, MERS and the flu — circulate in animals while making repeated attempts to jump across species . Thankfully, these variants usually fail to transmit well after crossing over to a new species and tend to die off after a small number of infections. In contrast, virologists and other scientists agree that SARS‑CoV‑2 required little to no adaptation to spread rapidly in humans and other animals . The virus appears to have succeeded in causing a pandemic upon its only detected jump into humans. The pandemic could have been caused by any of hundreds of virus species, at any of tens of thousands of wildlife markets, in any of thousands of cities, and in any year. But it was a SARS-like coronavirus with a unique furin cleavage site that emerged in Wuhan, less than two years after scientists, sometimes working under inadequate biosafety conditions, proposed collecting and creating viruses of that same design. While several natural spillover scenarios remain plausible, and we still don’t know enough about the full extent of virus research conducted at the Wuhan institute by Dr. Shi’s team and other researchers, a laboratory accident is the most parsimonious explanation of how the pandemic began. Given what we now know, investigators should follow their strongest leads and subpoena all exchanges between the Wuhan scientists and their international partners, including unpublished research proposals, manuscripts, data and commercial orders. In particular, exchanges from 2018 and 2019 — the critical two years before the emergence of Covid-19 — are very likely to be illuminating (and require no cooperation from the Chinese government to acquire), yet they remain beyond the public’s view more than four years after the pandemic began. Whether the pandemic started on a lab bench or in a market stall, it is undeniable that U.S. federal funding helped to build an unprecedented collection of SARS-like viruses at the Wuhan institute, as well as contributing to research that enhanced them . Advocates and funders of the institute’s research, including Dr. Fauci, should cooperate with the investigation to help identify and close the loopholes that allowed such dangerous work to occur. The world must not continue to bear the intolerable risks of research with the potential to cause pandemics . A successful investigation of the pandemic’s root cause would have the power to break a decades-long scientific impasse on pathogen research safety, determining how governments will spend billions of dollars to prevent future pandemics. A credible investigation would also deter future acts of negligence and deceit by demonstrating that it is indeed possible to be held accountable for causing a viral pandemic. Last but not least, people of all nations need to see their leaders — and especially, their scientists — heading the charge to find out what caused this world-shaking event. Restoring public trust in science and government leadership requires it. A thorough investigation by the U.S. government could unearth more evidence while spurring whistleblowers to find their courage and seek their moment of opportunity. It would also show the world that U.S. leaders and scientists are not afraid of what the truth behind the pandemic may be. More on how the pandemic may have started Where Did the Coronavirus Come From? What We Already Know Is Troubling. Even if the coronavirus did not emerge from a lab, the groundwork for a potential disaster had been laid for years, and learning its lessons is essential to preventing others. By Zeynep Tufekci Why Does Bad Science on Covid’s Origin Get Hyped? If the raccoon dog was a smoking gun, it fired blanks. By David Wallace-Wells A Plea for Making Virus Research Safer A way forward for lab safety. By Jesse Bloom The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] . Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads . Alina Chan ( @ayjchan ) is a molecular biologist at the Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, and a co-author of “ Viral : The Search for the Origin of Covid-19.” She was a member of the Pathogens Project , which the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists organized to generate new thinking on responsible, high-risk pathogen research. Share full article Advertisement Enhancing Digital Media Literacy for the 2024 Election Season | By Gale Staff | Since the 2020 election, 16 million Americans have turned 18, boosting younger voices at the polls. Confronted with potential misinformation and bias through social media and other news sources, how can high school educators ensure these new voters are accurately informed? That’s where digital media literacy comes in. Young voters must learn to identify facts from prejudiced or misleading information. These competencies are essential as they discover and practice what it means to be responsible citizens in the modern world. The year 2024 hosts dozens of democratic elections worldwide. At the same time, people are losing trust in the democratic system. Mainstream media sources can lack diverse perspectives, journalists can rely on misleading headlines for clicks, and influencers can share opinions as facts on social media platforms. For the sake of a healthy democracy, experts believe it’s vital to engage young voters early—before they reach the legal voting age. So nonpartisan groups and the federal government are urging schools to prioritize student voter registration. Most states allow citizens to register to vote at age 16 or 17, and high school teachers are integral in getting teenagers up to speed on the process. How can you make an impact? Consider our top strategies to teach media literacy and help students discern truth from fiction and weigh different points of view. Present a Range of Source Materials The diversity of available content is key when discussing a major political topic. Providing students with varied perspectives helps them understand complex, multifaceted issues. Gale resources include primary and secondary sources, op-eds, images, videos, podcasts, infographics, and more. Plus, students can filter search results to reflect specific publications from international outlets. Encourage students to seek contrasting opinions on contentious topics. For example, Gale In Context: Global Issues hosts a range of perspectives regarding the current Israeli-Palestinian conflict , which is likely a vital issue for the 2024 election. American opinions on the conflict are changing, and how the president approaches a resolution may prove instrumental to how he fares at the polls in November. Students can read a viewpoint essay from the New York Times , a report from Tel Aviv’s financial publication Globes, and an article from the Palestine News Network all through one comprehensive database . How do the content and tone compare among news and viewpoint articles? Emphasize how informed voters take the time to understand the nuanced sides of a conflict rather than unquestioningly committing to one side. Emphasize Source Credibility Always check your sources. Every Gale article includes a thorough citation so students can quickly reference materials and vet the credibility of a publisher or author. At the top of each page, students will find a direct link to each article’s source. With just a click, students can see what else that author has written and identify significant trends regarding that perspective of the publication. Does the source tend to lean in either political direction? How often do they publish on a particular topic? Do they host diverse voices and consider opposing perspectives? Answering these questions helps inform the reliability of each source. For many high schoolers who may be voting for the first time in 2024, climate change and the environment may be top of mind. But where are your students getting their information? Gale’s impartial, science-based content can help young researchers further their understanding of the impacts of climate change. Dozens of related podcasts are available from NPR’s All Things Considered . Compare its content to a climate change-related article from a dedicated science-based newsletter, InsideClimate News . But that’s just the first step; students must habitually screen their information sources. Just because someone shares something through social media doesn’t make it accurate. Teachers are essential to prepare students to be thoughtful and engaged citizens by leading classroom discussions about these critical modern-day research skills. Leverage Built-In Critical Thinking Questions One key strategy for developing discernment in young voters is thoughtfully engaging them with critical-thinking questions. That’s why Gale experts don’t simply present information—we also provide probing questions to help students consider each topic more deeply. Educators can encourage students to reflect on these prompts independently or use these critical-thinking questions to inspire healthy classroom debate. For example, Gale In Context: High School provides an in-depth summary page on politics and the media throughout American history. From early eighteenth-century newspapers to viral social media articles, Americans have relied on the media to help inform their voting decisions. Ask your students to reflect on the page’s embedded critical-thinking questions, such as: “How might the way a politician engages with the media alter his or her chances at winning an election?” Stimulate discussion and ask students how political candidates have interacted with popular media channels and how those efforts were or were not successful for their campaigns. Avoid Clickbait Becoming an informed voter and mindful digital citizen takes time and patience—two things many busy Americans lack. Major media outlets know this, and they’ll often use eye-catching headlines, known as clickbait , to attract readers, often at the expense of journalistic professionalism. These headlines are usually alarming and purposely misleading, even though the article’s actual content may prove accurate otherwise. Seek Out Both Sides Gale’s databases often include helpful and frequently updated topic pages for today’s most complicated issues. Your students can access comprehensive yet accessible synopses on topics like abortion , illegal immigration , the Russia-Ukraine conflict , gun control , and artificial intelligence . These pages provide a reliable outline for controversial subjects, giving students valuable context and a solid foundation for further research. And every article includes a “More Like This” section featuring hyperlinked recommendations for in-depth study. Digital media literacy skills are a cornerstone of a successful high school education in the twenty-first century. As technology becomes more pervasive in and outside the classroom, teachers are vital to ensuring the next generation can make voting decisions based on accurate information. Use Gale In Context to provide reliable, diverse content and help your students develop the skills they need to make informed voting decisions. To learn more, connect with a Gale education consultant to see Gale In Context in action. Leave a Comment Cancel reply Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Notify me of new posts by email. My View My View Following Following Saved Saved Breakingviews: Modi 3.0 offers limited opportunities for the West Medium Text ENEMY’S ENEMY MIDDLING MANUFACTURER For more insights like these, click here New Tab , opens new tab to try Breakingviews for free. Editing by Peter Thal Larsen and Oliver Taslic Breakingviews Reuters Breakingviews is the world's leading source of agenda-setting financial insight. As the Reuters brand for financial commentary, we dissect the big business and economic stories as they break around the world every day. A global team of about 30 correspondents in New York, London, Hong Kong and other major cities provides expert analysis in real time. Sign up for a free trial of our full service at https://www.breakingviews.com/trial and follow us on Twitter @Breakingviews and at www.breakingviews.com . All opinions expressed are those of the authors. Breakingviews Chevron Suburban sprawl gives insurers the blues. Insurance losses from natural disasters are rising: last year they topped $100 billion globally for the fourth year in a row. While climate change means damage from hurricanes and wildfires are increasing, the bigger risk is thunderstorms and tornadoes. They are whipping through the suburban sprawl that has happened rapidly in sunbelt cities like Dallas-Fort Worth. 333 IMAGES Philippine Cultures and traditions Essay Example Culture experience growing up in the Philippines and Culture Essay SOLUTION: Philippine culture essay north luzon Socio-cultural Aspects of the Philippine Community Free Essay Example 📚 Free Essay Sample Dedicated to Culture in the Philippines The Indigenous People of the Philippines VIDEO #Rizal greatest #essay #Philippines #politics #history #Asia #anticolonialism #Spain #Geopolitics The Philippine's Biodiversity 10 THINGS I LEARNED LIVING IN THE PHILIPPINES What Makes Filipinos Different From Everyone Else in the World? 10 Reasons the Philippines is different from the rest of the world! COMMENTS Cultural Diversity In Philippines The Philippines is known as the land of cultural diversity. With over 110 indigenous communities and 170 ethnolinguistic groups, the cultural diversity of Philippines seems to be growing. Moreover, history bears testimony to the fact that the Philippines has been colonized by several countries.This is also the reason that the culture of these countries has assimilated into the Philippines culture Philippines Philippines - Culture, Diversity, Traditions: Philippine society is a unique blend of diversity and homogeneity. Although geographically part of Southeast Asia, the country is culturally strongly Euro-American. ... An Essay on History as Three Generations (1983). Spanish was the prinicipal literary medium until the end of the 19th century ... Philippine Cultural Diversity, Research Paper Example The culture and traditions of Philippine people is unique and highly spiritual at the same time. The below essay will focus on different areas of Filipino life, including family life, education, belief systems, spirituality and religion, as well as the impact of Western civilization on today's people with Filipino heritage. Cultural Background. Religion, Customs, and Tradition of the Philippines: A Tapestry of Religion, Customs, and Tradition of the Philippines - Cultural Heritage of Philippines The Philippines, known for its stunning natural beauty, is also home to a rich tapestry of religious diversity. The spiritual landscape is woven with threads of indigenous beliefs, colonial influences, and contemporary faiths. This article unravels the intricate layers of religion, customs, and Cultural Issues In The Philippines: Insights & Trends The Philippines has a rich history that has greatly influenced its national identity. From Spanish colonization to American influence, the country's past has shaped its cultural differences and fostered diversity in Filipino culture. Significant events and figures have played pivotal roles in creating a sense of nationhood and inspiring ... Essay on Philippines Culture Students are often asked to write an essay on Philippines Culture in their schools and colleges. And if you're also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic. ... It reflects the country's history, diversity, and the warm spirit of its people. It is a culture that values community, creativity ... Globalization, Change, And Diversity In The Philippines ethnic diversity expressed within the Philippine communities investigated in this special issue. During the last two decades, the Philippines has experi-enced increasing political instability and economic vulner-ability, and continuing social inequality (Habito 2005; Laquian 2005; Muego 2005; Bello et al. 2004). This situation has emerged Filipino Culture: The Dynamics, Challenges, and Opportunities: [Essay The national language of the Philippines is Filipino, which is based on Tagalog. English is also widely spoken and used in schools, business, and government. ... The diversity of languages and dialects creates communication gaps that hinder interconnectedness. The prevalence of English in business and government creates a division between those ... The Philippine Culture And Its Cultural Diversity The Philippine Culture And Its Cultural Diversity. Culture is, in the words of E.B. Tylor "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" (Tylor, E.B. 1974). The Philippine culture is very diverse, with over eighty groups native to the ... The Diversity of the Philippine Population The diversity of the country expresses itself through its rich array of languages. The Philippines is the tenth most linguistically diverse country in the world (Nolasco 2007).The linguistic diversity of the Philippines arises from natural processes related to language evolution and a divergence between linguistic communities caused by lack of communication, especially acute in an archipelagic ... Cultural Diversity in The Philippines The culture in the Philippines is very diverse due to influences from countries that colonized it like Spain, America, Japan, China, and Arab states. This diversity is reflected in the 80 major ethnic groups across the 7,107 islands divided into Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Luzon is home to groups like the Aeta, Igorot, Ilocano, and Tagalog peoples, while the Visayas are known for their ... Essay on Philippine Culture Philippine culture is a blend of many influences. It is unique and diverse. It is a culture that values respect, hospitality, and creativity. It is a culture to be proud of. 250 Words Essay on Philippine Culture Introduction to Philippine Culture. The Philippines is a beautiful island country in Southeast Asia. Austronesian Archipelagic Linguistic Diversity Amid Globalization in The Philippines, an archipelago of 7,100 islands located in Southeast Asia, are marked by substantial linguistic diversity with 181 living languages being used. The languages of the Philippines belong to the Western Malayo-Polynesian group of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. Linguistic diversity in the Philippines Linguistic diversity in the Philippines. First of 2 parts. THE Philippines is one of the most linguistically diverse nations in the world. According to Ethnologue, a catalogue of world languages that keeps being updated yearly, there are 171 living languages in the archipelago. Many Filipinos mistakenly label as a "dialect" any language which ... Multiculturalism in Mindanao, Philippines: the Role of Ethnicity in MULTICULTURALISM IN MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES: THE ROLE OF ETHNICITY IN EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL HEGEMONY A paper to be presented to the Conference, Bandung +60, Jakarta, Indonesia on October 26-31, 2015 By Heidi K. Gloria Ateneo de Davao University Introduction This paper is an inquiry into the interplay between culture and history and the cultural ... A Cultural Diversity Like No Other in Asia A Cultural Diversity Like No Other in Asia. After white-knuckle rafting down the Chico River, spelunking in nearby caves or marveling at ancient coffins suspended from high clifftops, visitors to Mountain Province, about a day's bus ride north of the Philippine capital of Manila, can recharge their batteries in the main town of Sagada with a ... The Problem of Cultural Diversity ARANETA: CULTURAL DIVERSITY 233 of the Dutch merchant to the south, or of the Englishman to the west, and out of this process began to appear a new nation, that of the lowland Christian Filipino. By the time of the re-volt against Spain the marks of a new nation were evident: the Philippines had a common faith, a pattern of family and PDF Philippine Society and Culture: Mechanisms for Strengthening National The seriousness of this conflict has somehow brought the Philippines almost to the brink of disintegration. As a result of the severity of the conflict, both the Christian and the Muslim peoples of the country have, on their own, embarked on a search for mechanisms and processes of unifying themselves within the realities of diversity. Main Details The Philippines is one of 18 mega-biodiverse countries of the world, containing two-thirds of the earth's biodiversity and between 70% and 80% of the world's plant and animal species. 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GUIMBAL, ILOILO, 06 April 2018 — Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process Jesus Dureza yesterday encouraged Guimbalanons to embrace the varying historical roots and cultures of the Filipinos as he gave the keynote message in this town's annual Bantayan Festival. "The Philippines is a ... Why the Pandemic Probably Started in a Lab, in 5 Key Points Dr. Chan is a molecular biologist at the Broad Institute of M.I.T. and Harvard, and a co-author of "Viral: The Search for the Origin of Covid-19." This article has been updated to reflect news ... Enhancing Digital Media Literacy for the 2024 Election Season The diversity of available content is key when discussing a major political topic. Providing students with varied perspectives helps them understand complex, multifaceted issues. ... Students can read a viewpoint essay from the New York Times, a report from Tel Aviv's financial publication Globes, ... 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