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115 awesome architecture research topics: useful list of ideas.

If you are reading this, it means you need to write an excellent architectural research paper and need some help choosing the topic. The good news is that our expert writers have just updated our list of 115 unique architecture research topics.

This means you can find some original ideas right here on this page. Of course, you can use any of our ideas for free – as long as you get an A+ on your next research paper.

Writing an Architecture Essay Quickly

If you are like most students, you probably don’t know how to write complex architecture research papers quickly. This can be a real problem, especially if you need to finish your essay quickly. After all, you probably have several other school projects to focus on – not to mention tests and exams. This is why we will give you more than just awesome architecture research paper topics. We will help you with a guide on how to write a great paper quickly:

• First, go through our architectural research topics and pick the one you like the most.
• Write a thesis statement. In a sentence, tell your readers what your paper aims to demonstrate.
• Write an introduction for your essay. This is where you present your thesis statement and tell your audience a bit more about the subject.
• Write three or more body paragraphs, each dealing with a single idea. Generally, you will start the paragraph with a clear statement and then use the rest of the paragraph to bring evidence in support of your statement.
• Write a conclusion for your research paper. Most often, it’s enough to restate the thesis and summarize all your findings. Tell your audience how your findings support your thesis and wrap everything up with a call to action (this is optional).
• Edit your work and delete parts that are redundant, don’t make sense or are simply unnecessary. Add more content to parts that need it.
• Proofread your work at least twice. Who wants to lose some points over silly mistakes like typos or spelling errors?

Best Architectural Topics for Research

Now that you know what you need to do to write a paper quickly, you probably want to minimize the time you spend searching for architectural topics for research. This is where we can definitely help you. Take a look at our list of 115 awesome architecture paper topics and use as many of them as you like. All of them are 100% free!

Interesting Questions About Architecture

Here are some interesting questions about architecture that should fire up your creative engine:

• What are the costs of an architect?
• Is concrete obsolete in 2023?
• How long does it take to design a unique skyscraper?
• What are the worst architectural mistakes of the 1900s?
• What does an architect really do?
• How do you pick the right architect for a major project?
• What is the worst thing about architecture in the UK?
• Is architecture an artistic profession?
• What are the expected advancements in architecture in 2023?
• How long will we continue to use steel?
• What are the best ways to design a skyscraper?
• Is architecture a creative profession?
• Why is planning a bridge so difficult?

Easy Research Topics in Architecture

If you don’t want to spend more than a few hours working on your architecture paper, we have a list of easy research topics in architecture right here:

• A short history of architecture in the United States
• Discuss urban planning in Eastern Europe
• Talk about maritime technology
• Ancient Greek architecture
• Talk about metal fatigue in skyscrapers
• Is it difficult being an architect?
• Ancient Roman architecture
• The importance of restoring heritage buildings
• Talk about innovations in bridge design
• Architecture in Asian countries
• Planning a new urban park in your neighborhood
• Discuss climate control in modern buildings
• Architecture in African countries

Topics Related to Public Structures

Designing public structures is not an easy thing to do, but writing a paper about them shouldn’t be too difficult. Here are some nice topics related to public structures:

• An in-depth look at the design of the Lincoln Memorial
• Design the plan of a new bank in your neighborhood
• Designing a new skyscraper in your city
• An in-depth look at the design of the Empire State Building
• Building the latest public service building in the city
• A space research center in Colorado Springs
• An in-depth look at the design of the White House
• Research the design of the United States Capitol building
• The Golden Gate Bridge: an innovative design

Top Ideas Related to Urban Planning

Interested in talking about urban planning? No problem, we can help. Take a look at our list of top ideas related to urban planning:

• An in-depth look at bicycle transportation in New York City
• Research the rational-comprehensive approach to urban planning
• Housing peculiarities in Scotland
• Discuss the importance of urban design in 2023
• Discuss the Concentric Model Zone by Ernest Burgess
• How can you become a successful urban planner?
• The importance of landscape in modern urbanism
• An in-depth look at housing affordability in the UK
• Planning land use in large cities in North America
• What is the role of an urban planner?
• Transport problems in London
• Discuss the Three Magnets theory by Ebenezer Howard

Architecture Thesis Topics

In case you’ve ran out of ideas for a topic, we have some of the best architecture thesis topics on the Internet. Check out these original ideas:

• Talk about the latest trends in environmental tech
• Discuss urban intensification challenges
• Design a brand new shopping mall in your area
• An efficient plan of the London transportation system
• Latest trends in theatre architecture
• Talk about lighting technology in Egyptian pyramids
• Common problems when designing a skyscraper
• Latest advancements in virtual planning

Complex Architectural Topics for Research

We know some students want to try something a bit more difficult to impress their professor. Here are some pretty complex architectural topics for research:

• Compare urban housing with rural housing in the UK
• The use of concrete in 2023
• Modern building technologies
• The latest building materials
• Talk about resource use maximization
• Discuss the impact of environmental technology on architecture
• Talk about the peculiarities of Islamic architecture
• Discuss planning a new school in a rural area

Great Architecture Thesis Ideas

If you are preparing to start working on your thesis, you will be thrilled to learn that we have a list of great architecture thesis ideas for you:

• Talk about the theories behind resilient designs
• Solving traffic congestions in New York City
• Building materials of the future
• Talk about sustainable rural development
• What are the principles of lightweight architecture?
• Materials used in ancient architecture
• The importance of using domes in your designs
• How can you make architecture an art?

Interesting Topics Related to Architecture

This is where our writers and editors selected the most interesting ideas. Check out our most interesting topics related to architecture:

• Talk about the rehabilitation of an ancient structure
• The design of Egyptian temples
• What do you think architecture will look like in 100 years?
• Indoor air quality and architecture
• Historic French architecture peculiarities
• How can you maximize usable space in your designs?
• Talk about constructing in extreme weather conditions
• How important are arches in 2023?

Interior Design Topics

If you want your research paper to be about something in interior design, our experts have compiled a list of unique interior design topics for you:

• Is interior design a dying industry?
• Talk about how people perceive colors
• The latest decorating styles in the UK
• The best color combinations in 2023
• Latest trends in interior design
• Differences in interior design in 3 different countries
• Talk about the rise of statement ceilings
• Curves instead of straight lines in 2023

Good Topics for High School Students

Our list wouldn’t be complete without a section of good topics for high school students. Check out these ideas and take your pick:

• Discuss why arches are important
• Is interior design a part of architecture?
• How do domes influence modern designs?
• Design a simple living space
• Design a new stadium in your area
• What is lightweight architecture?
• Talk about Roman concrete

Awesome Ideas for College

Are you a college student looking for top notch topics for his next architecture research paper? Check out these great awesome ideas for college:

• What is the most important building material today?
• Discuss the creation of 3D architectural designs
• Discuss about weather effects on buildings
• Common problems designing a hospital
• How did Covid-19 influence architecture?
• Talk about the use of technology in architecture
• The importance of virtual planning

Thesis Topics Related to Cultural Facilities

If you want to write your next paper on something related to culture, we have some of the best thesis topics related to cultural facilities:

• Design a new library in your city
• How important is the design of a cultural facility?
• Designing multidisciplinary spaces in 2023
• The concept of resonating with people
• The importance of integrating nature into your designs
• Making effective use of land in your designs
• Designing a worship center worthy of an award

Controversial Architecture Topics

Of course, we encourage every student to write about controversial topics. In fact, we have some very interesting controversial architecture topics right here:

• The design and building of the Sagrada Familia
• The lack of a national building code in Nigeria
• Discuss the problems involved with collaborative processes
• Trust issues in the modern world of architecture
• An in-depth look at the Scottish Parliament Building
• Is a good architect a good designer?
• Are building codes in the US flawed?

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Does this mean you can write my paper fast and cheap? Yes, we can! Writing a thesis architecture professors appreciate can be really difficult, we know. However, we want to assure you that we will help every student do a great job and get a top grade on his next essay or research paper. Get in touch with us today and get a nice discount on your first order!

The Practice of Architectural Research: How to start

Architectural research is the organized investigation done in the architectural field by studying materials and sources to generate insights, knowledge, and understanding. This research is based on tools, competencies, and methods found in the architectural field and possesses its strategies, scope, knowledge base and tactics. Research is vital to architectural practice, as it teaches prospective architects important architectural skills in research. Exposure to research-based education for architecture students creates better development and learning experiences. Research in schools helps to create a research mentality in architects.

There was a rise in the independence of architectural theory as a discipline in the 1960s, developing the theory of architectural practice. This creates a self-referential and independent area in architecture which is separate from the world of production and the sphere of action. The break between theory and practice was stated to be linked in the 1990s through the development and use of ontological research of exemplary buildings integrated with analytical research methods. This approach was developed by architects in the academic field, and it focuses on the principles of architecture, grand narratives production and the voice of the architect.

There are three types of research approaches in architecture, with each having a distinct approach (Seppo  et al.  2002). Practice-based research and architectural design -based research are created from the architect’s theory or related disciplines. These two types of research are research approaches which are theory-based and come from scientific practice. The action research approach is the last type of architectural research; it is practice-oriented and originates from architectural practice. This article will consider methods to go about the action research approach and the architectural design-based research.

Architectural design -based research 

Create your research paper topic

Identifying a research topic is the first line of action in starting research. Architecture is a broad field of study with different research areas such as architectural history, philosophy of architecture, design theory, interpretation of architecture , etc. Reviewing from a wide perspective to a narrower perspective enables one to grasp the topic better.

Resources Gathering 

Choosing a research topic is followed by obtaining relevant data to carry out the research. This relevant data may include building codes and existing research to write discussion points. These existing studies are found in articles and journals and must be cited accordingly if used in the research paper. Research resources are also collected by the use of research questions developed, which serves as the advanced search feature.

Structure of the research paper

The detailed structuring of a research paper involves arranging the points in an orderly way for the smooth flow of the article. Abstract and introduction are the first point of call in a research paper. They are important elements of the research paper, providing the overview for a reader to continue going over the research paper.

Review the research paper

A research paper must be properly cited and reviewed after writing to correct errors within the article . This review can be done using an editing tool which helps produce grammatically correct content which is easily understandable by the reader. A proper citation of the article should be carried out to acknowledge the use of individuals’ ideas and for further reading by prospective readers.

Getting Funding | Architectural Research

Funding is a major issue in carrying out architectural research. There are numerous ways to get funding for research projects. Architectural bodies offer to fund researchers, which the funding is based on how feasible the projects are and their relevance to the architectural field. Schools also provide funding for researchers and some help researchers in finding grant opportunities.

Action research approach | Architectural Research

Research Strategy

In action research, knowledge is developed and integrated into a particular area in the architectural field. This knowledge is researched by an architectural firm, which in turn focuses its research efforts on aligning with the firm’s business strategy . Architectural research is carried out by different organizations to give the firm strategic benefits and a comparative advantage in the field. This research may focus on the technical or the material research process to create new areas of expertise for the firm or improve the current areas.

Daring during research

Architectural firms sometimes focus their research on new and revolutionary innovations as opposed to research aimed at improving the current architectural field. Research is made to test new methods and ideas, i.e., research is mistake bound and about trial and error. Risky research gives the firm a comparative advantage and can cause a big edge in business.

Networking in research

Building a network of experts and advisers focused on research in an architectural firm. This group tests and discusses new concepts which are essential in research. Networking is used to gather knowledge about new research development and new ideas across the research areas. Networking creates an ecosystem of research collaborators which create new knowledge in the field and recognize what happens in the architectural profession.

Teamwork in Research

Collaboration within a firm to carry out research in the architectural field is another dilemma for architectural firms. Architecture is an area that focuses on creativity, and such creativity can be discovered through collaboration. Teamwork should be encouraged in research as it produces new design processes and conceptual ideas through an iterative process which gives a competitive advantage to the architectural firm involved in the research.

Involving the academics | Architectural Research

The architecture academia is focused on research and development, which is an interesting area for architectural firms. Encouraging the participation of academic researchers to participate in a firm’s research through workshops . This allows for a better understanding of happenings both in academics and in architectural practice, such as the time pressures of practice and roles in research projects.

References:

• Plans, M. H. (2021) How to Write a Research Paper on Architecture: Step-by-Step Guide , maramani.com . Available at: https://www.maramani.com/blogs/home-design-ideas/research-paper-architecture (Accessed: August 4, 2022).
• efront (2016) Research in Architectural Practice – 6 ways for architects to create upstream knowledge , ACA – Association of Consulting Architects Australia . Available at: https://aca.org.au/research-in-architectural-practice-6-ways-for-architects-to-create-upstream-knowledge/ (Accessed: August 4, 2022).
• How to Write a Research Paper on Architecture (no date) Fiu.edu . Available at: https://faculty.fiu.edu/~readg/TipsLinks/HowtoWriteaResearchPaper.htm (Accessed: August 4, 2022).
• Lock, H. (2015) “How to apply for research funding: 10 tips for academics,” 10 May. Available at: https://amp-theguardian-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/amp.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2015/may/10/how-to-apply-for-research-funding-10-tips-for-academics(Accessed: August 4, 2022).
• View of How to Start a Research Program as an Architect in Academia (AIA) (no date) Iit.edu . Available at: https://prometheus.library.iit.edu/index.php/journal/article/view/45/31 (Accessed: August 4, 2022).
• Faculty of Architecture (no date) Research centres and areas of interest – Architecture – Architecture – The University of Sydney , Faculty of Architecture . Available at: https://www.sydney.edu.au/handbooks/archive/2016/architecture/postgraduate/research/research_areas_architecture.shtml.html (Accessed: August 4, 2022).
• Candid Learning (no date) Candid Learning . Available at: https://learning.candid.org/resources/knowledge-base/researchers; (Accessed: August 4, 2022).
• Dr Prem Community Writer (2019) How architecture students can benefit from research papers on architecture , Designbuzz . Available at: https://designbuzz.com/how-architecture-students-can-benefit-from-research-papers-on-architecture/ (Accessed: August 4, 2022).
• Rawat, Karmakar and Sharma (2021) “Importance of Research in Architecture,” International journal of engineering research & technology (Ahmedabad) , 10(1). doi: 10.17577/IJERTV10IS010057.
• CfP: The Practice of Architectural Research. Ghent, 8-10 October 2020 (no date) Eahn.org . Available at: https://eahn.org/2020/05/cfp-the-practice-of-architectural-research-ghent-8-10-october-2020/ (Accessed: August 4, 2022).

Chukwuebuka is an architecture student and an amateur writer using his skills to express his ideas to the world. He has written a few articles for DAPC Uniben and he is adventuring to become a popular writer.

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How To Write an Architecture Dissertation

• Updated: April 9, 2024

Embarking on the journey of writing an architecture dissertation marks a pivotal moment in the academic life of an architecture student.

This rigorous exercise is not merely about showcasing design prowess; it’s an intricate blend of research, analysis, and the eloquent presentation of ideas and findings.

The dissertation serves as a testament to the knowledge and skills honed over years of study , and more importantly, it reflects a student’s ability to contribute thoughtfully to the architectural discourse.

The process of crafting an architecture dissertation can be as daunting as it is exciting. It involves delving into uncharted territories of design and theory, while also navigating through a sea of existing literature, case studies , and architectural precedents .

The challenge lies in identifying a unique topic that resonates with personal interests and the current architectural landscape, and then framing a research question that is both original and feasible.

This question becomes the guiding light for the entire dissertation, shaping the research, analysis, and the eventual conclusions drawn.

Here we outline a comprehensive approach to writing an architecture dissertation, inspired by a range of intriguing topics that cater to the evolving landscape of modern architecture.

From exploring the nuances of sustainable design to understanding the complexities of urban development, we will guide you through each step of this scholarly endeavor.

Whether it’s dissecting the architectural marvels of sustainable hospitals or innovating designs for public spaces, the dissertation journey promises to be a deeply enriching experience, pushing the boundaries of your academic and creative capabilities.

Choosing Your Dissertation Topic

Selecting the right topic for your architecture dissertation is a crucial step that sets the foundation for your entire project.

This phase is critical in determining the direction and scope of your research, ultimately influencing the success of your dissertation.

It involves a series of steps designed to refine your interests and align them with academic and professional aspirations. Below, we delve into the methodology for choosing a compelling and relevant dissertation topic.

Identifying Your Area of Interest

The initial step in this journey is to introspect and identify what aspects of architecture ignite your passion.

Whether it’s sustainable building practices, innovative public spaces, historical restoration, or another niche, your enthusiasm for the subject will significantly influence your research and writing endeavors.

Creating a list of themes and subjects within architecture that intrigue you is a practical approach to starting this process. This list will act as a beacon, guiding you toward narrowing down your topic.

Researching Current Trends and Gaps

Keeping abreast of the latest developments in the field of architecture is essential.

This can be achieved through various means such as reading industry journals, attending webinars, or engaging with prominent architects and institutions via social media.

An effective tip is to identify gaps in the existing research or explore emerging trends that have not been extensively covered. This pursuit may uncover a distinctive and impactful dissertation topic.

Considering Practicality and Resources

It is imperative to consider the feasibility of your chosen topic, especially in terms of resource availability, data, and research material. Assessing the scope of your project and its realistic completion within the allotted timeframe is crucial.

Ensuring the accessibility of primary sources, datasets, and case studies pertinent to your topic is advisable. Should resources be limited, refining your topic may be necessary.

Consulting with Mentors and Peers

Engaging in discussions with mentors, tutors, or peers about your ideas can provide invaluable insights. They may suggest resources, offer advice, and assist in refining your topic.

Remaining open to feedback and considering different perspectives can often illuminate your topic in a new light, offering fresh angles and ideas.

Aligning with Your Career Aspirations

Choosing a dissertation topic that complements your future career goals or specialization areas is beneficial. This approach transforms your dissertation from a mere academic requirement into a valuable asset for your professional journey.

Reflect on how your dissertation can enhance your portfolio and improve your employability within your chosen architecture field.

Exploring Case Studies and Examples

Seeking inspiration from relevant case studies can be incredibly helpful. Analyzing successful projects that align with your interests can aid in defining both your topic and research approach.

For instance, if sustainable architecture fascinates you, exploring projects like the Edge in Amsterdam or the Pixel Building in Melbourne might provide the inspiration needed to solidify your topic.

Narrowing Down and Focusing

With a general area of interest in mind, the next step is to hone in on a specific aspect. Focusing your topic allows for a deeper investigation and the development of a robust dissertation.

For example, if urban architecture captures your interest, you might narrow your focus to topics such as the revitalization of historic urban districts or the integration of green spaces in city centers.

Finalizing and Validating Your Choice

After narrowing down your topic, it’s important to validate its relevance and originality. Confirm that it contributes value to the field and isn’t overly saturated in existing literature.

Conducting a preliminary literature review can provide insights into how much has been written about your topic and assist in formulating your research question.

Choosing your dissertation topic is a reflective and meticulous process, requiring exploration and refinement. It’s crucial to select a subject that not only contributes to the field of architecture but also resonates with your personal and professional ambitions.

Through thoughtful consideration and comprehensive research, you can select a topic that lays the groundwork for a successful dissertation.

Formulating Your Research Question

Understanding the field and identifying the gap.

The process begins by deeply engaging with the current research landscape of your chosen topic.

This foundational step entails a thorough review of existing literature, a grasp of the ongoing debates within the field, and a keen eye for areas that remain lightly explored or entirely untouched.

The primary aim here is to carve out a unique niche for your study, one that promises fresh insights or presents a challenge to established theories.

This niche might manifest as an under-researched dimension, a novel perspective on a familiar subject, or an innovative methodology addressing a known issue.

Refining Your Topic from Broad to Specific

Once the broader landscape is understood, the journey narrows down to specifying your research interest.

This phase is crucial for transitioning from a general area, such as urban architecture, to a more defined subject, such as the influence of urban design on community well-being.

Additionally, it’s essential to conduct a feasibility check to ensure the chosen topic is practical in terms of scope, time, resources, and data availability.

The ideal topic should strike a balance between complexity and manageability, ensuring it is both intriguing and achievable.

Crafting the Research Question with Clarity and Focus

The core of your research endeavor is the formulation of a clear, focused, and concise research question. This question acts as a beacon, guiding your research direction and shaping the data collection process.

For instance, in the realm of sustainable architecture, a potent question might be, “How does the employment of recycled materials in construction diminish the ecological footprint of urban development?”

This question not only specifies the research’s direction but also underlines its relevance and purpose.

Aligning the Research Question with Objectives

The research question should resonate with the broader objectives of your study, whether it aims to propose new solutions, analyze current issues, or explore conceptual theories.

For example, if the goal is to suggest practical solutions, a fitting question could be, “What are the most effective strategies for integrating green spaces into urban high-density housing?”

This alignment ensures that the research remains purpose-driven and focused on achieving its stated aims.

Hypothesis Formation through Predictive Statements

Based on the initial exploration, you are expected to formulate a hypothesis or a predictive statement that your research will test.

For example, a hypothesis in sustainable architecture might posit that “Utilizing biodegradable materials in residential construction significantly curtails the carbon footprint.”

This hypothesis sets the stage for empirical investigation and analysis.

Incorporating Ethical Considerations into Research

It is paramount that your research upholds the highest ethical standards, particularly if it involves human participants, sensitive information, or potential environmental impacts.

For instance, research involving interviews with architects must guarantee confidentiality and informed consent to adhere to ethical research practices.

Seeking Feedback through Consultation and Peer Review

Engaging with your academic advisor or mentors is a vital step in refining your research question and ensuring its academic rigor.

Advisors can offer invaluable feedback, assisting in the honing of your question to ensure it is robust and academically sound.

Similarly, peer discussions can unveil new perspectives or identify overlooked elements, contributing to the overall strength and clarity of your research question.

The formulation of your research question marks a pivotal moment in your academic journey.

It defines the trajectory of your investigation and encapsulates your scholarly curiosity, setting the stage for a study that is not only methodologically sound but also rich in impact and significance.

Conducting Your Research

Identifying and gathering resources.

The first step in conducting comprehensive research involves assembling a wide array of resources.

This process should encompass a variety of materials including, but not limited to, academic journals, architectural books, reputable online databases, case studies, and interviews with professionals.

For example, when investigating sustainable architecture, it’s advisable to include journals focused on environmental design, books detailing sustainable materials, and case studies highlighting green buildings.

Additionally, leveraging digital libraries and archives can prove invaluable, offering access to thesis papers, design portfolios, and scholarly articles that provide both historical and contemporary insights.

Fieldwork and Case Studies

Engaging in fieldwork by visiting relevant architectural sites allows for the observation of design principles, materials, and environmental integration of buildings.

These visits can unearth practical insights, particularly in areas such as sustainable design practices highlighted by recent eco-friendly construction projects.

Furthermore, interviewing architects, designers, and scholars can unveil unique perspectives and knowledge not found in published sources. It’s crucial to approach these interviews with well-prepared questions that align with your research objectives.

Data Collection and Analysis

Research typically involves the gathering of both quantitative data, like energy efficiency ratings, and qualitative data, such as personal opinions on design aesthetics.

Employing suitable analysis methods for each type of data is essential, with statistical analysis for quantitative data and thematic analysis for qualitative data.

It’s equally important to critically assess each source’s reliability, relevance, and potential bias, ensuring the credibility of the information used in your research.

Organizing and Documenting Your Research

Developing effective note-taking and organizational strategies is crucial for managing the vast amounts of information collected during research.

This may involve utilizing digital tools for reference management or maintaining a simple, yet organized, spreadsheet.

Additionally, keeping a detailed research log of activities, including dates, contacts made, and interviews conducted, will not only aid in organization but also support the methodology section of your dissertation.

Ethical Considerations

Respecting copyright and intellectual property rights is paramount, requiring proper citation of all sources in accordance with institutional guidelines.

When conducting interviews or surveys, it’s imperative to obtain consent from participants, ensuring transparency in the use of gathered information while maintaining the confidentiality and anonymity of your sources.

Embarking on research is a complex and nuanced endeavor that necessitates a thoughtful approach to source diversity, fieldwork participation, and data organization.

Adhering to ethical standards throughout the process is essential. The thoroughness and integrity of your research will significantly influence the depth and impact of your dissertation, thereby contributing to the broader field of architecture.

Writing your Dissertation

This is where you translate your research and ideas into a coherent, well-structured document. This section of the process requires meticulous planning, clear articulation, and a consistent academic style. Here are the key steps to follow:

1. Developing a Structured Outline:

• Example: Introduce the concept of sustainable architecture, highlighting its importance and relevance in today’s world.
• Example: Review studies on the use of recycled materials in architecture, focusing on their application in hospital buildings.
• Example: Detail your approach to collecting data on sustainable hospital designs, including any site visits, interviews, or architectural analyses conducted.
• Example: Showcase the results from your case studies or interviews, providing specific examples of successful sustainable practices in hospital design.
• Example: Discuss how the use of recycled materials in hospitals impacts environmental sustainability and patient well-being.
• Example: Emphasize the importance of sustainable materials in architecture and propose future research directions, such as long-term sustainability studies.

2. Writing with Clarity and Cohesion:

• Example: Use technical and architectural terms appropriately and explain any complex concepts for clarity.
• Example: Link the discussion on sustainable materials to broader sustainability goals in architecture, leading smoothly into your conclusion.
• Example: If your university requires APA formatting, ensure all your citations and references are formatted accordingly.

3. Incorporating Visual Elements:

• Example: Include a diagram illustrating the lifecycle of recycled materials in hospital construction.
• Example: Refer to each figure in the text and explain its relevance to your discussion.

4. Revision and Feedback:

• Example: Have a fellow architecture student review your methodology section for clarity and comprehensiveness.
• Example: Check for consistency in terminology, especially architectural terms, and ensure all figures are correctly numbered.

Presenting Your Findings

Once you have conducted your research and gathered all necessary data, a crucial step is presenting your findings effectively. This section is where you demonstrate how your research contributes to the field of architecture, applying your skills in both analysis and presentation.

Organizing Your Data

To start, ensure your findings are arranged in a clear and logical order, whether it be chronological, thematic, or directly tied to your research questions.

For instance, in a dissertation examining sustainable materials in hospital design, it would be prudent to categorize your findings by types of materials, their applications, and their overall impact on the environment.

Visual Presentation

Given that architecture heavily relies on visual comprehension, your dissertation should be enriched with diagrams, charts, photographs, and sketches.

These visual aids are meant to enhance and clarify your narrative, not serve as a substitute for it. For example, incorporating architectural sketches that show the application of sustainable materials in various hospital areas can significantly aid in understanding.

Critical Analysis

Beyond presenting data, it’s crucial to interpret your findings. Discuss the significance of your results within the context of your research question and the broader architectural field.

A detailed analysis of how a specific sustainable material contributes to a hospital’s environmental performance exemplifies this approach well.

Balanced Discussion

Recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of your findings demonstrates a comprehensive understanding and critical thinking ability.

For example, while highlighting the advantages of using recycled materials in hospitals, also consider their potential drawbacks, such as issues with durability or availability.

Linking Theory and Practice

Connect your empirical findings back to the theoretical framework laid out in your literature review. This could involve linking practical observations about sustainable materials to established theories of environmental sustainability.

Use of Case Studies

Incorporating case studies provides tangible evidence to support your findings. Citing a particular hospital project that effectively utilized recycled materials in its construction can offer valuable real-world insights.

Narrative Flow

Crafting your findings into a compelling narrative can make your dissertation more engaging and memorable. For instance, narrating how material selection impacts hospital design and patient experience can make for a persuasive argument.

Recommendations and Implications

Base your practical recommendations on your findings and discuss how these can be implemented in architectural practice. Proposing guidelines for selecting sustainable materials in future hospital projects is a practical example of this.

Reflecting on Research Questions

Ensure that your presentation directly addresses the research questions or objectives outlined at the beginning of your dissertation. Revisiting your initial query on the role of sustainable materials in enhancing hospital architecture and demonstrating how your findings offer insights is crucial.

Engaging Presentation Style

The style of your presentation is just as important as its content. Utilize clear, concise language and ensure that your visual aids are of high quality and relevant to your discussion.

Effective visual aids that are easily understandable and directly related to your findings can significantly enhance your presentation.

By meticulously organizing your data, critically analyzing your findings, and engagingly presenting your research, you can craft a compelling and coherent argument.

This approach not only highlights the significance of your research within the architectural field but also bridges the gap between theory and practice, making for a strong, persuasive dissertation.

To Sum Up…

As you reach the conclusion of your architecture dissertation journey, it’s essential to reflect on the journey you’ve embarked upon. This process is not just about fulfilling an academic requirement; it’s about contributing to the ever-evolving field of architecture.

Your dissertation is a testament to your growth as a scholar and a professional, showcasing your ability to conduct in-depth research, analyze complex topics, and present your findings with clarity and insight.

Key Takeaways and Impact

Your dissertation should leave a lasting impression on its readers. It’s vital to recapitulate your main findings and underscore their significance in the context of architecture.

For instance, if your dissertation focused on sustainable materials in hospital construction, highlight how your research provides new insights or solutions that could be applied in real-world scenarios.

Emphasize how your findings can influence future architectural designs, sustainability practices, or policy-making.

Reflecting on Challenges and Learnings

Acknowledge the challenges you faced and how they shaped your research process. Reflecting on these hurdles not only humanizes your journey but also provides valuable insights for future researchers who may tread a similar path.

Discuss the limitations of your study candidly, as recognizing these constraints is a hallmark of rigorous academic research.

Future Directions

Propose avenues for future research, building on your work. This could involve exploring new materials, different architectural styles, or other geographical contexts.

By suggesting future research directions, you’re contributing to a continuous dialogue in your field and potentially inspiring others to build upon your work.

Personal Growth and Future Aspirations

Finally, consider how this process has contributed to your personal and professional development. Discuss your aspirations in the field of architecture and how your dissertation has equipped you with the skills and knowledge to pursue these goals.

Whether it’s advancing sustainable practices, influencing urban design, or innovating in residential construction, your journey doesn’t end here. Your dissertation is a stepping stone to further explorations and achievements in the dynamic and impactful world of architecture.

In conclusion, your architecture dissertation is more than just a document; it’s a manifestation of your dedication, intellect, and passion for architecture. It not only contributes to your field but also sets the foundation for your future endeavors in this exciting and vital discipline.

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How to Develop a Research Question

You've identified a research topic and have done the background information gathering to understand current knowledge and gaps related to that topic. The next step in developing a research proposal is to craft a clear and focused research question.

Put simply, a research question is the question that your research aims to answer. It narrows down a broad topic of interest into a specific area of study (Creswell 2014). The research question serves as the “guiding light” and provides a framework for the research that is being proposed.

Although grant applications, RFPs, and thesis committees may not explicitly ask you to state your research question, doing so will lend clarity and help to define your work – for you as much as for potential funders, partners, and supporters.

Below we offer general guidance on developing a research question.

1) To begin

Do a literature review on your topic, making note of what is known and what is not known. Think about what you are hoping to contribute to this body of knowledge. How does your research idea fit in: Does it seek to answer a question that has not yet been asked…or answered? Does it confirm or add clarity to current understanding? Does it describe, explain, or define something new or in a new way?

Consider the “so what.” Why does the thing you want to research matter to you, and why should it matter to others?

Read examples of research questions. From your literature review, identify some of the specific research questions of others exploring your topic. Ask colleagues about their research questions. Some general examples of good and bad research questions can be found here .

2) CREATE AND Narrow your list

Warm up by making a list of many potential research questions relating to your topic. Use this to create your working list of research questions that you are interested in answering. 

Start by eliminating any potential research questions that aren’t researchable, meaning that they can’t be answered through systematic inquiry, such as value-based questions or questions that involve choosing a moral course of action. Nevertheless, non-researchable questions can often be reworked into a form that is researchable. For example, the non-researchable question “Should landscape architecture be taught in high school?” can be modified into the researchable question “Do high schools that offer a landscape architecture course see higher college acceptance rates among students who took that course?” 

Your research question is closely related to your research design, so you will need to begin to think through the research strategy and methods that could be used to answer each of your remaining research questions. How would you conduct experiments, obtain data/information, or analyze existing information to answer the question? In addition to confirming that these methods are ethical and legal, consider social and political factors that might affect their feasibility. For example, due to the federal HIPAA Privacy Rule, health information for individuals in the U.S. is very difficult to obtain. Conducting surveys or observations may be problematic in social groups mistrustful of researchers or outsiders. 

Next, consider your particular circumstances. Do you have the interest and expertise to carry out the needed research following appropriate methods? Will you have access to necessary information, people/locations, technology, or equipment? Will you have adequate time and funding to be able to address the research question? If not, can the scope of the research question be modified to better align with what you can do?

3) Select and refine your research question

Once you have identified a viable research question or questions, ask yourself the following. Is your research question:

• Clear? Understandable without providing additional background information; who, what, when, where, and why are all evident in the research question
• Focused? Centered on a single question, problem, or issue; not overly broad or generic
• Concise? Stated in as few words as possible while conveying key information
• Feasible? Able to be answered or explored through your research design with all given constraints
• Complex? Not able to be answered with a yes/no or simple statistic; requires investigation and analysis to develop an answer
• Arguable? Open to debate; not presenting information that is accepted fact

4) Continue to test and refine

After you have formulated your research question, test how it might sound to answer the question. Does this align with the potential results or findings you might expect from your proposed research strategy? If not, you may need to adjust either the question or your methods.

As you further develop your research strategy and methods, your research question may need to be changed or redefined. This is especially true for research that will occur in phases or when the scope needs to be adjusted to fit within particular timing or budget constraints, such as those introduced by the parameters of a potential grant. You may even need to break your research question down into more discrete sub-questions that can be answered in different phases of research.

References and Further Reading

Bouchrika, Imed. “How to Write a Research Question: Types, Steps, and Examples.” Research.com. September 8, 2021. https://research.com/research/how-to-write-a-research-question

Creswell, John W. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research, 5th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, 2014).

Deming, Elen and Simon Swaffield. Landscape Architecture Research: Inquiry, Strategy, Design (Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2011), 52. 

“How to Write a Research Question.” The Writing Center. Accessed July 18, 2022. https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/guides/how-to-write-a-research-question

McCombes, Shona. “Developing Strong Research Questions.” Scribbr. April 16, 2019 (revised July 12, 2022).   https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-questions/

Olsen, Jr., Dan R. “Five Questions for Good Research.” ICE Lab Guidance. Accessed July 18, 2022. http://byu.danrolsenjr.org/ResearchGuidance/ResearchQuestions.html

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Design Research: What Is It and How Is It Changing the Field of Practice?

A Case Study Method for Landscape Architecture

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Architecture Research Methodology: ResearchMethods

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Archives focused on Asian Art

The Dissertation Reviews ' listing of archives is a wonderful resource for research students, written by students based on their real experience in using archives. The section 'Fresh from the Archives' is especially helpful if you are preparing your trip. 

Asian Art Archives (focused on East, South and Southeast Asia)

Sage Research Methods Online

• Qualitative & Quantitative Methods A rich resource of different methods that you can use to construct the methodology of your research project if it goes beyond architectural intervention.

Gentle Introduction

Research Methods for Architecture

• Analysing Architecure Call Number: CL Books NA2750 Unw 2009 ISBN: 9780415489287
• Modern architecture through case studies, 1945-1990 Call Number: CL Books NA680 Blu 2007 ISBN: 9780750663748 Although the cases are UK centric, this book shows how the case study structure is used to study the built environment.
• Consensus design: socially inclusive process Call Number: CL Books NA2750 Day 2003 ISBN: 0750656050
• The humanities in architectural design: a contemporary and historical perspective Call Number: CL Books NA2750 Hum 2010 ISBN: 9780415551144
• Landscape architecture research by Deming, M. Elen and Swaffield, Simon Call Number: SB469.4 Dem 2011 ISBN: 9780470564172 While this book is written primarily for graduate students in landscape architecture, some of the methodologies and strategies described are useful for architecture students in general.

Methods used in Social Sciences

• Writing a successful thesis or dissertation : tips and strategies for students in the social and behavioral sciences Call Number: CL Books LB2369 Lun 2008 ISBN: 9781412942256 Chapters 3-5 deals with quantitative and qualitative methods used in social sciences, ie. provides quick overview.
• Mixed methods research : merging theory with practice Call Number: CL Books H62 Hes 2010 ISBN: 9781606232590

Case study method

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Architectural Research Paradigms: an overview and a research example

As Architectural Research is in the process of re-establishing itself as a research discipline according to university standards, it may appear as if the pool of knowledge generated by more than three millennia of experimental research and its internal systems of evaluation are being grossly devalued and colonized by attitudes to research that are imported or even imposed from the outside. Does architectural research have to rely on imported theory from philosophy, the social or the natural sciences in order to meet societal acceptance of its relevance? What constitutes architectural research as a particular research discipline, what are its main characteristics and how can its paradigms, methodologies, strategies and tactics be described? What should be essential aspects of doctoral curriculae in architecture? Discussing Groat and Wang’s Architectural Research Methods in the light of Reflected Practice, and Organizational Knowledge Creation, a framework is presented that includes e...

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Philip D Plowright

Historically, an argument can be made that architectural research was produced internal to firms and manufacturers as proprietary objects or sets of data. The concept of disciplines and professions reinforced the separation of open-sourced knowledge and the application of that knowledge in a commercial context. However, design has rapidly changed from an object-solution profession and is now faced with finding solutions to complex problems within complex systems. The past practice model of client, architect, and final product seems an ill-fit in this new context. The question is how to integrate a critical research process into a professional capacity in which that architectural research needs an inherent and immediate value to be performed or pursued. The SYNCH Research Group [synchRG] was formed in response to this question. Although research consortiums, design initiatives and research centres exist within many schools of architecture, most operate as a department or extensions of a school of architecture. SynchRG operates in neither private practice nor as a division of the university. Organized as a diverse and fluid association of faculty, students, professionals, and consultants, the synchRG group is focused on a design methodology and philosophical structure rather than a client, site, building, typology, or object. The focus on idiosyncratic or aesthetic solutions to singular problems is set aside in order to provide a collaborative intellectual space for professional based explorations. The paper will examine synchRG’s response to current architectural research challenges and illustrate its unique structure as a possible model to be replicated. A dialogue will be initiated on a model for practice aligned with both academia and industry

ARCC Journal, 6/2

Anirban Adhya , Philip D Plowright

Historically, an argument can be made that architectural research was produced internal to firms and manufacturers as proprietary objects or sets of data. The concept of disciplines and professions reinforced the separation of open-sourced knowledge and the application of that knowledge in a commercial context. However, design has rapidly changed from an object-solution profession and is now faced with finding solutions to complex problems within complex systems. The past practice model of client, architect, and final product seems an ill-fit in this new context. The question is how to integrate a critical research process into a professional capacity in which that architectural research needs an inherent and immediate value to be performed or pursued. The SYNCH Research Group [synchRG] was formed in response to this question. Although research consortiums, design initiatives and research centres exist within many schools of architecture, most operate as a department or extensions of a school of architecture. SynchRG operates in neither private practice nor as a division of the university. Organized as a diverse and fluid association of faculty, students, professionals, and consultants, the synchRG group is focused on a design methodology and philosophical structure rather than a client, site, building, typology, or object. The focus on idiosyncratic or aesthetic solutions to singular problems is set aside in order to provide a collaborative intellectual space for professional based explorations. The paper will examine synchRG’s response to current architectural research challenges and illustrate its unique structure as a possible model to be replicated. A dialogue will be initiated on a model for practice aligned with both academia and industry.

Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research

Ashraf M. Salama

DOWNLOAD FULL PAPER HERE: https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-01-2019-0012 Ashraf M. Salama, (2019) "Methodological research in architecture and allied disciplines: Philosophical positions, frames of reference, and spheres of inquiry", Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, Vol. 13 Issue: 1, pp.8-24, https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-01-2019-0012 ___________________________________ Purpose The purpose of this paper is to contribute an inclusive insight into methodological research in architecture and allied disciplines and unravel aspects that include philosophical positions, frames of reference and spheres of inquiry. Design/methodology/approach Following ontological and epistemological interpretations, the adopted methodology involves conceptual and critical analysis which is based on reviewing and categorising classical literature and more than hundred contributions in architectural and design research developed over the past five decades which were classified under the perspectives of inquiry and frames of reference. Findings Postulated through three philosophical positions – positivism, anti-positivism and emancipationist – six frames of reference were identified: systematic, computational, managerial, psychological, person–environment type-A and person–environment type-B. Technically oriented research and conceptually driven research were categorised as the perspectives of inquiry and were scrutinised together with their developmental aspects. By mapping the philosophical positions to the frames of reference, various characteristics and spheres of inquiry within each frame of reference were revealed. Research limitations/implications Further detailed examples can be developed to offer discerning elucidations relevant to each frame of reference. Practical implications The study is viewed as an enabling mechanism for researchers to identify the unique particularities of their research and the way in which it is pursued. Originality/value The study is a response to a glaring dearth of cognisance and a reaction to a growing but confusing body of knowledge that does not offer a clear picture of what research in architecture is. By identifying key characteristics, philosophical positions and frames of reference that pertain to the research in architecture and associated disciplines, the findings represent a scholastic endeavour in its field.

Common Edge

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Fredrik Nilsson

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This article results from three conferences organized by the research project titled &quot;Architectural research framework&quot; developed by the research center Architectural Lab – LabART – of the Lusófona University, and also by my personal experiences and dialogs with other members of the EAAE research committee. Architectural research always existed, but only recently some major questions have emerged, by the time that Europe started the last universitary reform on the 80&#39;s. Two aspects are crucial in understanding the problematic that we are referring to. On the one hand we verify that the architectural teaching should maintain the articulation and close relationship between the theoretical and practical aspects. On the other hand, there is a need to confer academic degrees, as the MsC and PhD&#39;s in the Faculties of Architecture. Inevitably, discussions began about the scientificity of architecture (its grounding), the types of research, methodological models, as well a...

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There are at present considerable concerns with how architectural research will be assessed in the Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) of 2008. In RAE 2001, most architectural research was submitted to one of three Units of Assessment (UoA): 33 Built Environment, 60 History of Art, Architecture and Design, and 64 Art and Design. There were subtle, but important, differences in output definition and assessment criteria between UoA 33 and UoA 64 with respect to practice-led research. Most importantly, in UoA 33 practice-led outputs were accepted by the panel, but only as publications, whereas UoA 64 assessed practice-led research outputs accompanied by a 300-word statement that clarified the contributions of that particular research to the development of original knowledge in the field. The diversity of methods and complexity of output types, combined with the composition of UoA 33, led to results that many feel did not properly reflect the strengths of architectural design, particular...

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18 Useful Research Resources for Architects Online

• Written by Marie Chatel
• Published on August 01, 2016

For those of us that aren’t based out of a university—and even for many who are—finding research resources that cover the topic you're interested in can be a challenge. But they can be found, and thanks to the internet your search no longer needs to be limited to nearby libraries. In fact, many world-renowned libraries and magazines are now working to digitize important parts of their collection, while a number of online organizations have sprung up with missions to improve access to information. To help you identify some of the most useful, we’ve put together a list of 18 free websites that offer scholarly articles, publications, photos, videos, and much more.

JSTOR is a must-know, and one that you’ve probably come across before. JSTOR contains digitized back issues of leading academic journals, current issues of journals, books and primary sources. JSTOR’s digital library has a number of excellent architectural publications, and has broad coverage of humanities, sciences, and social sciences.

2) Arts & Architecture

Well-known for its Case Study House program, Arts & Architecture magazine highlighted the development of single-family dwellings during the Post-war period, with specific focus on the work of Southern California architects like Richard Neutra , Rudolf Schindler , Charles Eames , Frank Lloyd Wright , and John Lautner among others. Published from 1929 until 1967, the website now dedicated to cataloging Arts & Architecture offers digitized versions of selected articles from 1945 onwards, as well as full issues from the magazine's last 11 years.

3) Colossus

Created by North Carolina Modernist Homes (NCMH) and Hanley Wood (parent company of ARCHITECT), Colossus focuses on 20th century architectural publications, and especially on designs from the 60s, 70s and 80s. When complete, the digital archive will provide over 1.3 million pages , becoming the largest online reference for modernist architecture.

4) The Archigram Archival Project

The hugely influential Archigram group was active from 1961 to 1974, and their work has now been digitized. Students from the University of Westminster created this platform in collaboration with the remaining members of Archigram or their heirs. The database include digital versions of drawings, collages, paintings, photographs, magazines, articles, slides and multi-media material, and original texts by Archigram where available. Given that most of Archigram’s work remained unbuilt, its digitization provides a poetic structure to the collective output of the architects involved.

5) Getty Publications Virtual Library

In 2014, Getty Publication launched its virtual library, featuring over 250 titles to read for free online. Works published by Getty Publication complement the work of the J. Paul Getty Museum , the Getty Conservation Institute , and the Getty Research Institute . The library’s resources cover architecture, but also art, photography, archaeology, conservation, and the humanities at large. You can also find interesting material on Getty’s education portal .

With over 21 million publications, ISSUU is an engaging publishing platform for magazines, catalogs, and newspapers, and has become a go-to platform for small publishers and individuals who want to make their work available online. The digital media company offers both leading and emerging titles, on subjects of culture, arts, lifestyle, and (most importantly) architecture.

Archnet focuses on the built environment and iconic buildings of the Islamic World, and provides a wide range of documentation: images, drawings, publications, seminar proceedings, articles, monographs and architect’s archives. This research tool is a must-see for people interested in Islamic Art and Architecture.

You may know the Royal Institute of British Architects for their awards and advocacy for the British architecture industry—but did you know RIBA also has its online image library? RIBApix features over 85,000 digital images issued from the British Architectural Library. From iconic buildings, to street scenes and vernacular architecture, the platform gives photographic evidence from different historical periods. The collection is frequently updated with recently built projects, and covers interior design, landscape, topography, planning, construction and the decorative arts. All images can be downloaded in low resolution for free, and can be purchased to illustrate a publication.

9) Pathé Newsreel Archive

In 2014, the British branch of the famous film and production company Pathé released 85,000 videos on their Youtube channel to watch for free in high resolution. The archive contains films produced from 1910 to 1970, and is incredible in terms of scope, covering notable subjects on architecture and design, such as the construction of the Empire State Building , Frank Lloyd Wright ’s Johnson Wax Building , Le Corbusier ’s Couvent de la Tourrette , and Montreal’s Expo’ 67 and the construction of Buckminster Fuller ’s geodesic dome.

10) Architectural Association Photo Library

The Architectural Association ’s online photo library contains 8,000 images that represent the highlights of the school’s broader collection. Slides, negatives and prints of historical and contemporary architecture are available in low resolution for educational purposes, but can also be purchased for commercial use. The AA also offers photographs of its students’ work since the 1880s, as well as a video archive for its lectures, conferences, and symposia.

11) The Courtauld Institute’s Conway Library

The Courtauld Institute offers online access to some major primary sources and images of its collection. The online database includes 40,000 photographs, cuttings, architectural drawings, and publications, spanning the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries. Although the Courtauld is best-known as an art history institution, its Conway library focuses on architecture and is a valuable resource for researchers and students alike.

12) Harvard Library’s VIA (Visual Information Access)

Harvard Library’s VIA (Visual Information Access) provides descriptive records, architectural drawings, and photographs. All images are available for educational use only.

13) New York Public Library Photographic Archives

New York Public Library’s photographic archive offers over 180,000 high resolution images that are public domain and not subject to copyright restrictions . These images chronicle New York’s street scenes and historical buildings, and include incredible documentation on the design of the Chrysler building, and construction of the Woolworth building. But the library also has panels of photographs from demolished or destroyed buildings across the world, like London’s Crystal Palace demolished in 1936.

14) ArchInform

On ArchInform, you will find complete biographies of architects, and descriptions of the buildings that shaped their career. Buildings under construction, completed buildings, and unbuilt projects, as well as awards received and publications are all listed on the website. Moreover, ArchInform has a very wide database that gives credit to both famous and less well-known architects.

15) SAH Archipedia

The Society of Architectural Historians offers an architectural encyclopedia for SAH members or those with a subscription to the University of Virginia Press, but their free version includes notable articles on 100 historically-important buildings in each US state .

16) The Charnel House

Run by Ross Wolfe, this blog presents excerpts of primary sources and historical material. Although it is not an archive in the stricter sense, this platform can prove very useful when researching on Modernist Architecture in Germany and Eastern Countries, and on Russian Constructivism.

17) The Magazine Rack

Run by the Internet Archive—who you may have heard of thanks to "the Wayback Machine" or any number of their other archival missions—this ever-expanding collection of monthly publications and digitized magazine so far features archives of “The Builder,” the UK’s oldest and most comprehensive magazine on the building industry that dates back to the 19th century.

18) Canadian Architect

The magazine Canadian Architect has shared digital archives of its publications since 2008. Articles report on architectural practices in Canada, review designs across the country, explore newly built projects, and look at the use of new technology in current practices.

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Literature Review

What is a Literature Review?

It is…. a systematic and critical analysis of the literature on a specific topic. It describes trends, quality, relationships, inconsistencies and gaps in the research; and it details how the works enhance your understanding of the topic at large.

It is NOT…. simply an annotated bibliography that summarizes and/or assesses each article. There is not one, correct way to approach and write a literature review. It can be a stand-alone paper or part of a thesis/dissertation. Format and requirements can vary between disciplines, purpose and intended audience.

A literature review is an overview of existing literature (books, articles, dissertations, conference proceedings, and other sources) in a particular scholarly area. With a lit review, you will:

• Gather information about your topic, including the sources used by others who have previously conducted research
• Find out if your specific research question has already been answered
• Find out what areas or perspectives have not yet been covered by others on your topic
• Analyze and evaluate existing information

The literature review will assist you in considering the validity and scope of your research question so that you can do the necessary revision and fine tuning to it. It provides the foundation to formulate and present strong arguments to justify your chosen research topic.

• How to Write a Literature Review  (University of California, Santa Cruz)

Check out these books from the library for further guidance:

• Després, Carole. "The meaning of home: literature review and directions for future research and theoretical development." Journal of architectural and planning research 8, no.2, (Summer 1991): 96-155.
• Steiner, Frederick R. "Philadelphia, the holy experiment: A literature review and analysis." Ekistics , 49, (1982): 298-305.

Reckoning with Authorities

As you are developing your Lit Review, part of your objective is to identify the leading authorities within the field or who address your topic or theme. Some tips for identifying the scholars:

Old Fashioned Method:

• Keep notes on footnotes and names as you read articles, books, blogs, exhibition catalogs, etc. Are there names or works that everyone references? Use the catalog to track these reference down.
• Consider looking for state of the field articles often found either in a discipline's primary journal or in conference proceedings - keynote speakers.
• Look for book reviews.

Publication Metrics:

• These resources include information about the frequency of citations for an article/author.
• These resources are not specifically for Architecture or Planning. Remember therefore to be critical and careful about the assumptions you make with regard to the results!

The Web of Science platform currently also provides temporary access to several databases that are not part of the Core Collection, including Biosis Citation Index, Data Citation Index, and Zoological Record.

Use this link to access Google Scholar, and see our Google Scholar Guide for information on using this resource.

If you encounter a warning about the security certificate when using the FindIt@UT tool in Google Scholar, you can learn more about that using this guide .

• Last Updated: Oct 5, 2023 8:40 AM
• URL: https://guides.lib.utexas.edu/architecture

Successful thesis proposals in architecture and urban planning

Archnet-IJAR

ISSN : 2631-6862

Article publication date: 1 May 2020

Issue publication date: 11 November 2020

The purpose of this research is to improve the understanding of what constitutes a successful thesis proposal (TP) and as such enhance the quality of the TP writing in architecture, planning and related disciplines.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on extended personal experience and a review of relevant literature, the authors proposed a conception of a successful TP comprising 13 standard components. The conception provides specific definition/s, attributes and success rules for each component. The conception was applied for 15 years on several batches of Saudi graduate students. The implications of the conception were assessed by a students' opinion survey. An expert inquiry of experienced academics from architectural schools in nine countries was applied to validate and improve the conception.

Assessment of the proposed conception demonstrated several positive implications on students' knowledge, performance and outputs which illustrates its applicability in real life. Experts' validation of the conception and constructive remarks have enabled further improvements on the definitions, attributes and success rules of the TP components.

Research limitations/implications

The proposed TP conception with its 13 components is limited to standard problem-solving research and will differ in the case of other types such as hypothesis-based research.

Practical implications

The proposed conception is a useful directive and evaluative tool for writing and assessing thesis proposals for graduate students, academic advisors and examiners.

Social implications

The research contributes to improving the quality of thesis production process among the academic community in the built environment fields.

Originality/value

The paper is meant to alleviate the confusion and hardship caused by the absence of a consensus on what constitutes a successful TP in the fields of architecture, urban planning and related disciplines.

• Urban planning
• Architecture
• Built environment
• Postgraduate research
• Writing successful thesis proposals

Abdellatif, M. and Abdellatif, R. (2020), "Successful thesis proposals in architecture and urban planning", Archnet-IJAR , Vol. 14 No. 3, pp. 503-524. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-12-2019-0281

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © 2020, Mahmoud Abdellatif and Reham Abdellatif

Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode .

1. Introduction

After the postgraduate student completes her/his coursework in a master programme or passes the comprehensive exam and becomes a doctoral candidate in a doctoral programme, s/he is allowed to submit a “Thesis Proposal” (TP) to her/his department whose main concern is to assess whether the topic is suitable for a graduate study and for the time and resources available ( Afful, 2008 ; Kivunja, 2016 ; Reddy, 2019 ).

The department then sends the submitted TP to higher bodies for official approval. Once approved, the TP becomes a legal binding or “a formal contract” ( Walliman, 2017 ) and “a statement of intent” ( Hofstee, 2006 ) between the researcher and the university. If the student adheres to all prescribed TP requirements within the specified time, s/he will be awarded the degree ( Leo, 2019 ).

Guided by his/her academic advisor, the student prepares the TP within which the researcher explains the research problem, questions, aim and objectives, scope, and methodologies to describe, analyse and synthesize the research problem and develop solutions for it ( Paltridge and Starfield, 2007 ). In addition, the proposal includes a brief about research significance and expected contributions; a preliminary review of literature; thesis structure and approximate completion timeline; and a list of relevant references ( Kivunja, 2016 ; Thomas, 2016 ; Kornuta and Germaine, 2019 ).

1.1 Statement of the problem and research aim

After decades of writing, supervising and refereeing master and doctoral theses in the fields of Architecture and Urban Planning, the authors noticed that TP's differ in format and content from a school to another. This may be considered a healthy matter because it gives room for flexibility that absorbs the variety of research problems and techniques. Yet, the absence of a consensus on what constitutes a successful TP could cause confusion and hardship to both students and advisors ( Kamler and Thomson, 2008 ; Abdulai and Owusu-Ansah, 2014 ). The review of literature indicates that TP writing has been tackled in depth in many fields (see for instance Gonzalez, 2007 ; Balakumar et al. , 2013 ; Eco, 2015 ; Kivunja, 2016 ; Glatthorn and Randy, 2018 ; Kornuta and Germaine, 2019 ). Apart from thesis proposal instruction and guideline manuals posted on universities' websites, the authors believe that there is a lack of in-depth research on the issue of producing successful thesis proposals in the fields of Architecture and Planning.

To propose a successful TP conception which determines the standard components of TP and sets specific definitions, attributes and rules of success for each component.

To apply the proposed conception on several batches of graduate students, then assess its impact on students' performance and output along the years of application.

To validate the proposed conception by getting the insights of experienced academics from architecture and planning schools worldwide, and as such, improve and finalize the conception.

1.2 Research methodology

To propose the Successful TP Conception , the authors relied on two sources: knowledge extracted from their extended experience and a review of relevant studies and instruction manuals and guidelines for preparing TP in several worldwide universities. The Conception has been applied on several batches of master and doctoral students from IAU, KSA for almost 15 years between 2005 and 2020 during their enrolment in three courses in the College of Architecture and Planning, IAU, KSA. These courses are “ARPL 603 Research Methods” and “BISC 600 Research Methods” for the master's level and “URPL 803 Seminar (3): Doctoral Research Methods” for the doctoral level.

From a total of 60 students, 39 students (65%) completed the survey; of whom 12 students (31%) were doctoral and 27 students (69%) were masters students.

- Improve their understanding of the components of a successful TP.

- Enhance their performance in developing their TP's.

- Conduct a more effective self-assessment of their developed TP's.

- Enhance their performance along other stages of producing their theses and dissertations.

- Maintain any other benefits adding to students' research capabilities.

The first part recorded the general characteristics of respondents.

The second inquired about experts' viewpoints on the definitions, attributes and the rules of success of the components of the proposed TP conception.

2. Proposing the Successful TP Conception

2.1 components of a tp for a standard problem-solving research type.

A review of thesis writing guidelines posted on universities' websites and other related literature has indicated that the number of components of a masters' or doctoral thesis proposal varies. After a thorough review of related literature and with their experience, the authors have been convinced that, in its standard form, a TP should include 13 components. Chronically arranged, as appearing in the proposal, they are: title page, abstract, keywords, background, statement of the problem, research questions, research aim and objectives, research scope, research significance and contributions, preliminary review of literature, research methodology, thesis structure and timeline, and references list ( Ostler, 1996 ; Simpson and Turner, 2004 ; Zhou, 2004 ; Davies, 2011 ; Axelrod and Windell, 2012 ; Donohue, 2018 ; Glatthorn and Randy, 2018 ; Kornuta and Germaine, 2019 ). It is worth mentioning that these 13 components will differ in the case of a hypothesis-based research whose aim is to validate a specific hypothesis that a specific variable/s is/are or is/are not the main cause/s of an investigated research problem. This paper is limited only to the standard problem-solving research type.

2.2 Building the Successful TP Conception

Setting a general definition for each component including its meaning, importance, functions and contents.

Outlining the most important attributes that must be considered when writing the component.

Based on step 1 and 2, the authors extracted a list of success rules which provides a concise definition for each component of the TP, and/or describes the relationship between the component and other components of the TP (the list is summarized at the end of Part 2).

2.2.1 Research title

This is the first item that appears to the reader. It invites or detains him/her from proceeding to other contents ( Blaxter et al. , 2010 ). The research title is positioned in the title page along with several basic data, namely, the title; the names of the Department, College, University, study programme, researcher and advisory committee; and submission date.

The research title should be useful, discussing an issue critical to society; true, conveying a real message about the investigated problem ( Donohue, 2018 ); concise, presenting the message with the minimum number of words; adequate, using the right wording to explain the intended meaning; and attractive , stimulating the reader's attention. Iterations in refining the research title go hand-in-hand with refining the research question ( Groat and Wang, 2013 ).

2.2.2 The abstract

It is the first item that appears in the TP after the title and of the same significance; yet, it is the last to be written ( Kornuta and Germaine, 2019 ). It has a marketing function ( Lamanauskas, 2019 ); it calls the reader in or alienates him out. A comprehensive abstract contains a summary of the problem, aim, scope, methodology, importance, contributions and outline ( Koopman, 1997 ).

The Abstract should be concise or brief with a maximum of 200–300 words; adequate, including profiles of all parts of the proposal; clear, expressing its message without ambiguity; and interrelated, serving as a body of sequential, coherent and connected ideas ( Blaxter et al. , 2010 ).

2.2.3 The keywords

These are a set of words or terms used for archiving, tabulation and electronic search on databases. They should include essential “subject terms” describing the research topic, the unique sub-specializations and focus of the research (what is researched), the contextual scope of the research (where and when), and the used research methodology (how to conduct the research) ( Lamanauskas, 2019 ). They are better written by splitting the title into its separate single words or terms which must be found in the abstract, as well ( Mack, 2012 ).

Keywords should be brief, not more than 8–12 words; adequate, conveying the research theme, scope, aim and approach; exact, focusing on the investigated topic and scope; and standard, using scientific terminology used in the field.

2.2.4 The background

This is a gradual preparation of the reader from the larger scientific field to the specific field, from the wider geographic area to the immediate area, and from the larger timeframe to the immediate one. It starts from the strategic level and general scope of the research and gradually reaches the level closer to the examined problem ( Abdellatif and Abdellatif, 2005 ). It places the study within the larger context of the research, creates interest to the reader and catches his attention, and includes quotations and statistics leading the reader to proceed ( Babbie, 2014 ).

The background statement should be striking, drawing the reader's attention to the research; brief, not lengthy; gradual, moving from the general level surrounding the investigated issue to the specific level; and careful, not speeding up in disclosing the study problem, aim or methodology to the reader ( Axelrod and Windell, 2012 ; Pautasso, 2013 ).

2.2.5 The statement of the problem

Statement of the General Research Problem is a narrative describing a negative aspect/s prevailing in the investigated urban environment/ecosystem or architectural setting; it is equivalent to the negative wording of the research aim ( Abdellatif and Abdellatif, 2005 ). It stimulates interest in the study; scientifically explained to convey a simple, clear and specific issue to which a reader can relate and is useful to the society at large ( Balakumar et al. , 2013 ). In the humanities and social sciences many dissertations endeavour to establish the conditions of the problem, not to solve it ( Dorst, 2011 ).

In formulating the research problem, it is useful to consider it a problem which hinders the natural development of the society and/or environment and leads to a decline in the Quality of Life (QOL) or Quality of Environment (QOE) or both. A development problem is a factor/cause leading to either a quantitative or qualitative deficiency in satisfying a human need or both such as a lack of certain service or inadequate provision of the service ( Abdellatif, 2015 ). To arrive at a successful statement of the general problem, the researcher should pinpoint the main cause/s behind the study problem. All what comes next depends on the clarity of the problem statement.

Technically oriented research (TOR), which places emphasis on the process and procedures as the primary basis of effective design, TOR can be either systematic, or computational, or managerial.

Conceptually driven research (CDR), which can be either psychological or person–environment. The psychological type is driven by the goal of matching knowledge with the nature of the design problem, its components, context and social and environmental requirements. Whereas, the person–environment type places emphasis on the socio-cultural and socio-behavioural factors as they relate to the design process itself and to settings, buildings and urban environments.

Classify the investigated situation to branched dimensions, e.g. demographic, planning, regulatory, economic, social, environmental, etc.

Trace the causes or the influencing factors that lead to the emergence or aggravation of the problem/s in each dimension.

Clarify the problem more by identifying the consequences or adverse effects (the symptoms of the problem) that resulted from those causes. This helps isolate the causes from the consequences to focus on treating the causes not the consequences. Using temporary painkillers will not eliminate the disease; it only tranquilizes the symptoms.

Statement of the consequences of the problem is a narrative that describes the negative effects caused by sub-problems on the investigated environment ( Goetz et al. , 2005 ).

The statement of consequences of the problem should be focused, where each consequence focuses on one independent sub-problem; articulate, not overlapping with other consequences; rooted, relating to one of the roots of the general problems; deep, providing description for specific symptom; and comprehended, could be perceived, described and determined ( Abdellatif, 2015 ).

2.2.6 Research questions

What is the nature of the development problem as defined by the latest findings of previous literature, similar studies and published statistical reports?

What are the key features of the investigated problem according to a direct field survey?

What are the appropriate links between different variables of the study (causes, consequences, etc.) according to the information gathered from the theoretical review and field surveys?

What are the extracted results and the appropriate solutions and/or recommendations to deal with the general research problem and its sub-problems?

What are the critical contributions of the research findings on the life and/or environmental qualities?

How can the research increase the benefits of research results on the ground?

What are the research areas/points that need further investigation?

Research questions should be specific, each question addresses one sub-problem; unduplicated, each question does not repeat itself in a different format; sequential, or arranged according to their importance and order; and interrelated, where each question relates to other questions.

2.2.7 Research aim, goals and objectives

The general aim of the research is a specific and clear statement presenting the overall purpose of the study. It is directed to find an appropriate and effective solution to the general research problem ( Donohue, 2018 ). It is an attempt to fill a gap between a negative reality of an environment/ecosystem/or development situation and a desired positive future to be achieved at the end of the research process ( Glatthorn and Randy, 2018 ). The aim should be properly stated to ensure the success of all the following stages of the scientific research process.

Exploring the problem by defining the research problem, formulating aim and objectives, designing the methodology, defining the scope, and highlighting the expected contributions.

Collecting secondary data by defining basic concepts and terms, reviewing relevant literature and previous studies, and describing the most important characteristics of the investigated environment from secondary sources and statistical reports.

Collecting primary data via direct field surveys and based on the views of concerned population, experts and officials to describe the characteristics of the investigated development problem.

Analysing the gathered data by using theoretical and field data to determine the appropriate links among different variables of the study (e.g. causes, consequences, etc.).

Synthesizing the gathered data by integrating the findings of analysis to build appropriate approaches or solutions to deal with the general problem.

Extracting conclusions and writing recommendations to highlight research findings and make them more useful and effective.

A micro level objective contributes to solving the specific investigated problem (e.g. a specific quantitative or qualitative problem that hinders the development of a sector of society, environment, or eco-system).

A macro level objective contributes to realizing a higher goal (e.g. improving the overall quality of life of a larger community, upgrading the quality of the larger environment, etc.).

Development objectives should apply the SMART goal rule (previously explained); and be non-overlapping by ensuring that each objective is focused and not conflicting with other objectives.

2.2.8 Research scope

Thematic scope clarifies the general and specific areas of the research (e.g. the research falls within the field of sustainable development in general and focuses on social sustainability).

Geographic/Spatial scope specifies the spatial boundaries of the physical environment within which the research is applied (e.g. a specific local or regional setting).

Temporal scope shows the past, present and future spans the research will cover indicating the number of years from the historical information inventory until the expected completion date. If the research aim is to develop future strategies or policies, the span will extend to future target point.

Research Scope should be categorized, by being classified by subject, place and time; focused, by reaching the closest limits of the investigated research problem, environment and time; and clear, by not being so general or ambiguous.

2.2.9 Research significance and contributions

They highlight the most important benefits and the main beneficiaries from solving the research problem; the potential positive impacts of the study on the life and environmental qualities ( Groat and Wang, 2013 ). Contributions differ in nature (theoretical or applied or both) and in size (huge, average, or marginal). There is a positive relationship between the size of contributions and the size of impacted beneficiaries (individuals, groups, institutions, communities, societies), the scale of the impacted geographic boundaries (local, national or global), the type of impacted development sectors (service, production, etc.) and the numbers of the impacted sectors (one, a few, or all sectors). Research significance increases as the size of contributions increases. Specifying the research significance, expected contributions and potential beneficiaries helps promote the research and provides rational justifications for conducting it. The higher the contributions and the greater the sectors of the beneficiaries, the more significant the research is ( Abdellatif and Abdellatif, 2005 ). According to Balakumar et al. (2013) research significance justifies the need for the research that is being proposed.

Research significance and expected contributions should be categorized, in terms of type (theoretical or applied contribution or both), size and nature of the beneficiaries (individuals, institutions, communities, etc.) and geographical extent (small site, district, city, region, nation, etc.); clear, simple and comprehensible to the reader; and realistic, real, accurate and not exaggerated.

2.2.10 The preliminary review of literature

This is an initial review of literature dealt with relevant problems. It aims to build an initial understanding of the problem, identify the most important variables that have been considered, cite methodologies used to deal with the problem; make use of the latest findings and record the various recommendations/solutions suggested to deal with the problem ( Hart, 1998 ; Grix, 2001 ). According to Dunleavy (2003) , it is a critical review on related recent research that is well documented, structured, analysed and synthesized. It offers the researcher an opportunity to engage with other scholars in one's disciplinary community.

In addition to having a separate part, it is useful to combine the literature review with other components of the TP (e.g. the research problem, questions, aim and objectives, and methodology). It is important that the review presents differing perspectives or contrasting views of the topic and reports the complexities of the issue ( Kornuta and Germaine, 2019 ). By conducting the review, the researcher becomes able to build an initial but comprehensive understanding of the causes and consequences of the problem, the methodologies used to study and analyse the problem and the solutions proposed to deal with it by synthesizing various viewpoints of previous studies, thereby, supporting her/his principle argument about the study problem with the results derived from previous literature ( Pautasso, 2013 ).

Definitions of key terms and concepts; standard terms to appear in the research and special concepts which are not formally provided by previous scholars. The definitions must be logic and derived from scientifically recognized sources.

Review of previous studies; focusing on identifying several issues, namely, the most important dimensions and variables of the research problem (the causes of the problem; why the problem has emerged or aggravated; the most important consequences of this problem on the human and/or physical environment); the methods used to deal with the problem; the latest findings of previous studies and the various approaches/solutions suggested to deal with the problem.

Contextual aspects of the investigated development situation; including a review of relevant characteristics of the researched environment (its basic dimensions and elements) as found in previous studies. Contextual aspects may be classified into physical and human components; or into environmental, functional, aesthetic, structural, economic and social design determinants; or into demographic, planning, regulatory, economic, social, environmental sectors or other classifications.

Preliminary review of literature should be indexed, from reliable scholarly sources; categorized or documented according to standard classification system; employed, used wisely to achieve a desired purpose; up to date, recent, however, in topics which address chronological development or evolutionary aspects references could be recent and old; and related, relevant to the study problem ( Hart, 1998 ).

2.2.11 Research methodology

Data collection methods including office methods used to collect secondary data from previous literature and case studies as well as field methods used to gather original data through field visits, surveying, questionnaires, interviews with stakeholders, etc.

Data analysis methods including methods used to analyse both the secondary and primary information collected from office and the field surveys such as Statistical Analysis, Environmental Scanning (SWOT), Development Components Analysis, etc.

Data synthesis methods including methods used to compile, synthesize the analysis and develop appropriate alternative scenarios or solutions to deal with the problem.

Data presentation methods including methods to present the research process and findings such as scientific research paper containing narratives, tables, figures, forms, maps, results and recommendations as well as final visual presentation to review panel to get remarks and write the last version of the TP.

Research methodology should be appropriate, aligned with the purpose/s in which they will be used; achievable, within the reach of the researcher; effective, achieving the purpose fast and with high quality; reliable, previously tested, applied and approved in similar cases; and precise, accurate and specific.

2.2.12 Research structure and timeline

This is a brief statement of the main sections of the master's/doctoral thesis with tentative dates for completing the various stages of the research. Careful preparation of research structure and timeline ensures the effectiveness and integrity of the plan of actions towards the completion of the study ( Kivunja, 2016 ). It is also a criterion to judge the achieved progress and seriousness of the researcher.

Research structure and timeline should be sequential, arranged according to a standard scientific research process; logical, proportionate to the total period available for completion; and balanced, distributing time properly among various stages.

2.2.13 The list of references

This is a list which contains a reasonable number of relevant references on the topic which were actually cited in the TP ( Kornuta and Germaine, 2019 ). Including a list of the references about the topic demonstrates that the researcher is familiar with the basic and latest knowledge on his/her problem.

The list of references should be relevant, closely related to the investigated subject; up to date, recent yet containing old and new according the topic and context; and reliable, published in dependable vessels.

2.3 Extracting the success rules

Based on the above definitions and attributes provided for each of the 13 TP components, the authors were able to extract a number of success rules that took the form of equations, each of which describes an equality function between each component and its counterpart component/s as shown in Table 1 . For instance, rule #1 shows that “research title” is equal to “the general aim of the research” and is equal to “the negative wording of the research problem”.

3. Assessing the Successful TP Conception from students' viewpoints

They better understood the meanings of each component (97% agree and strongly agree and 3% neutral).

They better understood the attributes of each component (94% agree and strongly agree and 6% neutral).

They better understood the rules which control the relations between the various components of the TP (87% agree and strongly agree and 13% neutral).

The process of writing the proposal has become easier and more convenient (100% agree and strongly agree).

The effort, cost and time spent in submitting the proposal have been substantially saved (87% agree and strongly and 12% neutral).

The relationship with academic advisor has improved (87% agree and strongly agree and 12% neutral).

The students' confidence in advancing their own learning abilities has improved (93% agree and strongly agree and 7% neutral).

The students' abilities to address the strengths and weaknesses of their personal skills have improved (93% agree and strongly agree and 7% neutral).

The students' abilities to manage their learning process more independently have improved (90% agree and strongly agree, 7% neutral and 3% disagree).

The students have created a clearer and better mutual understanding with their academic advisors (90% agree and strongly agree and 10% neutral).

The students have reduced their distraction from the original target set out in the proposal (81% agree and strongly agree, 16% neutral and 3% disagree).

The students have been able to finish their research on time (78% agree and strongly agree, 19% neutral and 3% disagree).

They gained better analytical skills (87% agree and strongly agree, 10% neutral and 3% disagree).

They gained better problem-solving skills (87% agree and strongly agree, 10% neutral and 3% disagree).

They gained better critical thinking skills (87% agree and strongly agree, 10% neutral and 3% disagree).

4. Verifying the Successful TP Conception based on experts' viewpoints

Having proposed, applied and assessed the Successful TP Conception, it becomes important to validate it using the insights of experienced academics from Architectural and Planning schools worldwide. This part summarizes the results of the experts' inquiry survey conducted in November 2019 to February 2020. It shows the characteristics of experts and their viewpoints and remarks on the originally proposed definitions, attributes and success rules.

4.1 Experts' characteristics

They were from nine countries, namely, the United States of America, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain.

About 75% of the experts were males and 25% were females. About 5% were 35–45 years old, 20% were 45–55 years, 55% were 55–65 years and 20% were 65 years and over.

About 5% were Assistant Professors, 10% Associate Professors and the majority (85%) were Professors.

The experts had teaching experiences in undergraduate and graduate levels (masters, doctoral, diploma, postdoctoral and continuing professional development).

The general specialization of 70% of the experts was Architecture and 30% of experts were specialized in Urban Planning. They taught in several built environment fields (Architecture, Interior Design, Building Technology, Urban Design, Landscape Architecture and Urban and Regional Planning).

The experts had several focus areas, namely, Architecture, History and Theories of Architecture, Assessment of Designed Environments, Design Methods, Pedagogy, Architecture and Digital Technologies, Heritage Conservation, Middle East Architecture and Cities, Construction Project Management, Urban Design, Spatial Development Planning, Landscape, Built Environment and Behaviour, Urban Studies, Techniques and Quantitative Methods of Urban Planning, Urban Conflict, Urban Justice, Community Development, Environmental Management and Planning and Development Approaches.

About 10% of the experts supervised 5 theses, 5% supervised 6–10 theses, 50% supervised 11–20 theses and 35% supervised more than 20 theses.

4.2 Experts' viewpoints and remarks

Concerning the proposed definitions of the TP components, the experts expressed their agreement which ranged between 73 and 96%. Some experts provided additional remarks to help improve the definitions. Table 2 presents the originally proposed definitions, the percentages of agreed experts and their additional remarks.

Regarding the attributes of each component of the TP, the original conception proposed 38 attributes, the experts added 18 attributes resulting in a total of 56 attributes. Table 3 presents a matrix showing the percentages of experts' agreement of the originally proposed attributes as well as the added attributes. The lowest agreement percentage was 59% and the highest was 96%.

Concerning the proposed success rules which were called “equations” in the originally proposed conception, the experts suggested to change the expression into “rules”; which is more appropriate for subjective contents than mathematical expression. Table 4 presents the final 19 success rules for the components/sub-components of a TP and the percentage of experts' agreement which ranged between 57 and 95%.

5. Conclusion

Based on their experience in preparing and supervising masters and doctoral theses and after a thorough review of the literature on preparing thesis proposals, the authors drafted a conception of a successful thesis proposal comprising specific definitions, attributes and rules for each of the 13 components of a standard TP. The conception had been applied over a duration of 15 years (2005–2020) on several batches of master and doctoral students in IAU, KSA. Through an online survey, the majority of students (78–100%) have indicated that understanding and applying the conception helped them improve their performances and outputs during the TP development process and beyond.

The conception was then validated by getting the insights of 39 experienced academics from worldwide architectural schools. The experts accepted the proposed definitions with (73–96%) agreement rate. The experts also accepted the proposed attributes with (59–96%) agreement rate. As for the success rules, the experts' agreed as well with an acceptance rate ranging from (57–95%). The experts suggested constructive remarks which were considered in writing the final version of the conception.

The extracted success rules combine the definitions and attributes of each component of the TP and present them in a concise statement which defines the component and, where applicable, exemplifies its relationship to another corresponding or counterpart component of the TP. For example, rule #1 shows that “research title” should reflect “the general aim and scope of the research” and should also reflect “the negative wording of the research problem”. Extracted also is rule #14 which indicates that “the whole thesis proposal” written in future tenses, should resemble “the introduction of the final thesis” written in past tenses.

A directive tool that assists the researcher in writing a sound TP. Combining the last three tables (2, 3 and 4) into a comprehensive checklist would aid the students in preparing their TP's; enhancing the quality of their performance and outputs.

An evaluative tool that helps in assessing the validity and integrity of the submitted TP's that can be used by the researcher for self-assessment, or by the academic advisor, or by an examiner/evaluator before sending the proposal to higher authorities for approval.

The findings of this paper could be useful not only in evaluating thesis proposals, but also, with proper modifications, in assessing various scientific research documents, including scientific thesis, research papers and others; which is another research topic that will be addressed in the future.

The stages of developing the successful thesis proposal conception

Proposed list of success rules for the TP components

An extracted list of success rules for thesis proposals

Source(s) : Prepared by the authors based on the above analysis and the results of expert inquiry

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the sincere assistance provided by the team of experts from several Architectural Schools worldwide to verify and improve the TP Conception. Appreciation is also extended to the post graduate students of the College of Architecture and Planning, IAU, who have positively responded to the students' opinion survey.

Corresponding author

About the authors.

Mahmoud Abdellatif is a Professor of Urban and Regional Planning, College of Architecture and Planning, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia. He received an MSc from Assuit University, Egypt in 1977 and another MSc from Iowa State University in 1981 and a PhD degree from Texas A&M University in 1985. He has taught and practiced Architecture and Urban Planning for more than 45 years in Egypt, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. His main research focus is on research methods, strategic planning and design and development approaches. He is currently the adviser of IAU Vice President for Studies, Development and Community Services. His last book (published in Arabic) entitled The Simplifying-Integrating Approach to Contemporary Design, Planning and Urban Development articulates his own problem-solving approach. He is the principle editor of the Strategic Plan of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University 2018–2025.

Reham Abdellatif is an Assistant Professor in Architecture, College of Design, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam, Saudi Arabia. She obtained an MSc degree from Assiut University in 2003 and a PhD degree from Newcastle University, UK, in 2012. She has taught and practiced Architecture and Interior Design for more than 22 years in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Her main research focus is on Architectural Education and Curriculum Development, Analysing Design Learning Activities, Distant/Online Learning, Communication and Computation, VR and Information Technologies in Architecture. She ran the interior design curriculum development committee in Assiut University and in IAU.

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Architecture Research @ Yale: How to Research Architecture

• How to Research Architecture
• Primary Sources
• Newspaper Articles
• Biographical Info
• Dissertations & Theses
• GIS Resources Training & Support
• Images, Plans, Drawings, Maps, AV
• Building Materials, Codes, Standards
• How to Cite Your Sources
• Copyright and Fair Use

Architecture Writing Guides

WHAT EXPERT RESEARCHERS KNOW

Few buildings have had single books written about them, so expert researchers know to conduct searches for the architect's or firm's name and across the professional and popular literature for information about a particular building. 

Buildings are often categorized as subjects in library catalogs, which helps locate materials quickly. Remember to select  Subject Browse  when entering your search terms in  Orbis . Try these tips:

• Search under the full name of the building in direct order: Ex: " Guggenheim museum ". If the building has a different official name (e.g. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum), you will be re-directed to that listing, and, if there is more than one building with a similar name (e.g. Museo Guggenheim Bilbao) you will be presented with possibilities from which to choose. 
• You can also look for the building by its location: Ex:  Bilbao (Spain)
• Or enter a related term for the building, such as what it contains: Ex:  Rare book libraries  (to find the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library on Yale's campus.
• If the building has had more than one name, try all the possibilities: Ex:  Pan Am building  is now known as the MetLife building.
• If the building is known by its address, try both the numerals and the spelled-out version of the address: Ex:  154 East 89th Street  vs.  One Fifty-Four East Eighty Ninth Street
• If the building is not likely to be the subject of an entire book, try using broader categories such as "churches" or "apartment buildings", in combination with the other tips, to locate books that might have a chapter or section on the building of your research.

To find citations for articles in journals, start by looking up the building in the  Avery Index to Architecture Periodicals

Starting Your Research

Types of Resources

Books : Look for books when researching an architect, movement, or broad subject. Sometimes called "monographs", books can include bibliographies, footnotes, and indexes and often includes numerous images.

Arts Databases (Journal Articles): Look for articles in databases when you are researching a more contemporary/timely topic and more narrowly defined topics. Articles tend to be more closely focused on an argument, theory, or specific topic. Articles can be found in popular magazines (e.g,. AIA's Architecture) and can be peer-reviewed by experts, meaning extra vetting of information. Indexing in databases like the Avery Index allows simultaneous searching by subject across hundreds or thousands of magazines and journals.

Newspaper Articles : Published quickly and frequently, often documenting a particular place, easy to read

Biographical Information : Quickly look up an architect's nationality, birth and death dates, titles of major works, writings, etc.

Primary Sources: Present first-hand accounts and direct evidence, as in correspondence, diaries, or photographs

Dissertations and Theses: Find out which topics current and past scholars have researched extensively, look at their bibliographies for additional sources

Image and Video : Documentary visual evidence

• Evaluating Sources

What's the Best Resource?

• Building Types Online Includes case studies by experts, architectural drawings, and photographs of the buildings. Browsable by building type, urban context, morphological type, context type, and author.
• Primary Sources on Architecture @ Yale

Arts Librarian

Primary v. Secondary Sources

Secondary sources  interpret and analyze primary sources. Because they are often written long afterward by parties not directly involved (but who may have special expertise), they can provide historical context or critical perspectives. Secondary sources routinely include pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources.  

Depending on the subject, newspaper and journal articles can fall into both categories. For example, Paul Goldberger's architectural review of the new Citi Field and Yankee Stadium in New York is a primary source, because he is commenting directly on a current event, whereas an article surveying the history of New York City stadiums would be considered a secondary source.

Primary sources   present first-hand accounts or direct evidence. They are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented, and can also include autobiographies, memoirs, and oral histories recorded later. In the case of architects and architecture firms, this includes drawings, office records, and personal papers. At Yale, architectural archival materials are held in  Manuscripts and Archives  at the Sterling Memorial Library. Also consult the guide  Primary  Sources on Architecture @ Yale .

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Design research essay

Wicked problems in architectural research: the role of research by design.

PhD students working in the field of architectural design often miss the reference to a consistent theoretical framework and a proper system of inquiry while working with the research design of their projects. Simultaneously, some of the architectural research questions and hypotheses are formulated as addressing wicked problems which causes methodological challenges. The aim of the paper is to put research by design approaches in the broader context of systems of inquiry and to emphasize their possible role to examine and resolve wicked problems.

The paper first reviews some of the underlying assumptions of architectural research versus the assumptions behind different research paradigms characteristic for other fields. Then, the approaches and the methods in architectural research relevant to the chosen ontological, epistemological, and axiological assumptions are discussed. The theory of wicked problems is recalled as a relevant one for the complex, uncertain, projective tasks of architectural research. Research by design is seen as a method suitable for the investigation of wicked problems. It can reduce the epistemic uncertainty. Approaches of research by design are becoming more acknowledged in third cycle education in architecture. Two examples of recent PhD theses are briefly discussed in the paper in relation to the wicked aspects of their research/design problems, the research paradigm adopted and the role of research by design methodology. More conscious delineations and elaborations of a proper system of inquiry and the conscious use of research by design methodology can help in developing academic rigor of research studies addressing complex societal challenges.

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• DOI: 10.5334/ajar.296
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Interesting Questions to Cover in Your Architectural Thesis

Table of Contents

Finishing an architecture thesis in college can be a joyous and satisfying experience. After all, a thesis isn’t the easiest to compile. It requires the selection of a suitable topic, intense research and sustained focus to ensure the outcome is per the professor’s quality standards. 

Academic Experts Recommend These Crucial Steps When Crafting Your College Architecture Thesis

• Formulate precise research questions on the topic and an apt thesis statement that guides your readers through the whole paper. 
• Conduct in-depth research on the selected thesis topic and incorporate a literature review of all relevant sources.
• Craft an outline or plan of action for the architecture thesis paper . Also, include proper schedules for finishing off various facets of the project.
• Prepare an informative report that explains your research work, design drawings (renderings, models of your ideas and concept), the design process and the final project!
• Practice exhibiting your thesis to the thesis committee’s experts.
• Properly edit and review your work prior to making it submission-ready.
• Ask for a 2nd opinion from someone trustworthy and make applicable amendments per suggestions. 

Further on, we will discuss more intriguing facets of how to make your architectural thesis an interesting read for your target readers (especially your college professor).

So, buckle up and continue reading for more insights on making your architectural thesis assignment worthy of accolades and acknowledgements.

Writing Background of Your Architectural Thesis Topic

Good news. You will find no scarcity of architecture research topics to choose from.  Let’s Pick One Topic for Explanatory Purposes!

How Can Architectural Concepts Lead To Better Living In The Future?

Over centuries, architectural concepts have been a sterling embodiment of various societies reflecting success, value, ways of life and inevitable downfall. 

Right from the structures of monuments to residential constructions and other architectural concepts that make up the fabric of cities, – we learn plenty from implemented design concepts. Through those lessons, we combine present-day technology with architectural research to find newer and more advanced ways to better lives for everyone in the future. (THE THESIS STATEMENT)!

Mind you, this is an example of the topic presented above. Depending on the topic you pick, provide background information on the same. 

Plus, you must present a thesis statement on the central point of the topic coverage – something that gives readers interest and anticipation of learning something new and fascinating in the futuristic realm of architecture.

The last line of the above topic presents an example of the thesis statement (mainly how merging past concepts with new-gen architectural designs help achieve better architectural outcomes to augment people’s living comfort and contentment. 

More Tips to Remember –

After establishing your thesis paper’s background, the research aims, or the objective, you must also incorporate these key facets to improve reader engagement.

• Formulate a precisely focussed research question that your thesis paper will answer (in the above topic): “How new-gen architectural designs and innovations will play a role in improving people’s living standards?” 
• Then you must establish the rationale and significance of the thesis topic to your readers. Focus on questions like – ‘Why the study is important for readers’ or ‘How the topic does relate to their future living and private housing standards.’
• Also, mention potential limitations that could hinder future architecture. 

To help you with your thesis research, here are some current hindrances that could continue to dent future architecture.

• The carbon footprint of constructing establishments
• Increasing heat waves and scarcity of water in certain regions
• Exacerbated climate change and extreme weather conditions
• Lack of public awareness around the environmental impact of construction
• Government inhibitions or hostility 

However, solely emphasising the existing problems could negatively impact the reader’s mind. Thus, also include some solutions to these architectural hurdles.

Not only will it give people positive hope, but it will also build positive anticipation of architecture’s future through your thesis paper. 

Writing the Literature Review – The Know-Hows!

For those unsure what Literature Review entails, let’s RECAP!

Literature Review  denotes the account of what has already been available as published (on a specific/niche architecture topic) and has been aptly accredited by researchers, scholars and field exponents. 

It’s a portion of the thesis paper demonstrating to readers the existing know-how and ideas with the weaknesses and strengths of those concepts. 

Sometimes, a literature review can be a single detailed document. However, it often features in a research report, thesis paper, or lengthy essay. 

More on the Purpose of a Literature Review –

• Justifies and conceptualises your architecture thesis research
• Assures that the thesis presented is a novice and not duplicated
• Situates the focal research amidst other know-how or facts
• Helps you learn from all past theories, methodologies and studies relevant to the chosen topic.
• Presents flaws, limitations and gaps in the previous research
• Reveals how your work is proving invaluable for increasing readers’ knowledge and understanding of the topic coverage 
• Introduces all hypothetical viewpoints or frameworks that inform suggested architectural analysis and design
• Allows you to refine and refocus on the focal aspect of the essay without wavering in all directions. 

Literature Review- Writing Strategies for Students

• Pick a Focal Question that emphasises the main themes or problems (not on the sources).
• Craft a relevant thesis statement (or question) and include the question with significant implications on the field of architecture.
• Evaluate potential sources from university libraries, academic databases, and social media forums. You can also ask the professor if you need help finding useful sources. 
• Once you have identified the potential sources, incorporate them into the literature review to inform and support a specific portion of your architecture thesis.
• Moreover, always consider the chronological profession of the architectural field and the current scenario to help readers better grasp the topic literature review focus.

A full-fledged Literature Review must include these 5 crucial elements:

• Introduction
• Bibliography
• Review Body
• Conclusion/recommendations 
• A glossary section

The Methodology for Your Architecture Thesis Paper

The methodology section describes the process or approaches adopted during your architecture research. By presenting the chosen ‘modus operand’, you can also   complement and back your research discoveries. 

An aptly compiled methodology section doesn’t simply present a road map for the techniques you’ve adopted for your thesis paper. It also highlights why you picked this method to arrive at the exhibited conclusion/outcome.

Experts state properly explaining the methodology section presents more credence and depth to your thesis and makes the paper an interesting read for all your target audience (and your professor).

Of course, the methods you mention in your thesis must also be easily replicable by others. And it should be definitive and accurate. Anyone using your methodology must (& should) reach the same outcome as you.

Helpful Insights to Writing a Methodology for Your Architectural Research

Restate the thesis statement or presented problem.

It lets your readers read your work step-by-step from start to finish. Doing so also gives you the scope to highlight any previous assumptions made in the research and address conditions or variables examined through the research.

Clarify your chosen methodology

Since the methodology presents solid proof of your research discoveries, clarify your adopted method. Mention if you’ve adopted a quantitative, qualitative, or mixed approach to conclude your research. It adds more clarity to the paper and makes readers appreciate your work more. 

Explain how you extracted the used data

Explain the experiments conducted, how you computed variables, what apparatuses you used, how the data was initially gathered and what criteria you referred to pick the data used in the paper. Simply put – justify your choices for your reader’s comprehension and convenience.

Describe how to analyze the procured data

Next comes describe how you analyzed the obtained data. If the used approach was Quantitative – index the steps taken to achieve this accurate data. And if Qualitative – present content or discourse-centric evidence!         

Outline Potential weaknesses or obstacles to your methodology

You must clearly outline all potential weaknesses or obstacles. Also, explain how you overcame those obstacles. Readers will connect to your work more. 

Writing Contextual Analysis for Your Architectural Thesis

Context analysis focuses on the when, where, who, what, and why. .

Analyzing these crucial elements gives us a proper sense of things, events, and situations (like your architectural thesis topic/question).

Academic experts explain context analysis as breaking down an intricate issue to understand it better. 

They further add – a content analysis sheds light on an issue or situation from various perspectives and proves useful whenever there is a misunderstanding or conflict.

Tips to conduct contextual analysis for your thesis paper

1. Properly define the topic – Present a lucid site analysis of the location’s social, cultural, physical, and historical context relating to your architecture thesis topic.

2. Identify the Key Partakers – mention the key participants with power and influence along with those likely to be affected most through your project.

3. Analyse the Trends – you can use the P.E.S.T. (Political, Economic, Social, and Technological) method to analyze all exterior macro-environmental determinants.

• Analyse political events – tax policies, trade restrictions, government norms and policies
• Economic events – inflation, economic growth, interest rates
• Social events – social attitudes, demographics, user trend 
• Technological events – R&D expenditure, technology infrastructure, patent activities

4. Evaluate Architectural precedents – Closely examine related case studies or architectural design examples on the thesis coverage and share insights for your design. 

Writing the Design Proposal for Your Architectural Thesis

Another important part of your architectural thesis paper is the design proposal. 

You must focus on the following facets –

• The Concept of the Architectural Design

When crafting the architectural thesis design proposal/description, emphasise the central design conceptions (form, features, and potential finishes). Add images or graphic design modules to make a better impact. 

Moreover, if the existing architectural design elements are revamped from their ancient appearance, mention that too.

• The Goals/Objectives of the Architectural Design

Besides explaining the principles, concepts ideas of your design concept, also incorporate the crucial objectives or goals of the presented architectural design. 

However, it should complement the thesis statement or research question in an elaborate context. 

• The Development of the Architectural Design 

Finally, you explain the development of your architectural design. You can use relevant and easy-to-follow diagrams, 3D model blueprints, sketches, and other visual representations. 

Such visual aid and in-depth coverage of the design elements of your architecture thesis will compel your target reader to read the whole piece without losing interest.

Even your professor would appreciate your effort and become persuaded to laud your hard work.

Writing the Design Analysis for Your Architecture Thesis

Focuson these 3 crucial elements when crafting the design analysis for your architecture thesis 

• Analyzing All Design-Related Choices You’ve Made 

You must present a critical analysis of all architectural concept-related decisions you’ve taken during the designing procedure. 

Moreover, you must also present research queries and the objectives behind them for the reader’s clarification and knowledge. 

• Evaluating the Proposed Design’s Performance 

Properly evaluate the performance standards of the presented architectural design. Focus on all performance parameters – social, cultural, aesthetic, functional, and environmental facets of the architectural design and present an accurate assessment or verdict!

• Drawing Comparisons with Other At-Par Alternatives 

Besides the above two facets, you must also present a comparative analysis of your architectural design with other equally good design alternatives. 

While you do that, establish why your design is still superior by highlighting its unique characteristics and contributions. Back your statement with hard-hitting data and evidence.  

Writing the Architecture Thesis Conclusion

Once you have finished writing the sections mentioned above for your architecture thesis, the final step is the conclusion.

Here are the crucial steps to writing a strong ending for your architecture thesis 

• Properly summarise all the significant discoveries through your topic research and analysis.
• Provide clear, acceptable and meaningful answers to the focal research question.
• Avoid incorporating any new research evidence or interpretation. 
• Reflect on your thesis methodology and present future recommendations on the presented topic.
• Exhibit whatever new knowledge and contributions are presented through your thesis research in the architectural field.
• Highlight the research limitations and challenges faced during the concept process. 
• Wrap up the thesis with a strong statement, rhetorical sentence or interrogation to trigger a CALL TO ACTION among readers. 

Hi, I am Mark, a Literature writer by profession. Fueled by a lifelong passion for Literature, story, and creative expression, I went on to get a PhD in creative writing. Over all these years, my passion has helped me manage a publication of my write ups in prominent websites and e-magazines. I have also been working part-time as a writing expert for myassignmenthelp.com for 5+ years now. It’s fun to guide students on academic write ups and bag those top grades like a pro. Apart from my professional life, I am a big-time foodie and travel enthusiast in my personal life. So, when I am not working, I am probably travelling places to try regional delicacies and sharing my experiences with people through my blog. 

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Research Question

Ai generator.

A research question serves as the foundation of any academic study, driving the investigation and framing the scope of inquiry. It focuses the research efforts, ensuring that the study addresses pertinent issues systematically. Crafting a strong research question is essential as it directs the methodology, data collection, and analysis, ultimately shaping the study’s conclusions and contributions to the field.

What is a Research Question?

A research question is the central query that guides a study, focusing on a specific problem or issue. It defines the purpose and direction of the research, influencing the methodology and analysis. A well-crafted research question ensures the study remains relevant, systematic, and contributes valuable insights to the field.

Types of Research Questions

Research questions are a crucial part of any research project. They guide the direction and focus of the study. Here are the main types of research questions:

1. Descriptive Research Questions

These questions aim to describe the characteristics or functions of a specific phenomenon or group. They often begin with “what,” “who,” “where,” “when,” or “how.”

• What are the common symptoms of depression in teenagers?

2. Comparative Research Questions

These questions compare two or more groups or variables to identify differences or similarities.

• How do the academic performances of students in private schools compare to those in public schools?

3. Correlational Research Questions

These questions seek to identify the relationships between two or more variables. They often use terms like “relationship,” “association,” or “correlation.”

• Is there a relationship between social media usage and self-esteem among adolescents?

4. Causal Research Questions

These questions aim to determine whether one variable causes or influences another. They are often used in experimental research.

• Does a new teaching method improve student engagement in the classroom?

5. Exploratory Research Questions

These questions are used when the researcher is exploring a new area or seeking to understand a complex phenomenon. They are often open-ended.

• What factors contribute to the success of start-up companies in the tech industry?

6. Predictive Research Questions

These questions aim to predict future occurrences based on current or past data. They often use terms like “predict,” “forecast,” or “expect.”

• Can high school GPA predict college success?

7. Evaluative Research Questions

These questions assess the effectiveness or impact of a program, intervention, or policy .

• How effective is the new community outreach program in reducing homelessness?

8. Ethnographic Research Questions

These questions are used in qualitative research to understand cultural phenomena from the perspective of the participants.

• How do cultural beliefs influence healthcare practices in rural communities?

9. Case Study Research Questions

These questions focus on an in-depth analysis of a specific case, event, or instance.

• What were the critical factors that led to the failure of Company X?

10. Phenomenological Research Questions

These questions explore the lived experiences of individuals to understand a particular phenomenon.

• What is the experience of living with chronic pain?

Research Question Format

A well-formulated research question is essential for guiding your study effectively. Follow this format to ensure clarity and precision:

• Begin with a broad subject area.
• Example: “Education technology”
• Define a specific aspect or variable.
• Example: “Impact of digital tools”
• Decide if you are describing, comparing, or investigating relationships.
• Example: “Effectiveness”
• Identify who or what is being studied.
• Example: “High school students”
• Formulate the complete question.
• Example: “How effective are digital tools in enhancing the learning experience of high school students?”

Sample Format: “How [specific aspect] affects [target population] in [context]?” Example: “How does the use of digital tools affect the academic performance of high school students in urban areas?”

Research Question Examples

Research questions in business.

• “What are the primary factors influencing customer loyalty in the retail industry?”
• “How does employee satisfaction differ between remote work and in-office work environments in tech companies?”
• “What is the relationship between social media marketing and brand awareness among small businesses?”
• “How does implementing a four-day workweek impact productivity in consulting firms?”
• “What are the emerging trends in consumer behavior post-COVID-19 in the e-commerce sector?”
• “Why do some startups succeed in attracting venture capital while others do not?”
• “How effective is corporate social responsibility in enhancing brand reputation for multinational companies?”
• “How do decision-making processes in family-owned businesses differ from those in publicly traded companies?”
• “What strategies do successful entrepreneurs use to scale their businesses in competitive markets?”
• “How does supply chain management affect the operational efficiency of manufacturing firms?”

Research Questions in Education

• “What are the most common challenges faced by first-year teachers in urban schools?”
• “How do student achievement levels differ between traditional classrooms and blended learning environments?”
• “What is the relationship between parental involvement and student academic performance in elementary schools?”
• “How does the implementation of project-based learning affect critical thinking skills in middle school students?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the use of artificial intelligence in education?”
• “Why do some students perform better in standardized tests than others despite similar instructional methods?”
• “How effective is the flipped classroom model in improving student engagement and learning outcomes in high school science classes?”
• “How do teachers’ professional development programs impact teaching practices and student outcomes in rural schools?”
• “What strategies can be employed to reduce the dropout rate among high school students in low-income areas?”
• “How does classroom size affect the quality of teaching and learning in elementary schools?”

Research Questions in Health Care

• “What are the most common barriers to accessing mental health services in rural areas?”
• “How does patient satisfaction differ between telemedicine and in-person consultations in primary care?”
• “What is the relationship between diet and the incidence of type 2 diabetes in adults?”
• “How does regular physical activity influence the recovery rate of patients with cardiovascular diseases?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the use of wearable technology for health monitoring?”
• “Why do some patients adhere to their medication regimen while others do not despite similar health conditions?”
• “How effective are community-based health interventions in reducing obesity rates among children?”
• “How do interdisciplinary team meetings impact patient care in hospitals?”
• “What strategies can be implemented to reduce the spread of infectious diseases in healthcare settings?”
• “How does nurse staffing level affect patient outcomes in intensive care units?”

Research Questions in Computer Science

• “What are the key features of successful machine learning algorithms used in natural language processing?”
• “How does the performance of quantum computing compare to classical computing in solving complex optimization problems?”
• “What is the relationship between software development methodologies and project success rates in large enterprises?”
• “How does the implementation of cybersecurity protocols impact the frequency of data breaches in financial institutions?”
• “What are the emerging trends in blockchain technology applications beyond cryptocurrency?”
• “Why do certain neural network architectures outperform others in image recognition tasks?”
• “How effective are different code review practices in reducing bugs in open-source software projects?”
• “How do agile development practices influence team productivity and product quality in software startups?”
• “What strategies can improve the scalability of distributed systems in cloud computing environments?”
• “How does the choice of programming language affect the performance and maintainability of enterprise-level software applications?”

Research Questions in Psychology

• “What are the most common symptoms of anxiety disorders among adolescents?”
• “How does the level of job satisfaction differ between remote workers and in-office workers?”
• “What is the relationship between social media use and self-esteem in teenagers?”
• “How does cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) affect the severity of depression symptoms in adults?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?”
• “Why do some individuals develop resilience in the face of adversity while others do not?”
• “How effective are mindfulness-based interventions in reducing stress levels among college students?”
• “How does group therapy influence the social skills development of children with autism spectrum disorder?”
• “What strategies can improve the early diagnosis of bipolar disorder in young adults?”
• “How do sleep patterns affect cognitive functioning and academic performance in high school students?”

More Research Question Examples

Research question examples for students.

• “What are the primary study habits of high-achieving college students?”
• “How do academic performances differ between students who participate in extracurricular activities and those who do not?”
• “What is the relationship between time management skills and academic success in high school students?”
• “How does the use of technology in the classroom affect students’ engagement and learning outcomes?”
• “What are the emerging trends in online learning platforms for high school students?”
• “Why do some students excel in standardized tests while others struggle despite similar study efforts?”
• “How effective are peer tutoring programs in improving students’ understanding of complex subjects?”
• “How do different teaching methods impact the learning process of students with learning disabilities?”
• “What strategies can help reduce test anxiety among middle school students?”
• “How does participation in group projects affect the development of collaboration skills in university students?”

Research Question Examples for College Students

• “What are the most common stressors faced by college students during final exams?”
• “How does academic performance differ between students who live on campus and those who commute?”
• “What is the relationship between part-time employment and GPA among college students?”
• “How does participation in study abroad programs impact cultural awareness and academic performance?”
• “What are the emerging trends in college students’ use of social media for academic purposes?”
• “Why do some college students engage in academic dishonesty despite awareness of the consequences?”
• “How effective are university mental health services in addressing students’ mental health issues?”
• “How do different learning styles affect the academic success of college students in online courses?”
• “What strategies can be employed to improve retention rates among first-year college students?”
• “How does participation in extracurricular activities influence leadership skills development in college students?”

Research Question Examples in Statistics

• “What are the most common statistical methods used in medical research?”
• “How does the accuracy of machine learning models compare to traditional statistical methods in predicting housing prices?”
• “What is the relationship between sample size and the power of a statistical test in clinical trials?”
• “How does the use of random sampling affect the validity of survey results in social science research?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the application of Bayesian statistics in data science?”
• “Why do some datasets require transformation before applying linear regression models?”
• “How effective are bootstrapping techniques in estimating the confidence intervals of small sample data?”
• “How do different imputation methods impact the results of analyses with missing data?”
• “What strategies can improve the interpretation of interaction effects in multiple regression analysis?”
• “How does the choice of statistical software affect the efficiency of data analysis in academic research?”

Research Question Examples in Socialogy

• “What are the primary social factors contributing to urban poverty in major cities?”
• “How does the level of social integration differ between immigrants and native-born citizens in urban areas?”
• “What is the relationship between educational attainment and social mobility in different socioeconomic classes?”
• “How does exposure to social media influence political participation among young adults?”
• “What are the emerging trends in family structures and their impact on child development?”
• “Why do certain communities exhibit higher levels of civic engagement than others?”
• “How effective are community policing strategies in reducing crime rates in diverse neighborhoods?”
• “How do socialization processes differ in single-parent households compared to two-parent households?”
• “What strategies can be implemented to reduce racial disparities in higher education enrollment?”
• “How does the implementation of public housing policies affect the quality of life for low-income families?”

Research Question Examples in Biology

• “What are the primary characteristics of the various stages of mitosis in eukaryotic cells?”
• “How do the reproductive strategies of amphibians compare to those of reptiles?”
• “What is the relationship between genetic diversity and the resilience of plant species to climate change?”
• “How does the presence of pollutants in freshwater ecosystems impact the growth and development of aquatic organisms?”
• “What are the emerging trends in the use of CRISPR technology for gene editing in agricultural crops?”
• “Why do certain bacteria develop antibiotic resistance more rapidly than others?”
• “How effective are different conservation strategies in protecting endangered species?”
• “How do various environmental factors influence the process of photosynthesis in marine algae?”
• “What strategies can enhance the effectiveness of reforestation programs in tropical rainforests?”
• “How does the method of seed dispersal affect the spatial distribution and genetic diversity of plant populations?”

Research Question Examples in History

• “What were the key social and economic factors that led to the Industrial Revolution in Britain?”
• “How did the political systems of ancient Athens and ancient Sparta differ in terms of governance and citizen participation?”
• “What is the relationship between the Renaissance and the subsequent scientific revolution in Europe?”
• “How did the Treaty of Versailles contribute to the rise of Adolf Hitler and the onset of World War II?”
• “What are the emerging perspectives on the causes and impacts of the American Civil Rights Movement?”
• “Why did the Roman Empire decline and eventually fall despite its extensive power and reach?”
• “How effective were the New Deal programs in alleviating the effects of the Great Depression in the United States?”
• “How did the processes of colonization and decolonization affect the political landscape of Africa in the 20th century?”
• “What strategies did the suffragette movement use to secure voting rights for women in the early 20th century?”
• “How did the logistics and strategies of the D-Day invasion contribute to the Allied victory in World War II?”

Importance of Research Questions

Research questions are fundamental to the success and integrity of any study. Their importance can be highlighted through several key aspects:

• Research questions provide a clear focus and direction for the study, ensuring that the researcher remains on track.
• Example: “How does online learning impact student engagement in higher education?”
• They establish the boundaries of the research, determining what will be included or excluded.
• Example: “What are the effects of air pollution on respiratory health in urban areas?”
• Research questions dictate the choice of research design, methodology, and data collection techniques.
• Example: “What is the relationship between physical activity and mental health in adolescents?”
• They make the objectives of the research explicit, providing clarity and precision to the study’s goals.
• Example: “Why do some startups succeed in securing venture capital while others fail?”
• Well-crafted research questions emphasize the significance and relevance of the study, justifying its importance.
• Example: “How effective are public health campaigns in increasing vaccination rates among young adults?”
• They enable a systematic approach to inquiry, ensuring that the study is coherent and logically structured.
• Example: “What are the social and economic impacts of remote work on urban communities?”
• Research questions offer a framework for analyzing and interpreting data, guiding the researcher in making sense of the findings.
• Example: “How does social media usage affect self-esteem among teenagers?”
• By addressing specific gaps or exploring new areas, research questions ensure that the study contributes meaningfully to the existing body of knowledge.
• Example: “What are the emerging trends in the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare?”
• Clear and precise research questions increase the credibility and reliability of the research by providing a focused approach.
• Example: “How do educational interventions impact literacy rates in low-income communities?”
• They help in clearly communicating the purpose and findings of the research to others, including stakeholders, peers, and the broader academic community.
• Example: “What strategies are most effective in reducing youth unemployment in developing countries?”

Research Question vs. Hypothesis

Chracteristics of research questions.

Research questions are fundamental to the research process as they guide the direction and focus of a study. Here are the key characteristics of effective research questions:

1. Clear and Specific

• The question should be clearly articulated and specific enough to be understood without ambiguity.
• Example: “What are the effects of social media on teenagers’ mental health?” rather than “How does social media affect people?”

2. Focused and Researchable

• The question should be narrow enough to be answerable through research and data collection.
• Example: “How does participation in extracurricular activities impact academic performance in high school students?” rather than “How do activities affect school performance?”

3. Complex and Analytical

• The question should require more than a simple yes or no answer and should invite analysis and discussion.
• Example: “What factors contribute to the success of renewable energy initiatives in urban areas?” rather than “Is renewable energy successful?”

4. Relevant and Significant

• The question should address an important issue or problem in the field of study and contribute to knowledge or practice.
• Example: “How does climate change affect agricultural productivity in developing countries?” rather than “What is climate change?”

5. Feasible and Practical

• The question should be feasible to answer within the constraints of time, resources, and access to information.
• Example: “What are the challenges faced by remote workers in the tech industry during the COVID-19 pandemic?” rather than “What are the challenges of remote work?”

6. Original and Novel

• The question should offer a new perspective or explore an area that has not been extensively studied.
• Example: “How do virtual reality technologies influence empathy in healthcare training?” rather than “What is virtual reality?”
• The question should be framed in a way that ensures the research can be conducted ethically.
• Example: “What are the impacts of privacy laws on consumer data protection in the digital age?” rather than “How can we collect personal data more effectively?”

8. Open-Ended

• The question should encourage detailed responses and exploration, rather than limiting answers to a simple yes or no.
• Example: “In what ways do cultural differences affect communication styles in multinational companies?” rather than “Do cultural differences affect communication?”

9. Aligned with Research Goals

• The question should align with the overall objectives of the research project or study.
• Example: “How do early childhood education programs influence long-term academic achievement?” if the goal is to understand educational impacts.

10. Based on Prior Research

• The question should build on existing literature and research, identifying gaps or new angles to explore.
• Example: “What strategies have proven effective in reducing urban air pollution in European cities?” after reviewing current studies on air pollution strategies.

Benefits of Research Question

Research questions are fundamental to the research process and offer numerous benefits, which include the following:

1. Guides the Research Process

A well-defined research question provides a clear focus and direction for your study. It helps in determining what data to collect, how to collect it, and how to analyze it.

Benefit: Ensures that the research stays on track and addresses the specific issue at hand.

2. Clarifies the Purpose of the Study

Research questions help to articulate the purpose and objectives of the study. They make it clear what the researcher intends to explore, describe, compare, or test.

Benefit: Helps in communicating the goals and significance of the research to others, including stakeholders and funding bodies.

3. Determines the Research Design

The type of research question informs the research design, including the choice of methodology, data collection methods, and analysis techniques.

Benefit: Ensures that the chosen research design is appropriate for answering the specific research question, enhancing the validity and reliability of the results.

4. Enhances Literature Review

A well-crafted research question provides a framework for conducting a thorough literature review. It helps in identifying relevant studies, theories, and gaps in existing knowledge.

Benefit: Facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the topic and ensures that the research is grounded in existing literature.

5. Focuses Data Collection

Research questions help in identifying the specific data needed to answer them. This focus prevents the collection of unnecessary data and ensures that all collected data is relevant to the study.

Benefit: Increases the efficiency of data collection and analysis, saving time and resources.

6. Improves Data Analysis

Having a clear research question aids in the selection of appropriate data analysis methods. It helps in determining how the data will be analyzed to draw meaningful conclusions.

Benefit: Enhances the accuracy and relevance of the findings, making them more impactful.

7. Facilitates Hypothesis Formation

In quantitative research, research questions often lead to the development of hypotheses that can be tested statistically.

Benefit: Provides a basis for hypothesis testing, which is essential for establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

8. Supports Result Interpretation

Research questions provide a lens through which the results of the study can be interpreted. They help in understanding what the findings mean in the context of the research objectives.

Benefit: Ensures that the conclusions drawn from the research are aligned with the original aims and objectives.

9. Enhances Reporting and Presentation

A clear research question makes it easier to organize and present the research findings. It helps in structuring the research report or presentation logically.

Benefit: Improves the clarity and coherence of the research report, making it more accessible and understandable to the audience.

10. Encourages Critical Thinking

Formulating research questions requires critical thinking and a deep understanding of the subject matter. It encourages researchers to think deeply about what they want to investigate and why.

Benefit: Promotes a more thoughtful and analytical approach to research, leading to more robust and meaningful findings.

How to Write a Research Question

Crafting a strong research question is crucial for guiding your study effectively. Follow these steps to write a clear and focused research question:

Identify a Broad Topic:

Start with a general area of interest that you are passionate about or that is relevant to your field. Example: “Climate change”

Conduct Preliminary Research:

Explore existing literature and studies to understand the current state of knowledge and identify gaps. Example: “Impact of climate change on agriculture”

Narrow Down the Topic:

Focus on a specific aspect or issue within the broad topic to make the research question more manageable. Example: “Effect of climate change on crop yields”

Consider the Scope:

Ensure the question is neither too broad nor too narrow. It should be specific enough to be answerable but broad enough to allow for thorough exploration. Example: “How does climate change affect corn crop yields in the Midwest United States?”

Determine the Research Type:

Decide whether your research will be descriptive, comparative, relational, or causal, as this will shape your question. Example: “How does climate change affect corn crop yields in the Midwest United States over the past decade?”

Formulate the Question:

Write a clear, concise question that specifies the variables, population, and context. Example: “What is the impact of increasing temperatures and changing precipitation patterns on corn crop yields in the Midwest United States from 2010 to 2020?”

Ensure Feasibility:

Make sure the question can be answered within the constraints of your resources, time, and data availability. Example: “How have corn crop yields in the Midwest United States been affected by climate change-related temperature increases and precipitation changes between 2010 and 2020?”

Review and Refine:

Evaluate the question for clarity, focus, and relevance. Revise as necessary to ensure it is well-defined and researchable. Example: “What are the specific impacts of temperature increases and changes in precipitation patterns on corn crop yields in the Midwest United States from 2010 to 2020?”

What is a research question?

A research question is a specific query guiding a study’s focus and objectives, shaping its methodology and analysis.

Why is a research question important?

It provides direction, defines scope, ensures relevance, and guides the methodology of the research.

How do you formulate a research question?

Identify a topic, narrow it down, conduct preliminary research, and ensure it is clear, focused, and researchable.

What makes a good research question?

Clarity, specificity, feasibility, relevance, and the ability to guide the research effectively.

Can a research question change?

Yes, it can evolve based on initial findings, further literature review, and the research process.

What is the difference between a research question and a hypothesis?

A research question guides the study; a hypothesis is a testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

How specific should a research question be?

It should be specific enough to provide clear direction but broad enough to allow for comprehensive investigation.

What are examples of good research questions?

Examples include: “How does social media affect academic performance?” and “What are the impacts of climate change on agriculture?”

Can a research question be too broad?

Yes, a too broad question can make the research unfocused and challenging to address comprehensively.

What role does a research question play in literature reviews?

It helps identify relevant studies, guides the search for literature, and frames the review’s focus.

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