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Essay on Self Defence

Students are often asked to write an essay on Self Defence in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Self Defence

Understanding self defence.

Self-defence is the act of protecting oneself from harm. It involves using physical force or other means to prevent or stop an attack. It’s an essential skill for everyone, especially in situations of danger.

Importance of Self Defence

Learning self defence.

Self-defence can be learned through martial arts classes, online courses, or self-study. It’s important to practice regularly to master the techniques.

Responsible Use of Self Defence

Self-defence should only be used when necessary, to prevent harm. It’s not an excuse for aggression or violence. Always remember, the goal is to protect, not to harm.

250 Words Essay on Self Defence

Introduction, legal perspective.

From a legal standpoint, self-defence is typically justified when the individual reasonably believes that they are in imminent danger. The response must be proportional to the threat faced, ensuring that the action taken is not excessive or unreasonable.

Psychological Aspects

Psychologically, self-defence involves the development of a mindset that prepares one to face any threat. This mindset is not about promoting violence but rather fostering a sense of personal security and assertiveness. It encourages individuals to become more aware of their surroundings, promoting a heightened sense of situational awareness.

Physical Aspects

Physically, self-defence involves learning specific techniques to fend off attackers. Various martial arts disciplines like Karate, Judo, and Krav Maga offer structured self-defence training. These techniques can empower individuals, enhancing their confidence and physical capabilities.

Importance of Self-Defence

The importance of self-defence lies in its potential to save lives and prevent harm. It promotes personal safety and empowers individuals, particularly those who might be perceived as vulnerable. In a broader social context, self-defence can contribute to the overall safety and security of communities.

In conclusion, self-defence is a multifaceted concept with legal, psychological, and physical dimensions. It is an essential skill that everyone should consider learning, not only for personal safety but also for the well-being of the community at large.

500 Words Essay on Self Defence

The importance of self-defence.

The world can be a dangerous place and unexpected situations can arise at any time. This unpredictability underscores the importance of self-defence. It equips individuals with the skills to protect themselves and others from potential harm. Furthermore, self-defence training can also enhance physical fitness and mental agility, contributing to overall well-being.

Physical and Psychological Benefits

Self-defence training, such as martial arts, boxing, or Krav Maga, improves physical strength, flexibility, and coordination. It also promotes cardiovascular health and boosts the immune system. Psychologically, it fosters resilience, discipline, and focus. It teaches individuals to remain calm under pressure, to think clearly in stressful situations, and to make quick, effective decisions. These skills are not only useful in dangerous situations but also beneficial in everyday life.

Empowerment and Confidence

Self-defence is empowering. It provides individuals with the confidence to navigate the world without fear, knowing they have the ability to protect themselves. This confidence can permeate all areas of life, improving relationships, work performance, and mental health. For vulnerable populations, such as women and the elderly, self-defence training can be particularly beneficial, providing them with the tools to defend themselves and assert their rights.

Legal and Ethical Considerations

In conclusion, self-defence is a vital skill that provides numerous benefits. It enhances physical health, mental resilience, and confidence, and empowers individuals to protect themselves and others. However, it is crucial to remember the legal and ethical boundaries of self-defence, and to use these skills responsibly. In a world of unpredictability, the ability to defend oneself is not just an advantage, it is a necessity.

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Essay Sample: Importance of Self-defense

What comes to mind when you hear the term "self defense"? Did you think of martial arts? What about kicking and punching? Perhaps you can remember a particular action scene in a movie that you thought was particularly impressive? However you feel about it, I believe that self-defense is an essential skill that every person should know how to perform. For a variety of reasons, having a basic understanding of self-defense is essential.

Boost Self Esteem: The phrase "Knowledge is Power" is extremely true in self-defense situations. Without it, we develop a fear of the unknown and lack confidence in ourselves. But the formula for building one’s self-esteem is simple. The more you expose yourself to a situation, the more confident you become. When you take a self-defense class, you expose yourself to a variety of situations and, therefore, build experience and the understanding "that you are strong enough to handle the situation." (Adhikari, 2021). Just knowing that is not only confidence boosting, but also self-empowering.

Situational awareness: Situational awareness entails more than simply being aware of one's surroundings. This is about being able to accurately identify potential harmful or even dangerous situations. It involves learning how to scan rooms effectively, making it a habit to remember where exits and entrances are even if you cannot see them, and knowing what is and is not unusual behavior for the environment you are in. These are just a few things you learn when you attend a self-defense class. Please note that the point of situational awareness is not to make you paranoid. "Deployed correctly, situational awareness is a tool for peace of mind, allowing you to relax while still being prepared to respond to any circumstances that may arise." (Holt, 2021).

Having it and not needing it is better than needing it but not having it: Try imagining self-defense like CPR. It's safe to say that almost everyone in this room is familiar with CPR. Even if you have taken a class, I am almost certain that you have not had the opportunity to use it. But I think we can all agree that it’s a good skill to have. This isn't just because it looks good on a resume or because your school or workplace considers it necessary, but because of the "what if" factor. What if someone goes into cardiac arrest while I am around? What if someone's heart stops beating? How will I react? That is exactly what self-defense is. It’s that "what if" factor. What if I am attacked on my way to or from campus? How would I respond if I was attacked while with friends? What if I’m attacked when I’m with my family? What if? Attacks don’t happen very often, but they do happen. And I don’t know about you, but I would rather be prepared for a situation that is never going to happen than be unprepared and face the consequences.

Self-defense classes are extremely worthwhile in the end. It helps you "increase your options and helps you prepare responses to avoid, slow down, de-escalate, or interrupt an attack." (Self Defense Information, n.d.) If you have ever thought about whether or not learning self-defense is worth your time or money, "then there is a conscious or subconscious reason why you feel the need to equip yourself." (What Do You Learn in Self-Defense Classes? Effective & Worth It?, n.d.) Regardless of what that reason is, everyone has the basic human right to protect themselves from being hurt or harmed. So it is important for all of us to have, at the very least, the basic knowledge of self-defense.

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Essays on Self Defence

Parents Always Want the Best Parents always want the best for their children and mine were too. They had taught us to take care of each other, and because I was the man, I had the responsibility of taking care of my sister who was three years younger than me. It...

Words: 1360

This idea refers to situations where a criminal is forced to commit a crime as their only means of self-defense against actual violence, an attack, or the fear of violence. When a felon had no other option but to commit the crime, they are not to be held accountable. However,...

"I Am a Legend": The Irony and Serendipity of the Victory Achieved When Two or More Waging Groups Are Aligned Toward the Same Threats or Goals."We can create a common global society blessed with a shared culture of peace that is nourished by the ethnic, national, and local diversity that...

Words: 1013

In order to defend war, the just war theory was developed. The theory offers a number of factors that are seen to be crucial for a conflict to be just. The theory holds that these four principles are the most crucial ones. An important factor is having a just cause. War...

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The topic of gun safety is divisive, especially in America, where many firearms are in the hands of people. Some believe they need firearms for self-defense, while others believe gun owners are more likely to commit crimes. Both licensed and unlicensed firearms in civilian hands are deemed dangerous, rendering the...

Words: 1229

Restricting Gun Licenses and Possession Restricting gun licenses and possession is a contentious issue in the United States, with some in favor and some against it. Some people believe that guns are necessary for self-defense, while others believe that gun owners are more likely to commit crimes. Both licensed and unlicensed...

Words: 1263

Political scientists, foreign personalities, and analysts provide perspectives on international, cultural, and international issues. However, there have been misunderstandings regarding the constitutional proposal accepted by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, which requires the Japanese military to exercise the right of collective self-defense (CSD). Green and Hornung also debunked several of...

Self-defence is a legal defence that people can use to protect themselves. In some situations, it is even acceptable to use deadly force when an attack is imminent or unprovoked. Self-defense is a necessary option in some situations. It is usually recognized by the court as a necessary measure. There...

Words: 1386

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124 Personal Identity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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Personal Identity Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Personal identity is a complex and multi-faceted concept that encompasses how individuals perceive themselves and how they are perceived by others. Exploring personal identity can lead to a deeper understanding of oneself and one's place in the world. In this article, we will provide you with 124 personal identity essay topic ideas and examples to help inspire your writing.

• The role of culture in shaping personal identity
• How do social media profiles influence personal identity?
• The impact of family background on personal identity
• Exploring the concept of self-identity
• How do personal experiences shape one's identity?
• The relationship between personal identity and self-esteem
• The influence of gender on personal identity
• How do personal values shape one's identity?
• The impact of education on personal identity
• The role of religion in shaping personal identity
• How does race and ethnicity influence personal identity?
• The impact of language on personal identity
• The influence of societal norms on personal identity
• How does personal identity change over time?
• Exploring the concept of multiple identities
• The impact of social class on personal identity
• The relationship between personal identity and mental health
• How do personal relationships shape one's identity?
• The influence of physical appearance on personal identity
• The role of personal beliefs in shaping identity
• How does personal identity influence career choices?
• The impact of trauma on personal identity
• Exploring the concept of collective identity
• The relationship between personal identity and social identity
• How does personal identity influence decision-making?
• The influence of media on personal identity
• The impact of technology on personal identity
• The role of personal interests in shaping identity
• How do personal goals influence one's identity?
• The influence of political beliefs on personal identity
• Exploring the concept of national identity
• The impact of globalization on personal identity
• The relationship between personal identity and self-expression
• How does personal identity influence social interactions?
• The influence of personal experiences on cultural identity
• The impact of migration on personal identity
• The role of language in shaping cultural identity
• How do personal values influence cultural identity?
• The relationship between cultural identity and national identity
• Exploring the concept of hybrid identity
• The impact of globalization on cultural identity
• The influence of media on cultural identity
• The role of education in shaping cultural identity
• How does cultural identity influence social interactions?
• The impact of colonialism on cultural identity
• The relationship between cultural identity and language
• Exploring the concept of diaspora identity
• The influence of religion on cultural identity
• The role of food in shaping cultural identity
• How do cultural traditions influence identity?
• The impact of migration on cultural identity
• How does cultural identity influence personal relationships?
• The influence of societal norms on cultural identity
• The role of music in shaping cultural identity
• Exploring the concept of intercultural identity
• The impact of technology on cultural identity
• The influence of fashion on cultural identity
• The relationship between cultural identity and social identity
• How does cultural identity influence decision-making?
• The impact of globalization on national identity
• The role of history in shaping national identity
• Exploring the concept of ethnic identity
• The influence of language on national identity
• The relationship between national identity and cultural identity
• How does national identity influence political beliefs?
• The impact of colonialism on national identity
• The role of symbols in shaping national identity
• Exploring the concept of regional identity
• The influence of geography on national identity
• The relationship between national identity and social identity
• How does national identity influence personal values?
• The impact of migration on national identity
• The role of education in shaping national identity
• Exploring the concept of national pride
• The influence of media on national identity
• The relationship between national identity and global identity
• How does national identity influence decision-making?
• The impact of nationalism on national identity
• The role of sports in shaping national identity
• Exploring the concept of national heritage
• The influence of language on regional identity
• The relationship between regional identity and cultural identity
• How does regional identity influence social interactions?
• The impact of history on regional identity
• The role of geography in shaping regional identity
• Exploring the concept of local identity
• The influence of traditions on regional identity
• The relationship between regional identity and national identity
• How does regional identity influence personal relationships?
• The impact of migration on regional identity
• The role of education in shaping regional identity
• Exploring the concept of regional pride
• The influence of media on regional identity
• The relationship between regional identity and social identity
• How does regional identity influence decision-making?
• The impact of globalization on regional identity
• The role of sports in shaping regional identity
• Exploring the concept of regional heritage
• The influence of language on local identity
• The relationship between local identity and cultural identity
• How does local identity influence social interactions?
• The impact of history on local identity
• The role of geography in shaping local identity
• Exploring the concept of community identity
• The influence of traditions on local identity
• The relationship between local identity and national identity
• How does local identity influence personal relationships?
• The impact of migration on local identity
• The role of education in shaping local identity
• Exploring the concept of local pride
• The influence of media on local identity
• The relationship between local identity and social identity
• How does local identity influence decision-making?
• The impact of globalization on local identity
• The role of community events in shaping local identity
• Exploring the concept of community heritage
• The influence of language on community identity
• The relationship between community identity and cultural identity
• How does community identity influence social interactions?
• The impact of history on community identity
• The role of geography in shaping community identity
• Exploring the concept of neighborhood identity
• The influence of traditions on community identity

In conclusion, personal identity is a complex and nuanced concept that is shaped by a variety of factors, including culture, social interactions, personal experiences, and more. By exploring different facets of personal identity, individuals can gain a deeper understanding of themselves and the world around them. We hope that the essay topic ideas and examples provided in this article will inspire you to further explore the concept of personal identity and its impact on individuals and society as a whole.

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Essays on Self-Defense

177 samples on this topic

Our essay writing service presents to you an open-access selection of free Self-Defense essay samples. We'd like to underline that the showcased papers were crafted by competent writers with proper academic backgrounds and cover most various Self-Defense essay topics. Remarkably, any Self-Defense paper you'd find here could serve as a great source of inspiration, valuable insights, and content structuring practices.

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Jill Stein is an American activist that is a nominee for the Green Party nomination in the 2016 elections Stein has had previous stints as nominee for the Green Party’s appointment for an American President in 2012 (The Voter's Self Defense System 1). Jill has also challenged to be a governor of Massachusetts in the year 2002 and 2010.

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51 Insanity Defense Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best insanity defense topic ideas & essay examples, 📝 simple & easy insanity defense essay titles, 👍 interesting topics to write about insanity defense.

• Clark v. Arizona: Insanity Defense Case Study The defendant must prove the presence of paranoid schizophrenia and also that she was affected by his actions in such a way that he did not know what he was doing.
• Insanity Defense and Plea Bargaining in North Carolina Since guilty pleas have to be subject to the understanding of the criminal, investigations must show that the alleged person did not know about the crime at the time of performing it.
• Controversial Insanity Defense Assessment The insanity defense is dependent on assessments carried out by forensic expertise who confirms that the suspect was not able to differentiate between the correct and incorrect thing to do during the time of the […]
• “The Insanity Defense: A Closer Look” by John P. Martin An insanity defense is defined as a “plea that defendants are not guilty because they lacked the mental capacity” and cannot be responsible for their actions, or they cannot control their behavior.
• Insanity Defense in American Jurisprudence The presence of the men’s rea element of a crime, which is directly relevant to criminal intent, is known to have nudged 14 American states to start looking for an alternative to the existing NGRI […]
• Forensic Psychology: Insanity Plea and Insanity Defense Although these studies have offered helpful insights into the use of the insanity plea and the insanity defense, it is still not clear how the sentences arising from the insanity plea operate and what factors […]
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Good Titles for Essays about yourself: 31 Personal Essay Topics

Titles for Essay about Yourself

What is a Personal Essay?

 There are quite a number of essays used by writers to communicate ideas out there. One of these essays is the personal essay which is written to capture a person’s ideas, emotions and feelings towards something.

This essay is a non-fictional piece that provides the reader with an interesting, humorous and thought provoking narrative drawn from either the personal experiences of the writer or information from another party.

It is a non-fiction story in which you as the author share your lessons, incidents and predicaments faced in life with your audience, the readers.

The personal essay is an essay written about one’s life, experiences and thoughts in turn providing readers with an insight about life lessons and experiences about yourself. It captures your memorable moments like you can ever imagine.

Therefore it ought to describe you positively to your audience by highlighting your inspirations and motivation but at the same time leave your audience with a wide understanding of what you are, what you stand for and importantly your tick boxes.

In other quarters it is also known as the narrative essay and somewhat it appears different from the other essays because it shares a story with the readers.

The story in a personal essay needs to be non-fictional otherwise it will lose the meaning intended in it.

A personal essay can appear as a class assignment or a college application depending on the circumstances. In case it appears as a college application, it should stimulate the readers in acting in a particular way.

The author is expected to provide an account of their roles and provide an insight in their subjects.

Also Read: Essay Writing Topics with Answers:21 Examples in English

How to Write a Good Title for an Essay about yourself?

Normally news titles tend to have a story title distilled into five to ten words in order to accurately summarize the intended information to an audience.

For instance, a title may appear like ‘Plane Crashes Minutes After Takeoff’. Magazines on the other hand will have catchier titles to the readers’ delight such as ‘Ten Ways to Improve your Body Fitness’ or rather ‘Destinations You Do Not Want to Miss on a Cruise Ship’.

Newspapers will scream their titles with catchy phrases or words like ‘Lockdown in Miami’ or simply ‘Betrayed’. In these three settings, the audience is already aware of what to look out for from the story from the advent.

A blog post title will probably begin with a playful or catchy question in order to draw the readers’ attention but at the same time inform the readers’ on what is about to follow.

Contrary to the above, personal essays possess unique and finessed titles that make the readers’ wonder about what is there in the essays.

These titles require readers to insert themselves into your essay in order to reveal your personality, beliefs, thoughts, hopes, experiences, dreams and even your sense of humor.

Personal essay topics usually include your own opinions, experiences and even real stories.

Also Read: Technical Plagiarism: Definition, Examples and How to Avoid

Two types of Personal Essay Topics

Personal essay topics exist in two types: Defining moment and Secret lives.

Titles on secret lives will concentrate on mysterious but important experiences where the writer provides stories on infrequent life and to some extent unusual exploits in life. Defining moment’s titles on the other hand will focus on a person’s life during a critical moment.

When you consider these two types of themes, the essay you write will definitely be outstanding to your readers.

The titles of personal essays if done well will challenge the writer and audience on what the essay is about because they will provide hints rather than summarize, they will add as opposed to mirroring and infer instead of summing up the essays ideas. How is this done? Simply by engaging similar skills harbored in a catchy personal essay.

The essay title undoubtedly sets the tone and the flow of the essay and so it has to be as catchy as possible. You can start by giving a description of yourself using a key word in the title.

Words like determined, optimistic or thoughtful can suit your title well. For example, your title can read like ‘An essay about Sam, the resilient optimist’.

Your audience will therefore be introduced to the main trait that you desire to reinforce in your essay thereby setting a good tone for the essay.

It is important to follow up the essay by using the same term a number of times throughout the essay in order to emphasize it as a vivid motif.

Since the title of your essay is the first thing your readers will see, it has to fully grab their attention. It would be better if the title is short with about four words or less though there are exceptions. The title and your essay ought to connect but not to fulfill the expectations of the readers immediately.

In order to spice up your title, you can use punctuation marks as options. Exclamation marks, the colon and the semicolon can serve you good in coming up with a good and catchy topic. Moreover, you should capitalize all words with the exception of articles, pronouns, conjunctions and prepositions.

This implies that titles should be flexible to the liking of the readers.

31 Personal Essays Topics

The hardest breaking news I had to deliver

How I spent a fortune on travel

The things I can do that robots can never do

The animal I would like to be

The one thing I would change at my school

What I have learnt about conquering poverty

A disappointment I will never forget

My most embarrassing moment

The moment I realized I needed help

Why I had to succeed

My bravest moment

Nowhere I can run to

The distance between us

The memories I desired but I lost

When did I stop?

My best summer ever

Strange beliefs

My peculiar flowers

Dress your family in silk

Let our children accomplish their dreams in their own way

In 40 years’ time…

My adulthood memories

What I would like to change most about my life

My favorite animal

The wall is not listening

That cake was not for you

How I understand death

How did my parent’s choices influence my spending?

My no pleasant experience in high school

Impacts of workout on my stress levels

The moment my life took a turn for the worse

Also Read: Is it Plagiarism if you Cite? Incorrect or Paraphrase yourself

Personal essays ought to portray a writers writing skills and take the reader to the writer’s personal journey. It is so because it demonstrates who you are as a person and as a writer and so you have to be as coherent as possible in providing your personal statement.

It also reveals a number of qualities about the writer such as the writer’s persona, communication skills, critical thinking skills, and maturity, teaching and personal skills.

This essay can act as an inspiration to your audience if well written and in essence allows the writer to provide a description about their personal or significant life events and experiences.

A number of employers, graduates and various schools will ask you to provide a personal essay before they consider you for an interview and therefore it shows that this essay is not just limited to composition courses in schools.

The question now is: Can you actualize your desire to write a good personal essay?

Jessica Kasen is experienced in academic writing and academic assistance. She is well versed in academia and has a master’s degree in education. Kasen consults with us in helping students improve their grades. She also oversights the quality of work done by our writers.

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Home » Slogans » 51 Catchy Self Defense Slogans

51 Catchy Self Defense Slogans

With rising crime rates in many cities across America, it is important for each person to have the skills and training on how to defend themselves. These catchy self defense slogans serve as the perfect source of inspiration to the types of ways you can encourage others to participate in training.

A tree never hits an automobile except in self defense. Defense: Anticipate, Devastate, Dominate. Fight back! Be alert! Fighting corruption is not just good governance. It’s self-defense. It’s patriotism. Fire defense is a self defense. For an unarmed man may be attacked with greater confidence than an armed man. Hit back twice as hard. Honesty is the best policy, but insanity is a better defense. I don’t even call it violence when it’s in self defense. I call it intelligence. I have a self-defense mind. I’ve had it all my life. I only direct in self-defense. Innovative products and services for aerospace and defense. It is a virtue. It is enshrined in law. It is intelligent to defend yourself. It’s a way to get out of a sticky situation. Legitimate use of violence can only be that which is required in self-defense. Living Without Fear. Martial arts is self-growth. It’s artistic impression. It’s self-defense… it doesn’t have any place in politics. Offense sells tickets, defense wins championships. One of the funniest self defense quotes. Personal protective equipment is self defense. Physical confrontations should always be the last option in self defense. Real men don’t hunt defenseless animals. Renouncing self defense is an idealistic view of the world that cannot work. Self defense is a state of mind. Self-defense is Nature’s eldest law. Self-defense is not only our right; it is our duty. Sometimes violence is the only way out. Stay safe, Stay blessed. Teach your kids self defense skills. The best self defense is to educate yourself. The best way to defend yourself is to preempt your enemy. The only defense to their attack is attacking their peace. The origins of the principle of self defense. The Right of Safety. The right to defend yourself is sacred. The secret to self defense from a grand master. The values you learn from martial arts. The way war is presented to the masses. There isn’t any real good reason for fighting except self-defense. There’s a difference between an execution and self defense. There’s no reason for war unless it’s in self defense. There’s no room for cowardice. War, except in self-defense, is a failure of moral imagination. When self defense is the only option. When you shoot someone who is fleeing, it’s not self-defense. It’s an execution. You can only take another human’s life when defending yourself. Your physical safety is up to you, as it really always has been. You’re a hero when you defend others. You’re duty bound to defend yourself and others.

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Home — Essay Samples — Government & Politics — Barack Obama — Operation Geronimo Persuasive

Operation Geronimo: a Justified Use of Force in Self-defense

• Categories: 9/11 Barack Obama Osama Bin Laden

About this sample

Words: 886 |

Published: Apr 17, 2023

Words: 886 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Table of contents

Introduction, operation geronimo.

• Dunlap, C. (2019, February 01). Yes, the raid that killed Osama Bin Laden was lawful. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://sites.duke.edu/lawfire/2019/01/31/yes-the-raid-that-killed-osama-bin-laden-was-lawful/
• Hodgin, S.L. (2014). Killing Osama Bin Laden: Legal and Necessary. Widener Law Review Delaware Law: Widener University. https://widenerlawreview.org/files/2014/09/3-Hodgin.pdf
• International law, codification, legal affairs, legal, committee, Terrorism, charter, criminal accountability, administration of justice, jurisdictional immunities, cloning, safety of United Nations and associated personnel, ad hoc, Diplomatic Conferences, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Summaries of International Court of Justice Judgments and Advisory Opinions, Legislative Series, Juridical Yearbook, Repertory of Practice of United Nations Organs, Books (n.d.). Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://legal.un.org/repertory/art51.shtml
• Legality of Targeted Killing Program under International Law. (2019, October 31). Retrieved November 21, 2020 https://www.lawfareblog.com/legality-targeted-killing-program-under-international-law
• Wpengine. (2014, November 14). The Legality of Killing Osama bin Laden. Retrieved November 21, 2020, from https://harvardnsj.org/2011/05/the-legality-of-killing-osama-bin-laden/          

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Chiquita Found Liable for Colombia Paramilitary Killings

The first page of a March 6, 2000, Chiquita legal memo that was read aloud during the trial.

National Security Archive Schedule of Chiquita’s Paramilitary Payments Evidence at Trial

Jury Awards Banana Company Victims $38.3 Million in Landmark Human Rights Case

Washington, D.C., June 10, 2024 – Today, an eight-member jury in West Palm Beach, Florida, found Chiquita Brands International liable for funding a violent Colombian paramilitary organization, the United Self-defense Forces of Colombia (AUC), that was responsible for major human rights atrocities during the 1990s and 2000s. The weeks-long trial featured testimony from the families of the nine victims in the case, the recollections of Colombian military officials and Chiquita executives, expert reports, and a summary of key documentary evidence produced by Michael Evans, director of the National Security Archive’s Colombia documentation project.

“This historic ruling marks the first time that an American jury has held a major U.S. corporation liable for complicity in serious human rights abuses in another country,” according to a press release from EarthRights International , which represents victims in the case.

In 2007, Chiquita reached a sentencing agreement with the U.S. Department of Justice in which it admitted to $1.7 million in payments to the AUC, which was designated a terrorist organization by the United States in 2001. Chiquita paid a $25 million fine for violating a U.S. anti-terrorism statute but has never before had to answer to victims of the paramilitary group it financed. In 2018, Chiquita settled separate claims brought by the families of six victims of the FARC insurgent group, which was also paid by Chiquita for many years.

This trial focused on nine bellwether cases among hundreds of claims that have been brought against Chiquita by victims of AUC violence. The nine plaintiffs were represented by EarthRights, International Rights Advocates, and other attorneys who years ago agreed to consolidate their claims against Chiquita and collaborate in multidistrict litigation (MDL) in the U.S. District Court for Southern Florida. Today, the jury found Chiquita liable in eight of the nine cases presented to them.

Plaintiffs contended that Chiquita willingly entered into “an unholy alliance with the AUC,” a group responsible for horrible atrocities and grave human rights abuses, at a time when the banana company was buying land and expanding its presence in Colombia’s violent banana-growing region. Attorneys for Chiquita argued that the company was “clearly extorted” by the AUC and had no choice but to make the payments. [1]

Jurors found that the AUC was responsible for eight of the nine murders at issue in the case; that Chiquita had “failed to act as a reasonable businessperson”; that “Chiquita knowingly provided substantial assistance to the AUC” that created “a foreseeable risk of harm to others”; and that Chiquita had failed to prove either that the AUC actually threatened them or that there was “no reasonable alternative” to paying them.

Testifying on May 14, Evans described the “1006 summary” he created for the plaintiffs tracking ten years of Chiquita’s paramilitary payments and based exclusively on thousands of internal records produced by Chiquita in the case. Evans explained how he sorted through thousands of payment request forms, security situation reports, spreadsheets, auditing documents, depositions, legal memoranda, and other documents from Chiquita’s own internal records to create the summary, which tracks over one hundred payments to the AUC, most of them funneled through “Convivir” self-defense groups that acted as legal fronts for the paramilitaries.

Importantly, Evans found Chiquita payments to Convivir groups beginning in 1995, two years earlier than Chiquita had previously admitted, and several other Convivir payments not included on the list proffered by Chiquita in the case that resulted in the 2007 sentencing agreement. Other notable items in the schedule include payments that were funneled through an armored vehicle service run by Darío Laíno Scopetta, a top leader of the AUC’s Northern Bloc who is now serving a 32-year sentence in Colombia for financing paramilitary operations.

Since 2007, the National Security Archive has obtained thousands of internal records on Chiquita’s “sensitive payments” in Colombia through Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests and through FOIA litigation, even overcoming Chiquita’s “reverse FOIA” attempt to block the release of records by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Key revelations from these FOIA releases are featured in numerous publications from the Archive’s Chiquita Papers collection. Since most of these records and many related documents were also produced during the discovery phase of this case, plaintiffs asked Evans to summarize them in the schedule that was presented at trial.

The schedule of paramilitary payments was also one of the last images left in the minds of jurors as plaintiffs closed their case-in-chief several weeks ago. After discussing the details of some of Chiquita’s more unusual paramilitary transactions, lead counsel Marco Simons of EarthRights walked the jury through the text of a document that was featured in the Archive’s first-ever Chiquita Papers posting in 2011 . Written by Chiquita in-house counsel Robert Thomas, the handwritten memo described assurances from Chiquita staff in Colombia that payments to a paramilitary front company were necessary because Chiquita “can’t get the same level of support from the military.”

Plaintiffs also relied on the Chiquita Papers records during the cross examination of key defense witnesses who were involved in making the illicit payments. In one example, plaintiffs drew from an internal report on the conflict situation in Colombia in 1992 ( originally published here ) to help elicit important admissions about the origins of the paramilitary payments from Charles “Buck” Keiser, the longtime general manager of Chiquita operations in Colombia. The report from Chiquita’s Colombia-based security staff said that among the armed groups then getting payments from Chiquita was one, the Popular Commands, that was considered a “paramilitary” group. Prompted by documents and other evidence, Keiser steered the jury through the process by which voluntary payments to the Popular Commands became payments to the AUC. (See our previous posting featuring key documents about Keiser and 12 other Chiquita officials accused of crimes against humanity in Colombia.)

Crucially, Keiser also admitted that a supposedly pivotal meeting with top AUC leader Carlos Castaño that has long been one of the pillars of Chiquita’s duress defense had virtually no bearing on the company’s decision to pay paramilitary groups and that, in fact, the company had already begun to pay paramilitary-linked Convivir self-defense groups long before the Castaño meeting. Several witnesses, including Keiser, also admitted that the company had never actually been threatened by the AUC or been the victim of AUC violence, according to trial transcripts.

A future Electronic Briefing Book will focus on some of the key evidence that was brought forward in this case. In the meantime, those interested in reading more about the case and the entire episode can start at our Chiquita Papers page.

[1] David Minsky, “Chiquita Capitalized on Colombia’s War. Victims’ Families Say,” Law360 , April 30, 2024.

Title Transfers and Changes

To prove vehicle ownership, it’s important to have a valid, up-to-date, and accurate California Certificate of Title. Here’s how you can transfer and change a title. 

Transfer your Title online!

You can now transfer a title online. Learn more about the steps and get started.

How to Transfer a Title

Anytime there’s a change to a vehicle or vessel’s registered owner or lienholder, that change must be updated in DMV’s records within 10 days and the California Certificate of Title must be transferred to the new owner.

A change in ownership is usually due to:

• Sale, gift, or donation
• Adding or deleting the name of an owner
• Inheritance
• Satisfaction of lien (full payment of car loan)

To transfer a title, you will need:

• Either the California Certificate of Title or an Application for Replacement or Transfer of Title (REG 227) (if the title is missing). 
• The signature(s) of seller(s) and lienholder (if any).
• The signature(s) of buyer(s).
• A transfer fee .

Depending on the type of transfer, you might need to complete and submit additional forms. See below for other title transfers and title transfer forms.

Submit your title transfer paperwork and fee (if any) to a DMV office or by mail to: 

DMV PO Box 942869 Sacramento, CA 94269

Rush Title Processing

If you need us to expedite your title processing, you can request rush title processing for an additional fee.

Transfer Fees

Depending on the type of transfer, you may need to pay the following fees:

• Replacement title
• Use tax, based on the buyer’s county of residence
• Registration

See the full list of fees .

Renewal fees and parking/toll violation fees don’t need to be paid to issue a replacement California Certificate of Title.

Title Transfer Forms

These forms may be required when transferring ownership of a vehicle or vessel:  Application for Replacement or Transfer of Title (REG 227) Vehicle/Vessel Transfer and Reassignment (REG 262) form (call the DMV’s automated voice system at 1-800-777-0133 to have a form mailed to you) Statement of Facts (REG 256) Lien Satisfied/Title Holder Release (REG 166) Notice of Transfer and Release of Liability Smog certification Vehicle Emission System Statement (Smog) (REG 139) Declaration of Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW)/Combined Gross Vehicle Weight (CGW) (REG 4008) Affidavit for Transfer without Probate (REG 5) Bill of Sale (REG 135) Verification of Vehicle (REG 31)

Other Title Transfers

When you’re buying a new car or a used car from a dealership, the dealer will handle the paperwork and you’ll receive your title from DMV in the mail.

When vehicle ownership is transferred between two private parties, it’s up to them to transfer the title. If you have the California Certificate of Title for the vehicle , the seller signs the title to release ownership of the vehicle. The buyer should then bring the signed title to a DMV office to apply for transfer of ownership. 

If you don’t have the California Certificate of Title , you need to use an Application for Replacement or Transfer of Title (REG 227) to transfer ownership. The lienholder’s release, if any, must be notarized. The buyer should then bring the completed form to a DMV office and we will issue a new registration and title.

Make sure you have all signatures on the proper lines to avoid delays.

Other Steps for the Seller When Vehicle Ownership is Transferred

• 10 years old or older.
• Commercial with a GVW or CGW of more than 16,000 pounds.
• New and being transferred prior to its first retail sale by a dealer.
• Complete a Notice of Transfer and Release of Liability (NRL) within 5 days of releasing ownership and keep a copy for your records.

Once the seller gives the buyer all required documentation and DMV receives the completed NRL, the seller’s part of the transaction is complete.

*If the vehicle has been sold more than once with the same title, a REG 262 is required from each seller.

Other Steps for the Buyer When Vehicle Ownership is Transferred

• Current registered owner(s), how names are joined (“and/or”), and lienholder/legal owner (if any).
• License plate number, vehicle identification number (VIN), make, model, year, and registration expiration date.
• Title brands (if any).
• Words “Nontransferable/No California Title Issued,” indicating a California title was not issued and a REG 227 cannot be used (see FAQs).
• Get a smog inspection (if applicable).

Once the buyer has provided the DMV with all the proper documents and fees, the vehicle record is updated to reflect the change of ownership and a registration card is issued.

A new title is issued from DMV headquarters within 60 calendar days.

To transfer a vehicle between family members, submit the following:

• The California Certificate of Title properly signed or endorsed on line 1 by the registered owner(s) shown on the title. Complete the new owner information on the back of the title and sign it.
• A Statement of Facts (REG 256) for use tax and smog exemption (if applicable).
• Odometer disclosure for vehicles less than 10 years old.
• Transfer fee .

You may transfer a vehicle from an individual to the estate of that individual without signatures on the Certificate of Title.

Submit the following:

• The California Certificate of Title. On the back of the title, the new owner section must show “Estate of (name of individual)” and their address. Any legal owner/lienholder named on the front of the title must be re-entered on the back of the title.
• A Statement of Facts (REG 256) confirming the owner is deceased and Letters Testamentary have not been issued. The person completing the statement must indicate their relationship to the deceased.

Use tax and a smog certification are not required.

Vehicle ownership can be transferred to a deceased owner’s heir 40 days after the owner’s death, as long as the value of the deceased’s property in California does not exceed:

• $150,000 if the deceased died before 1/1/20.
• $166,250 if the deceased died on or after 1/1/20.

If the heir will be the new owner, submit the following to a DMV office:

• The California Certificate of Title. The heir must sign the deceased registered owner’s name and countersign on line 1. The heir should complete and sign the back of the title.
• Affidavit for Transfer without Probate (REG 5) , completed and signed by the heir.
• An original or certified copy of the death certificate of all deceased owners.

If the heir prefers to sell the vehicle, the buyer also needs (in addition to the items above):

• Bill of Sale (REG 135) from the heir to the buyer.
• Transfer fee (two transfer fees are due in this case).

To transfer vessel ownership, submit the following:

• The California Certificate of Ownership. The registered owner signs line 1. The legal owner/lienholder (if any) signs line 2. Complete the new owner information on the back of the certificate and sign it.
• Bill(s) of sale, if needed to establish a complete chain of ownership.
• A Vessel Registration Fee .
• Use tax based on the tax rate percentage for your county of residence.

After you sell a vessel, complete a Notice of Transfer and Release of Liability (NRL) within five days of releasing ownership and keep a copy for your records.

How to Update or Change a Title

Because a California Certificate of Title is a legal document, it is important to keep it accurate and up-to-date. Here’s how you can update or change a title. 

Order a Replacement California Certificate of Title

You must order a replacement California Certificate of Title when the original is lost, stolen, damaged, illegible, or not received. 

To order a replacement title, submit the following:

• Application for Replacement or Transfer of Title (REG 227) .
• The original title (if you have it).
• California photo driver license (if submitting form in person).
• Replacement title fee .
• If another replacement title was issued in the past 90 days, a Verification of Vehicle (REG 31) completed by the California Highway Patrol (CHP). This requirement only applies if the registered owner’s name or address doesn’t match DMV records*.

You can submit your application either in-person* at a DMV office or by mail:

Department of Motor Vehicles Registration Operations PO Box 942869 Sacramento, California 94269-0001

If you’re submitting your form to a DMV office, we recommend you make an appointment so you can avoid any lines. 

You’ll receive your title by mail 15-30 calendar days from the date you submit the replacement title application.

*If you’re applying for a replacement title and the registered owner’s name or address doesn’t match DMV records (except for obvious typographical errors), you must submit your application in person with proof of ownership (e.g. registration card) and an acceptable photo ID (e.g. driver’s license/ID card).

Online Replacement Title Request

Visit our Virtual Office to request a replacement title online.

Change or Correct a Name on a Title

Your true full name must appear on your vehicle or vessel California Certificate of Title and registration card. If your name is misspelled, changes (e.g as a result of marriage or divorce), or is legally changed, you need to correct your name on your title.

To change or correct your name, submit:

• California Certificate of Title with your correct name printed or typed in the “New Registered Owner” section
• A completed Name Statement in Section F of the Statement of Facts (REG 256) .

You may submit your application to any DMV office or by mail to:

Department of Motor Vehicles Vehicle Registration Operations PO Box 942869 Sacramento, CA 94269-0001

Removing Information that was Entered by Mistake

If a name or other information is entered on a title by mistake, complete a Statement to Record Ownership (REG 101) .

Frequently Asked Questions

If the vehicle has a legal owner/lienholder, then section 5 of the REG 227 needs to be notarized. If the registration does not show a legal owner/lienholder, notarization is not required.

Need help finding the lienholder on your vehicle title? We keep a listing of banks, credit unions, and financial/lending institutions that may have gone out of business, merged, changed their name, or been acquired by another financial institution.

No. You must obtain a title from the state where the vehicle was last titled.

If you’re unable to obtain a title from that state, provide documentation that they cannot issue a title. A motor vehicle bond may be required

Contact us for more information .

Need something else?

Fee calculator.

Use our fee calculator to estimate any applicable registration or title transfer fees.

Renew Your Vehicle Registration

You need to renew your vehicle registration every 1-5 years in California, depending on the vehicle. Make sure your registration is up-to-date.

Make an Appointment

Some applications can be submitted to a DMV office near you. Make an appointment so you don’t have to wait in line.

General Disclaimer

When interacting with the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) Virtual Assistant, please do not include any personal information.

When your chat is over, you can save the transcript. Use caution when using a public computer or device.

The DMV chatbot and live chat services use third-party vendors to provide machine translation. Machine translation is provided for purposes of information and convenience only. The DMV is unable to guarantee the accuracy of any translation provided by the third-party vendors and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information or changes in the formatting of the content resulting from the use of the translation service.

The content currently in English is the official and accurate source for the program information and services DMV provides. Any discrepancies or differences created in the translation are not binding and have no legal effect for compliance or enforcement purposes. If any questions arise related to the information contained in the translated content, please refer to the English version.

Google™ Translate Disclaimer

The Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) website uses Google™ Translate to provide automatic translation of its web pages. This translation application tool is provided for purposes of information and convenience only. Google™ Translate is a free third-party service, which is not controlled by the DMV. The DMV is unable to guarantee the accuracy of any translation provided by Google™ Translate and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information or changes in the formatting of the pages resulting from the use of the translation application tool.

The web pages currently in English on the DMV website are the official and accurate source for the program information and services the DMV provides. Any discrepancies or differences created in the translation are not binding and have no legal effect for compliance or enforcement purposes. If any questions arise related to the information contained in the translated website, please refer to the English version.

The following pages provided on the DMV website cannot be translated using Google™ Translate:

• Publications
• Field Office Locations
• Online Applications

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