report essay structure

Essay Papers Writing Online

Your complete guide to writing an effective report essay to impress your readers.

Are you ready to take your academic writing prowess to the next level? Do you aspire to craft compelling and persuasive reports that leave a lasting impression on your readers? Look no further – we have all the insider tips and expert guidelines you need to succeed in writing a remarkable analytical essay!

Picture this: you have been assigned a report essay – a task that can seem overwhelming and intimidating at first. But fear not, for we are here to provide you with the essential tools and strategies to conquer this challenge with ease and finesse. So, grab your pen, gather your thoughts, and get ready to embark on a journey of analytical excellence!

In the realm of academic writing, a report essay requires a unique blend of critical thinking, meticulous research, and articulate writing skills. It is an opportunity for you to demonstrate your ability to analyze and interpret information, and to present your findings in a clear and concise manner. Throughout this guide, we will equip you with the knowledge and techniques necessary to deliver a report essay that captivates your audience and earns you the recognition you deserve.

Tips for Writing a Report Essay

When it comes to composing a report essay, there are several crucial aspects to consider that can enhance the quality and effectiveness of your writing. By following these tips, you can ensure that your report is well-organized, informative, and engaging to the reader.

• Choose a compelling topic: Select a subject that interests you and is relevant to your audience. A captivating topic will not only keep your readers engaged but will also make the writing process more enjoyable for you.
• Conduct thorough research: To provide valuable insights in your report essay, it is essential to gather reliable information. Utilize a variety of credible sources, such as books, academic journals, and reputable websites, to ensure a well-rounded perspective on the topic.
• Outline your essay: Before diving into the writing process, create an outline to organize your thoughts and ideas. This will help you establish a clear structure for your essay and ensure a logical flow of information.
• Use clear and concise language: Avoid unnecessary jargon or complex vocabulary that may confuse your readers. Instead, strive for clarity and simplicity in your writing. Explain concepts in a straightforward manner to ensure that your audience understands the information you are conveying.
• Provide evidence and examples: Back up your statements with evidence and examples to support your arguments and claims. This will add credibility to your report essay and demonstrate your research and understanding of the topic.
• Edit and revise: After completing the initial draft, take the time to edit and revise your essay. Look out for grammatical errors, logical inconsistencies, and areas that need improvement. Pay attention to the structure and flow of your writing to ensure a cohesive and coherent report.
• Cite your sources: Give credit to the authors and researchers whose work you have used in your report by providing proper citations. This not only acknowledges their contributions but also adds credibility and integrity to your essay.

By following these tips, you can enhance your report essay writing skills and produce a well-structured and informative piece of writing that engages and informs your readers.

Understanding the Purpose

In order to effectively write a report essay, it is essential to have a clear understanding of its purpose. This section will explore the main objectives and goals of writing a report essay, allowing you to approach the task with confidence and clarity.

Identifying the purpose:

The purpose of a report essay is to provide a comprehensive and well-researched account of a particular topic or subject. It aims to analyze, evaluate, and present information in a structured and organized manner. A report essay should be informative, objective, and credible, presenting facts and findings that are supported by evidence and research.

Informing and educating:

A key goal of a report essay is to inform and educate the reader. It should provide a clear understanding of the topic at hand, presenting relevant information and data in a concise and accessible way. The purpose is to ensure that readers gain knowledge and insights on the subject, enabling them to make informed decisions or form their own opinions.

Analyzing and evaluating:

In addition to presenting information, a report essay also aims to analyze and evaluate the data. This involves critically examining the evidence, assessing its strengths and weaknesses, and drawing conclusions based on logical reasoning and analysis. The purpose is to provide a balanced and objective perspective on the topic, allowing readers to understand its implications and significance.

Addressing a specific audience:

Another important aspect of understanding the purpose of a report essay is considering the target audience. Whether it is written for academic purposes, professional reasons, or a general audience, the tone and style of the essay may vary. The purpose is to effectively communicate with the intended readers, ensuring that the content is relevant and engaging.

Emphasizing clarity and organization:

Lastly, the purpose of a report essay is to emphasize clarity and organization. It should be well-structured, with a logical flow of ideas and information. The purpose is to ensure that readers can easily navigate through the essay, grasping the main points and arguments. Clear headings, subheadings, and a coherent paragraph structure can contribute to the overall effectiveness of the essay.

By understanding the purpose of a report essay, you can approach the writing process with a clear direction and focus. Keeping in mind the objectives discussed in this section will help you create a well-written and impactful report essay that reaches its intended audience.

Conducting Thorough Research

Immersion in the subject matter is the first key to successful research. To truly understand and convey the nuances of the topic, it is crucial to immerse oneself in it, allowing ideas and concepts to permeate one’s mind. Reading extensively, exploring various perspectives, and engaging with reliable sources creates a web of knowledge that forms the basis for the report essay.

Verification and validation are vital aspects of conducting thorough research. It is crucial to critically evaluate the sources of information, ensuring their credibility and reliability. Distinguishing between reputable scholarly articles, academic journals, reputable websites, and anecdotal sources is essential to present a balanced and accurate report. Additionally, cross-referencing information and verifying facts help to fortify the integrity of the essay’s content.

Unearthing the unconventional is another aspect of comprehensive research. Going beyond the usual sources and exploring alternative viewpoints can uncover valuable insights and add a unique perspective to the report. Seeking out lesser-known experts, delving into niche publications, and analyzing unconventional data can make the essay stand out and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.

Organizational prowess plays a crucial role in the research process. Creating an efficient system for storing and organizing gathered information is imperative to avoid the chaos of mismanaged data. Utilizing digital tools, such as note-taking apps or citation managers, can streamline the research process and enable easy retrieval of information during the writing stage.

Iteration and adaptation are essential components of thorough research. As new information is discovered and insights develop, it is crucial to iterate and adapt the research approach accordingly. Remaining open to new ideas and adjusting the research methodology ensures that the essay remains dynamic, robust, and relevant.

In conclusion, conducting thorough research is the cornerstone of writing a successful report essay. Through immersion, verification, exploration, organization, and adaptation, researchers can lay the groundwork for a well-informed and impactful piece of writing. By valuing the research process and committing to its intricacies, writers can elevate their essays to a realm of academic excellence.

Organizing Your Thoughts

When starting a writing project, it is essential to have a clear and organized plan in order to effectively convey your ideas. By structuring your thoughts in a logical and coherent manner, you can ensure that your report essay is engaging and easy to follow.

One effective way to organize your thoughts is by creating an outline. This involves breaking down the main points or arguments you want to make and arranging them in a hierarchical order. You can use bullet points or numbers to denote the different levels of importance or relevance. This visual representation of your ideas will serve as a roadmap for your report essay, guiding both you and your readers through the content.

Another method of organizing your thoughts is utilizing mind maps or concept maps. These tools allow you to visually connect related ideas and concepts, helping you to identify connections and patterns. Mind maps can be particularly useful when brainstorming or generating ideas, as they encourage free association and creativity.

In addition to these visual aids, it is essential to also consider the flow of your thoughts within the report essay itself. Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea, followed by supporting details and evidence. Transitions between paragraphs should be smooth and logical, helping to guide the reader through the progression of your thoughts.

Furthermore, it is important to consider the overall structure of your report essay. Typically, an introduction should provide background information and a thesis statement, outlining the main argument or purpose of the essay. The body paragraphs should then present and support your main points or arguments, while a conclusion should summarize your findings and restate your thesis in a clear and concise manner.

In conclusion, organizing your thoughts is a crucial step in the writing process. By creating an outline, utilizing visual aids, ensuring flow within paragraphs, and considering the overall structure, you can effectively convey your ideas in a coherent and engaging manner. This organizational approach will not only make the writing process easier, but also enhance the clarity and effectiveness of your report essay.

Structuring Your Essay

Arranging the content of your essay is key to ensuring a cohesive and logical flow of ideas. A well-structured essay not only makes it easier for the reader to understand your arguments, but also demonstrates your ability to organize and communicate your thoughts effectively.

When structuring your essay, it is important to consider the overall framework, the arrangement of paragraphs, and the use of headings and subheadings to guide the reader. A clear and logical structure helps to keep your ideas organized and makes it easier for the reader to follow your line of reasoning.

One common approach to structuring an essay is the introduction-body-conclusion framework. In the introduction, you should provide a brief overview of your topic and present your thesis statement, which outlines the main argument or point of your essay. The body paragraphs should present the supporting evidence and arguments for your thesis, with each paragraph focusing on a specific idea or piece of evidence. Finally, the conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis in a way that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

In addition to the overall structure, you can also enhance the clarity of your essay by using headings and subheadings. These help to break up the text and provide a clear hierarchy of ideas. Headings should be concise and descriptive, giving the reader an idea of what each section will cover. Subheadings can be used within each section to further divide the content and provide a more detailed breakdown of your arguments or evidence.

Another important aspect of structuring your essay is the arrangement and flow of paragraphs. Each paragraph should focus on a single main idea and be connected to the previous and following paragraphs through transitions. Transitions help to guide the reader from one idea to the next, creating a smooth and coherent progression of thoughts. Examples of transition words and phrases include “however,” “in contrast,” “on the other hand,” and “furthermore.”

In summary, structuring your essay is essential for organizing and effectively conveying your ideas. By following a clear framework, using headings and subheadings, and ensuring a logical flow of paragraphs, you can create a well-structured essay that engages the reader and supports your arguments effectively.

Editing and Proofreading Your Work

Perfecting your written work is just as important as the writing process itself. After you have completed your essay or report, it is crucial to spend time editing and proofreading your work to ensure it is clear, concise, and free of errors.

Editing involves reviewing and revising your work for clarity, organization, and overall coherence. This step allows you to enhance the flow of your ideas, structure your arguments effectively, and eliminate any unnecessary or repetitive information. Additionally, it gives you the opportunity to improve the overall readability and engagement of your work for your intended audience.

Proofreading, on the other hand, focuses on correcting grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors. This stage involves meticulously checking your written piece for any mistakes and making necessary edits. By carefully proofreading your work, you can ensure that it is polished and professional, demonstrating your attention to detail and commitment to producing quality content.

When editing and proofreading, it is essential to take a step back and approach your work with a fresh perspective. Give yourself enough time between writing and editing to gain a new outlook and allow errors and inconsistencies to become more noticeable.

During the editing process, read through your work attentively and identify areas that need improvement. Look for clarity issues, awkward sentence structures, or illogical transitions. Consider the overall organization and coherence of your ideas and make any necessary adjustments to enhance the flow of your work.

When proofreading, pay close attention to grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Use spell check tools as a starting point, but be aware that they may not catch all errors and can sometimes even introduce new ones. Read your work aloud to identify any awkward phrasing or missing words. Consider seeking the assistance of a trusted friend or colleague to provide a fresh set of eyes and offer constructive feedback.

To ensure the utmost accuracy in your editing and proofreading, take advantage of the resources available to you. Use style guides and dictionaries to verify correct usage, spelling, and punctuation. Consult grammar reference books or reputable online sources to address specific grammar or usage questions.

By devoting time and attention to meticulously edit and proofread your work, you can elevate your essay or report to a higher level of professionalism and ensure that your message is communicated effectively to your readers.

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How to Write a Report - Tips and Sample

What is a Report

A report is a written document that presents findings from an investigation, project, or study. It analyzes specific issues or data in detail. This type of writing is common in sciences, social sciences, and business, making it a valuable skill across different fields. Reports have a clear purpose and target audience. Like all academic writing, they emphasize clarity and brevity. Before starting, understand any guidelines in your brief and use headings to organize your report effectively.

Key parts of a report typically include:

• Detailed summaries of events or activities
• Analysis of their impact
• Evaluation of facts and data
• Predictions for future developments
• Recommendations for next steps

Reports differ from essays. While both use factual information, essays include personal opinions and arguments. Reports focus on facts, with interpretations mainly in the conclusion. They are highly structured, often with tables of contents, headings, and subheadings, which help readers quickly locate information. Essays, in contrast, are usually read straight through without needing to jump between sections.

Jobs that Use Written Reports

Many professions rely on written reports to communicate findings, make decisions, and guide future actions. Some of these jobs include:

• Scientists and Researchers : They use reports to document experiments, present research findings, and analyze data. These reports are crucial for advancing knowledge in their fields.
• Healthcare Professionals : Doctors, nurses, and medical researchers write reports to track patient progress, document clinical trials, and share medical research results.
• Business Analysts and Managers : They create reports to analyze market trends, assess financial performance, and propose business strategies. These reports help companies make informed decisions.
• Engineers and Technicians : Reports are used to document project progress, troubleshoot problems, and provide technical evaluations. They are essential for ensuring projects stay on track and meet specifications.
• Law Enforcement and Legal Professionals : Police officers, detectives, and lawyers write reports to document incidents, investigations, and legal proceedings. These reports are vital for building cases and ensuring justice.
• Academics and Educators : Professors, teachers, and educational researchers write reports to present research findings, assess educational methods, and evaluate student performance.
• Environmental Scientists and Conservationists : They use reports to document environmental studies, assess the impact of human activities on ecosystems, and propose conservation strategies.
• Journalists and Writers : They create investigative reports, feature stories, and analysis pieces to inform the public about current events, trends, and important issues.
• Government Officials and Policy Makers : They write reports to analyze policy impacts, assess program effectiveness, and provide recommendations for legislative actions.
• Financial Advisors and Accountants : Reports are used to analyze financial data, evaluate investment options, and provide clients with detailed financial assessments and plans.

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Guide on How to Write a Report

Writing a report can seem challenging, but with clear steps, it becomes manageable. This section will simplify the process, helping you create well-structured and informative reports. Whether you need to write for work, school, or personal projects, following this guide will ensure your report is effective and easy to read. Let's start by breaking down the essential parts and understanding the purpose of each section.

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Understand the Brief 

Before you begin writing your report, you must first understand the brief. This step ensures that you know exactly what is required and expected. Here's how to do it:

• Read the Brief Carefully: Make sure you read the assignment or project brief thoroughly. Look for key details such as the purpose of the report, the target audience, and any specific requirements or guidelines.
• Identify the Main Objectives: Determine what the report aims to achieve. Is it to inform, analyze, recommend, or persuade? Knowing the objective helps shape your content and approach.
• Clarify Doubts: If anything is unclear, don't hesitate to ask for clarification. It's better to ask questions upfront than to guess and risk misunderstanding the task.
• Take Notes: Jot down important points from the brief. Highlight deadlines, required sections, and any specific data or information you need to include

Gather Information

Not every piece of information will fit in your report, so choose the ones that directly relate to your topic and support your main points. Finding all the information needed for your report will involve talking to people, reading articles and books, or looking at data like charts and graphs.

Once you have everything, take a moment to organize it. Is there information about the background, the main points, or any conclusions? Think of categories to group similar things together.

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Organize and Analyze Material 

Now that you've sorted your information pieces, it's time to see how they fit together.  Look for patterns and relationships between the information. Do some pieces contradict each other? Are there different perspectives on the same topic?

Once you see connections, group related pieces together. Think of headings or labels for each group that capture the main idea of that section. This will be the framework for your report's structure.

It is also important to not just describe the information but dig deeper. What does it all mean? Are there trends or underlying causes you can identify? Use your analysis to support your report's arguments or conclusions.

Write the First Draft

Now that you've gathered and organized your information, it's time to build your report. This is where you write your first draft. Start with a strong foundation:

• Grab your reader's attention and introduce the topic of your report. Briefly explain what you'll be covering and why it's important.
• In the body section, use organized information to build your case. Each paragraph should focus on one main point and use evidence from your research (facts, figures, quotes) to support it. 
• Some reports may benefit from additional sections like a methodology (how you gathered information) or a limitations section (acknowledging any constraints of your study). Review your report's purpose and see if these sections are necessary.

This is a first draft, so focus on getting your ideas down on paper. Don't get bogged down in perfect grammar or style – you can polish that later. Just make sure you write in a clear way and use everyday language your target audience can understand. Don't be afraid to write freely and rearrange sections later. It's easier to work with a complete draft than a collection of disconnected thoughts.

Review and Redraft

Congratulations, you've conquered the first draft! Now comes the crucial stage of reviewing, editing, and redrafting. This is where you transform your rough draft into a polished and professional report.

Put your report aside for a day or two. This allows you to come back with fresh eyes and a more objective perspective. After, read your report aloud. Does it make sense? Does it flow smoothly from one point to the next? Are there any confusing sections that need clarification?

To edit with a keen eye, follow these tips:

• Grammar and mechanics: This is where you hunt down typos, grammatical errors, and punctuation mistakes. Use a spellchecker, but don't rely solely on it. 
• Sentence structure and style: Can you improve the flow of your sentences? Are they concise and easy to understand? Avoid jargon and overly complex sentence structures.
• Strengthen your arguments: Review your evidence. Does it adequately support your claims?  Are there any gaps that need to be filled?
• Conciseness is key: Look for opportunities to tighten your writing without sacrificing clarity.  Eliminate unnecessary words and redundancy.
• Tailoring your tone: Is your report written in an appropriate tone for your audience? You might need to adjust the formality depending on whether you're writing for a manager, a client, or a scientific journal.

Report Structure Checklist 

Report Types

There are different types of report papers. Even though they are very formal, academic reports are only one of many people will come across in their lifetime. Some reports concentrate on the annual performance of a company, some on a project's progress, and others on scientific findings.

Academic Reports

An academic report represents supported data and information about a particular subject. This could be a historical event, a book, or a scientific finding. The credibility of such academic writing is very important as it, in the future, could be used as a backup for dissertations, essays, and other academic work.

Students are often assigned to write reports to test their understanding of a topic. They also provide evidence of the student's ability to critically analyze and synthesize information. It also demonstrates the student's writing skills and ability to simply convey complex findings and ideas.

Project Reports

Every project has numerous stakeholders who like to keep an eye on how things are going. This can be challenging if the number of people who need to be kept in the loop is high. One way to ensure everyone is updated and on the same page is periodic project reports.

Project managers are often assigned to make a report for people that affect the project's fate. It is a detailed document that summarizes the work done during the project and the work that needs to be completed. It informs about deadlines and helps form coherent expectations. Previous reports can be used as a reference point as the project progresses.

Sales Reports

Sales reports are excellent ways to keep your team updated on your sales strategies. It provides significant information to stakeholders, including managers, investors, and executives, so they can make informed decisions about the direction of their business.

A sales report usually provides information about a company's sales performance over a precise period. These reports include information about the revenue generated, the total number of units sold, and other metrics that help the company define the success of sales performance.

Sales report preparation is a meticulous job. To communicate information engagingly, you can put together graphs showing various information, including engagement increase, profit margins, and more.

Business Reports

If you were assigned a business report, something tells us you are wondering how to write a report for work. Let us tell you that the strategy is not much different from writing an academic report. A Strong thesis statement, compelling storytelling, credible sources, and correct format are all that matter.

Business reports can take many forms, such as marketing reports, operational reports, market research reports, feasible studies, and more. The purpose of such report writing is to provide analysis and recommendations to support decision-making and help shape a company's future strategy.

Most business reports include charts, graphs, and other visual aids that help illustrate key points and make complex information easy to digest. 

Scientific Reports

Scientific reports present the results of scientific research or investigation to a specific audience. Unlike book reports, a scientific report is always reviewed by other experts in the field for its accuracy, quality, and relevance.

If you are a scientist or a science student, you can't escape writing a lab report. You will need to provide background information on the research topic and explain the study's purpose. A scientific report includes a discussion part where the researcher interprets the results and significance of the study.

Whether you are assigned to write medical reports or make a report about new findings in the field of physics, your writing should always have an introduction, methodology, results, conclusion, and references. These are the foundation of a well-written report.

Annual Reports

An annual report is a comprehensive piece of writing that provides information about a company's performance over a year. In its nature, it might remind us of extended financial reports.

Annual reports represent types of longer reports. They usually include an overview of a company's activities, a financial summary, detailed product and service information, and market conditions. But it's not just a report of the company's performance in the sales market, but also an overview of its social responsibility programs and sustainability activities.

The format of annual report writing depends on the company's specific requirements, the needs of its stakeholder, and the regulation of the country it's based.

Student Research Report Sample

Here is a sample report that uses the format and tips we discussed in the article. Remember, this is just an example. Feel free to adjust the content to match your own research findings and analysis.

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The Bottom Line

By following the steps and tips outlined in this guide, you can create a clear, concise, and effective report. Remember to:

• Understand the brief thoroughly before you start.
• Use headings and subheadings to organize your report logically.
• Keep your writing clear, focusing on facts and analysis.
• Tailor your content to your audience and purpose.
• Proofread carefully to ensure clarity and accuracy.

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How to Write a Short Report?

What is the format of a report, what is the structure of a report.

Annie Lambert

specializes in creating authoritative content on marketing, business, and finance, with a versatile ability to handle any essay type and dissertations. With a Master’s degree in Business Administration and a passion for social issues, her writing not only educates but also inspires action. On EssayPro blog, Annie delivers detailed guides and thought-provoking discussions on pressing economic and social topics. When not writing, she’s a guest speaker at various business seminars.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

• Added new sections like defining reports, jobs that use reports, checklist, etc
• Added a new sample, FAQs and a checklist
• Updated writing guidelines
• REPORT WRITING TOP TIP Writing the report: where do I start? TOP TIP Understand the brief . (n.d.). https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/support/skillscentre/pdfx27sampbookmarks/ReportWriting.pdf  
• EAP Writing Reports . (n.d.). Www.uefap.com. Retrieved June 26, 2024, from https://www.uefap.com/writing/genre/report.htm  

Report writing

• Features of good reports
• Types of Report

Introduction

Organising your information, abstract / executive summary, literature review, results / data / findings, reference list / bibliography.

• Writing up your report

Useful links for report writing

• Study Advice Helping students to achieve study success with guides, video tutorials, seminars and appointments.
• Maths Support A guide to Maths Support resources which may help if you're finding any mathematical or statistical topic difficult during the transition to University study.

• Academic Phrasebank Use this site for examples of linking phrases and ways to refer to sources.
• Academic writing LibGuide Expert guidance on punctuation, grammar, writing style and proof-reading.
• Reading and notemaking LibGuide Expert guidance on managing your reading and making effective notes.
• Guide to citing references Includes guidance on why, when and how to use references correctly in your academic writing.

The structure of a report has a key role to play in communicating information and enabling the reader to find the information they want quickly and easily. Each section of a report has a different role to play and a writing style suited to that role. Therefore, it is important to understand what your audience is expecting in each section of a report and put the appropriate information in the appropriate sections.

The guidance on this page explains the job each section does and the style in which it is written. Note that all reports are different so you must pay close attention to what you are being asked to include in your assignment brief. For instance, your report may need all of these sections, or only some, or you may be asked to combine sections (e.g. introduction and literature review, or results and discussion). The video tutorial on structuring reports below will also be helpful, especially if you are asked to decide on your own structure.

• Finding a structure for your report (video) Watch this brief video tutorial for more on the topic.
• Finding a structure for your report (transcript) Read the transcript.

• When writing an essay, you need to place your information  to make a strong argument
• When writing a report, you need to place your information  in the appropriate section

Consider the role each item will play in communicating information or ideas to the reader, and place it in the section where it will best perform that role. For instance:

• Does it provide background to your research? ( Introduction  or  Literature Review )
• Does it describe the types of activity you used to collect evidence? ( Methods )
• Does it present factual data? ( Results )
• Does it place evidence in the context of background? ( Discussion )
• Does it make recommendations for action? ( Conclusion )

• the purpose of the work
• methods used for research
• main conclusions reached
• any recommendations

The introduction … should explain the rationale for undertaking the work reported on, and the way you decided to do it. Include what you have been asked (or chosen) to do and the reasons for doing it.

- State what the report is about. What is the question you are trying to answer? If it is a brief for a specific reader (e.g. a feasibility report on a construction project for a client), say who they are.

- Describe your starting point and the background to the subject: e.g., what research has already been done (if you have to include a Literature Review, this will only be a brief survey); what are the relevant themes and issues; why are you being asked to investigate it now?

- Explain how you are going to go about responding to the brief. If you are going to test a hypothesis in your research, include this at the end of your introduction. Include a brief outline of your method of enquiry. State the limits of your research and reasons for them, e.g.

Introduce your review by explaining how you went about finding your materials, and any clear trends in research that have emerged. Group your texts in themes. Write about each theme as a separate section, giving a critical summary of each piece of work, and showing its relevance to your research. Conclude with how the review has informed your research (things you'll be building on, gaps you'll be filling etc).

• Literature reviews LibGuide Guide on starting, writing and developing literature reviews.
• Doing your literature review (video) Watch this brief video tutorial for more on the topic.
• Doing your literature review (transcript) Read the transcript.

The methods  should be written in such a way that a reader could replicate the research you have done. State clearly how you carried out your investigation. Explain why you chose this particular method (questionnaires, focus group, experimental procedure etc). Include techniques and any equipment you used. If there were participants in your research, who were they? How many? How were they selected?

Write this section  concisely  but  thoroughly  – Go through what you did step by step, including everything that is relevant. You know what you did, but could a reader follow your description?

Label your graphs and tables clearly. Give each figure a title and describe in words what the figure demonstrates. Save your interpretation of the results for the Discussion section.

The discussion ...is probably the longest section. It brings everything together, showing how your findings respond to the brief you explained in your introduction and the previous research you surveyed in your literature review. This is the place to mention if there were any problems (e.g. your results were different from expectations, you couldn't find important data, or you had to change your method or participants) and how they were, or could have been, solved.

• Writing up your report page More information on how to write your discussion and other sections.

The conclusions ...should be a short section with no new arguments or evidence. This section should give a feeling of closure and completion to your report. Sum up the main points of your research. How do they answer the original brief for the work reported on? This section may also include:

• Recommendations for action
• Suggestions for further research

If you're unsure about how to cite a particular text, ask at the Study Advice Desk on the Ground Floor of the Library or contact your Academic Liaison Librarian for help.

• Contact your Academic Liaison Librarian

The appendices ...include any additional information that may help the reader but is not essential to the report's main findings. The report should be able to stand alone without the appendices. An appendix can include for instance: interview questions; questionnaires; surveys; raw data; figures; tables; maps; charts; graphs; a glossary of terms used.

• A separate appendix should be used for each distinct topic or set of data.
• Order your appendices in the order in which you refer to the content in the text.
• Start each appendix on a separate page and label sequentially with letters or numbers e.g. Appendix A, Appendix B,…
• Give each Appendix a meaningful title e.g. Appendix A: Turnover of Tesco PLC 2017-2021.
• Refer to the relevant appendix where appropriate in the main text e.g. 'See Appendix A for an example questionnaire'.
• If an appendix contains multiple figures which you will refer to individually then label each one using the Appendix letter and a running number e.g. Table B1, Table B2. Do not continue the numbering of any figures in your text, as your text should be able to stand alone without the appendices.
• If your appendices draw on information from other sources you should include a citation and add the full details into your list of references (follow the rules for the referencing style you are using).

For more guidance see the following site:

• Appendices guidance from University of Southern California Detailed guidance on using appendices. Part of the USC's guide to Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper.
• << Previous: Types of Report
• Next: Writing up your report >>
• Last Updated: Aug 8, 2024 4:35 PM
• URL: https://libguides.reading.ac.uk/reports

• Study and research support
• Academic skills

Report writing

What is a report and how does it differ from writing an essay? Reports are concise and have a formal structure. They are often used to communicate the results or findings of a project.

Essays by contrast are often used to show a tutor what you think about a topic. They are discursive and the structure can be left to the discretion of the writer.

Who and what is the report for?

Before you write a report, you need to be clear about who you are writing the report for and why the report has been commissioned.

Keep the audience in mind as you write your report, think about what they need to know. For example, the report could be for:

• the general public
• academic staff
• senior management
• a customer/client.

Reports are usually assessed on content, structure, layout, language, and referencing. You should consider the focus of your report, for example:

• Are you reporting on an experiment?
• Is the purpose to provide background information?
• Should you be making recommendations for action?

Language of report writing

Reports use clear and concise language, which can differ considerably from essay writing.

They are often broken down in to sections, which each have their own headings and sub-headings. These sections may include bullet points or numbering as well as more structured sentences. Paragraphs are usually shorter in a report than in an essay.

Both essays and reports are examples of academic writing. You are expected to use grammatically correct sentence structure, vocabulary and punctuation.

Academic writing is formal so you should avoid using apostrophes and contractions such as “it’s” and "couldn't". Instead, use “it is” and “could not”.

Structure and organisation

Reports are much more structured than essays. They are divided in to sections and sub-sections that are formatted using bullet points or numbering.

Report structures do vary among disciplines, but the most common structures include the following:

The title page needs to be informative and descriptive, concisely stating the topic of the report.

Abstract (or Executive Summary in business reports)

The abstract is a brief summary of the context, methods, findings and conclusions of the report. It is intended to give the reader an overview of the report before they continue reading, so it is a good idea to write this section last.

An executive summary should outline the key problem and objectives, and then cover the main findings and key recommendations.

Table of contents

Readers will use this table of contents to identify which sections are most relevant to them. You must make sure your contents page correctly represents the structure of your report.

Take a look at this sample contents page.

Introduction

In your introduction you should include information about the background to your research, and what its aims and objectives are. You can also refer to the literature in this section; reporting what is already known about your question/topic, and if there are any gaps. Some reports are also expected to include a section called ‘Terms of references’, where you identify who asked for the report, what is covers, and what its limitations are.

Methodology

If your report involved research activity, you should state what that was, for example you may have interviewed clients, organised some focus groups, or done a literature review. The methodology section should provide an accurate description of the material and procedures used so that others could replicate the experiment you conducted.

Results/findings

The results/findings section should be an objective summary of your findings, which can use tables, graphs, or figures to describe the most important results and trends. You do not need to attempt to provide reasons for your results (this will happen in the discussion section).

In the discussion you are expected to critically evaluate your findings. You may need to re-state what your report was aiming to prove and whether this has been achieved. You should also assess the accuracy and significance of your findings, and show how it fits in the context of previous research.

Conclusion/recommendations

Your conclusion should summarise the outcomes of your report and make suggestions for further research or action to be taken. You may also need to include a list of specific recommendations as a result of your study.

The references are a list of any sources you have used in your report. Your report should use the standard referencing style preferred by your school or department eg Harvard, Numeric, OSCOLA etc.

You should use appendices to expand on points referred to in the main body of the report. If you only have one item it is an appendix, if you have more than one they are called appendices. You can use appendices to provide backup information, usually data or statistics, but it is important that the information contained is directly relevant to the content of the report.

Appendices can be given alphabetical or numerical headings, for example Appendix A, or Appendix 1. The order they appear at the back of your report is determined by the order that they are mentioned in the body of your report. You should refer to your appendices within the text of your report, for example ‘see Appendix B for a breakdown of the questionnaire results’. Don’t forget to list the appendices in your contents page.

Presentation and layout

Reports are written in several sections and may also include visual data such as figures and tables. The layout and presentation is therefore very important.

Your tutor or your module handbook will state how the report should be presented in terms of font sizes, margins, text alignment etc.

You will need good IT skills to manipulate graphical data and work with columns and tables. If you need to improve these skills, try the following online resources:

• Microsoft online training through Linkedin Learning
• Engage web resource on using tables and figures in reports

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Current Students The Learning Centre During the study period Academic writing Basic Essay, Literature Review and Report Structure

Basic Essay, Literature Review and Report Structure

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Academic writing adheres to particular structures for clarity, organisation, and effective communication. Set standards, conventions, and reader expectations ensure writers present ideas coherently. This structured approach is integral to academic rigor and supports the efficient communication of complex concepts and facilitates the peer-review process.

Essay Structure

A common essay structure typically consists of three main parts: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

• Background Information: Provide context or background information on the topic to orient the reader. Define all key theories that will be used
• Thesis Statement: Clearly state the main argument or purpose of the essay. This is a concise summary of what the essay will discuss. It often begins with : “This paper will…”
• Topic Sentences: Start each paragraph with a clear topic sentence that introduces the main idea of the paragraph. The topic sentence should be clear and explicit. Each paragraph should deal with one main idea.
• Supporting Details: Support each topic sentence with evidence, examples, quotes, or data that support your arguments.
• References: Ensure each paragraph has proper references in your discipline’s preferred style .
• Restate Your Thesis: Summarise the main argument by restating the thesis in a different way.
• Summary of Key Points: Provide a brief recap of the main points discussed in the body paragraphs.
• Closing Statement: End with a closing thought, reflection, or a suggestion for future research.

This is a basic essay structure, and the length and complexity of the essay may influence the number of paragraphs in the body and the depth of analysis. Specific types of essays (argumentative, expository, or persuasive essays) have variations in structure. Always check assignment guidelines or consult with your lecturer for any specific requirements. There is a visual guide to essay writing available here.

To view the formatting requirements and common features of an academic essay, view this annotated student paper .

Literature Reviews

A literature review is a detailed analysis of existing research and writings on a specific topic. It involves finding, summarising, and evaluating relevant sources to understand what is already known about a topic and identify gaps in knowledge. The goal is to provide a clear overview of the current state of understanding in a particular area and set the stage for new research.

Here are the key steps in writing a literature review:

• Set your scope : Clearly define the specific topic or question that the literature review will address.
• Select your sources : Conduct a thorough search for authoritative and relevant sources, such as academic articles, books, and other scholarly materials.
• Organise your readings : Arrange the selected literature into themes or categories to present a structured overview.
• Summarise and synthesise the literature : Summarise the main findings of each source and integrate them to identify commonalities, differences, trends, and gaps in the literature.
• Critically analyse what you’ve read : Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of each source, considering factors like methodology and research design.
• Identify and gaps in the literature : Highlight areas where further research is needed and point out limitations or shortcomings in existing studies.
• Consider common theoretical frameworks : Discuss any theoretical frameworks used in the literature and their implications for the research.
• Write clearly and concisely : Present information in a clear, concise, and organised manner, adhering to the citation style specified by the academic institution or publication.

Types of Literature Reviews

There are two main types of literature reviews: narrative and systematic.

A narrative literature review provides an overview of relevant studies on a specific topic, placing your research within the broader field of study. This approach is commonly used in thesis writing, particularly at the PhD level.

A systematic literature review selects literature based on specific criteria to ensure trustworthiness, reliability, and objectivity – it is commonly used in medical and health research. The literature is treated as data for analysis and evaluation. Unlike a narrative review, a systematic review includes methodology details, such as the search terms and databases used.

Narrative Literature Review:

• Covers a range of areas in your field of study.
• Addresses a general research question.
• Does not include a methodology section.
• Offers a general evaluation of existing literature and suggests directions for future research.

Systematic Literature Review:

• Responds to a very specific research question.
• Includes methodology details.
• Involves a comprehensive exploration of current literature.

How to structure a Literature Review

• Introduction: Introduces the topic's importance, outlines the research question's scope, and identifies search criteria.
• Body: Organised into sections (e.g., methodologies, theories, discussion), demonstrating synthesis and connections among sources.
• Conclusion: Summarises main agreements and disagreements, identifies areas for further research, and provides your perspective on the topic.

Resources to help you:

Using a Reading Matrix for Literature Reviews

Reading Matrix Template

A Basic Report

The structure of a basic report, such as a business report, typically includes the following sections:

Includes the title of the report, the author's name, the date of submission, and any other relevant information.

Provides a brief overview of the report, summarising key findings, recommendations, and conclusions.

Lists the main sections and subsections of the report along with their page numbers.

Introduces the purpose and scope of the report, outlines the objectives, and may include background information.

Describes the methods and processes used to gather data or conduct research if applicable.

Presents the main findings or results of the research or analysis, often using charts, graphs, or tables for clarity.

Analyses and interprets the findings, providing context and addressing implications for the business.

Summarises the key points and insights, often tying them back to the report's objectives.

Offers actionable suggestions or solutions based on the findings and analysis.

Lists all the sources cited in the report following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA).

• Appendices:

Includes additional supporting materials, such as supplementary data, charts, or detailed information referenced in the report.

This structure provides a clear and organised framework for presenting information, analysis, and recommendations. Depending on the specific requirements and nature of the report, some sections may be combined, or additional elements may be included. Always check the guidelines provided by your lecturer for specific formatting and content expectations.

To view the formatting requirements and common features of a business report, view this annotated student paper .

Essay Writing Basics Video 5: Paragraph Structure Basics

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  Structure of reports Report sections and what goes in them

  Reports are a common academic genre at university. Although the exact nature will vary according to the discipline you are studying, the general structure is broadly similar for all disciplines. The typical structure of a report, as shown on this page, is often referred to as IMRAD, which is short for Introduction, Method , Results And Discussion . As reports often begin with an Abstract , the structure may also be referred to as AIMRAD.

  Preliminaries

  

  For another look at the same content, check out YouTube » or Youku » .

  There are several parts which go at the beginning of the report, before the main content. These are the title page , abstract and contents page .

  Your report should have a title page. Information which could be included on this page are:

  • the title of the report
  • the name(s) of the author(s)
  • your student number(s)
  • name of the lecturer the report is for
  • date of submission

  Many longer reports will contain an abstract. This is like a summary of the whole report, and should contain details on the key areas, in other words the purpose, the methodology, the main findings and the conclusions. An abstract is not usually needed for shorter reports such as science lab reports.

  Contents page

  Many reports will contain a contents page. This should list all the headings and sub-headings in the report, together with the page numbers. Most word processing software can build a table of contents automatically.

  The first section of your report will be the introduction. This will often contain several sub-sections, as outlined below.

  There should be some background information on the topic area. This could be in the form of a literature review. It is likely that this section will contain material from other sources, in which case appropriate citations will be needed. You will also need to summarise or paraphrase any information which comes from your text books or other sources.

  Many reports, especially science reports, will contain essential theory, such as equations which will be used later. You may need to give definitions of key terms and classify information. As with the background section, correct in-text citations will be needed for any information which comes from your text books or other sources.

  This part of the report explains why you are writing the report. The tense you use will depend on whether the subject of the sentence is the report (which still exists) or the experiment (which has finished). See the language for reports section for more information.

  Also called Methodology or Procedure, this section outlines how you gathered information, where from and how much. For example, if you used a survey:

  • how was the survey carried out?
  • how did you decide on the target group?
  • how many people were surveyed?
  • were they surveyed by interview or questionnaire?

  If it is a science lab report, you will need to answer these questions:

  • what apparatus was used?
  • how did you conduct the experiment?
  • how many times did you repeat the procedure?
  • what precautions did you take to increase accuracy?

  This section, also called Findings, gives the data that has been collected (for example from the survey or experiment). This section will often present data in tables and charts. This section is primarily concerned with description. In other words, it does not analyse or draw conclusions.

  The Discussion section, also called Analysis, is the main body of the report, where you develop your ideas. It draws together the background information or theory from the Introduction with the data from the Findings section . Sub-sections (with sub-headings) may be needed to ensure the readers can find information quickly. Although the sub-headings help to clarify, you should still use well constructed paragraphs, with clear topic sentences . This section will often include graphs or other visual material, as this will help the readers to understand the main points. This section should fulfil the aims in the introduction, and should contain sufficient information to justify the conclusions and recommendations which come later in the report.

  The conclusions come from the analysis in the Discussion section and should be clear and concise. The conclusions should relate directly to the aims of the report, and state whether these have been fulfilled. At this stage in the report, no new information should be included.

  Recommendations

  The report should conclude with recommendations. These should be specific. As with the conclusion, the recommendations should derive from the main body of the report and again, no new information should be included.

  Reference section

  Any sources cited in the text should be included in full in the reference section. For more information, see the reference section page of the writing section.

  Appendices are used to provide any detailed information which your readers may need for reference, but which do not contain key information and which you therefore do not want to include in the body of the report. Examples are a questionnaire used in a survey or a letter of consent for interview participants. Appendices must be relevant and should be numbered so they can be referred to in the main body. They should be labelled Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc. ('appendices' is the plural form of 'appendix').

  The diagram below summarises the sections of a report outlined above.

  

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  There is a downloadable checklist for reports (structure and language ) in the writing resources section.

  Next section

  Find out about report language in the next section.

  Previous section

  Read the previous article about writing reports .

  

  Author: Sheldon Smith    ‖    Last modified: 22 January 2022.

  Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .

  Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.

  Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).

  Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.

  Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).

  Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.

  Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.

  

  Report Writing Format, Tips, Samples and Examples

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  • What is Report Writing? Learn how to write a report, format, topics, tips, common mistakes and Examples of Report Writing.

  How to Write a Report: A Complete Guide (Format, Tips, Common Mistakes, Samples and Examples of Report Writing)

  Struggling to write clear, concise reports that impress? Fear not! This blog is your one-stop guide to mastering report writing . Learn the essential format, uncover impactful tips, avoid common pitfalls, and get inspired by real-world examples.

  Whether you’re a student, professional, or simply seeking to communicate effectively, this blog empowers you to craft compelling reports that leave a lasting impression.

  Must Read: Notice Writing: How to write, Format, Examples

  What is Report Writing ?

  Report Writing – Writing reports is an organized method of communicating ideas, analysis, and conclusions to a target audience for a predetermined goal. It entails the methodical presentation of information, statistics, and suggestions, frequently drawn from study or inquiry.

  Its main goal is to inform, convince, or suggest actions, which makes it a crucial ability in a variety of professional domains.

  A well-written report usually has a concise conclusion, a well-thought-out analysis, a clear introduction, a thorough methodology, and a presentation of the findings.

  It doesn’t matter what format is used as long as information is delivered in a logical manner, supports decision-making, and fosters understanding among stakeholders.

  Must Read : Article Writing Format, Objective, Common Mistakes, and Samples

  Format of Report Writing 

  • Title Page:
  • Title of the report.
  • Author’s name.
  • Date of submission.
  • Any relevant institutional affiliations.
  • Abstract/Summary:
  • A brief overview of the report’s key points.
  • Summarizes the purpose, methods, results, and conclusions.
  • Table of Contents:
  • Lists all sections and subsections with corresponding page numbers.

  Introduction:

  • Provides background information on the subject.
  • Clearly states the purpose and objectives of the report.
  • Methodology:
  • Details how the information was gathered or the experiment conducted.
  • Includes any relevant procedures, tools, or techniques used.
  • Findings/Results:
  • Presents the main outcomes, data, or observations.
  • Often includes visual aids such as charts, graphs, or tables.
  • Discussion:
  • Analyzes and interprets the results.
  • Provides context and explanations for the findings.

  Conclusion:

  • Summarizes the key points.
  • May include recommendations or implications.

  Must Read: Directed Writing: Format, Benefits, Topics, Common Mistakes and Examples

  Report Writing Examples – Solved Questions from previous papers

  Example 1: historical event report.

  Question : Write a report on the historical significance of the “ Battle of Willow Creek ” based on the research of Sarah Turner. Analyze the key events, outcomes, and the lasting impact on the region.

  Solved Report:

  Title: Historical Event Report – The “Battle of Willow Creek” by Sarah Turner

  This report delves into the historical significance of the “Battle of Willow Creek” based on the research of Sarah Turner. Examining key events, outcomes, and the lasting impact on the region, it sheds light on a pivotal moment in our local history.

  Sarah Turner’s extensive research on the “Battle of Willow Creek” provides a unique opportunity to explore a critical chapter in our local history. This report aims to unravel the intricacies of this historical event.

  Key Events:

  The Battle of Willow Creek unfolded on [date] between [opposing forces]. Sarah Turner’s research meticulously outlines the sequence of events leading to the conflict, including the political climate, disputes over resources, and the strategies employed by both sides.

  Through Turner’s insights, we gain a nuanced understanding of the immediate outcomes of the battle, such as changes in territorial control and the impact on the local population. The report highlights the consequences that rippled through subsequent years.

  Lasting Impact:

  Sarah Turner’s research underscores the enduring impact of the Battle of Willow Creek on the region’s development, cultural identity, and socio-political landscape. The report examines how the event shaped the community we know today.

  The “Battle of Willow Creek,” as explored by Sarah Turner, emerges as a significant historical event with far-reaching consequences. Understanding its intricacies enriches our appreciation of local history and its role in shaping our community.

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  Report writing Samples

   book review report.

  Title: Book Review – “The Lost City” by Emily Rodriguez

  “The Lost City” by Emily Rodriguez is an enthralling adventure novel that takes readers on a captivating journey through uncharted territories. The author weaves a tale of mystery, discovery, and self-realization that keeps the reader engaged from beginning to end.

  Themes and Characters:

  Rodriguez skillfully explores themes of resilience, friendship, and the pursuit of the unknown. The characters are well-developed, each contributing uniquely to the narrative. The protagonist’s transformation throughout the story adds depth to the overall theme of self-discovery.

  Plot and Pacing:

  The plot is intricately crafted, with twists and turns that maintain suspense and intrigue. Rodriguez’s ability to balance action scenes with moments of introspection contributes to the novel’s well-paced narrative.

  Writing Style:

  The author’s writing style is engaging and descriptive, allowing readers to vividly envision the settings and empathize with the characters. Dialogue flows naturally, enhancing the overall readability of the book.

  “The Lost City” is a commendable work by Emily Rodriguez, showcasing her storytelling prowess and ability to create a captivating narrative. This novel is recommended for readers who enjoy adventure, mystery, and character-driven stories.

  Must Read: What is Descriptive Writing? Learn how to write, Examples and Secret Tips

  Report Writing Tips

  Recognise your audience:

  Take into account your target audience’s expectations and degree of knowledge. Adjust the content, tone, and language to the readers’ needs.

  Precision and succinctness:

  To communicate your point, use language that is simple and unambiguous. Steer clear of convoluted sentences or needless jargon that could confuse the reader.

  Logical Structure:

  Organize your report with a clear and logical structure, including sections like introduction, methodology, findings, discussion, and conclusion.

  Use headings and subheadings to improve readability.

  Introduction with Purpose:

  Clearly state the purpose, objectives, and scope of the report in the introduction.

  Provide context to help readers understand the importance of the information presented.

  Methodology Details:

  Clearly explain the methods or processes used to gather information.

  Include details that would allow others to replicate the study or experiment.

  Presentation of Findings:

  Give a well-organized and structured presentation of your findings.

  Employ graphics (tables, graphs, and charts) to support the text and improve comprehension.

  Talk and Interpretation:

  Examine the findings and talk about the ramifications.

  Explain the significance of the results and how they relate to the main goal.

  Brief Conclusion:

  Recap the main ideas in the conclusion.

  Indicate in detail any suggestions or actions that should be implemented in light of the results.

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  Common mistakes for Report Writing 

  Insufficient defining:.

  Error: Employing ambiguous or imprecise wording that could cause misunderstandings.

  Impact: It’s possible that readers won’t grasp the content, which could cause misunderstandings and confusion.

  Solution: Explain difficult concepts, use clear language, and express ideas clearly.

  Inadequate Coordination:

  Error: Not adhering to a coherent and systematic format for the report.

  Impact: The report’s overall effectiveness may be lowered by readers finding it difficult to follow the information’s flow due to the report’s lack of structure.

  Solution: Make sure the sections are arranged clearly and sequentially, each of which adds to the report’s overall coherence.

  Inadequate Research:

  Error: Conducting insufficient research or relying on incomplete data.

  Impact: Inaccuracies in data or lack of comprehensive information can weaken the report’s credibility and reliability.

  Solution: Thoroughly research the topic, use reliable sources, and gather comprehensive data to support your findings.

  Inconsistent Formatting:

  Error: Using inconsistent formatting for headings, fonts, or spacing throughout the report.

  Impact: Inconsistent formatting can make the report look unprofessional and distract from the content.

  Solution: Maintain a uniform format for headings, fonts, and spacing to enhance the visual appeal and professionalism of the report.

  Unsubstantiated Conclusions:

  Error: Drawing conclusions that are not adequately supported by the evidence or findings presented.

  Impact: Unsubstantiated conclusions can undermine the report’s credibility and weaken the overall argument.

  Solution: Ensure that your conclusions are directly derived from the results and are logically connected to your research objectives, providing sufficient evidence to support your claims.

  To sum up, proficient report writing necessitates precision, organization, and clarity. Making impactful reports requires avoiding common errors like ambiguous wording, shoddy organization, inadequate research, inconsistent formatting, and conclusions that are not supported by evidence.

  One can improve the caliber and legitimacy of their reports by following a logical format, carrying out extensive research, staying clear, and providing conclusions that are supported by evidence.

  Aiming for linguistic accuracy and meticulousness guarantees that the desired meaning is communicated successfully, promoting a deeper comprehension of the topic among readers.

  Pankaj Dhiman

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  How to write a report? | B2 First (FCE)

  

  Many people believe that reports are boring and dry , but reports give you a great opportunity to score really high marks easily!

  If you are not a creative person (and that’s okay) then a report is a great choice for you in part two of the B2 First writing exam.

  What is a report?

  A report is a formal piece of writing similar in tone to an essay. You always write reports in B2 First (FCE) to a superior, this could be a teacher a director or anyone who you should be respectful.

  • analyses a present situation and often has recommendations
  • is divided into sections and contains factual information 
  • is written in a formal style
  • uses headings for each section

  Check our Writing Guide in this article below to see how to write an FCE report.

  FCE, CAE, CPE

  Practice tests online, b2 first (fce) report: structure.

  The purpose of this report is to….

  Give the relevant facts

  Give the relevant facts

  Make your recommendations

  B2 First (FCE) Report: Writing Guide

  We will use the example FCE report topic below:

  Last year a new sport and leisure centre opened in your home town. You have recently received the following letter from the manager of the centre:

  I am writing to all members of the Active Leisure Club tgo thank you for your custom over the last year. We want to make the facilities even better this year! Please send a short report to us, telling us what you think are the best and worst aspects of the club. We also want to hear your suggestions for new facilities…

  Write your report to the manager of the club (between 140-190 words) .

  Step 1: Find – key points, topic and target reader

  You need to start writing your report by finding the key points/information, the subject and the person to whom you are writing

  I am writing to all members of the Active Leisure Club to thank you for your custom over the last year. We want to make the facilities even better this year! Please send a short report to us, telling us the best and worst aspects of the club. We also want to hear your suggestions for new facilities …

  Topic: Active Leisure Club wants to improve their facilities

  Main key points:

  • describe the best aspects of the club
  • describe the worst aspects of the club
  • suggest new facilities

  Target reader: manager of the centre:

  As soon as we’ve analyzed the task and extracted all the information that we need we can start building the report structure and writing it.

  Step 2: Title

  Although the title is not obligatory , it is certainly an attractive addition and could be something like:

  • Report on …….   + Topic
  • Topic + : a report

  If you remember in the previous step (Step 1) we found the topic.

  Let’s use it now:

   Title: Report on Active Leisure Club facilities Title: Active Leisure Club facilities : a report

  Step 3: Introduction

  

  Firstly, you have to state the purpose of the report as clearly as possible – this gives the reader a clear idea of what to expect and sets the tone for the rest of the report.

  The purpose of the report is nothing more than three points you found (in step 1)

  Let’s use them now:

  The purpose of this report is to outline the best (point 1) and worst parts (point 2) of our club, as well as to recommend improvements to the facilities. (point 3)

  Finally, you mention how you collected the data for your report this is not something that you have to do but it can help your report stand out a little bit.

  The purpose of this report is to outline the best and worst parts of our club, as well as to recommend improvements to the facilities. The data for the report was collected based on the opinions of club members (source)

  Complete and finished introduction with title:

  Title: Report on Active Leisure Club facilities

  The purpose of this report is to outline the best (point 1) and worst parts of (point 2) our club, as well as to recommend improvements to the facilities. (point 3) The data for the report was collected based on the opinions of club members. (source)

  Practice, Write & Improve

  Step 4: the body paragraphs (main content) .

  

  In the main content, you should answer the main key points that you discovered in the task  (see step 1) under suitable subheadings , and each is placed in a separate section/paragraph .

  Main key points  (see step 1):

  See the example main content below, with additional annotations you may find useful:

  The best aspects of the club –  add a   heading  Most members seem to enjoy the swimming pool with its daily water exercise classes and the opportunity to swim in 50-metre lanes. It also appears that offering a child care programme is appreciated by the majority of our members since many of them have families, but still would like to use the facilities of the club.

  [first key point answered -be st aspects]

  The worst aspects of the club – add heading  According to most of the members I have spoken to, the café does not meet their expectations with below-average food and slow service. Another problem is the state of the gymnasium which , in general, is avoided by many because of broken equipment and a lack of staff during peak times.

  [second key point answered – worse aspects]

  Suggestions

  […… here you can add one more paragraph and give suggestions , OR include them in the conclusion]

                     – formal/indirect language – official

                     – transitional words, expressions and conjunctions, which link the sentences and make the text more fluid

  TIP: Headings are very important! When you write a report but don’t worry, these do not need to be creative titles. This is not an article! They must what information will be contained in the paragraph. So what is a very boring and factual title?

  Step 5: Conclusion

  After writing the entire content, we only have a summary where we can also include our suggestions or recommendations –  to do this we can use some specific language that is there to persuade the manager of the centre to take up our idea and implement it.

  Suggestions & conclusions – add a heading  In the final analysis, the best solutions seem to be to improve the quality of the menu and the service at the café as well as the maintenance schedule and number of staff at the gymnasium. If manager is decided to follow recommendations , the experience of members would improved                 – persuasive language (recommendations)

                  – suggestions

  

  Submit your B2 First (FCE) Report

  See full report…, full report.

  Report on Active Leisure Club facilities

  The purpose of this report is to outline the best and worst parts of our club, as well as to recommend improvements to the facilities. The data for the report was collected based on the opinions of club members

  The best aspects of the club Most members seem to enjoy the swimming pool with it’s daily water exercise classes and the opportunity to swim in 50-metre lanes. It also appears that offering a child care programme is appreciated by the majority of our members since many of them have families, but still would like to use the facilities of the club.

  The worst aspects of the club According to most of the members I have spoken to, the café does not meet their expectations with below-average food and slow service. Another problem is the state of the gymnasium which, in general, is avoided by many because of broken equipment and a lack of staff during peak times.

  Suggestions & conclusions In the final analysis, the best solutions seem to be to improve the quality of the menu and the service at the café as well as the maintenance schedule and number of staff at the gymnasium. If manager is decided to follow recommendations, the experience of members would improved

  To sum up….

   A report is a formal paper, it has to be concise, well-organized, which makes it recommended to use bullet points and headings  so that the reader can quickly find the information they are looking for in your text.

  The language of a report is expected to be formal and objective. For this reason, you should avoid including yourself or your views in most of your sentences.

  B2 First (FCE) Report: Example Answers

  Fce report sample 1.

  Your college has just published the first issue of the new college magazine. The organisers are interested in knowing what students thought about it, so they have asked you to write a report. In your report, you should talk about what the students liked and disliked about the articles, the sports section and the news section. Then, you should make suggestions on how to improve the magazine.

  Write a report .

  Student’s FCE Report Answer:

  The New College Magazine

  Introduction The purpose of this report is to outline students’ opinions about the new college magazine, and to make recommendations based on their views.

  The articles Most students thought the articles were interesting and well written. However, they did not talk about modern topics, so some students found this part of the magazine a little boring.

  The sports section It is thought that the sports section is good, but most articles were about football or basketball. This is not a good thing because most of our sporty students play rugby, not football or basketball.

  The news section Many students complained about the news section, because it only focused on news about the college. These students were expecting to read some news about the city, too.

  Recommendations In order to solve the problems above, I recommend taking some measures. Firstly, article writers should focus more on technology and other modern issues. Secondly, we should consider writing more about rugby and less about other sports. Finally, we should include some news about our city. If we do these things, the magazine will be more interesting to our students.

  Get Your FCE Report Checked!

  Fce report sample 2.

  The gym you work for has been losing members recently and would like to know why they are leaving. The gym manager has asked you to write a report about why these customers are leaving. In your report you should specify what the problems are and should give recommendations for improvement.

  Student’s FCE Report Answer:

  Improving Our Gym

  Introduction

  The aim of this report is to explain the main reasons why members are leaving the gym. After interviewing some clients, we have identified some serious problems.

  Limited opening hours Some members have complained that the gym opens a little late for them. For this reason, workers cannot exercise before going to work. If the gym opened at 7 a.m., clients could exercise easily before going to work.

  The changing rooms Many of the lockers are broken so customers cannot leave their belongings in a safe place. Also, some of the showers are not working properly so members have to queue before having a shower. In order to solve this, I suggest replacing all lockers and showers immediately.

  Lack of parking spaces Some previous members have joined gyms which have a parking lot. Although we cannot build a parking lot, we can offer a parking area for bicycles. As a result, this might encourage members to use their bikes to come to the gym.

  Conclusion To sum up, I believe that if we take care of these problems, members will be happier and will decide to stay with us.

  B2 First (FCE) Report: Writing Topics

  Example report question 1.

  A group of students from Britain would like to visit your home town as part of an exchange programme. Their leader has asked you to write a report describing what there is to see and do in the town, and to describe some of the other services and facilities that would be available to them.

  Write your report .

  Example Report Question 2

  You have just come back from a visit to a local museum organised by your school the principal has asked you to write a report about the museum and what you saw there, saying whether it is of interest for all age groups in the school.

  Write a report for the Principal

  Example Report Question 3

  You have just come back from a two-day study trip to a historic town. Your teacher has asked you to write a report about your visit, saying what you saw during the two days and whether you would recommend a similar visit for other students.

  Write your report

  B2 First (FCE) Report: Writing Checklist

  

  After writing your text, you can check it yourself using the writing checklist below.

  How to do that? Simply check your text/email by answering the questions one by one:

  • Have I covered all the key information required by the task?
  • Have I written only information which is relevant to the task?
  • Have I developed the basic points in the task with my own ideas?

  Communicative Achievement

  • Have I achieved the main purpose(s) of the text (for example, explaining, persuading, suggesting, apologising, comparing, etc.)?
  • Have I communicated a balance of straightforward and more complex ideas?
  • Have I used a suitable style and register (formal or informal) for the task?

  Organisation

  • Have I used paragraphs appropriately to organise my ideas?
  • Have I used other organisational features appropriately for the genre of the text (for example, titles, headings, openings, closings, etc.)?
  • Is the connection between my ideas clear and easy for the reader to follow? (For example, have I used appropriate linking words, pronouns, etc. to refer to different things within the text?)
  • Are the ideas balanced appropriately, with suitable attention and space given to each one?
  • Have I used a wide range of vocabulary?
  • Have I avoided repeating the same words and phrases?
  • Have I used a range of simple and more complex grammatical structures?
  • Have I correctly used any common phrases which are relevant to the specific task or topic?
  • Is my use of grammar accurate?
  • Is my spelling accurate?

  More than Practice Tests

  B2 first (fce) report: tips.

  
  • You may use invented statistics to provide a succinct summary of your results.
  • Use h eadings. They will make it clear that your report is not an essay or review.
  • Use lists of numbered points or bullets where appropriate.
  • Divide your report into sections according to the input.
  •   Develop the ideas in the task input.
  • Include a sentence summarising your opinion at the beginning of the final section of your report.
  • Use an impersonal, formal style.

  B2 First (FCE) Report: Grading

  It might seem that it’s difficult to use advanced language in a Report. After all, the topics are usually so dry —what can you write to show your creativity? This is why being specific so important. The more specific your ideas, the more specific the language you have to use, and therefore the more advanced your language will seem. Don’t stop with ‘computer’ – think of ‘interactive whiteboard’, ‘webcam’ and so on.

  It’s not always easy to show links between paragraphs in a Report — especially since each paragraph addresses a single point. However, you can make sure to link your ideas in each paragraph, so that the sentences build up to a complete, fully-formed idea. Try to use different sentence patterns. For example, use an adverbial clause at the start of the sentence to introduce your idea— ‘It’s highly likely that…” for example.

  Reports should be written in  formal register. It’s a good idea to use the (eg ‘This report has been written ….”) but not in every sentence – you will send the Target Reader to sleep if you rely on it too much. Introduce complex ideas as well as simple ones. Saying that is a simple one — but saying that is an example of a more complex idea.

  It’s important that you consider all of the content points. Everything you write must be relevant to the task. Don’t get distracted by something you think is more interesting. Add as much specific details as you can — this will make the Target Reader feel fully informed.

  B2 First (FCE) Report: Useful Language & Phrases

  We will finish it with some useful vocabulary mostly used to organize information. Although it is taking a shortcut, if you learn several expressions for each paragraph in each type of text that could be on your exam, you will certainly be able to create a very consistent and well-organized text.

  Introduction (the goal of the report)

  The aim of this report is to As requested, I am writing this report to This report aims to outline/assess The purpose behind this report is to

  Development

  The first observation to make concerns… It has to been stressed that… According to (the majority of respondents)… In spite of (the fact that)… Despite (the fact that)… The outlook for …… is (far from) bright/optimistic/depressing/daunting The future looks bleak/remains uncertain/is promising This seems unlikely in the near/foreseeable future

  Recommendations

  I suggest/recommend I would like to suggest/recommend I therefore suggest I advise you (not) to I believe it would be beneficial It would be advisable to You may wish/want to consider If you wish to…, you should If we wish to…, we ought to

  Provided that these recommendations are taken into consideration,… In conclusion,… From the research one can conclude that…

  What is your level of English?

  

  Report Writing

  Report generator.

  

  You don’t necessarily have to have great writing skills when you’re writing a report. You just need to know some basic techniques and guidelines along the way to make a truly compelling one.

  Furthermore, it is essential and utmost practical to learn and practice business writing when it comes to making reports . It is best to start practicing and writing your reports, so in the long run it won’t be overwhelming for you. You may refer to the examples below for writing a report.

  What is Report Writing? Report writing is a structured and formal method of writing, aimed at conveying information or findings in a clear, concise, and factual manner. It typically involves presenting research, analysis, or findings on a specific topic, often for business, scientific, or academic purposes. Reports are characterized by their organized format, including sections such as introduction, methodology, results, and conclusion, and are designed to be easily navigable and comprehensible for the intended audience.

  Structure/Format of Report Writing

  Title of the report. Your name or the name of the author. Date of submission. Any relevant organizational or departmental information.

  Executive Summary

  A brief overview of the report’s main points, findings, and recommendations. Usually, this section is written last but placed at the beginning.

  Table of Contents

  A list of report sections and their page numbers for easy navigation.

  Introduction

  Clearly state the purpose and scope of the report. Provide background information and context.

  Methodology (if applicable)

  Describe the research methods, data sources, and tools used to gather information.

  Findings/Results

  Present the main data, facts, or findings in a structured and organized manner. Use headings, subheadings, and visuals like charts and tables to enhance clarity.

  Interpret the data and explain its significance. Discuss trends, patterns, or relationships observed in the findings.

  Summarizes the main points of the report and the findings. It may also restate the purpose or objective.

  The Best Example of Report Writing

  Title: Market Research Report – Consumer Preferences for Mobile Phones Introduction: This report presents the findings of a market research study conducted to understand consumer preferences for mobile phones in the fictitious market of “Techville.” Methodology: We conducted a survey of 500 Techville residents, using both online and in-person questionnaires. The survey included questions about brand preferences, desired features, and price sensitivity. Findings: 1. Brand Preferences: 40% of respondents favored Brand A. 30% preferred Brand B. 20% had no specific brand preference. 10% liked other brands. 2. Desired Features: 60% of participants emphasized camera quality. 25% considered battery life a top priority. 15% prioritized processing speed. 3. Price Sensitivity: 70% of respondents were willing to pay up to $500 for a mobile phone. 20% were willing to spend between $500 and $800. 10% indicated a budget of over $800. Analysis: The results indicate a strong preference for Brand A, likely due to its reputation for camera quality. The demand for longer battery life and affordability in the $500 price range is significant. Conclusion: Consumers in Techville exhibit a clear brand preference and prioritize camera quality, battery life, and affordability when choosing mobile phones. Recommendations for manufacturers include improving camera features and offering budget-friendly options.

  Short Report Writing

  Title: Quarterly Sales Performance Report Q1 2024 Title Page Report Title: Quarterly Sales Performance Report Q1 2024 Prepared for: XYZ Company Prepared by: Sales Analysis Team Date: April 10, 2024 Executive Summary: A concise overview highlighting the key findings of the sales performance in the first quarter of 2024, showing a 15% increase in sales compared to Q1 of the previous year, with a significant growth in online sales channels. Introduction: Brief introduction to the report, outlining its purpose – to analyze sales performance in Q1 2024 and compare it with Q1 2023. Findings: Overall Sales: Total sales revenue increased by 15% compared to Q1 2023. Highest-selling products were A and B. Sales Channels: Online sales grew by 25%, contributing to 60% of total sales. In-store sales saw a modest growth of 5%. Regional Performance: Region X recorded the highest sales growth (20%). Regions Y and Z showed steady performance. Conclusion: The first quarter of 2024 showed a robust increase in sales, driven primarily by a significant uptick in online sales and strong performance in Region X.

  Report Writing for Students

  Topic: “The Impact of Online Learning on Student Performance” Executive Summary The report aims to analyze the effects of online learning on student performance. It focuses on academic achievements, student engagement, and adaptability to online platforms. Introduction This report investigates the impact of online learning, which has become increasingly prevalent due to recent global changes. The main objective is to understand how online learning affects students’ academic performance. Methodology Data was collected through surveys and interviews from a sample of 200 high school students. The study also analyzed academic records from the past two academic years. Findings Academic Performance: 60% of students showed improved grades, indicating a positive impact of online learning on academic achievements. Engagement: There was a 30% increase in student engagement in online activities and discussions. Adaptability: Approximately 70% of the students found it easy to adapt to online learning platforms. Analysis The findings suggest that online learning has a significant positive impact on student performance. Enhanced engagement and adaptability to digital platforms contribute to this improvement. Conclusion Online learning has proven to be effective in enhancing student performance. Its flexibility and accessibility play a key role in this success.

  How Do You Write a Work Report Example?

  [Your Name] [Your Position] [Your Department] [Your Organization] [Date] Title: Monthly Sales Performance Report – October 2023 Executive Summary: This report provides an overview of the sales performance for the month of October 2023, including key achievements, challenges, and recommendations for improvement. Key Achievements: Total sales revenue for October: $500,000, surpassing the target of $450,000. Sales team achieved a 15% growth in the Southeast region. Successful launch of a new product, contributing $50,000 in revenue. Challenges Faced: Increased competition in the Southwest region resulted in a 5% decline in sales. Delays in product shipments from the supplier affected inventory levels. Customer complaints regarding product quality and delivery times increased by 10%. Sales Team Performance: Sales team members achieved their individual sales targets, with an average of 110% attainment. The top-performing sales representative for the month was [Name], exceeding their target by 20%. Recommendations: Address quality and delivery issues to improve customer satisfaction. Implement a proactive inventory management system to avoid future supply chain disruptions. Introduce sales training on objection handling and customer relationship management to enhance performance. Conclusion: October 2023 saw remarkable sales growth and some notable challenges. Addressing these issues and building on our achievements will be essential for sustaining our positive momentum.

  Report Writing Topics with Samples

  • Report on an Event
  • Report on Independence Day
  • Report on Teachers Day
  • Report on Road Accident
  • Report on Accident Report on Car
  • Report on Field Visit
  • Report on Global Warming
  • Report on Social Media
  • Report on Sports Day
  • Report on Blood Donation Camp
  • Report on Fire Accident
  • Report on Earthquake
  • Report on Diwali Celebrations
  • Report on Industrial Visit
  • Report on Science Exhibition

  Types of Report Writing

  Report writing varies widely depending on its purpose and audience. Here are some common types of report writing:

  Academic Reports

  • Purpose: Analyze or discuss academic topics, report experimental research.
  • Characteristics: Clear structure (introduction, body, conclusion), methodology, findings, analysis.
  • Examples: Research reports, lab reports, book reviews.

  Business Reports

  • Purpose: Inform management decisions, present business data, provide recommendations.
  • Characteristics: Professional tone, structured, data analysis, conclusions, recommendations.
  • Examples: Annual reports, sales reports, financial analysis reports.

  Technical Reports

  • Purpose: Communicate technical or scientific information.
  • Characteristics: Detailed, technical language, graphs/charts, results, conclusions.
  • Examples: Engineering reports, scientific study reports, technical evaluation.

  Progress Reports

  • Purpose: Update on the status of a project or activity.
  • Characteristics: Periodic updates, focuses on progress, challenges, future plans.
  • Examples: Project status reports, performance reports.

  Analytical Reports

  • Purpose: Analyze issues/problems, interpret data, provide recommendations.
  • Characteristics: Data-driven, analysis, interpretation, conclusions, recommendations.
  • Examples: Market analysis reports, policy analysis, feasibility studies.

  Formal Reports

  • Purpose: Provide thorough, structured information or research.
  • Characteristics: Long, detailed, formal structure, extensive appendices.
  • Examples: Compliance reports, annual general reports, in-depth research reports.

  Informal Reports

  • Purpose: Routine internal communication within an organization.
  • Characteristics: Shorter, less structured, in forms like memos or emails.
  • Examples: Internal updates, brief summaries, memos.

  Proposal Reports

  • Purpose: Propose plans, projects, ideas, seek approval or persuade.
  • Characteristics: Persuasive tone, outlines proposals, benefits, feasibility, implementation steps.
  • Examples: Business proposals, research proposals, project proposals.

  Each type serves a specific purpose and audience, and the style and format can vary significantly from one type to another. Understanding the specific requirements of the type of report you are writing is crucial for effective communication.

  Elements/What to Include in a Report Writing

  1. Title Page: Includes the report’s title, the author’s name, date, and other relevant information.

  2. Abstract or Executive Summary: A concise overview summarizing the main points, findings, objectives, and conclusions of the report.

  3. Table of Contents: Lists all the report’s sections, headings, and subheadings along with their page numbers.

  4. Introduction: Introduces the topic, outlines the purpose of the report, and provides background information.

  5. Methodology: Describes the methods and procedures used in gathering data or information for the report.

  6. Findings or Body: The main part of the report, presenting the data or information found, structured in a logical format with clear headings.

  7. Analysis: Involves interpreting the findings, discussing implications, patterns, or problems identified during research.

  8. Conclusion: Summarizes the main findings, restating the purpose and highlighting the key points of the report.

  1. Formal Report Writing

  
  • Google Docs
  • Apple Pages

  Size: US, A4

  2. Free Annual Report Example

  

  3. Sample Audit Report Example

  

  4. Weekly Status Report Example

  

  5. Annual Financial Report Example

  

  6. Consulting Report Example

  

  7. Free Monthly Report Example

  

  8. Report Writing Examples

  

  lboro.ac.uk

  Size: 134 KB

  9. Effective Report Writing Example

  

  Size: 169 KB

  10. Sample Business Report Writing  Example

  

  wac.colostate.edu

  Size: 151 KB

  11. Undergraduate Project Report Writing Example

  

  bradford.ac.uk

  Size: 244 KB

  12. Scientific Report Writing Example

  

  Size: 206 KB

  13. Newspaper Report Writing Example

  

  eastmidlandsnetball.co.uk

  Size: 365 KB

  What Is the Purpose of a Report?

  There are two purposes of a report that is done in formal writing and these are on information and communication.

  With these two hand in hand, one of the contributing effects of the purpose of a report is help you decide on making the right decisions.

  Second would be to develop good relationships in your work due to the effective information and communication that has been transmitted by the report example .

  Third and last would be the supervising on the acquired information based on the report on whether if it meets the actual standard of the organization.

  14. Effective Formal Report Writing Example

  

  life.curtin.edu.au

  Size: 58 KB

  15. Basic Audit Report Writing Example

  

  health.govt.nz

  Size: 529 KB

  16. Sample Research Report Writing Example

  

  dlsweb.rmit.edu.au

  Size: 87 KB

  17. Example Student Report Writing

  

  stat-athens.aueb.gr

  Size: 27 KB

  18. Free Technical Report Writing Example

  

  discountpdh.com

  Size: 71 KB

  19. Free Incident Report Writing Example

  

  miottawa.org

  Size: 122 KB

  The Difference between Essay and Report Writing

  Although they tend to mean the same thing which is to write about a particular topic, they greatly vary in terms of style and content.

  Essay Writing: Essay writing is more on dealing with the writers’ own personal opinion and subjective understanding regarding the topic he/she is writing about.

  Report Writing: While on the other hand, report writing is more concern with the facts and is well detailed in explaining and delivering the purpose of the information through a systematic and organized way.

  How To Write a Report in 7 Steps

  Writing a report involves a series of structured steps to ensure clarity, coherence, and effectiveness. Here’s a detailed guide to the process:

  1. Understand the Assignment

  • Clarify the Purpose: Determine the primary goal of your report – is it to inform, analyze, persuade, or recommend?
  • Know Your Audience: Tailor the content, language, and complexity based on who will read the report.

  2. Choose and Research Your Topic

  • Select a Topic: If not assigned, choose a topic relevant to the report’s purpose.
  • Conduct Research: Gather information from reliable sources. Note down important points, data, and references.

  3. Create an Outline

  • Structure Your Report: Plan the layout with headings and subheadings. Common sections include Introduction, Methodology, Findings, Conclusion, and Recommendations.
  • Organize Your Points: Arrange your information logically, ensuring a coherent flow.

  4. Write the Introduction

  • Introduce the Topic: Provide background information and context.
  • State the Purpose: Clearly articulate the aim of the report.
  • Outline the Structure: Briefly mention how the report is organized.

  5. Develop the Body

  • Methodology: Explain how you gathered or processed information.
  • Findings: Present your data or information clearly, using charts or graphs if necessary.
  • Analysis: Interpret the findings, discussing implications or problems.

  6. Conclude and Recommend

  • Summarize Key Points: Briefly restate the main findings.
  • Draw Conclusions: Link the findings back to the report’s purpose.
  • Make Recommendations: Suggest possible actions or next steps, if applicable.

  7. Revise and Finalize

  • Review Content: Check for completeness, accuracy, and clarity.
  • Edit for Grammar and Style: Ensure the report is free of grammatical errors and maintains a formal tone.
  • Format the Report: Consistently apply formatting rules, and include a title page, contents page, and references.

  What are the do’s and don’ts of report writing?

  Understand Your Audience	Avoid Ambiguity
  Clarify the Purpose	Don’t Overcomplicate
  Organize Information	Avoid Personal Opinions
  Use a Formal Tone	Don’t Overload with Information
  Be Clear and Concise	Don’t Plagiarize
  Cite Sources	Don’t Skip Proofreading
  Proofread and Edit	Avoid Contradictions
  Include Visuals	Don’t Overuse Technical Jargon
  Use Appendices Sparingly	Don’t Omit Important Data
  Include an Executive Summary	Avoid Neglecting Visuals

  FAQ’s

  How should i write a report.

  To write a report, clarify its purpose, gather relevant information, organize your thoughts logically, use a formal tone, provide clear, concise content, cite sources, and proofread meticulously for accuracy and clarity.

  What is simple report writing?

  Simple report writing is a concise and straightforward method of conveying information or findings in a clear and direct manner, often without extensive analysis or elaborate formatting.

  What should be included in a report?

  A report should include a clear purpose, structured sections (introduction, methodology, findings, analysis, recommendations, conclusion), relevant data, citations, visuals (if needed), and adhere to a specific format.

  

  Text prompt

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  • Professional

  Create a report on the annual academic performance of students in middle school

  Generate a report summarizing the results of a school-wide survey on student satisfaction with cafeteria food.

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  • College essay
  • College Essay Format & Structure | Example Outlines

  College Essay Format & Structure | Example Outlines

  Published on September 24, 2021 by Meredith Testa . Revised on May 31, 2023.

  There are no set rules for how to structure a college application essay, but you should carefully plan and outline to make sure your essay flows smoothly and logically.

  Typical structural choices include

  • a series of vignettes with a common theme
  • a single story that demonstrates your positive qualities

  Table of contents

  Formatting your essay, outlining the essay, structures that work: two example outlines, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about college application essays.

  You should keep the formatting as simple as possible. Admissions officers need to work very quickly, so fancy formatting, unnecessary flourishes, and unique fonts will come off as more distracting than individual. Keep in mind that, if you’re pasting your essay into a text box, formatting like italics may not transfer.

  Your essay will be easier for admissions officers to read if it is 1.5- or double-spaced. If you choose to attach a file, ensure that it is a PDF.

  You don’t need a title for your essay, but you can include one, especially if you think it will add something important.

  Most importantly, ensure that you stick to the word count. Most successful essays are 500–600 words. Because you’re limited in length, make sure that you write concisely . Say everything that you need to express to get your point across, but don’t use more words than necessary, and don’t repeat yourself.

  Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

  Once you’ve finished brainstorming topics but before you start writing, think about your writing’s trajectory: how you’ll start the essay , develop it, and end it .

  Do you want to organize it chronologically? Would you prefer to make a “sandwich” structure by introducing a topic or idea, moving away from it, and then coming back to it at the end? There’s a variety of options (and a pair of strong examples below), but make sure you consider how you’d like to structure the essay before you start writing.

  Although you should organize your thoughts in an outline, you don’t have to stick to it strictly. Once you begin writing, you may find that the structure you’d originally chosen doesn’t quite work. In that case, it’s fine to try something else. Multiple drafts of the same essay are key to a good final product.

  Whatever structure you choose, it should be clear and easy to follow, and it should be feasible to keep it within the  word count . Never write in a way that could confuse the reader. Remember, your audience will not be reading your essay closely!

  Vignettes with a common theme

  The vignette structure discusses several experiences that may seem unrelated, but the author weaves them together and unites them with a common theme.

  For example, a student could write an essay exploring various instances of their ability to make the best of bad situations. A rough outline for that essay might look like this:

  • In a rehearsal for a school play when a lighting fixture malfunctioned and the set caught fire, I helped extinguish it.
  • To help the situation, I improvised fixes for the set and talked with the director about adding lines referencing the “disaster.”
  • I didn’t get into my first-choice high school, but I became class president at the school where I ended up.
  • When I had ACL surgery, I used the downtime to work on my upper body strength and challenged my friends to pull-up contests.
  • How these qualities will serve me in college and in my career

  Single story that demonstrates traits

  The narrative structure focuses on a single overarching story that shows many aspects of a student’s character.

  Some such essays focus on a relatively short event that the author details moment by moment, while others discuss the story of a longer journey, one that may cover months or years.

  For example, a student might discuss trying out for a sports team as a middle schooler, high school freshman, and high school senior, using each of those instances to describe an aspect of their personality. A rough outline for that essay might look like this:

  • Confident, there to have fun
  • Very passionate and in love with the sport
  • Little sister was born that day, so I had to go alone with a friend’s parents
  • Learned to be independent and less self-centered
  • Realized that as much as I love gymnastics, there are more important things
  • Gave up first homecoming of high school, had to quit other activities, lost countless hours with friends
  • I had to repeat level 9 and didn’t progress quickly
  • I had a terrible beam routine at one competition the previous year and still had a mental block
  • I got stuck on some skills, and it took over a year to learn them
  • Passion from age 7, perspective from age 11, diligence from age 15

  If you want to know more about academic writing , effective communication , or parts of speech , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

  Academic writing

  • Writing process
  • Transition words
  • Passive voice
  • Paraphrasing

   Communication

  • How to end an email
  • Ms, mrs, miss
  • How to start an email
  • I hope this email finds you well
  • Hope you are doing well

   Parts of speech

  • Personal pronouns
  • Conjunctions

  There are no set rules for how to structure a college application essay , but these are two common structures that work:

  • A montage structure, a series of vignettes with a common theme.
  • A narrative structure, a single story that shows your personal growth or how you overcame a challenge.

  Avoid the five-paragraph essay structure that you learned in high school.

  Your college essay’s format should be as simple as possible:

  • Use a standard, readable font
  • Use 1.5 or double spacing
  • If attaching a file, save it as a PDF
  • Stick to the word count
  • Avoid unusual formatting and unnecessary decorative touches

  You don’t need a title for your college admissions essay , but you can include one if you think it adds something important.

  Cite this Scribbr article

  If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

  Testa, M. (2023, May 31). College Essay Format & Structure | Example Outlines. Scribbr. Retrieved August 21, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/college-essay/format-outline-structure/

  Is this article helpful?

  

  Meredith Testa

  Other students also liked, how to revise your college admissions essay | examples, what do colleges look for in an essay | examples & tips, how to research and write a "why this college" essay, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".

  I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”

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  • Writing Guides

  How To Write A Report

  Table of contents, content of this article.

  • How to write a good report
  • Difference from essay
  • Tips for good writing

  1. How To Write A Good Report

  A report is a form of writing that is systematic, organized, and often tries to define or analyze a problem or an event. The problem or event analyzed can also be within a body of literature belonging to either a single document or several documents. The sole purpose of a report is to objectively present readers with all the relevant information in relation to a particular issue. Writers are expected to shelve their personal feelings or shield themselves from issues that might render the report subjective because the use of reports is at times beyond aiming to impress the author’s readership. A report has three distinct attributes which help to distinguish it from other forms of writing.

  These include:

  • Pre-defined structure.
  • The existence of Independent sections.
  • Reaching impartial and balanced conclusions.

  The above makes report writing a different endeavor, but it is still a significant part of academic writing.

  A report should always be:

  • Accurate (be filled with reliable information)
  • Concise (direct and to the point)
  • Clear (writers must maintain consistency and avoid being ambiguous)
  • Well-structured (writers must follow the standard structure)

  Straying from the above disqualifies an author’s piece or article from being a report.

  2. Report vs Essay. What is the difference

  A report differs greatly from a conventional essay.

  • First of all, reports have a specific structure, and writers are always asked to adhere to it while essays follow the conventional introduction, body, and conclusion structure.
  • Reports also use different sections and these should always have subheadings. These sections serve a certain purpose within a report and cannot be left out.
  • Essays, on the other hand, do not have sections and while writers may need to have subheadings within their essays, they are not conventional.
  • The purpose of each form of writing also differs. In reports, writers aim at conveying a particular piece of information to their audience while in essays the main goal is to showcase the writer’s comprehension of the teacher’s instructions.

  The above exquisitely and explicitly show the differences between essays and reports. Understanding these differences is the first step to learning how to write a report.

  3. Topic selection for a report

  Topic selection separates bad report writers from good report writers as well as from excellent report writers. In many instances, readers are attracted to certain documents because of their topics. Getting the right report topic is of the essence if writers are to maintain their readership. Many writers forget the issue of scope when selecting a topic. The scope is indeed an important consideration that calls for patience and careful consideration of the general subject suggested before settling on a specific report topic. Exceptional report writers understand the significance of scope and thus focus on specific aspects of a subject or topic before they decide on a topic. Writers are often advised to focus on the vitalities of a subject and only present that to their readers.

  It is essential for authors to ask themselves the following questions to help in narrowing the scope of a subject:

  • What are the specific aspects of a topic that appear interesting to the writer?
  • What do you think will interest your audience/readers?
  • What information can you find regarding the selected subject?

  The above questions are indeed essential and help a writer to find or settle on a topic they are familiar with and also feel strongly about. Knowing what interests the readers is of course of the essence because it gifts the writer with a sense of direction and purpose. Finally, report writing needs to be factual and well cited. It is thus important to ensure the selected topic is adequately referenced for purposes of building a credible and reliable argument .

  Below are some good topics for a report:

  • Global Warming
  • Nuclear Fusion
  • The Shift to Solar Energy
  • Breast Cancer
  • US-Japan Relations since the 1945 atomic bombing
  • The Big Bang Theory
  • The History of Christianity
  • History of Buddhism
  • History of Foot Binding in China
  • The Power Struggle in the East
  • Causes of the 2007/2009 Recession
  • History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict

  4. Typical structure of a report

  As already said, a report structure is formal and must be strictly adhered to by all writers. Deviating from this structure only leads to reduced marks or a bored and angry audience.

  Below are the elements that form the structure of a report:

  Executive Summary/Abstract

  An executive summary or an abstract mainly provides a summary of the entire report. While some writers write it immediately after commencing their report, it is always advisable to write it last. This section is of great importance and makes it easier for the readers to quickly understand the main points or the focus of the report.

  A table of contents is simply a list of all the sections the writer decided to include in their report. Its sole purpose is to prepare readers for what to expect when reading the report and also to make it easier for them to access some of the sections directly.

  Introduction

  Like other introductions, a report introduction ushers in the readers by providing them with a brief but accurate summary of the topic or issue under study. From the introduction, readers should be able to understand the writer’s focus or perspective.

  The body mainly contains the bulk of information which builds on or supports the thesis statement from the introduction. Unlike the body of essays, the body of a report can be divided into sections depending on the topic being reviewed. Some of the sections include a literature review, a methods section, a findings section, and finally a discussion of the findings section.

  Conclusion and Recommendations

  A report conclusion must be included, and it contains the inferences or the points the writer withdrew from the report. How to conclude a report is indeed essential because it provides writers with the opportunity of restating and insisting on their main point.

  Recommendations are always included, and here the writer is expected to include their suggestions of how, for example, the investigation can be improved in the future or how a problem can be averted in the future. If in case the writer’s recommendations have financial associations, then he/she must provide estimations or the projected costs of whatever issue they were discussing in their report.

  Reference list

  Exceptional report writers consult journals and articles which are relevant to their topic. Later, these articles and journals need to be included under the reference list section. A reference list, therefore, contains all the materials the writer used to conduct their research.

  While this is not a mandatory inclusion, it adds to one’s analysis and should hence be included whenever necessary.

  Once the writer has completed the report, it is important first to review it before submitting or printing it. Proofreading the finished report is indeed essential because it helps the writer to identify some of the mistakes they could have made. For example, one could have gotten some statistical facts wrong, and it is only through proofreading that such mistakes can be identified and corrected. Grammatical errors should also be avoided, and while currently there are software varieties that can help with this, the human mind is still miles ahead, and one should identify and correct such mistakes while proofreading. Reading the report to an audience can also help a writer to avoid some mistakes while also maintaining the focus and purpose of the report. Two heads will always be better than one and consulting one’s friends or co-workers could help a writer avoid re-writing the entire report in case it is found defective later.

  5. Some good tips for a report writing

  Report writing tips are readily available on the Internet.

  Below are some of those tips:

  • Avoid ambiguity when writing a report.
  • The use of simple language is also of great importance.
  • Clarity and accuracy are also essential.
  • Avoid guessing or using information that cannot be confirmed.
  • Use recent material as sources of one’s information.
  • Always start with a report outline and draft.

  Like the tips above, report writing help can be readily found on the Internet. However, it is essential to be involved in the entire process lest one gets what they did not ask for.