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• Drainage Class 9 Notes CBSE Geography Chapter 3 (Free PDF Download)
• Revision Notes

Drainages Class 9 Notes Geography Chapter 3 - PDF Download

Class 9th drainage chapter talks about different aspects of drainage. You get to know why drainage is so important and why it needs to be present in every household. In addition to this, students will learn about drainage in geography and how it is done naturally to get collected in one place. 

This note also discussed the drainage summary and some essential points that will help students prepare for their exams. Drainage might sound like an easy topic, but it can be too challenging if you haven’t studied it. So go through the notes and read the chapter to understand better questions that will come in exams.

Key Topics and Subtopics Covered in CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Drainage

When students of Class 9 Geography sit to study or revise Chapter 3 Drainage they should ensure that they successfully complete all the following topics. The list given below outlines the key topics and subtopics discussed in Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 and the revision notes provided for them.

An introduction to drainage

India’s Drainage Systems

Drainage Pattern of India

The Himalayan Rivers

The Indus River system

The Ganga River system

The Brahmaputra River system

The Peninsular Rivers

The Narmada Basin

The Tapi Basin

The Godavari Basin

The Mahanadi Basin

The Krishna Basin

The Kaveri Basin

Role of Rivers in the Economy

Pollution of Rivers

Download CBSE Class 9 Geography Revision Notes 2024-25 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 9 Geography revision notes for All chapters:

Access Class 9 Social Science Geography Chapter 03 – Drainage Notes

Drainage of a landmass refers to its river system. Small streams which flow from different directions usually come together to form the main river body. This river drains into a larger water body like a lake, sea, or ocean. The area which is drained by a single river system is termed a drainage basin. An elevated physical structure like a mountain or an upland sometimes separates two drainage basins. This physical feature is called the water divide. 

Important Drainage Systems of India

The drainage systems in India are dominated by broad relief features. 

The Indian rivers are categorized into two major groups:

The Himalayan Rivers:  

These rivers have water throughout the year and hence, they are perennial. They are snow-fed rivers and also receive water from rainfall. 

The Ganga and the Brahmaputra are the two major rivers of this type, originating from the north. 

They form gorges and cause intensive erosional activities in their upper courses; in the middle course, they meander and form oxbow lakes; the lower course is marked by the striking feature of deltas.

The Peninsular Rivers: The peninsular rivers are seasonal and depend on rainfall. They are shallower in comparison to the Himalayan rivers.

It can be rightly said that these two groups of rivers are different in many ways. 

The Himalayan River Systems

Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra are the three Himalayan rivers that form three major river systems of India. An account of these three rivers is given below:

Indus River System:  

The river Indus rises near Mansarovar in Tibet and flows west to enter India in Ladakh. There are tributaries like the Shyok, the Nubra, the Zaskar, and the Hunza, which join the Indus in Kashmir. Indus emerges from the mountains in Attock after flowing through Baltistan and Gilgit. 

At Mithankot, Beas, Satluj, Ravi, Jhelum and Chenab join the Indus. The Indus River eventually meets the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi. Indus is a very long river. 

Ganga River System:  

Bhagirathi is the headwaters of river Ganga and it is fed by the Gangotri glacier. Alakananda joins it at Devprayag in Uttarakhand. 

Ganga rises at the confluence of Alaknanda and Bhagirathi and emerges on the plains at Haridwar. Ganga has a number of tributaries. 

The Yamuna is a right bank tributary of Ganga which originates from the Yamunotri glacier in the Himalayas. 

The other tributaries like Ghagra, Kosi, Gandak rise in Nepal. These tributaries flood the northern plains and severely damage life and property. These floods also help mankind by enriching the soil for agriculture. 

Chambal, Betwa, and Son arising from the semi-arid regions of peninsular India joins the Yamuna and hence are Ganga’s tributaries as well. 

Ganga is, thus, enlarged with its tributaries. It flows eastward till the northernmost part of the Ganga delta, Farakka. 

At Farakka, Ganga bifurcates into Bhagirathi and Hooghly distributaries. These meet the Bay of Bengal. 

The mainstream flows into Bangladesh to be joined by the Brahmaputra to form Meghna which flows into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers form a delta known as the Sundarban.

Brahmaputra River System:  

The Brahmaputra rises near the Mansarovar lake in Tibet. Most of Brahmaputra's course lies out of India and it is a bit longer than Indus. 

The Brahmaputra flows parallel to the Himalayan range and is called Tsang Po. At a region called Namcha Barwa, it turns to enter Arunachal Pradesh. Streams named Dibang, Dihang, Lohit join it to be called the Brahmaputra. It forms many riverine islands here. 

The Brahmaputra overflows to flood the banks of Assam.

The Peninsular River Systems 

The Western Ghats serves as a water divide in the peninsular region. 

Some of the rivers of this river system are east-flowing while some are west-flowing. Godavari, Krishna, Mahanadi, and Kaveri flow east to drain into the Bay of Bengal. There are many deltas formed by these rivers. Narmada and Tapi flow towards the west to drain into the Arabian Sea and form estuaries. 

An account of these rivers are as follows:

Narmada Basin:  

The Amarkantak hills in Madhya Pradesh give rise to the Narmada River. Narmada flows west through a rift valley.

Many wonderful places are associated with Narmada like the 'Marble rocks' near Jabalpur, the Dhauladhar Falls, etc. 

The basin formed by the Narmada River covers parts of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. The tributaries of the river are short and join it at right angles. 

Tapi Basin: Satpura gives rise to the Tapi river. It rises in Betul, Madhya Pradesh, and flows parallel to Narmada but is shorter. It flows through Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. 

The Sabarmati, Bharathpuzha, Mahi, and Periyar are the other main west-flowing rivers here.

Godavari Basin: The Godavari is also known as the 'Dakshin Ganga' as it is the largest Peninsular river. It rises in Nasik, Maharashtra at the Western Ghats and drains into the Bay of Bengal. The Godavari Basin is the largest river basin in South India. Maharashtra, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and Andhra Pradesh are drained by the Godavari. Purna, Manjra, Pranhita, Wainganga, and Penganga are its tributaries 

Mahanadi Basin: The highlands of Chhattisgarh give rise to Mahanadi which flows through Odisha to meet the Bay of Bengal. The Mahanadi basin drains Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Odisha.

Krishna Basin : Krishna river rises from a spring near Mahabaleshwar. Its tributaries like the Koyana, Ghatprabha, Musi, Tungabhadra, and Bhima join it on its course. The Krishna Basin drains the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.

Kaveri Basin: The Brahmagiri range of Western Ghats gives rise to the Kaveri river and it flows into the Bay of Bengal in the south of Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu. Amravati, Hemavati, Kabini, and Bhavani are tributaries that join Kaveri. The basin drains Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Karnataka. Kaveri gives rise to India's second-biggest waterfall Shivasamudram.

Lakes in India 

India has numerous lakes and they can be classified into the following types based on size and other features:

Permanent Lakes: Many of the lakes in India are permanent and have water all year round. 

Non-Permanent Lakes: There are also non-permanent lakes usually draining the semi-arid regions. 

Glacial Lakes: These lakes form from glaciers and ice sheets. 

Ox-Bow Lakes: These are formed from meandering rivers. 

Lagoons: Lakes called lagoons are formed by spits and bars. Lake Chilka, Kolleru Lake, Pulicat Lake are few such lagoons. 

Saltwater Lakes: Some lakes have saline water and are called saltwater lakes. The Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan is a saltwater lake that drains a dry area. It is used for salt production. 

Freshwater Lakes: Lakes with freshwater are called freshwater lakes which are mostly glacial in origin and are found in the Himalayan belt. They are snow-fed. However, the largest freshwater lake of India, the Wuller lake located in Jammu and Kashmir is formed due to tectonic activity. Dal Lake, Nainital, Loktak, Bhimtal and Barappani are some other freshwater lakes.

Man-Made Lakes: These are lakes artificially created by man. There have been a few man-made lakes in India like the Guru Govind Sagar.

Lakes have numerous uses some of which are as follows: 

Lakes are indispensable to humans as they help in the regulation of the river flow. 

They are also used for the generation of hydroelectric power. 

A typical aquatic ecosystem is created surrounding the lake that helps to provide recreational opportunities, increase natural beauty, and opens the doors to the tourism development of the region.

Rivers and Their Role in the Economy 

Rivers play a significant role in the country's economy. They are indispensable. Their significance is as follows:

Rivers attract human settlements in their banks as their water is a necessity for human survival. 

They are used in navigation.

The water of rivers also aids in irrigation. This is, in fact, the most important function of rivers as in India agriculture is the prime economic activity for livelihood.

Rivers help in hydroelectric power generation. 

Pollution and River 

River water has been increasingly used for agricultural, municipal, and domestic purposes for ages which resulted in the reduction of their volume. 

Also, untreated pollutants like sewage and untreated pollutants are discharged into the rivers, thus polluting them and even decreasing their capacity of self-cleansing. 

Industrialization and urbanization further increase the levels of river pollution.

Important Questions and Answers:        

Enumerate the differences between the Himalayan and Peninsular rivers. 

Ans: The Himalayan and Peninsular rivers can be differentiated as follows:

How do rivers contribute to the country's economy?

Ans: Rivers play a significant role in the economy of the nation and contribute to it in the following ways:

They have helped humans for ages. They have attracted settlers to settle on their banks and perform important economic activities like agriculture.

Water from rivers is used for irrigation, In India, rivers provide water for irrigation which is extremely important as the Indian economy is dependent mainly on agriculture.

Rivers also help in the production of hydroelectricity which is a renewable source of energy.

Rivers also aid in navigation.

What is the importance of lakes? 

Ans: Lakes have great importance in various aspects. An account of it given below:

Lakes help in controlling the river flow. During the dry season, they help maintain even water levels in the rivers. And in the rainy season, they help to prevent flooding.

 They can be used for the generation of hydel power. 

Lakes also serve as a source of recreation and help to develop tourism around them. 

Lakes enhance the natural beauty of a place and have their own aquatic micro-ecosystem and biodiversity. 

Write a short note on river pollution. 

Ans: River pollution can be elaborated as follows:

River water is used for domestic, municipal, and agricultural purposes. This has resulted in the reduction of water volume in these rivers. 

On the contrary, heavy loads of untreated pollutants were discharged into the rivers. These include sewage, industrial effluents, agricultural wastes, etc. This affects water quality and its capacity for self-cleansing.  

Urbanization and industrialization further added to the pollution of the river bodies. 

A lot of programs and action plans have been launched to reduce river pollution and water pollution at large as clean water is indispensable for human survival hence water pollution is a grave cause of concern for human beings.

How are the eastward flowing and westward flowing peninsular rivers different from each other?

Ans: The eastward flowing and westward flowing peninsular rivers are different from each other in the following ways:

Write about the National River Conservation Plan. 

Ans: The National River Conservation Plan can be elaborated as follows:

This plan has the objective of reducing water pollution and improving the quality of river waters.  

The National River Conservation Plan which has now been merged with the Ganga Action Plan phase II covered under it $152$ towns, $27$interstate rivers in $16$ states. 

This plan had initiated pollution abatement activities in $57$ towns. 

There were $215$ schemes of pollution reduction under this plan that were sanctioned. 

$69$schemes have so far been completed. 

A lot of sewage water has been treated under this plan.

Write a short note on the various drainage patterns. 

Ans: The various drainage patterns are:

Dendritic- Dendritic pattern develops on the slope of the terrain. The complete system resembles branches of a tree hence named dendritic.

Trellis- The trellis drainage pattern develops when the tributaries join the river at right angles. This type of drainage pattern develops when soft and hard rocks lie parallel to each other.

Rectangular- A strongly jointed rocky terrain develops a rectangular drainage system.

Radial- In a radial drainage system, streams rise from an elevated area and flow in different directions.

Write a short note on the Indus River system. 

Ans: The river Indus rises near Mansarovar in Tibet and flows west to enter India in Ladakh. There are tributaries like the Shyok, the Nubra, the Zaskar, and the Hunza, which join the Indus in Kashmir. Indus emerges from the mountains in Attock after flowing through Baltistan and Gilgit. At Mithankot, Beas, Satluj, Ravi, Jhelum and Chenab join the Indus. The Indus River eventually meets the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi. Indus is a very long river. India can use only $20$percent of India's water which is used for irrigation in Haryana, Punjab, and parts of Rajasthan.

Benefits of CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Drainage Revision Notes 

If you are in a dilemma as to why you should download the PDF of CBSE Class 9 Geography Chapter 3 Drainage revision notes, below are 5 reasons that should help remove every cloud of doubt. 

The revision time before the exam requires students to cover an entire syllabus comprising several chapters. Considering the need for quick revision, these notes have been crafted to help you thoroughly revise all important topics of the chapter before your Geography exam.

The subject experts have provided short and precise notes for each topic and subtopic covered in this chapter. Thus, these will help you to learn and go over all the major areas of the chapter with a quick glance even before you enter the exam hall.

Moreover, these notes have been prepared in a manner that can be easily understood and retained by students. Our subject experts have kept the content simple.

These notes have been curated by our Geography experts who know the in and out of the chapter. They have followed the latest edition of the NCERT book and the prescribed pattern for answering CBSE exam questions.

Once students have gone through the chapter and read through the revision notes, they will also find solved important questions that have been created as per the requirements to score maximum marks in the exam.

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Vedantu's provision of free PDF downloads of Class 9 CBSE Geography Chapter 3 notes on Drainage is a valuable asset for students. These notes offer a concise and well-structured overview of the chapter's content, making it easier for students to grasp key concepts. They serve as a reliable study companion, aiding in comprehensive exam preparation and helping students score well in their geography examinations. The accessibility of these notes in a PDF format ensures that students can study conveniently at their own pace. Vedantu's commitment to making quality educational resources available for free is commendable, and these notes undoubtedly play a crucial role in enhancing students' understanding of drainage systems in geography.

FAQs on Drainage Class 9 Notes CBSE Geography Chapter 3 (Free PDF Download)

1. Why is drainage essential for crops?

Ans: It is crucial to prepare your soil correctly for the upcoming crops. All the rain which the land receives during the monsoon and the winter season won’t make crops bad. When you have a drainage system on your farm, the soil will be properly aerated. In case you get excess standing water in your farm, it can lead to choking of the crops and making them unusable for the yielding season. 

Often, the farm loses tons of soil and gets nutrients that were present in the soil that is essential for crops to grow properly. Also, a proper drainage system can avoid soil erosion. Lastly, with the help of drainage systems, farmers can save excess water, which can then be used during the dry season when there is a shortage of water from natural resources. 

2. Different types of drainage systems which one is used for preventing water logging?

Ans: There are different types of drainage systems that are used depending on the situation and location. A well-designed drainage system will address all the issues which might come in the future during heavy rainfall and other disasters. 

There are mainly three types of drainage systems: the subsurface, downspout, and slope drainage system. The subsurface drainage system is most common as it is used to prevent waterlogging. They start to deteriorate with time, trees, and roots if the water around them is not cleared out. This clogging of water can quickly kill the plant if the water doesn’t drain properly. With a subsurface, trenches were built underground, and a collector needs to be installed to gather the water in one place, which is coming from the pipes. 

3. What are drainage and drainage basins according to Geography of Class 9?

Ans: The term drainage refers to an area of a river system. It is a system where water flows from a higher level to a lower level. A drainage basin is available in an area that is drained by one river system. Small streams of water keep flowing from different directions and they come together to form the main river. This, in turn, drains into a huge water body like a sea or lake. The area that is drained by a single river system is known as a drainage basin.

4. Why does the Himalayan region have the most number of freshwater lakes?

Ans: The Himalayan region has the most number of freshwater lakes. These lakes come from a glacial origin. This means that these freshwater lakes are formed only when glaciers are dug out of a basin that is later filled with snowmelt. Some of the important freshwater lakes in the Himalayan region include the Dal Lake, Barapani, Loktak, Nainital, and Bhimtal. In Jammu and Kashmir, The Wular Lake is one of the largest freshwater lakes in India which was a result of tectonic activity.

5. Which questions and examples are important in Chapter 3 of Geography of Class 9?

Ans: Vedantu provides students with all the important questions and examples for Chapter 3 of Geography of Class 9. Students can access these important examples and questions through revision notes that are provided by Vedantu. Some of the important questions are taken from important topics and concepts from this chapter. These concepts include a definition of drainage, the importance of the drainage system, the Himalayan river system, and many more. Most of the important questions from the examination point of view are taken from the NCERT textbook.

6. How was the Sundarban delta formed?

Ans: When the Ganga river flows eastwards into West Bengal, the river splits into two streams. Out of which one of the streams namely the Bhagirathi-Hooghly, starts to flow southwards through the delta plains and into the Bay of Bengal. This stream water then starts to flow southwards to Bangladesh and is later joined by the Brahmaputra river. The water found downstream is known as Meghna. Hence, water from the Brahmaputra and Ganga rivers flows into the Bay of Bengal and creates a delta known as the Sundarban Delta.

7. What are the underlying concepts of Chapter 3 of Geography of Class 9?

Ans: The third chapter of class 9 Geography is titled 'Drainage'. This is a scoring chapter from the examination point of view. The chapter mainly focuses on the drainage systems of India. India has two main drainage systems. These include the Himalayan River and the Peninsular River. Students can access these concepts with the help of NCERT Solutions. Vedantu provides students with a free PDF of NCERT Solutions that they can download at any point of time. They can also access the same by Vedantu Mobile app.

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Class Notes

Free Class Notes & Study Material

Geography Chapter 3 Drainage – Notes & Study Material

Last Updated on July 3, 2023 By Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

☛ NCERT Solutions – Chapter 3 Drainage

The word Drainage is used to describe the river system of the region. Small streams coming from various directions come together to create the main channel, which eventually flows into a large body of water, such as a lake or a pool or an ocean. The area that is drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin. An elevated area, such as a mountain or a highland, divides two drainage basins. This upland is known as a water divide.

• 2.1 (i) The Himalayan Rivers
• 2.2 (ii) The Peninsular Rivers
• 3 Drainage Patterns
• 4 The Himalayan Rivers
• 5 The Indus River System
• 6 The Ganga River System
• 7 The Brahmaputra River System
• 8 The Peninsular Rivers
• 9 The Narmada Basin
• 10 The Tapi Basin
• 11 The Godavari Basin
• 12 The Mahanadi Basin
• 13 The Krishna Basin
• 14 The Kaveri Basin
• 16 Role of Rivers in the Economy
• 17 Causes of River Pollution
• 18 Conservation of Rivers

(i) The term drainage describes the river system of an area.

(ii) The area drained by a single river system is called a drainage basin.

(iii) Any elevated area such as a mountain or an upland which separates two drainage basins is known as a water divide.

(iv) Small streams flowing in different directions come together to form a river which ultimately drains into a large water body such as a lake or sea or an ocean.

Drainage Systems in India

Indian rivers are divided into two major groups

(1) The Himalayan rivers

(2) The Peninsular rivers.

(i) The Himalayan Rivers

(a) Most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial, which  means that they have water throughout the year.

(b) These rivers receive water from rain as well as from melted snow from the lofty mountains.

(c) The two major Himalayan rivers, the Indus and the Brahmaputra, originate from the North of the mountain ranges.

(d) They perform intensive erosional activity in their upper courses and carry huge loads of silt and sand.

(ii) The Peninsular Rivers

(a) Peninsular Rivers are mainly seasonal and flow during the rainy season.

(b) During the dry season, ‘the peninsular regions have reduced flow of water.

(c) They have shallower and shorter courses.

(d) Most peninsular rivers originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal.

Drainage Patterns

(i) The streams within a drainage basin form certain patterns, depending on the slope of land, underlying rock structure and the climatic conditions of the area. The drainage patterns are

(a) Dendritic Pattern:  A dendritic pattern develops when the river channel follows the slope of the terrain. The stream with its tributaries resemble the branches of a tree and so it is called dendritic.

(b) Trellis Pattern : A river, joined by its tributaries at approximately right angles, develops where hard and soft rocks exits parallel to each other.

  (c) Rectangular Pattern :  A rectangular drainage pattern develops on a strongly jointed rocky terrain.

(d) Radial Pattern : The radial pattern develops when streams flow in different directions from a central peak or dome like structure.

The Himalayan Rivers

(i) The major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.

(ii) The rivers are long and are joined by many large and important tributaries. A river along with its tributaries is called a river system.

The Indus River System

(i) The river Indus rises in Tibet near lake Mansarowar.

(ii) Flowing West, it enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir.

(iii) Several tributaries, the Zanskar, the Nubra, the Shyok and the Hunza join it in the Kashmir region.

(iv) The Indus flows through Baltistan and Gilgit and emerges from the mountains at Attock in Pakistan.

(v) The Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum join together to enter the Indus near Mithankot in Pakistan.

(vi) The Indus flows southwards, eventually reaching the Arabian Sea east of Karachi.

(vii) The Indus plain has a very gentle slope.

(viii) With a total length of 2.900 km. the Indus is one of the longest rivers of the world.

(ix) A little over a third of the Indus basin is located in India in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. The rest is in Pakistan.

The Ganga River System

(i) The headwaters of the Ganga, called the Bhagirathi, is fed by the Gangotri glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devaprayag in Uttarakhand to form the Ganga.

(ii) At Haridwar the Ganga emerges from the mountains into the plains.

(iii) The Ganga is joined by many tributaries from the Himalayas, a few of them being major rivers such as Yamuna, Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi.

(iv) The Ganga from Farakka in West-Bengal bifurcates into two, from where the Bhagirathi-Hooghly (a distributary) flows southwards to the Bay of Bengal. The main stream flows southwards into Bangladesh and is joined by the Brahmaputra.

(v) It forms the world’s biggest delta called Sunderban delta. The length of the Ganga is 2,500 km.

The Brahmaputra River System

(i) The Brahmaputra rises in Tibet east of Mansarowar Lake very close to the sources of Indus and the Satluj.

(ii) It is slightly longer than the Indus and most of its course lies outside India.

(iii) On reaching the Namcha Barwa (7,757 m) it takes a U turn and enters India in Arunachal Pradesh through a gorge.

(iv) Here it is called the Dihang and it is joined by the Dibang, the Lohit and many others tributaries to form the Brahmaputra in Assam.

(v) In Tibet, it carries a smaller volume of water and less silt as it is a cold region.

(vi) In India, it carries a large volume of water and considerable amount of silt because it passes through al area of high rainfall.

(vii) During the rainy season, the river overflows its banks causing widespread devastation due to floods in Assam and Bangladesh.

(viii) It flows into the Bay of Bengal and deposits a lot of silt. It shifts its channel frequently.

The Peninsular Rivers

(i) The main water divide in peninsular India is formed by the Western Ghats which runs from north to south close to the western coast,

(ii) Most of the peninsular rivers like the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri flow eastwards and drain into the Bay of Bengal.

(iii) These rivers make deltas at their mouths.

(iv) The Narmada and the Tapi are the only long rivers which flow west and make estuaries.

(v) The drainage basins of the peninsular rivers are comparatively small in size.

The Narmada Basin

(i) The Narmada rises in the Amarkantak Hills in Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) It flows towards the west in the Rift Valley formed due to faulting.

(iii) Narmada creates many picturesque locations like the Marble Rocks’ near Jabalpur, where the Narmada flows through a deep gorge and the ‘Dhuadhar falls’ where the river plunges over steep rocks.

(iv) All the tributaries of the Narmada are very short and most of these join the main stream at right angles.

(v) The Narmada basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat.

The Tapi Basin

(i) The Tapi rises in the Satpura ranges in the Betul district of Madhya Pradesh.

(ii) It flows in a Rift Valley parallel to the Narmada, but it is much shorter in length.

(iii) Its basin covers parts of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

(iv) The main west flowing rivers are Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha and Periyar.

The Godavari Basin

(i) The Godavari is the largest peninsular river.

(ii) It rises from the slopes of the Western Ghats in the Nasik district of Maharashtra.

(iii) Its length is about 1500 km and it drains into the Bay of Bengal.

(iv) Its drainage basin is among the largest in the peninsular rivers and covers parts of Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh, Odisha and Andhra Pradesh.

(v) Its tributaries are Purna, Wardha, Pranhita, Manjra, Wainganga and Penganga.

(vi) Because of its length and the large area that it covers, it is also known as the Dakshin Ganga.

The Mahanadi Basin

(i) The Mahanadi rises in the high lands of Chhattisgarh.

(ii) It flows through Odisha to reach the Bay of Bengal.

(iii) The length of the river is about 860 km.

(iv) Its drainage basin is shared by Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand , Orrisa and Maharashtra.

The Krishna Basin

(i) It rises from a spring near Mahabaleshwar and flows for about 1400 km to reach the Bay of Bengal.

(ii) The Tungabhadra, Koyana, Ghatprabha, Musi and Bhima are some of its tributaries.

(iii) Its drainage basin is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

The Kaveri Basin

(i) The Kaveri rises in Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats and reaches the Bay of Bengal south of Cuddalore in Tamil Nadu.

(ii) Total length of the river is about 760 km.

(iii) Its main tributaries are Amravati, Bhavani, Hemavati and Kabini.

(iv) Its basin drains parts of Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

(i) India has many lakes. These differ from one another in size and other characteristics.

(ii) Some of the lakes are the result of the action of glaciers and ice sheets, while others have been formed by wind or river action and human activities.

(iii) A meandering river across a flood plain forms cut-offs that later develop into ox-bow lakes.

(iv) Spits and bars form lagoons in the coastal areas e.g., Chilka Lake, Pulicat Lake and Kolleru Lake.

(v) Most fresh water lakes are in the Himalayan region. They are mainly of glacial origin.

(vi) The Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir is the result of tectonic activity. It is the largest fresh water lake in India.

(vii) The Dal lake, Bhimtal, Nainital, Loktak and Barapani are some important fresh water lakes.

(viii) Apart from natural lakes, damming of rivers for the generation of hydel power has also led to the formation of lakes such as Guru Gobind Sagar (Bhakra Nangal Project).

(ix) Lakes are of great value to human beings because they help to regulate the flow of a river.

(x) During heavy rainfall lakes prevent flooding.

(xi) They can be used for developing hydel power.|

(xii) They moderate the climate of the surroundings and maintain the aquatic eco-system, enhancing natural beauty.

(xiii) Lakes also help to develop tourism and provide recreation.

(xiv) Inland salt water lakes are mainly found in Rajasthan e.g., Sambhar Lake. It is used for producing salt.

Role of Rivers in the Economy

(i) Rivers have played an important role throughout human history.

(ii) Water from the rivers is a basic natural resource essential for various human activities.

(iii) Rivers provide water for irrigation.

(iv) They provide the facility for navigation.

(v) They provide water for domestic use like washing, cooking, drinking etc.

(vi) They help to generate hydroelectric power.

(vii) The river banks attracted settlers from ancient times, and these settlements have now become big cities.

(viii) They help to moderae the climate of the surrounding area.

(ix) They help to promote fisheries.

Causes of River Pollution

(i) The growing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand for water from rivers naturally affects the quality of water.

(ii) Due to this demand, more and more water is being drained out of the rivers, reducing their volume.

(iii) Due to overuse of river water, aquatic life is affected negatively.

(iv) Heavy loads of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the rivers, thus polluting them.

Conservation of Rivers

(i) Concern over river pollution in our rivers led to the launching of various action plans to clean the rivers.

(ii) The Ganga Action Plan has been launched to cleanse and save the Ganga.

(iii) Through newspapers, radio and TV, awareness is being generated among the people about the need to protect our rivers.

(iv) The National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) was launched to protect the rivers.

(v) A total of 215 schemes of pollution abatement have been sanctioned. 69 schemes have been completed under the NRCP.

(vi) A million litres of sewage is targeted to be intercepted, diverted and treated per year.

About Mrs Shilpi Nagpal

Author of this website, Mrs. Shilpi Nagpal is MSc (Hons, Chemistry) and BSc (Hons, Chemistry) from Delhi University, B.Ed. (I. P. University) and has many years of experience in teaching. She has started this educational website with the mindset of spreading free education to everyone. In addition to this website, author also has a Youtube channel, here is the link Class Notes Youtube Channel

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CBSE Geography Class 9 Drainage Notes (Free PDF)

• Updated on  
• Oct 25, 2023

‘Drainage’ is a term that defines an area’s river system. A drainage basin or river basin is an area that is drained by a single river system. A water division is considered an upland that divides two irrigation systems that are adjacent to each other. In this blog, we discuss drainage class 9 notes in detail.

Also Read: Diversity in Living Organisms Class 9 Notes

This Blog Includes:

River system, the rivers of the himalaya, the river channel of the ganga, the river brahmaputra system, the rivers of the peninsular, the basin of narmada, the basin of the tapi, the basin of godavari, the basin of mahanadi, the basin of krishna, basin of kaveri, river pollution.

Download Social Science Class 6 Geography Chapter 6 Important Questions and Answers PDF

The river system is an important part of the drainage class 9 notes. The river system has fine details which are mentioned below.

• On the basis of origin, the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers are the two river systems of India.
• Rainfed and snowfed Himalayan rivers have water in them during the winter season, i.e. they are seasonal.
• In the upper course, Himalayan rivers conduct intensive erosion activity.
• They bring immense amounts of silt and sand along the lower course.
• Himalayan rivers are created by meanders, oxbow lakes and other depositional features along their course.
• The seasonal peninsular rivers are mostly dependent on rainfall.
• Much of Peninsular India’s rivers originate from the Western Ghats and drain to the Bay of Bengal.

Must Read: Natural Resources Class 9 Notes

The rivers of Himalayas are another important part of the drainage class 9 notes. The details of which are mentioned below.

• A river can be considered a river system , along with its tributaries .
• The Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra are the main Himalayan rivers.
• The System of The Indus River
• The Indus rises near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet and reaches India in the Jammu and Kashmir district of Ladakh.
• With a total length of 2900 km, the Indus is one of the longest rivers in the world.
• In compliance with the Indus Water Treaties in 1960, India and Pakistan distributed Indus river water.

Explore: The Fundamental Unit Of Life Class 9 Notes

The river channel of the Ganga forms an imperative part of the drainage class 9 notes. They are mentioned below.

• ‘Bhagirathi’ is fed by the Gangotri Glacier .
• It is joined by the Alaknanda at Devprayag i n Uttarakhand. 
• Ganga encounters Himalayan tributaries such as Ghagra, Gandak and Kosi.

Also Read: Class 9 Motion Science Study Notes

The Brahmaputra river system is a major part of the rivers in India and therefore an important part of our drainage class 9 notes. 

• The bulk of its course lies outside of India, very close to the sources of Indus and Satluj.
• It takes a ‘U’ turn to meet Namcha Barwa.
• The tributaries which join the Brahmaputra are Dibang, Lohit and Kenula.
• In Assam, the Brahmaputra has a braided channel along its length to create several riverine islands. 
• The Brahmaputra is characterised, unlike other northern Indian rivers, by immense deposits of silt on its bed, allowing the riverbed to rise.

Must Read: Matter in our Surroundings Class 9 Notes

The rivers of the peninsular area of our country are also a pertinent part of our river system. They are also an important part of drainage class 9 notes. 

• In peninsular India, the Western Ghats form the major water divide .
• Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri discharge into the Bay of Bengal.
• The only rivers which flow west into the Arabian Sea are the Tapi and Narmada.
• The peninsular river drainage basins are relatively small in number.

Explore: Class 9 Geography CBSE Syllabus

The basin of Narmada also finds mention in drainage class 9 notes. 

• Narmada flows to create a gorge in Madhya Pradesh’s marble rocks.
• It originates in the Amarkantak Hills.
• In a rift valley formed due to faulting, Narmada flows towards the west.
• It flows in the shape of a deep gorge in the marble rocks near Jabalpur and Dhuandhar falls are picturesque areas.

Must Read: Class 9 ICSE Geography

The basin of Tapi is also an important part of the drainage class 9 notes. 

• Madhya Pradesh, originating in Betul, stretches from Satpura.
• It also runs parallel to Narmada in a rift valley, b ut is much shorter than Narmada.
• A basin that encompasses Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra flows by Tapi.
• The main rivers flowing west are Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha and Periyar.

The basin of Godavari is an important part of the river system of India. It finds mention in drainage class 9 notes as well. 

• Godavari starts in Maharashtra’s Nashik district and is about 1500 km from the main peninsular dam.
• Its great basin includes most parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
• Godavari is also remembered as the Dakshin Ganga because of its length.
• Through the Bay of Bengal, Godavari flows.

Explore: Class 9 Social Science- Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

The basin of Mahanadi is mentioned in drainage class 9 notes. Its important points are mentioned below. 

• In Chhattisgarh, the Mahanadi, a river 860 km long, rises to flow through Orissa to meet the Bay of Bengal.
• The Mahanadi river basin is divided by Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

The basin of Krishna also finds mention in drainage class 9 notes. Its important points are summarized below. 

• From a spring near Mahabaleshwar, t he 1400 km long Krishna river rises.
• It enters the Bay Of Bengal.
• Among Krishna’s tributaries are the Bhima, Musi, Ghatprabha, Koyana and Tungabhadra.
• The Krishna basin is divided by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

The basin of Kaveri is yet another important part of our river system. It is mentioned in drainage class 9 notes. 

• The Kaveri enters the Bay of Bengal at Kaveripatnam.
• It originates in the Brahmagiri region of the Western Ghats.
• It shares its basin with Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
• The second largest waterfall in India is the Kaveri Dam, known as Sivasamudram.
• There are other smaller rivers, such as Damodar, Brahmani, Baitarani and Subarnlekha.

Must Read: CBSE Class 9 English Syllabus

The reservoirs of our country are an essential part of our river system. They are a part of drainage class 9 notes.

• The majority of lakes are permanent, while some only produce water in the rainy season.
• Cut-offs that later grow into oxbow lakes form a channel meandering through a floodplain.
• Glacial lakes are formed as glaciers dig out a basin that is then filled with snowmelt.
• Tectonic activity occurs from such lakes, such as Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir. In addition to natural dams, the damming of the rivers has also contributed to the creation of lakes for hydel power production.
• Lakes help to manage the f low of river water, stop floods, help to develop hydropower, moderate the environment, protect marine environments, increase natural beauty, develop tourism and provide leisure.
•  Rivers have an important position in the economy. Rivers are water bodies that are natural. Riverbank villages also grew into towns. 
• Rivers are used for irrigation, navigation, and the production of hydropower, both important to India, and the agricultural economy.

It is important to understand river pollution and its effects in our study of drainage class 9 notes. 

• River water quality is impaired by increasing demand from residential, municipal, industrial and agricultural sources. 
• The river is drained into a heavy load of raw waste.
• Effluents damage the river’s self-cleaning property. 
• Concern over r ising contamination in our waterways has contributed to the introduction of different river-cleaning action plans.

Also Read: Climate Class 9 – NCERT Study Notes

Download CBSE Notes Class 6 Geography PDF

On the basis of origin, the Himalayan and the Peninsular Rivers are the two river systems of India. Rainfed and snowfed Himalayan rivers have water in them during the winter season, i.e. they are seasonal. In the upper course, Himalayan rivers conduct intensive erosion activity.

The Kaveri enters the Bay of Bengal at Kaveripatnam. It originates in the Brahmagiri region of the Western Ghats. It shares its basin with Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The second largest waterfall in India is the Kaveri Dam, known as Sivasamudram. There are other smaller rivers, such as Damodar, Brahmani, Baitarani and Subarnlekha.

In Chhattisgarh, the Mahanadi, a river 860 km long, rises to flow through Orissa to meet the Bay of Bengal. The Mahanadi river basin is divided by Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

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Introduction - Concepts - Chapter 3 Class 9 Geography - Drainage - Geography

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

Introduction

• In simple terms, drainage describes the river system of a particular region.
• Small streams flow in different directions and converge to form the main river , draining into a large body of water, such as a lake, sea, or ocean.
• A drainage basin is an area drained by a single river system.
• An elevated area, such as a mountain or upland, separates two drainage basins .
• Such uplands are called water divide.
• Amazon basin is the world’s largest drainage basin.
• The Ganga basin is the largest drainage basin in India.

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Drainage class 9 Notes Geography

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Drainage class 9 Notes Geography in PDF are available for free download in myCBSEguide mobile app. The best app for CBSE students now provides Drainage class 9 Notes Geography latest chapter wise notes for quick preparation of CBSE exams and school-based annual examinations. Class 9 Geography notes on chapter 3 Drainage Geography are also available for download in CBSE Guide website.

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CBSE Class 9 Revision Notes Geography Drainage

• ‘Drainage’ is a term which describes the river system of an area.
• A drainage basin or river basin is an area which is drained by a single river system.
• An upland that separates two drainage systems that are next to each other is called a water divide.
• On the basis of origin, there are two river systems of India — The Himalayan rivers and the Peninsular rivers.
• Himalayan rivers are rainfed and snowfed, so they have water in them throughout the year, i.e. they are perennial.
• Himalayan rivers perform intensive erosional activity in the upper course.
• In the lower course, they carry huge loads of silt and sand.
• Himalayan rivers create meanders, oxbow lakes and other depositional features on their course.
• Peninsular rivers are seasonal; mostly depending on rainfall.
• Most of the rivers of peninsular India originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the Bay of Bengal.

The Himalayan Rivers

• A river along with its tributaries may be called a river system.
• The major Himalayan rivers are the Indus, the Ganga, and the Brahmaputra.

The Indus River System

• Rising near Lake Mansarovar in Tibet, the Indus enters India in the Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Zaskar, the Nubra, the Shyok are the tributaries in Kashmir.
• Rivers Satluj, Beas, Ravi, Chenab and Jhelum join Indus near Mithankot, Pakistan and flow southwards to fall into the Arabian Sea, east of Karachi.
• With a total length of 2900 km, the Indus is one of the longest rivers of the world.
• India and Pakistan have distributed Indus river water according to Indus Water Treaty in 1960.

The Ganga River System

• The headwaters of the Ganga are called ‘Bhagirathi’ is fed by the Gangotri Glacier and joined by the Alaknanda at Devprayag in Uttarakhand.
• Ganga meets the tributaries from the Himalayas such as Ghaghara, Gandak and Kosi.
• A major river Yamuna, arising from Yamunotri Glacier in the Himalayas, joins Ganga at Allahabad.
• Other tributaries — Chambal, Betwa and Son — come from Peninsular uplands to join Ganga.
• Farukka in West Bengal is the northernmost point of the Ganga Delta.
• Ganga is joined by Brahmaputra and forms river Meghna which flows through Bangladesh to reach the Bay of Bengal.
• The delta formed when the Ganga and the Brahmaputra flow into the Bay of Bengal is known as the Sunderban Delta.
• The length of the Ganga is over 2500 km and it develops large meanders in the downstream plain areas.

The Brahmaputra River System

• Originating in Tibet, very close to the sources of Indus and Satluj, Most of its course lies outside the India.
• On reaching Namcha Barwa it takes a ‘U’ turn and enters in Arunachal Pradesh to flow to Assam joined by many tributaries.
• The tributaries that join Brahmaputra are Dibang, Lohit, and Kenula.
• The Brahmaputra has a braided channel in its entire length in Assam to form many riverine islands. World’s largest riverine island is found in Brahmaputra.
• Unlike other north Indian rivers, the Brahmaputra is marked by huge deposits of silt on its bed, causing the riverbed to rise.

The Peninsular Rivers

• Western Ghats form the main water divide in peninsular India.
• The major rivers of the peninsula — Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri — flow eastwards to drain into the Bay of Bengal.
• The Tapi and Narmada are the only rivers which flow west to make estuaries and drain into the Arabian Sea.
• The drainage basins of the peninsular rivers are comparatively small in size.

The Narmada Basin

• Rising in the Amarkantak hills, Narmada flows to create a gorge in marble rocks of Madhya Pradesh.
• Narmada flows towards the west in a rift valley formed due to faulting.
• Near Jabalpur it flows in the form of deep gorge in the marble rocks and Dhuadhar falls are picturesque locations.

The Tapi Basin

• Originating in Betul, Madhya Pradesh in Satpura ranges.,
• It also flows in a rift valley parallel to the Narmada but is much shorter than Narmada.
• Tapi flows through a basin that covers Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

The main west flowing rivers are Sabarmati, Mahi, Bharathpuzha and Periyar.

The Godavari Basin

• Godavari begins in Nasik district of Maharashtra and is the largest peninsular river about 1500 km.
• Its large basin covers most parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.
• The tributaries which join the Godavari include Purna, Wardha, Pranhita, Manjra, Wainganga and Penganga.
• Because of its length and the area it covers, Godavari is also known as the Dakshin Ganga.
• Godavari drains into the Bay of Bengal.

The Mahanadi Basin

• The Mahanadi, a 860 km long river, rises in Chhattisgarh to flow through Orissa to reach the Bay of Bengal.
• Mahanadi river basin is shared by Maharashtra, Orissa, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.

The Krishna Basin

• The 1400 km long Krishna river rises from a spring near Mahabaleshwar to reach the Bay of Bengal.
• The tributaries of Krishna include Bhima, Musi, Ghatprabha, Koyana and Tungabhadra. The Krishna basin is shared by Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

The Kaveri Basin

Originating in the Brahmagiri range of the Western Ghats, the Kaveri reaches the Bay of Bengal at Kaveripatnam, sharing its basin with Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.

The river Kaveri makes second biggest waterfall in India known as Sivasamudram.

Other smaller rivers like Damodar, Brahmani, the Baitarani and Subarnlekha.

• Most lakes are permanent while other contain water only during the rainy season.
• Some lakes are result of the glacial action and ice sheets and some may have been formed by wind, river action and human activities.
• A river meandering across a floodplain forms cut-offs that later develop into oxbow lakes.
• Glacial lakes are formed when glaciers dig out a basin which is later filled with snowmelt.
• Some lakes like Wular Lake in Jammu and Kashmir result from tectonic activity.
• Apart from natural lakes, the damming of the rivers for the generation of hydel power has also led to the formation of lakes.
• Lakes help to regulate river water flow, prevent flooding, aid to develop hydropower, moderate climate, maintain aquatic ecosystem, enhance natural beauty, develop tourism and provide recreation.

Role of rivers in the economy

• Rivers are natural sources of water.
• Settlements on the river banks have developed into cities.
• Rivers are used for irrigation, navigation, hydro-power generation, all vital for India, an agricultural economy.

River Pollution

• Quality of river water is affected by the growing domestic, municipal, industrial and agricultural demand.
• A heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied into the river affecting the river’s self-cleaning property.
• Concern over rising pollution in our rivers led to the launching of various action plans to clean the rivers.

Drainage class 9 Notes Geography. CBSE quick revision note for class-12 Geography, Chemistry, Math’s, Biology and other subject are very helpful to revise the whole syllabus during exam days. The revision notes covers all important formulas and concepts given in the chapter. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. These notes will certainly save your time during stressful exam days.

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Drainage Lesson Plan Geography Class 9 for B.Ed

Drainage Lesson Plan Class 9th SST: As you know, lesson plans are detailed descriptions of the course of instructions or “learning trajectories” for teachers. Lesson plans are developed on a daily basis by teachers to guide class learning.

Details may vary depending on the preference of the teachers, the subject being covered, and the needs of the students.

Here we present Class 9th Social Science Lesson Plans for teachers and B.Ed/B.El.Ed students. This Drainage Lesson Plan Class 9th SST is beneficial for all the teachers and B.Ed/D.El.Ed aspirants from several universities like JAMIA, MDU, CRSU, DU, IGNOU, IPU, etc.

You can browse this Drainage Lesson Plan (Social Studies/SST Lesson Plans) and can also download the PDFs from the links given below .

We have provided a mega lesson plan format, which will help you in understanding the pattern of the lesson plans and also the content, headings you need to add to your lesson plans.

Drainage Lesson Plan

Drainage lesson plan (mega lesson plan ), 1. general information, 2. content analysis ( drainage ).

1. Drainage System in Australia

• The Himalayan Rivers
• The Peninsular Rivers

2. Role of Rivers in the Economy

3. River Pollution

3. GENERAL OBJECTIVES (Drainage Lesson Plan)

1. To inculcate a Concerning attitude in Social Science among students.

2. To create an interest among students in Social Science.

3. To develop concern about the need to reduce the Water pollution.

4. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Knowledge Objectives :

1. To enable students to recall the meaning of Drainage.

2. To enable the students to define the term Pollution.

Understanding Objectives :

1. To enable students to distinguish the Drainage System of India.

2. To enable Students to discuss types of Peninsular River Basins which drain water.

Application Objectives :

1. To enable the students to predict the areas which get affected by the drainage system.

2. To enable students to discover the ways to reduce river pollution.

5. TEACHING METHOD

1. Lecture Method

2. Discussion Method

3. Inductive and Deductive Method

6. TEACHING SKILLS

1. Skill of Explaining

2. Skill of Stimulus Variation

3. Skill of Illustration with Example

7. TEACHING AIDS

General aid

Text book, chalk, duster, pointer, black board / chalk board

Specific aid

• Flash cards
• Roller board.

8. PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE ASSUMED (Regarding Drainage Lesson Plan)

P.T will assume that Students have some knowledge about the Drainage.

9. PREVIOUS KNOWLEDGE TESTING

P.T will ask questions-

10. ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE TOPIC

Well students! Today we will learn more about, “Drainage Lesson Plan”.

11. PRESENTATION OF THE TOPIC ( Drainage Lesson Plan)

Here is the presentation:

12. GENERALISATION

Well students, today we have learned about Drainage.

13. RECAPITULATION

The pupil-teacher evaluates the students by asking some questions:

1. Where do the rivers Indus and Ganga have their origin?

2. Which is the largest river basin in India?

3. What is meant by a water divide? Give one example.

4. Which two peninsular rivers flow through a trough?

14. HOMEWORK (Drainage Lesson Plan).

1. Compare the east-flowing and the west-flowing river of the Peninsular plateau.

2. Why are rivers important for the country’s economy?

3. Discuss the significant difference between the Himalayan and the Peninsular rivers?

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