html css javascript assignment

50 HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Projects with Source Code for Beginners

By Faraz - April 28, 2024

Dive into the world of web development with these 50 beginner-friendly HTML, CSS, and JavaScript projects. Explore source code, step-by-step guides, and practical examples to kickstart your coding journey.

In today's fast-paced digital world, web development is a highly sought-after skill. Whether you're looking to build your own website, enhance your resume, or embark on a new career path, learning HTML, CSS, and JavaScript is a great place to start. To help beginners get a hands-on experience, we've compiled a list of 50 beginner-friendly projects with complete source code. These projects will not only bolster your coding skills but also boost your confidence in creating interactive and visually appealing web pages.

Table of Contents

Introduction to html, css, and javascript.

HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are the three core technologies for building web pages and web applications. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is used for structuring web content, CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is used for styling and layout, and JavaScript adds interactivity and functionality to web pages.

Setting Up Your Development Environment

Before diving into the projects, it's essential to set up your development environment. Make sure you have a code editor like Visual Studio Code or Sublime Text installed. You'll also need a web browser for testing your projects, and it's highly recommended to use Google Chrome with its developer tools.

1. Digital Clock

If you're just starting your journey into web development, creating a digital clock is a fantastic project to get your hands dirty with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. You'll learn how to display real-time data, format it elegantly, and make it interactive. This project will introduce you to the basics of JavaScript's Date object and how to manipulate the DOM to update the clock's display in real-time.

2. Pulse Search Bar

Creating a pulse search bar is a visually appealing project that combines HTML and CSS. You'll learn how to use CSS animations to create a subtle pulsing effect.

3. Social Media Icons

In this project, you'll explore the world of iconography using HTML and CSS to create a set of beautiful social media icons. This is a great opportunity to learn how to use CSS for styling and positioning elements to achieve the desired look and feel. You can also practice linking these icons to your social media profiles.

4. Drop-Down Menu

A drop-down menu is a fundamental component of web design. By building one from scratch, you'll gain valuable experience in HTML and CSS to create a navigation menu that can expand and collapse as needed. This project lays the foundation for more complex navigation systems in the future.

5. Simple Calculator

Want to add some interactivity to your website? Build a simple calculator using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. This project will teach you how to capture user input, perform calculations, and display the results on your web page. It's a great way to start working with user interactions and basic JavaScript functions.

6. Login Page

Creating a login page is an essential skill for any web developer. With this project, you'll learn how to design a clean and user-friendly login interface using HTML and CSS. Additionally, you can explore JavaScript for form validation and user authentication in the future.

7. Sign Up Form

Continuing from the login page, designing a sign-up form is another crucial web development skill. You'll delve into form elements, validation techniques, and user-friendly interfaces. This project will expand your HTML and CSS skills while preparing you for more complex forms in the future.

8. Animated Search Box

Elevate your search bar game by creating an animated search box with HTML and CSS. This project will teach you how to make your website more dynamic and engaging, with a search bar that expands and contracts smoothly, providing an improved user experience.

9. Dark/Light Mode Switch

Adding a dark/light mode switch to your website is not only trendy but also functional. With this project, you'll explore how to use HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to allow users to switch between different color themes. It's a great way to learn about user preferences and customization options in web development.

10. Breadcrumb

A breadcrumb navigation trail is essential for guiding users through a website's hierarchy. In this project, you'll learn how to create a breadcrumb trail using HTML and CSS. This will help users easily navigate your website and understand its structure.

11. Carousel Sliders

Creating a carousel slider is a fantastic way to enhance your website's visual appeal. Using HTML and CSS, you can build an interactive image slider that allows users to browse through multiple images or content items.

12. Glitch Effect Text

If you want to add a touch of creativity to your website, consider implementing a glitch effect text. This project involves HTML and CSS to create text that appears to glitch or distort, giving your site a unique and eye-catching aesthetic.

13. Sound Bars

Incorporating soundbars into your website allows you to explore the world of audio visualization.

14. Loaders

Loaders are essential elements to keep users engaged while content is loading. By creating loaders with HTML and CSS, you'll learn how to provide feedback to users and enhance their overall experience on your website.

15. Radio Button

Radio buttons are a fundamental part of form design. In this project, you'll dive into HTML and CSS to create radio button elements and learn how to style them to fit your website's aesthetics. You can also explore JavaScript to make them interactive.

16. Blog Card Grid

Building a blog card grid is a great way to display articles or posts on your website. With HTML and CSS, you'll create an attractive grid layout for showcasing content. This project will teach you responsive design techniques and the art of presenting information effectively.

A well-designed footer can provide important information and links to users. Using HTML and CSS, you can create a stylish and functional footer that complements the overall design of your website. This project will also introduce you to layout concepts for organizing content at the bottom of web pages.

The navigation bar (navbar) is a critical element of web design. With this project, you'll learn how to create a responsive navbar using HTML and CSS. You can also explore JavaScript to add interactive features, such as dropdown menus or smooth scrolling navigation.

19. Sidebar

Sidebars are a common feature in many websites, providing additional navigation or information. Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can create a sidebar that complements your website's layout and functionality. This project will enhance your skills in layout design and organization.

20. Sort HTML Table

Learn how to make your website more user-friendly by allowing users to sort data in an HTML table. With HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you'll create a sortable table that empowers users to arrange data according to their preferences, enhancing the usability of your site.

21. Switch Button

Adding a switch button to your website can be a great way to give users control over specific features or settings. Using HTML and CSS, you can create a customizable switch button that toggles between different states.

22. Tab Bar

Tabs are a common UI pattern for organizing content. With HTML and CSS, you can build a tab bar that allows users to switch between different sections or categories of information on your website.

23. Submit Button

Designing an attractive and responsive submit button is crucial for web forms. This project focuses on HTML and CSS, teaching you how to style submit buttons effectively and ensure they look appealing across various devices and browsers.

24. To Do List

A to-do list is a practical project that introduces you to HTML and CSS for creating a dynamic task management system. You'll learn how to add, edit, and remove tasks, providing valuable experience in handling user data and interactions.

25. Hamburger Menu

Hamburger menus are a popular choice for mobile navigation. Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can create a responsive hamburger menu that expands to reveal navigation options when clicked. This project will improve your skills in designing mobile-friendly interfaces.

26. Accordion

Accordions are a great way to present information in a compact and organized manner. With HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can build an accordion that expands and collapses sections to display content when users interact with it.

27. Coffee Landing Page

Creating a landing page for a coffee shop is an exciting project that combines your HTML and CSS skills to design an appealing and informative page.

28. Login and Sign-Up Form

Expanding on the login and sign-up form projects, you can create a combined login and registration system. This project allows users to choose between logging in or signing up, streamlining the user experience on your website.

29. Card Design

Card design is a versatile skill in web development. With HTML and CSS, you can create stylish cards for showcasing various types of content, such as articles, products, or profiles. This project will sharpen your abilities in layout and design.

30. Glow Button

Glowing buttons can add a touch of interactivity and elegance to your website. Using HTML and CSS, you can create buttons that illuminate or change color when hovered over.

31. Modal Popup Window

Modal popup windows are commonly used for displaying additional information or user interactions without navigating away from the current page. Using HTML and CSS, you can create modal windows that appear when triggered and can be closed by users.

32. Split Text

Splitting text into creative and visually appealing elements is a fascinating design technique. With HTML and CSS, you can split text into individual characters, words, or lines and animate them in unique ways.

33. Product Showcase Carousel

Showcasing products effectively is crucial for e-commerce websites. Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can create a product showcase carousel that allows users to browse through featured items. This project will teach you how to design and implement interactive product displays.

34. Drag and Drop File

Implementing drag-and-drop functionality can greatly enhance user experiences on your website. With HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can create a file upload interface that allows users to drag and drop files for uploading. This project delves into handling file input and user interactions.

35. 404 Not Found Page

Even error pages can be creatively designed. With HTML and CSS, you can create a custom 404 Not Found page that not only informs users of a broken link but also keeps them engaged with your website's branding and navigation options. This project demonstrates your ability to design user-friendly error pages.

36. Animated Product Page

Taking your product pages to the next level, you can create an animated product page that provides detailed information and visualizations of products. Using HTML and CSS, this project enhances your skills in product presentation and user interaction.

37. Netflix Clone

Creating a Netflix clone is a challenging but rewarding project for web developers. While it may involve more advanced concepts, it offers a comprehensive learning experience in HTML and CSS.

38. Google Clone

Building a Google clone is another ambitious project that covers a wide range of web development skills. You'll create a simplified version of the Google search engine.

39. Dropdown Menu

Expanding on the drop-down menu project, you can explore more advanced dropdown menu designs with CSS and JavaScript. This project allows you to create multi-level dropdowns, mega menus, or dynamic content-driven menus, enhancing your navigation menu development skills.

40. Music Player

Developing a music player is a captivating project that combines HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create an interactive audio player. You'll learn how to play, pause, skip tracks, and display album art. This project offers hands-on experience with media elements and user interface design for music applications.

41. Profile Card

Designing profile cards is a useful skill for displaying user information on social media, forums, or networking sites. With HTML and CSS, you can create stylish and customizable profile cards. This project will refine your layout and styling abilities.

42. Portfolio Template

Building a portfolio website is a fantastic way to showcase your work as a web developer. With HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can create a personalized portfolio template to display your projects, skills, and contact information. This project will serve as a reflection of your abilities and a valuable asset for your career.

43. Copy Text to Clipboard

Implementing a "Copy to Clipboard" feature on your website can greatly enhance user convenience. Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can create a button or icon that allows users to easily copy text or code snippets to their clipboard. This project delves into the clipboard API and user interface design for enhanced usability.

44. Hotel Landing Page

Creating a hotel landing page is an engaging project that combines your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript skills to design an attractive and informative page for a hotel or resort. You can include details about rooms, amenities, booking options, and more, enhancing your web design and layout abilities.

45. Ice Cream Shop Landing Page

Designing a landing page for an ice cream shop is a sweet and visually appealing project. Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can create an enticing page that showcases delicious ice cream flavors, specials, and location information. This project encourages creativity in web design.

46. Blog Cards with Bootstrap

Bootstrap is a popular front-end framework that simplifies web development. With this project, you can create stylish blog cards using Bootstrap's components and CSS. It's a great opportunity to learn how to leverage frameworks to streamline your development process.

47. Pizza Shop Website

Building a website for a pizza shop is a fun project that combines your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript skills to create a mouthwatering online presence. You can include menu items, ordering options, delivery information, and more, honing your web development abilities.

48. Password Validation Form

Enhance your form-building skills by creating a password validation form. With HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can design a form that enforces strong password requirements and provides real-time feedback to users. This project reinforces the importance of data validation and user experience.

49. Text to Voice

Adding text-to-voice functionality to your website can make it more accessible and user-friendly. Using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, you can create a feature that converts text content into speech, benefiting users with visual impairments or those who prefer audio content. This project explores the Web Speech API and inclusive design principles.

50. Circular Grid

A circular grid with an amazing hover effect is a design element that consists of a grid of circular elements arranged in a circular pattern, with some sort of hover effect applied to each element. The hover effect could be something like a change in color, a change in size, or the display of additional content when the element has hovered over with the mouse.

Bonus: Pricing Table

A pricing table is an essential element of any website that offers products or services for sale. It provides a clear and concise comparison of the different options available to the customer, allowing them to make an informed decision about which option best suits their needs.

In conclusion, embarking on a journey of web development through these 50 HTML, CSS, and JavaScript projects for beginners has been an enriching experience. Each project has provided valuable insights and practical skills, equipping you with a versatile toolkit for creating dynamic and visually appealing websites and web applications.

Starting with projects like the digital clock and pulse search bar, you gained a solid foundation in the core technologies of the web. As you progressed through more complex tasks such as building a Netflix clone or a Google clone, you honed your skills in layout design, user interfaces, and even API integration.

From interactive forms like login pages and sign-up forms to creative elements like glitch text effects and sound bars, you've explored the diverse facets of web development, each project contributing to your growth as a developer.

Additionally, you've learned the significance of responsive design, accessibility, and user experience through projects like dark/light mode switches, copy-to-clipboard functionality, and text-to-voice conversion.

Remember that web development is dynamic, and your projects are stepping stones to even greater proficiency. Whether you're building personal projects, contributing to open-source initiatives, or pursuing a career in web development, the knowledge and experience gained from these projects will continue to serve you well.

As you move forward, continue exploring, experimenting, and challenging yourself with new projects and technologies. The world of web development is ever-evolving, and your skills will grow with it. Embrace the excitement of creating, innovating, and making the web a better place, one project at a time.

That’s a wrap!

I hope you enjoyed this article

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Learn Web Development Basics – HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Explained for Beginners

If you are learning web development, you will come across terms like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. These are often called the building blocks of the Web.

These three tools dominate web development. Every library or tool seems to be centered around HTML, CSS, and JS. So if you want to become a web developer, you need to learn them well.

You'll also discover that websites are mostly built from these three languages.

But you're probably wondering what each one is and what it's really used for. What makes these languages so special and important? And what makes them so ubiquitous that you can’t help but see them in every tutorial and topic based on web development?

Well, now you need wonder no more.

In this article, I will explain the basics of what HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are, how they make the Web work, and what they do on their own.

What is the Internet?

The internet is simply a network of computers that communicate with each other to send and receive data (information).

Each of these computers on the internet can be distinguished and located by a unique number called an IP Address. An IP Address looks something like this: 168.212.226.204

What is the Web?

The Web is a subset of the internet.

Like every other computer network out there, the Web is made up of two main components: the web browser client and the web server.

The client requests the data and the server shares or serves its data. To achieve this, the two parties have to establish an agreement. That agreement is called the Application Programming Interface or in short, the API.

But this data has to be arranged and formatted into a form that's understandable by end-users who have a wide range of technical experiences and abilities.

This is where HTML, CSS, JavaScript and the whole concept of web development come into play.

What is HTML?

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.

Dictionary.com defines a Markup as:

a set of detailed instructions, usually written on a manuscript to be typeset, concerning style of type, makeup of pages, and the like.

So you can think of HTML as the language used for creating detailed instructions concerning style, type, format, structure and the makeup of a web page before it gets printed (shown to you).

But in the context of web development, we can replace the term ‘printed’ with ‘rendered’ as a more accurate term.

HTML helps you structure your page into elements such as paragraphs, sections, headings, navigation bars, and so on.  

To illustrate what a page looks like, let's create a basic HTML document:

This is how you can format and structure a document with just HTML. As you can see, this markup contains some web elements such as:

• Level 1 heading h1
• Level 2 heading h2
• Level 3 heading h3
• A paragraph   p
• An unordered list with bullet points   ul li
• A button input input
• And the whole body of the page body

This is what that markup above renders on a web browser:

You can also add attributes to these elements which you can use to identify the elements and access them from other places in the site.

In our example, we set the id attributes to all of the three span elements. This will help us access them from our JavaScript as you will see later.

Think of this attribute the same way as your social media username. With this name, others can find you on social media. And someone can also refer to you or mention you with this name (you can get tagged in a post, and so on).

This page is very basic and unattractive, though. If you are building anything other than a demo, you will need to add some basic styling to make it more presentable. And we can do exactly that with CSS.

Want to learn more about HTML? You can start with freeCodeCamp's Responsive Web Design certification and this brand new full HTML course from Beau Carnes .

What is CSS?

While HTML is a markup language used to format/structure a web page, CSS is a design language that you use to make your web page look nice and presentable.

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets , and you use it to improve the appearance of a web page. By adding thoughtful CSS styles, you make your page more attractive and pleasant for the end user to view and use.

Imagine if human beings were just made to have skeletons and bare bones – how would that look? Not nice if you ask me. So CSS is like our skin, hair, and general physical appearance.

You can also use CSS to layout elements by positioning them in specified areas of your page.

To access these elements, you have to “select” them. You can select a single or multiple web elements and specify how you want them to look or be positioned.

The rules that govern this process are called CSS selectors .

With CSS you can set the colour and background of your elements, as well as the typeface, margins, spacing, padding and so much more.

If you remember our example HTML page, we had elements which were pretty self-explanatory. For example, I stated that I would change the color of the level one heading h1 to red.

To illustrate how CSS works, I will be sharing the code which sets the background-color of the three levels of headers to red, blue, and green respectively:

The above style, when applied, will change the appearance of our web page to this:

Cool, right?

We access each of the elements we want to work on by "selecting" them. The h1 selects all level 1 headings in the page, the h2 selects the level 2 elements, and so on. You can select any single HTML element you want and specify how you want it to look or be positioned.

Want to learn more about CSS? You can check out the second part of freeCodeCamp's Responsive Web Design certification to get started.

What is JavaScript?

Now, if HTML is the markup language and CSS is the design language , then JavaScript is the programming language.

If you don’t know what programming is, think of certain actions you take in your daily life:

When you sense danger, you run. When you are hungry, you eat. When you are tired, you sleep. When you are cold, you look for warmth. When crossing a busy road, you calculate the distance of vehicles away from you.

Your brain has been programmed to react in a certain way or do certain things whenever something happens. In this same way, you can program your web page or individual elements to react a certain way and to do something when something else (an event) happens.

You can program actions, conditions, calculations, network requests, concurrent tasks and many other kinds of instructions.

You can access any elements through the Document Object Model API (DOM) and make them change however you want them to.

The DOM is a tree-like representation of the web page that gets loaded into the browser.

Thanks to the DOM, we can use methods like getElementById() to access elements from our web page.

JavaScript allows you to make your webpage “think and act” , which is what programming is all about.

If you remember from our example HTML page, I mentioned that I was going to sum up the two numbers displayed on the page and then display the result in the place of the placeholder text. The calculation runs once the button gets clicked.

This code illustrates how you can do calculations with JavaScript:

Remember what I told you about HTML attributes and their uses? This code displays just that.

The displaySum is a function which gets both items from the web page, converts them to numbers (with the Number method), sums them up, and passes them in as inner values to another element.

The reason we were able to access these elements in our JavaScript was because we had set unique attributes on them, to help us identify them.

So thanks to this:

We were able to do this:

Finally, upon clicking the button, you will see the sum of the two numbers on the newly updated page:

If you want to get started with JavaScript, you can check out freeCodeCamp's JavaScript Algorithms and Data Structures certification. And you can use this great Intro to JS course to supplement your learning.

How to Put HTML, CSS, and JavaScript Together

Together, we use these three languages to format, design, and program web pages.

And when you link together some web pages with hyperlinks, along with all their assets like images, videos, and so on that are on the server computer, it gets rendered into a website .

This rendering typically happens on the front end, where the users can see what's being displayed and interact with it.

On the other hand, data, especially sensitive information like passwords, are stored and supplied from the back end part of the website. This is the part of a website which exists only on the server computer, and isn't displayed on the front-end browser. There, the user cannot see or readily access that information.

Wrapping Up

As a web developer, the three main languages we use to build websites are HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

JavaScript is the programming language, we use HTML to structure the site, and we use CSS to design and layout the web page.

These days, CSS has become more than just a design language, though. You can actually implement animations and smooth transitions with just CSS.

In fact, you can do some basic programming with CSS too. An example of this is when you use media queries, where you define different style rules for different kinds of screens (resolutions).

JavaScript has also grown beyond being used just in the browser as well. We now use it on the server thanks to Node.js .

But the basic fact remains: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are the main languages of the Web.

So that's it. The languages of the Web explained in basic terms. I really hope you got something useful from this article.

To round off this article, I have something to share. I recently started a weekly coding challenge series aimed at teaching beginners how to program in JavaScript. Check it out on my blog .  

Thank you for reading and see you soon.

P/S : If you are learning JavaScript, I created an eBook which teaches 50 topics in JavaScript with hand-drawn digital notes. Check it out here .

Helping you learn how to code one tutorial at a time. Online creator and entrepreneur.

If you read this far, thank the author to show them you care. Say Thanks

Learn to code for free. freeCodeCamp's open source curriculum has helped more than 40,000 people get jobs as developers. Get started

JS Tutorial

Js versions, js functions, js html dom, js browser bom, js web apis, js vs jquery, js graphics, js examples, js references, javascript html dom - changing css.

The HTML DOM allows JavaScript to change the style of HTML elements.

Changing HTML Style

To change the style of an HTML element, use this syntax:

The following example changes the style of a <p> element:

Using Events

The HTML DOM allows you to execute code when an event occurs.

Events are generated by the browser when "things happen" to HTML elements:

• An element is clicked on
• The page has loaded
• Input fields are changed

You will learn more about events in the next chapter of this tutorial.

This example changes the style of the HTML element with id="id1" , when the user clicks a button:

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More Examples

Visibility How to make an element invisible. Do you want to show the element or not?

HTML DOM Style Object Reference

For all HTML DOM style properties, look at our complete HTML DOM Style Object Reference .

Test Yourself With Exercises

Change the text color of the <p> element to "red".

Start the Exercise

COLOR PICKER

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Assignment 1: Static Web: HTML/CSS

Due Sunday, February 7 11:59pm ET

Accept the Github Classroom assignment and clone this repo that contains stencil code for Assignment 1.

Introduction

This is a multi-part assignment with the objective of making you comfortable working with HTML and CSS. By the end of this assignment, you will have styled some rectangular blocks and created a simple version of Twitter's home page.

If this assignment seems overwhelming to you, please come see a TA at TA hours to talk through some strategies for tackling it. We expect this assignment to be a time-consuming assignment as we cover a lot of fundamental techiniques. But with a good strategy, it can be finished in a reasonable amount of time.

Note: Only CSS and HTML will be used for this assignment. If you want to use JavaScript (or libraries such as jQuery) then feel free to, but we will only be grading correctness on your CSS and HTML.

If you can, Start Early!

Specifications

Now that you understand some of the basics of HTML and CSS, let’s take a look at how to align HTML elements. There are multiple ways to align HTML elements, but in this part, we recommend using flexboxes as they are widely used in modern web development (for example BootstrapV4 is built on top of flexboxes).

Refer to this great webpage on how to use flexboxes: CSS Flexbox Guide .

Also feel free to use online resources such as Stack Overflow, MDN, W3, and Google for reference.

As you can see, there are 9 rectangles. The styling and makeup of the first two rectangles are already built for you. Your task is to apply stylings and add div elements inside of the next 7 green rectangular blocks to create a webpage that looks like this:

For the third row, the red and blue end rectangles should remain the same width, and the green space should shrink.

Possible Approach: Have a div with a red background and a div with a blue background, both with fixed width. Use an appropriate value for Justify Content .

For the fourth row, the blue end rectangle should remain the same width, and the red rectangle should shrink.

Possible Approach: Have a div with a red background and a div with a blue background. Have a fixed width on the blue div. Use Flex Grow .

For the fifth row, the red square should remain the same size, but always remain in the center of the green rectangle.

Hint: Think about how to keep a div fixed size and how to align something in the absolute center of the parent element.

For the sixth row, the blue rectangle should remain the same size, while the red rectangles should shrink. The blue rectangle should remain in the center of the row.

Hint: Use two red divs.

For the seventh row, the red rectangle should remain the same width.

Hint: Nest divs and use background-color: transparent

For the eighth row, the orange rectangles should remain the same size while the green space between them shrinks.

For the ninth row, the green space between the orange rectangles should remain the same width while the orange rectangles narrow.

The examples we provided with the first two rectangular blocks use flexboxes. You are not required to use flexboxes for the next 7 rows, but we recommend it as it will also be useful in part 2 of this assignment.

You should only have to use the div html element to complete this assignment. Also, none of the divs you create inside of the provided wrapper divs should have background-color: green; . But it is valid to specify non-green background colors for any divs, including the wrapper.

• The color of the boxes we used are background-color: red , blue , and orange
• Some width/height values we used are 20px, 40px, 80px

You are not required to use Bootstrap in this part. You can use if you want, but we actually recommend writing plain CSS. Just for this part, inline CSS is acceptable, but you should generally avoid using inline CSS in the future.

Any images you'll need can be found in the part2/images folder, which can be referenced as ./images (when CSS is in its own file, URLs are relative to the CSS file, not the page it is loaded on). All of your HTML should go in the index.html file and all of your CSS should go in the index.css file.

Feel free to go on Twitter and use your browser’s inspect element to see how they do font sizes, font weights, margins, paddings, text colors, and background colors (use inspector). Our solution is a bit different than Twitter’s architecture because twitter’s HTML/CSS setup is way too complicated for a simple web mockup. If you try to copy Twitter’s code instead of creating the HTML elements yourself, you’ll end up spending way more time trying to figure out what each div does and how to decipher their massive styling code base.

Ethics Requirements

A screen reader needs to know in advance what language your website is in in order to function properly.

To help it out, make sure to declare the language of your website in the lang= attribute of the html tag.

Blind and low-sighted users often can’t see images on a site.

• To help them enjoy your site’s content, all images must have alt text.
• The alt text goes in the alt="..." attribute of the image element.
• You should give a basic description of what is in the image. Putting image in the alt attribute does not count!

Blind or low-sighted users may want to “skim through” a page using their screen reader. To make that easier, the page should have a logical hierarchy using different headings to designate different levels of importance.

Note: your Twitter page won’t have that many headings. Just don’t use headings to style things!

If you want a piece of text that isn’t a heading to be big or bold, use HTML elements like em and b tag or CSS to style it rather than the heading attribute.

For people using screen readers to navigate the page, ARIA landmarks are a big help – they can help users skim the page, or to quickly find the content they need. These are attributes that can be added to any element on the page and appear as role= attributes within a div’s opening tag. The ARIA landmarks you are required to include are:

• role=navigation (to designate the navigation menu): add this to the navigation bar.
• role=main (main page content, i.e. the tweets): add this to the div you use to contain your tweets.

Look here for more tips and examples.

Finally, your page should have a skip link (think <a> !) somewhere at the top of the navigation. Skip links are links at the top of the page which allow a user to skip to the main content of the page. They’re important for older browsers and screen readers that may not support ARIA landmark navigation.

• This can be styled any way you like! However, for this project, hide them using display: none; .
• To do this, you’ll have to give the div you will be jumping to an ID, and have the link href="..." attribute point to that div’s ID. For example, if I wanted to jump to a div with the ID myDiv, I would have the following link: <a href=”#myDiv”>Jump to myDiv</a>
• In our case, this means skipping to content-wrapper or content-center , depending on your implementation. More tips and examples can be found here .

We recommend running your page through WAVE’s accessibility checker, which we asked you to add to your Firefox and/or Chrome browsers during lab 1. We’ll be using that tool to test whether your ARIA landmarks and general hierarchy are logical, as well as whether you’ve implemented alt text in your image descriptions.

Note: The Chrome WAVE extension has been a little finicky lately. If you’re having trouble, try running your code on a department machine and/or using Firefox.

For help, take a look at our Accessibility Resource Sheet in Docs or come to TA hours!

Functionality Requirements

In the following, we put together some hints on how to accomplish the functionality requirements. We also encourage you to refer to online resources like MDN and CSSTricks for HTML and CSS properties.

Note: Don't worry about getting the font sizes or font colors exact. That being said, #4AB3F4 is the blue color used in the mockup and #E6ECF0 is the light gray background color.

Twitter's header is fixed which means when you scroll down, the header remains at the top of the webpage. We will require you to implement your header in a similar manner. To do this, use:

• position: fixed; Adding this to an element makes it stick to whatever position you specify
• top: 0; left: 0; These are the positions for the fixed element that will keep the element fixed at the top
• z-index: 100; Adding this to an element makes it positioned above other elements (You could probably make it work with z-index: 5, but we put 100 just to make sure). Elements without a specified z-index have a default z-index of 0. Elements with higher z-indexes are placed over elements with lower z-indexes.

If you decide to use Bootstrap, you may find Navbar Placement to be useful.

Lastly, we require you to have the Twitter logo stay in the middle of the header when you resize the window.

• Home <i class="fas fa-home"></i>
• Moments <i class="fas fa-hashtag"></i>
• Notifications <i class="far fa-bell"></i>
• Messages <i class="far fa-envelope"></i>

The file path of the twitter logo is ./images/twitter-logo.png

content-wrapper

• max-width: 1190px; This sets the maximum width of the element.
• margin: 56px auto; This sets the vertical margins to 56px so that it is below the header and the horizontal margins to automatically center the element.

content-left

• Cover picture (purple)
• Profile picture (orange)
• Profile stats (green)

We require you to create the overlapping effect between the profile picture and cover picture. Usually to sepcify priority in stacked display (think it as layers), you will use z-index .

Bootstrap section for positioning

• The filepath of the cover picture is ./images/ratatouille-banner.png while ./images/ratatouille.jpg is the filepath of the profile picture for Remy and ./images/linguini.png is the filepath of Linguini's profile picture.

content-center

We require that you include the profile picture in every one of the tweets. Additionally, in at least one of the tweets you should have a span tag to change the styling of a single word within the tweet.

border-radius: 50%; or Bootstrap class rounded-circle makes an element a circle.

content-right

If you minimize the width of your browser when on Twitter, you will notice that the content on the right disappears at a certain point. This is done using CSS media queries.

We require you to do the same on your mockup. So, use a media query to make content-right disappear when the window’s width is less than or equal to 1200px.

Other than the explicitly stated requirements for this part, we would like you to make your Twitter mockup generally resemble the solution provided above

If you can, please make your webpage compliant across browsers. But we will be testing your assignment on Chrome.

To access Chrome in CIT machine: From the command-line, type chrome .

General Notes

As a reminder, it's a good idea to run your HTML and CSS syntax through validators. You should also consider using an accessibility checker such as WAVE.

Troubleshooting

There are hundreds of HTML and CSS tags, properties, and values, and CS132 does not expect students to learn each one by heart. However, this assignment and the first lab are intended for you to intuitively understand the languages, and to be proficient at knowing how to tackle a design by the end of the semester.

If you’re having problems, there are many guides on HTML and CSS online (CSSTricks and MDN are your friends), as well as on our resources page.

As always, if you are stuck on a particular part, you can always talk to the friendly TAs or ask questions on course piazza (check your email for a signup link).

As a general rule of thumb, do not expect TAs to be able to solve every web problem you have. Even the most adept web developer can struggle a lot with specific CSS rules to use.

To hand in your code for Assignment 1, upload the directory containing your solution to part 1 and part 2 to Gradescope .

coursera-assignments

Html, css and javascript for web developers (by johns hopkins university).

This repository contains my solutions to the assignments of the Coursera course [“HTML, CSS, and Javascript for Web Developers” by Johns Hopkins University] (https://www.coursera.org/learn/html-css-javascript-for-web-developers)

ASSIGNMENTS

• Assignment description
• Deadline: March 31, 11:59 PM IST
• Deadline: April 16, 11:59 PM IST
• Basic Solution (without optional parts)
• Full Solution (including optional parts)
• Deadline: April 23, 11:59 PM IST
• Deadline: April 30, 11:59 PM IST

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Assignment-3.md

Latest commit, file metadata and controls, module 3 coding assignment.

Coursera course: HTML, CSS, and Javascript for Web Developers

Woo-hoo! MORE CODING!!! Exciting! :-)

Time to complete: About 1 hour or less.

Ask questions in Discussions if you get stuck! We are all learning, and going through getting stuck and then unstuck (even with someone's help) can be a very valuable learning experience!

Don't get scared by the number of points below. Most of it is NOT graded and is optional for you to try on your own.

Here is what you will need to complete the assignment:

(If you haven't already) Create a GitHub.com account and a repository that you will use for this class.

(If you haven't already) Follow the Development Setup Video (beginning of Module 1) instructions on how to create a repository and set it up such that you can host and view your finished web pages on GitHub Pages, i.e., GitHub.io domain name. You will need to provide that URL for your peer review.

Create a folder in your repository that will serve as a container folder for your solution to this assignment. You can call it whatever you want. For example, module3-solution or mod3_solution , etc. Create an index.html file inside the solution container folder, e.g., module3-solution/index.html .

The implementation of the page you will be creating should follow the mockup illustrations shown below. You are provided 3 mockups: desktop and tablet (same), mobile, and mobile with mobile menu dropdown shown. Your implementation has to be JUST 1 page. In other words, you will be creating a single, responsive page.

Your page must include a CSS file. No inline styles allowed. Your CSS file should be placed into a css folder under the solution container folder, e.g., module3-solution/css .

For this assignment, you are to use Twitter Bootstrap CSS Framework as much as possible. I suggest you start with copying the starter bootstrap files and folders we discussed in Lecture 25 part 2. If you've cloned/downloaded the code example repository, it should be in the examples/Lecture25 folder. Copy the contents of examples/Lecture25 to your solution container folder (e.g., module3-solution ) as a starting point..

Since we are using Bootstrap for this assignment, instead of specifying pixel ranges, I will define our desktop, tablet, and mobile views in terms of Bootstrap CSS class prefixes, i.e., md , sm , and xs .

• Desktop mockup illustration should correspond to Bootstrap md -based classes
• Tablet mockup illustration should correspond to Bootstrap sm -based classes
• Mobile mockup illustration should correspond to Bootstrap xs -based classes

Navbar: Create a navbar that scrolls away together with the page (the navbar should become invisible and is not fixed to the top when you scroll the page down). The navbar should have a company name (i.e., navbar-brand class) called "Food, LLC" that is aligned to the left side of the navbar. ( See https://getbootstrap.com/docs/3.3/components/#navbar . Make the browser window narrower to see the mobile menu button appear in the first example shown at the provided link. ) For desktop and tablet view, the navbar should not contain anything else. No other buttons should be visible. ( Hint: use 'visible-xs' class. )

Navbar - Mobile View: Create a simple menu button (3 horizontal bars). When the user clicks that button, a dropdown menu should appear (as illustrated in Mobile Open Menu illustration below.) The dropdown menu should contain 3 items: Chicken, Beef, and Sushi. The dropdown menu should take up the entire width of the browser window. Make sure the dropdown menu has a background color set that distinguishes it from the rest of the content. ( Hint: See https://getbootstrap.com/docs/3.3/components/#navbar and Lecture 31 for examples on how to accomplish this. )

Page Heading. The page heading that says Our Menu should be centered within the browser window. You must use a Bootstrap class to accomplish this. ( Hint: look for a Bootstrap class that centers text, see https://getbootstrap.com/docs/3.3/css/#type-alignment . )

Create a single really tall section that will use the Bootstrap Grid and take up the entire width of the browser window (minus some margins, of course) for all views: desktop, tablet, and mobile. To make the section really tall, you can either fill it out with a LOT of text or simply set its height to something like 1000px. It needs to be tall enough to cause scrolling down to be required to view the bottom of the section. Make sure its background color is set to distinguish it from the rest of the content. ( Hint: don't forget to have an element with a class='container' or class='container-fluid' wrapping your grid. Remember that to have the grid do something "always", i.e., no matter what browser window size, use the col-xs- ... classes. In this case, since we want the section to take up the entire row, use col-xs-12 . )

Both the tablet view and the desktop view of what's graded and required is the same. Here is the mockup illustration of the desktop & tablet version of the site (only required graded parts shown):

Here is the mockup illustration of the mobile view (only required graded parts are shown):

*** REQUIRED GRADED ASSIGNMENT ENDS HERE *** OPTIONAL, UNGRADED PORTION IS BELOW:

The rest of this assignment is not graded and is optional, but it's good practice, so go for it if you have time. The solution to the optional ungraded portion of the assignment below does NOT have to be submitted.

(OPTIONAL, NOT GRADED) Since in this optional part you will be implementing something more complex than a single section in the Bootstrap grid, remove that section before continuing.

(OPTIONAL, NOT GRADED) As in previous assignment, the rest of your site is very simple. It consists of a page heading and 3 sections (all in one row in the desktop view). Each section contains some text. You can make it dummy text/"lorem ipsum", it doesn't matter. How the sections are laid out on the screen depends on the width of the browser window. ( Hint: use the Bootstrap Grid we discussed in Lecture 26 of Module 2 as well as numerous lectures of Module 3, including Lecture 35. )

(OPTIONAL, NOT GRADED) Each section should be fairly large in height. You can achieve this by either filling it up with a lot of content text or simply setting its height property to something large like 700px. At the end of each section, provide a link that says "Back to Top". This link should jump the page back to "Our Menu" heading. ( Hint: use a link that points to a section of the page discussed in Lecture 9 of Module 1. )

(OPTIONAL, NOT GRADED) Each section should have an h3-based section heading which should be centered within the section. Use the same Bootstrap class you used for centering the page heading to center the section heading. Use the heading names shown in the mockup illustrations, i.e., "Chicken", "Beef", "Sushi".

(OPTIONAL, NOT GRADED)Layout: In the desktop view, each of the 3 sections should take up equal amount of space on the screen. As you make the browser window wider or narrower, each section should become wider or narrower. ( Hint: use md -based grid column classes as discussed in Lecture 26 and Lecture 35 among others. It's a 12 grid-based system, so 3 in a row means each grid will take up 4 grid cells, i.e., col-md-4 . ) For a visual reference of this view, see the desktop mockup illustration below.

(OPTIONAL, NOT GRADED)Layout: In the tablet view, the first 2 sections should be in the first row and be of equal size. The 3rd section should be in the second row and take up the entire row by itself. ( Hint: use 'sm'-based grid column classes and remember that you don't really need to define a separate 'row' class as you can achieve this layout within a single Bootstrap 'row' as discussed in Lecture 26 and Lecture 35, among others. To have 2 sections take up an entire row, i.e., all 12 columns, each one should take up 6 columns. To make the 3rd section take up the entire width of the browser window, i.e., 12 columns, use col-sm-12 . ) For a visual reference of this view, see the tablet mockup illustration below.

(OPTIONAL, NOT GRADED)Layout: In the mobile view, each section should take up the entire row. ( Hint: use xs -based grid column class. Since you need to take up the entire row, use col-xs-12 . ) For a visual reference of this view, see the mobile mockup illustration below.

(OPTIONAL, NOT GRADED) Link the menu items "Chicken", "Beef", "Sushi" from the mobile-only menu drop down to jump to the part of the page those sections correspond to.

MOCKUP ILLUSTRATIONS ARE BELOW:

Please NOTE: these mockup illustrations show parts that are optional and not graded for this assignment. Please refer to the requirements above to confirm what parts of the mockup are required and graded and what parts are optional.

Here is the mockup illustration of the tablet version of the site:

Here is the mockup illustration of the mobile version of the site with the menu dropdown NOT open (on the left) and menu drop down open (on the right):

Module 2 Assessment Solution

2nd assignment solution for Html, CSS, and Javascript

Module 3 Assessment Solution

3rd assignment solution for Html, CSS, and Javascript

Module 4 Assessment Solution

4th assignment solution for Html, CSS, and Javascript

Module 5 Assessment Solution

5th assignment solution for Html, CSS, and Javascript

HTML, CSS, and Javascript for Web Developers by Yaakov Chaikin

Assessments for HTML, CSS, and Javascript for Web Developers by Yaakov Chaikin from Johns Hopkins University. click on the below link you will be redirected to github page where you can find the source files. Please use this as helping material only. Do not copy.

Assignment 7:  Forms and Javascript/JQuery

Requirements.

• Extra Credit
• Create simple HTML forms with input elements and a button,
• Write Javascript functions that are used as event handlers,
• Write JQuery statements that gather the information from the input fields, store the values into variables, and perform some operations with them,
• Incorporate conditional execution of code to perform file size calculations, and display results to the user, by dynamically changing the HTML page.
• Incorporate repetitive elements for multiple pages of a website by using JQuery load() .

We recommend that you run with the browser Console open at all times when you are writing and debugging JavaScript. Also, make use of console.log() in your Javascript code, to make sure that your variables and expressions have the values you expect them to have.

Pair Programming

On this assignment, you are required to work with a partner as part of a two-person team (re-visit the details of pair programming introduced in assignment 6 ). Note: You may ask an instructor for an exception to the pair programming requirement, in case there is a strong reason (illness, travel, etc.) that prevents you from finding reasonable times to schedule work with the partner.

You submit the code in one of the accounts and the same grade will be given to both team members.

Find a Partner

Use this shared Google Doc to record who your pair partner is or find a partner who has similar scheduling constraints. It is not required to pair with your project partner, you can pair with anyone in any section, as long as you are able to find time to work together.

You must enter the names of team members in this spreadsheet (or if you got permission, your name alone), since the graders will use this document for grading purposes.

Part 1: Mad Libs

Task 1: Creating the HTML page

The requirements for the story and its appearance are:

• There must be exactly four input fields, but their meaning is up to you. Give them default values so that the form is easier to test.

The content of the story can be anything that you like — be creative!

Task 2: Event Handler

You are working as a summer intern at Tom Thumb ImageWorks, a company that specializes in making thumbnails for images that its clients want to use on their websites.

To make sure that the size of the files is small, you are asked to write a form that will let the page designer enter the desired values for width, height, and number of colors. Your form calculates the file size for these values, and displays a message to notify the designer whether those values are good for a small file or not.

Task 1: The HTML file

• There should also be an empty <div> element with an ID which will be used to display the calculations/messages on the page.

Task 2: JavaScript - getBitDepth function

Task 3: javascript - indexedfilesize function, task 4: javascript - event handler.

• Store the entered values in variables. Remember they should be numeric, so use parseInt correctly.

Test that your page works properly by repeating the scenarios shown in the screencast or other values you have calculated by hand.

Extra Credit Challenge

Mad libs magic, tom thumb technique.

Coding Style

Assignments are due at midnight on the due date (check the schedule ). Assignments may be turned in up to 24 hours late, for a 10% penalty. Furthermore, remember that this policy means that you should not modify work after the due time has passed , or it will be time-stamped late, and will incur the late penalty.

These are the criteria we use to grade the homework:

• Homework was submitted on the server by the due date. Late penalties apply.
• Folders and files have the required names and are uploaded to the proper location.
• The two HTML files and the CSS file are valid.
• All your files have comments at the top and as necessary interspersed in the code.
• Your code follows our recommended coding style.
• Mad Libs page follows all our requirements.
• Tom Thumb page follows all our requirements and the file size calculations are correct.
• The repetitive elements of the page are loaded properly
• There are no errors in the Javascript console.
• There are comments in the Javascript file to explain your code.

Our tutors in the help room can help you with concrete problems and questions you have about the assignment, thus, go to the room prepared. If you find that you don't know how to start the assignment, you should visit the instructors during their office hours.

32 HTML And CSS Projects For Beginners (With Source Code)

updated Apr 17, 2024

If you want to feel confident in your front-end web developer skills, the easiest solution is to start building your own HTML and CSS projects from scratch.

As with any other skill, practicing on simple, realistic projects helps you build your skills and confidence step-by-step.

But if you are new to HTML and CSS, you may be wondering:

Where can I find ideas for beginner-level HTML and CSS projects?

Even if you are just starting out with HTML and CSS, there are some fun and easy projects you can create.

Whether you are new to learning web development or have some experience under your belt, this guide is the perfect place to start improving your skills.

In this article, I’ll walk you through 32 fun HTML and CSS coding projects that are easy to follow. We will start with beginner-level projects and then move on to more demanding ones.

If you want to become a professional front-end developer, the projects below will help you expand your portfolio.

When it’s time to apply for your first entry-level job, you can showcase your skills to potential employers with a portfolio packed with real-life project examples.

Let’s get started!

Please note: This post contains affiliate links to products I use and recommend. I may receive a small commission if you purchase through one of my links, at no additional cost to you. Thank you for your support!

What are HTML and CSS?

HTML and CSS are the most fundamental languages for front-end web development.

Learning them will allow you to:

• Build stunning websites
• Start a coding blog
• Make money freelancing

Let’s take a quick look at both of them next:

What is HTML?

HTML or HyperText Markup Language is the standard markup language for all web pages worldwide.

It’s not a “typical” programming language – like Python or Java – since it doesn’t contain any programming logic. HTML can’t perform data manipulations or calculations, for example.

Instead, HTML allows you to create and format the fundamental structure and content of a web page.

You will use HTML to create:

• Page layouts (header, body, footer, sidebar)
• Paragraphs and headings
• Input fields
• Checkboxes and radio buttons
• Embedded media

Thus, HTML only allows you to determine the structure of a web page and place individual content elements within it.

For more details, check out my post on what HTML is and how it works .

You can’t format the look and feel of your web page with HTML, though.

Your HTML web page will look dull and boring. Sort of like this:

The example above is the first web page every built for the WWW , by the way.

This is how websites used to look in the ’90s. But we’ve come a long way since then – luckily.

To make your HTML content visually appealing and professional-looking, you need another language: CSS. Let’s look at that next.

What is CSS?

CSS or Cascading Style Sheets is a style sheet language that allows you to adjust the design and feel of your HTML content.

Thus, you can turn your pure-HTML pages into stunning, modern websites with CSS. And it’s super easy to learn, too!

Here’s how it works:

CSS allows you to target individual HTML elements and apply different styling rules to them.

For example, here’s a CSS rule that targets H2 headings, their font-size property, and sets it to a value of 24px:

You can use CSS to adjust:

• Backgrounds
• Fonts and text styling
• Spacings (paddings, margins)
• CSS animations
• Responsiveness (media queries)

If you want to create stunning websites and become a front-end web developer, CSS is one of the first tools you must learn and master.

For more details, check out my post on what CSS is and how it works .

Why build HTML and CSS projects?

Practicing on realistic, hands-on projects is the best way to learn how to create something useful and meaningful with HTML and CSS.

The more projects you build, the more confident you will feel in your skills.

To build a web page from scratch , you need a basic understanding of how HTML works. You should be comfortable with writing the necessary HTML code to create a page without copying a boilerplate or following a tutorial.

Thus, if you want to become a front-end web developer , building HTML and CSS projects will teach you how to use these two languages in real life.

Therefore, practising your skills with the projects in this article will give you a competitive edge against anyone who’s simply following tutorials and copy-pasting other people’s code.

Finally, building HTML and CSS projects helps you build a professional portfolio of real-world projects.

When it’s time to start applying for your first job, you will have 10 to 20 cool projects to showcase your skills to potential employers. Not bad!

32 HTML and CSS projects: Table of contents

Here’s an overview of the HTML and CSS projects we’ll go through:

Beginner project: CSS radio buttons

Beginner project: css toggle buttons, beginner project: hamburger menu, beginner project: pure css sidebar toggle menu, beginner project: animated css menu, beginner project: custom checkboxes, beginner project: pure css select dropdown, beginner project: modal/popup without javascript, beginner project: animated gradient ghost button, beginner project: css image slider, basic html & css website layout, tribute page, survey page with html forms, sign-up page / log-in page, job application form page, landing page, product landing page, interactive navigation bar, responsive website header, restaurant menu, restaurant website, parallax website, custom 404 error page, personal portfolio website, blog post layout.

• Photography website

Music store website

Discussion forum website.

• Event or conference website

Technical documentation website

Online recipe book, website clone.

Share this post with others!

This quick project is a great example of what you can do with pure CSS to style radio buttons or checkboxes:

See the Pen CSS radio buttons by Angela Velasquez ( @AngelaVelasquez ) on CodePen .

☝️ back to top ☝️

This HTML and CSS project teaches you how to create custom CSS toggle buttons from scratch:

See the Pen Pure CSS Toggle Buttons | ON-OFF Switches by Himalaya Singh ( @himalayasingh ) on CodePen .

Every website needs a menu, right?

This hamburger menu is beautiful and clean, and you can build it with just HTML and CSS:

See the Pen Pure CSS Hamburger fold-out menu by Erik Terwan ( @erikterwan ) on CodePen .

Placing your website navigation inside a sidebar toggle is an easy way to clean up the overall look and feel of your design.

Here’s a modern-looking solution to a pure-CSS sidebar toggle menu:

See the Pen PURE CSS SIDEBAR TOGGLE MENU by Jelena Jovanovic ( @plavookac ) on CodePen .

If you want to build a more dynamic, interactive website navigation, try this animated CSS menu:

See the Pen Animate menu CSS by Joël Lesenne ( @joellesenne ) on CodePen .

Styling your checkboxes to match the overall design is an easy way to elevate the look and feel of your website.

Here’s an easy HTML and CSS practice project to achieve that:

See the Pen Pure CSS custom checkboxes by Glen Cheney ( @Vestride ) on CodePen .

Standard select dropdowns often look dull and boring. Here’s a quick CSS project to learn how to create beautiful select dropdowns easily:

See the Pen Pure CSS Select by Raúl Barrera ( @raubaca ) on CodePen .

Modals and popups often use JavaScript, but here’s a pure HTML and CSS solution to creating dynamic, interactive modals and popups:

See the Pen Pure css popup box by Prakash ( @imprakash ) on CodePen .

Ghost buttons can look great if they fit the overall look and feel of your website.

Here’s an easy project to practice creating stunning, dynamic ghost buttons for your next website project:

See the Pen Animated Gradient Ghost Button Concept by Arsen Zbidniakov ( @ARS ) on CodePen .

This image slider with navigation buttons and dots is a fantastic HTML and CSS project to practice your front-end web development skills:

See the Pen CSS image slider w/ next/prev btns & nav dots by Avi Kohn ( @AMKohn ) on CodePen .

Now, before you start building full-scale web pages with HTML and CSS, you want to set up your basic HTML and CSS website layout first.

The idea is to divide your page into logical HTML sections. That way, you can start filling those sections with the right elements and content faster.

For example, you can break up the body of your page into multiple parts:

• Header: <header>
• Navigation: <nav>
• Content: <article>
• Sidebar: <aside>
• Footer: <footer>

Depending on your project, you can fill the article area with a blog post, photos, or other content you need to present.

This layout project will serve as a starting point for all your future HTML and CSS projects, so don’t skip it.

Having a template like this will speed up your next projects, because you won’t have to start from scratch.

Here are two tutorials that will walk you through the steps of creating a basic website layout using HTML and CSS:

• https://www.w3schools.com/html/html_layout.asp
• https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_website_layout.asp

Building a tribute page is fantastic HTML and CSS practice for beginners.

What should your tribute page be about?

Anything you like!

Build a tribute page about something you love spending time with.

Here are a few examples:

• a person you like
• your favorite food
• a travel destination
• your home town

My first HTML-only tribute page was for beetroots. Yes, beetroots. I mean, why not?

HTML and CSS concepts you will practice:

• HTML page structure
• basic HTML elements: headings, paragraphs, lists
• embedding images with HTML
• CSS fundamentals: fonts and colors
• CSS paddings, margins, and borders

Here’s a helpful tutorial for building a HTML and CSS tribute page .

Whether you want to become a full-time web developer or a freelance web designer, you will use HTML forms in almost every project.

Forms allow you to build:

• Contact forms
• Login forms
• Sign up forms
• Survey forms

Building a survey page allows you to practice HTML input tags, form layouts, radio buttons, checkboxes, and more.

Pick any topic you like and come up with 10 pieces of information you want to collect from respondents.

Perhaps an employee evaluation form? Or a customer satisfaction form?

• form elements: input fields, dropdowns, radio buttons, labels
• styling for forms and buttons

Here’s an example survey form project for inspiration:

See the Pen Good Vibes Form by Laurence ( @laurencenairne ) on CodePen .

Let’s practice those HTML forms a bit more, shall we?

For this project, you will build a sign-up or log-in page with the necessary input fields for a username and a password.

Because we can create a user profile on almost every website, forms are absolutely essential for allowing people to set their usernames and passwords.

Your forms will collect inputs from users and a separate back-end program will know how to store and process that data.

Creating a clean and clear sign-up page can be surprisingly difficult. The more you learn about HTML and CSS, the more content you want to create to showcase your skills. But the thing is: a sign-up page needs to be as clean and easy-to-use as possible.

Thus, the biggest challenge with this project is to keep it simple, clear, and light.

Here’s an example project to get started with:

See the Pen Learn HTML Forms by Building a Registration Form by Noel ( @WaterNic10 ) on CodePen .

For more inspiration, check out these 50+ sign-up forms built with HTML and CSS .

Using a HTML form is the best way to collect information from job applicants.

You can also generate and format a job description at the top of the page.

Then, create a simple job application form below to collect at least 10 pieces of information.

Use these HTML elements, for example:

• Text fields
• Email fields
• Radio buttons

Here’s an example job application page you can build with HTML and CSS:

See the Pen Simple Job Application Form Example by Getform ( @getform ) on CodePen .

One of your first HTML and CSS projects should be a simple landing page.

Your landing page can focus on a local business, an event, or a product launch, for example.

Landing pages play an important role for new businesses, marketing campaigns, and product launches. As a front-end developer, you will be asked to create them for clients.

For this project, create a simple HTML file and style it with CSS. Be sure to include a headline, some text about the company or its services, and a call-to-action (CTA) button.

Make sure that your landing page is clean and clear and that it’s easy to read.

If you build a landing page for a new product, highlight the product’s key benefits and features.

To get started, follow this freeCodeCamp tutorial to build a simple landing page . You will need JavaScript for a few features. If you are not familiar with JavaScript, leave those features out for now and come back to them later.

For more inspiration, check out these HTML landing page templates .

A product landing page is a page that you build to promote a specific product or service.

For example, if you want to sell your ebook about how to use CSS to build an animated website, then you would create a product landing page for it.

Your product landing page can be very simple to start with. When your skills improve, add some complexity depending on what kind of information you need to present.

One of the most iconic product landing pages is the iPhone product page by Apple, for example:

Of course, the iPhone landing page is technically complex, so you won’t build it as your first project. But still, it’s a good place to find inspiration and new ideas.

The best way to design your first product landing page is to create a simple wireframe first. Sketch your page layout on paper before you start building it.

Wireframes help you maintain a clear overview of your HTML sections and elements.

To get started, browse through these product landing page examples for some inspiration .

Building an interactive navigation bar will teach you how to create an animated menu with dropdowns using HTML and CSS.

This is another great project for beginners, because it will teach you how to create menus using HTML and CSS. You’ll also learn how to style them with different colors, fonts, and effects.

You’ll also learn how to use anchors and pseudo-classes to create the menu navigation, as well as how to create the dropdown menus from scratch.

If you aren’t familiar with CSS media queries yet, building a responsive navigation bar is a smart way to learn and practice them.

CSS media queries allow you to create a responsive navigation menu that changes its size and layout depending on screen width.

To get started, check out this tutorial on how to build an interactive navigation bar with HTML and CSS .

One of the best ways to practice your HTML and CSS skills is to create custom website headers. This is a great project to add to your portfolio website, as it will show off your skills and help you attract new clients.

There are a number of different ways that you can create a stylish and responsive website header. One option is to use a premade CSS framework such as Bootstrap or Foundation. Alternatively, you can create your own custom styles by hand.

No matter which option you choose, be sure to make your header mobile-friendly by using media queries. This will ensure that your header looks great on all devices, regardless of their screen size or resolution.

To get started, check out this simple example for a responsive HTML and CSS header .

If you’re looking to get into web development, one of the best HTML and CSS projects you can build is a simple restaurant menu.

Align the different foods and drinks using a CSS layout grid.

Add prices, images, and other elements you need to give it a professional, clean look and feel.

Choose a suitable color palette, fonts, and stock photos.

You can also add photos or a gallery for individual dishes. If you want to add an image slider, you can create one with HTML and CSS, too.

Here’s an example of a very simple restaurant menu project:

See the Pen Simple CSS restaurant menu by Viszked Tamas Andras ( @ViszkY ) on CodePen .

Once you’ve built your restaurant menu with, it’s time to tackle a more complex HTML and CSS project.

Building a real-life restaurant website is a fun way to practice a ton of HTML and CSS topics.

Not only will you learn the basics of creating a beautiful, professional web page, but you also get a chance to practice responsive web design, too.

And if you’re looking to land your first front-end web developer job, having a well-designed business website in your portfolio will help you stand out from the crowd.

Make sure your website matches the restaurant’s menu and target clientele. A fine-dining place on Manhattan will have a different website than a simple (but delicious!) diner in rural Wisconsin.

Here are a few key details to include on your restaurant website:

• Clear navigation bar
• Restaurant details
• Menu for food and drinks
• Location and directions
• Contact details
• Upcoming events

To get started, check out this free tutorial on how to build a restaurant website with HTML and CSS .

To build a parallax website, you will include fixed background images that stay in place when you scroll down the page.

Although the parallax look isn’t as popular or modern as it was a few years back, web designers still use the effect a lot.

The easiest way to build a parallax HTML and CSS project is to start with a fixed background image for the entire page.

After that, you can experiment with parallax effects for individual sections.

Create 3-5 sections for your page, fill them with content, and set a fixed background image for 1-2 sections of your choice.

Word of warning: Don’t overdo it. Parallax effects can be distracting, so only use them as a subtle accent where suitable.

Here’s an example project with HTML and CSS source code:

See the Pen CSS-Only Parallax Effect by Yago Estévez ( @yagoestevez ) on CodePen .

404 error pages are usually boring and generic, right?

But when a visitor can’t find what they’re searching for, you don’t want them to leave your website.

Instead, you should build a custom 404 error page that’s helpful and valuable, and even fun and entertaining.

A great 404 page can make users smile and – more importantly – help them find what they are looking for. Your visitors will appreciate your effort, trust me.

For some inspiration, check out these custom 404 page examples .

Any web developer will tell you that having a strong portfolio is essential to landing your first job.

Your portfolio is a chance to show off your skills and demonstrate your expertise in front-end web development.

And while there are many ways to create a portfolio website, building one from scratch using HTML and CSS will give you tons of valuable practice.

Your first version can be a single-page portfolio. As your skills improve, continue adding new pages, content, and features. Make this your pet project!

Remember to let your personality shine through, too. It will help you stand out from the crowd of other developers who are vying for the same jobs.

Introduce yourself and share a few details about your experience and future plans.

Employers and clients want to see how you can help them solve problems. Thus, present your services and emphasize the solutions you can deliver with your skills.

Add your CV and share a link to your GitHub account to showcase your most relevant work samples.

Make sure to embed a few key projects directly on your portfolio website, too.

Finally, let your visitors know how to get in touch with you easily. If you want, you can add links to your social media accounts, too.

In this project, you’ll create a simple blog post page using HTML and CSS.

You’ll need to design the layout of the page, add a title, a featured image, and of course add some content to your dummy blog post.

You can also add a sidebar with a few helpful links and widgets, like:

• An author bio with a photo
• Links to social media profiles
• List of most recent blog posts
• List of blog post categories

Once your HTML structure and content are in place, it’s time to style everything with CSS.

Photography website with a gallery

If you’re a photographer or just enjoy taking pictures, then this project is for you.

Build a simple photo gallery website using HTML and CSS to practice your web design skills.

Start with the basic HTML structure of the page, and figure out a cool layout grid for the photos. You will need to embed the photos and style everything beautiful with CSS.

My tip: Use CSS Flexbox and media queries to create a responsive galleries that look great on all devices.

Here’s a full tutorial for building a gallery website with HTML and CSS:

If you love music, why not practice your HTML and CSS skills by building a music store web page?

Before you start, make a thorough plan about your website structure. What’s the purpose of your music store? What genres will you cover?

Pick a suitable color palette, choose your fonts, and any background images you want to use.

My tip: If you feature album cover images, keep your colors and fonts as clean and simple as possible. You don’t want to overpower the album covers with a busy web page with tons of different colors and mismatching fonts.

Create a user-friendly menu and navigation inside the header. Fill the footer with helpful links for your store, career page, contact details, and newsletter form, for example.

Building a music store website with HTML and CSS is a great opportunity to practice your skills while you are still learning.

Start with very basic features, and add new ones as your skills improve. For example, you can add media queries to make your website responsive.

A forum is a great way to create a community around a topic or interest, and it’s also a great way to practice your coding skills.

In this project, you’ll create a simple forum website using HTML and CSS.

You’ll need to design the layout of the site, add categories and forums, and set up some initial content.

Of course, you should start with creating the basic layout and structure with HTML first. You will need a navigation bar, at least one sidebar, and an area for the main content.

To make your discussion forum website more interesting, add new content and remember to interlink related threads to make the site feel more realistic.

Event or conference web page

Creating a web page for an event is a fun HTML and CSS project for beginners.

You can either pick a real event and build a better landing page than the real one, or come up with an imaginary conference, for example.

Make sure to include these elements:

• Register button
• Venue details
• Dates and schedule
• Speakers and key people
• Directions (how to get there)
• Accommodation details

Divide the landing page into sections, and create a header and a footer with menus and quick links.

Come up with a suitable color palette, pick your fonts, and keep your design clean and clear.

Every programming language, software, device and gadget has a technical documentation for helpful information and support.

Creating a technical documentation website with just HTML and CSS allows you to build a multi-page site with hierarchies, links, and breadcrumbs.

The main idea is to create a multi-page website where you have a sidebar menu on the left, and the content on the right.

The left-hand side contains a vertical menu with all the topics your documentation covers.

The right-hand side presents the description and all the details for each individual topic.

For simplicity, start with the homepage and 2–3 subpages first. Come up with a clean layout and make sure your links are working properly.

Then, start expanding the website with additional sub-pages, content, and elements.

• HTML hyperlinks and buttons

Creating an online recipe book as an HTML and CSS project requires a similar setup than the previous project example.

You will need to create a homepage that serves as a directory for all your recipes. Then, create a separate subpage for each recipe.

If you want to challenge yourself, add recipe categories and create separate directory pages for each of them.

• embedding recipe photos

One of the best ways to practice HTML and CSS is to clone an existing web page from scratch.

Use your browser’s inspecting tools to get an idea of how the page is built.

As with any HTML and CSS project, start by creating the basic page template with:

Then, divide your page into sections, rows, and columns.

Finally, fill your page with individual elements like headings, paragraphs, and images.

Once the HTML content is in place, use CSS to style your page.

Start with something simple, like the PayPal login page.

Then move on to more demanding cloning projects, such as a news website. Try the BBC homepage, for example.

Where to learn HTML and CSS?

There are no prerequisites required for you to learn HTML and CSS.

Both languages are easy to learn for beginners, and you can start building real-life projects almost right away.

Here are a few courses to check out if you want to learn HTML and CSS online at your own pace:

1: Build Responsive Real World Websites with HTML5 and CSS3

Build Responsive Real World Websites with HTML5 and CSS3 was my first online web development course focused 100% on HTML and CSS.

You don’t need any coding or web development experience for this course. But if you have watched some online tutorials but you’re not sure how to create a full-scale website by yourself, you are going to love it.

2: The Complete Web Developer Course 2.0

The Complete Web Developer Course 2.0 changed my life back when I started learning web development.

This course takes you from zero to knowing the basics of all fundamental, popular web development tools. You’ll learn:

• HTML and CSS
• JavaScript and jQuery
• and much more

3: Modern HTML & CSS From The Beginning (Including Sass)

I’m a big fan of Brad Traversy, and I really can’t recommend his Modern HTML & CSS From The Beginning course enough.

Even if you have never built a website with HTML and CSS before, this course will teach you all the basics you need to know.

4: The Complete 2023 Web Development Bootcamp

One of my most recent favorites, The Complete 2023 Web Development Bootcamp by Dr. Angela Yu is one of the best web development courses for beginners I’ve come across.

If you’re not quite sure what area or language to specialize in, this course is the perfect place to try a handful of tools and programming languages on a budget.

5: Learn HTML (Codecademy)

Learn HTML is a free beginner-level course that walks you through the fundamentals with interactive online lessons.

Codecademy also offers a plethora of other web development courses. Check out their full course catalog here .

6: Responsive Web Design (freeCodeCamp)

The Responsive Web Design certification on FreeCodeCamp is great for learning all the basics of web development from scratch for free.

You start with HTML and CSS to get the hang of front-end web dev fundamentals. Then, you start learning new tools and technologies to add to your toolkit, one by one.

Also, check out these roundups with helpful web development courses:

• 27 Best Web Development Courses (Free and Paid)
• 20+ Web Development Books for Beginners
• 120+ Free Places to Learn to Code (With No Experience)
• 100+ Web Development Tools and Resources

Final thoughts: HTML and CSS project ideas for beginners

There you go!

When it comes to learning HTML and CSS, practice really makes perfect. I hope you found a few inspirational ideas here to start building your next project right away.

Learning HTML and CSS may seem intimidating at first, but when you break it down into small, less-intimidating projects, it’s really not as hard as you might think.

HTML and CSS are easy to learn. You can use them to create really cool, fun projects – even if you are new to coding.

Try these beginner-level HTML and CSS project ideas to improve your front-end web development skills starting now. Do your best to build them without following tutorials.

Remember to add your projects to your portfolio website, too.

It’s possible to learn how to code on your own, and it’s possible to land your first developer job without any formal education or traditional CS degree.

It all boils down to knowing how to apply your skills by building an awesome portfolio of projects like the ones above.

So, which project will you build first? Let me know in the comments below!

Once you feel comfortable with HTML and CSS, it’s time to start learning and practising JavaScript .

To get started, check out my guide with 20+ fun JavaScript projects ideas for beginners . I’ll see you there!

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About mikke.

Hi, I’m Mikke! I’m a blogger, freelance web developer, and online business nerd. Join me here on MikkeGoes.com to learn how to code for free , build a professional portfolio website , launch a tech side hustle , and make money coding . When I’m not blogging, you will find me sipping strong coffee and biking around town in Berlin. Learn how I taught myself tech skills and became a web dev entrepreneur here . And come say hi on Twitter !

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Assignment (=)

The assignment ( = ) operator is used to assign a value to a variable or property. The assignment expression itself has a value, which is the assigned value. This allows multiple assignments to be chained in order to assign a single value to multiple variables.

A valid assignment target, including an identifier or a property accessor . It can also be a destructuring assignment pattern .

An expression specifying the value to be assigned to x .

Return value

The value of y .

Thrown in strict mode if assigning to an identifier that is not declared in the scope.

Thrown in strict mode if assigning to a property that is not modifiable .

Description

The assignment operator is completely different from the equals ( = ) sign used as syntactic separators in other locations, which include:

• Initializers of var , let , and const declarations
• Default values of destructuring
• Default parameters
• Initializers of class fields

All these places accept an assignment expression on the right-hand side of the = , so if you have multiple equals signs chained together:

This is equivalent to:

Which means y must be a pre-existing variable, and x is a newly declared const variable. y is assigned the value 5 , and x is initialized with the value of the y = 5 expression, which is also 5 . If y is not a pre-existing variable, a global variable y is implicitly created in non-strict mode , or a ReferenceError is thrown in strict mode. To declare two variables within the same declaration, use:

Simple assignment and chaining

Value of assignment expressions.

The assignment expression itself evaluates to the value of the right-hand side, so you can log the value and assign to a variable at the same time.

Unqualified identifier assignment

The global object sits at the top of the scope chain. When attempting to resolve a name to a value, the scope chain is searched. This means that properties on the global object are conveniently visible from every scope, without having to qualify the names with globalThis. or window. or global. .

Because the global object has a String property ( Object.hasOwn(globalThis, "String") ), you can use the following code:

So the global object will ultimately be searched for unqualified identifiers. You don't have to type globalThis.String ; you can just type the unqualified String . To make this feature more conceptually consistent, assignment to unqualified identifiers will assume you want to create a property with that name on the global object (with globalThis. omitted), if there is no variable of the same name declared in the scope chain.

In strict mode , assignment to an unqualified identifier in strict mode will result in a ReferenceError , to avoid the accidental creation of properties on the global object.

Note that the implication of the above is that, contrary to popular misinformation, JavaScript does not have implicit or undeclared variables. It just conflates the global object with the global scope and allows omitting the global object qualifier during property creation.

Assignment with destructuring

The left-hand side of can also be an assignment pattern. This allows assigning to multiple variables at once.

For more information, see Destructuring assignment .

Specifications

Browser compatibility.

BCD tables only load in the browser with JavaScript enabled. Enable JavaScript to view data.

• Assignment operators in the JS guide
• Destructuring assignment

• Using and Extending the Oracle JET Audit Framework
• Extend the Oracle JET Audit Framework
• Implement Custom Node Rules

8 Implement Custom Node Rules

Node rules are standard audit rules that you write in respond to the parsing of application files, including HTML, JSON, CSS, and JavaScript. Oracle JAF handles file parsing by creating data nodes that the Oracle JAF audit engine walks in the form of an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST) and exposes to you through node event listeners that you can register in your custom node rule.

About AST Rule Nodes in CSS Auditing

Rules that audit CSS files or the <style> section of HTML files are implemented as JavaScript/TypeScript files which are loaded at runtime as node.js modules, and are passed a context from Oracle JAF as it analyzes the abstract syntax tree (AST) of the audited content and invokes the node type listeners that you have registered with your audit rules.

Overview of Rule Nodes in CSS

Consider the following CSS rule:

The CSS rule is represented in the AST as a Rule node. Here is a skeleton view of the Rule node:

From this sample it would be a simple task to extract the property/value pairs from this Rule node.

For clarity, some content above has been omitted. For example, throughout the Rule node there are loc sub-properties which contain positional information:

The loc position information is relative to the start of the CSS text. Since CSS may also be embedded in an HTML <style> , the rule context provides the offset property which provides the actual origin of the text, and that can be used to adjust the position information when reporting an issue. See the offset property and helper utility method CssUtils.getPosition() description in Context Object Properties Available to CSS Rule Listeners .

In this CSS rule example, the property prelude was shown. This contains a higher view of the structure of the rule, and introduces node types SelectorList and Selector . Here is a skeleton example.

In the sample above, the type property has value TypeSelector since it refers to the elements <body> and <html> . For other selector types, ClassSelector , IdSelector , and PsuedoSelector are used. Note that SelectorList contains two Selector nodes; this is because body and html were grouped in the CSS using a comma . A more detailed discussion of the SelectorList node can be found below.

Overview of the SelectorList Node

In the sample above, the SelectorList property of the prelude node was introduced for a simple case using grouping . In that example, the SelectorList contains two Selector nodes of type TypeSelector . There were two Selector nodes generated because of the use of the grouping comma . This section goes into greater depth when combinators and pseudo selectors are used. When selectors are combined, only one compound Selector is generated and contains multiple child nodes.

Combinator Examples

Consider the following:

This will produce a skeleton SelectorList and Selector node as follows. Note that the Selector node contains two child ClassSelector nodes:

This will produce a skeleton SelectorList and Selector node as follows:

This generates the following SelectorList node:

Note that a Combinator node appears between the two type selectors, per the CSS.

Consider this slightly more complex example using an attribute selector:

This generates the following SelectorList node as follows:

In the sample above, an AttributeSelector node has been generated with a matcher property.

Pseudo Class Selector Examples

Note that the Selector node reflects the class selector followed by the pseudo class selector.

This generates a more complex Selector node as follows:

Note that the PseudoClassSelector now has an expanded children node.

Walkthrough of Sample HTML and JSON Audit Rules

Rules that audit HTML or JSON files are passed a context from Oracle JAF as it analyzes the abstract syntax tree (AST) of the audited file and invokes the node type listeners that you have registered with your HTML/JSON audit rules.

In this walkthrough, the first audit rule shows how easy it is to get started writing a rule that audits HTML. Subsequent rule samples illustrate greater complexity and the power of Oracle JAF for writing custom rules. Overall, Oracle JAF gives you the ability to look forwards or backwards within a file from the current position, and the various JAF utility functions that are available simplify the task of writing a rule.

For clarity, the samples in this section omit getName() , getDescription() , and getShortDescription() methods. To understand the basics of node rule implementation, see Understand the Structure of Custom Audit Rules .

Version 1 - Validating id attributes

In this simple introductory rule, the requirement is to inspect all element id attributes to ensure that they begin with a common prefix ( acv- ) for the project.

Version 2 - Validating id attributes

In general, you can look into the context for additional information, so let's assume that for this rule, you only want to look at particular project files in the file set that begin with ACV . The ruleContext object has the member filepath that you can use. Note that filepath always uses forward slashes, regardless of the platform, so the test for / ACV will succeed on all platforms.

Version 3 - Validating id attributes

How can the rule be improved? Because JAF is very efficient at file processing, you could seek to improve performance if very large numbers of files are involved. To do that, let's use the context object node property, and the attribs property of the node. The node property is the current node in the file, so you can navigate forwards or backwards from it. Secondly, from the performance aspect, you can reduce the number of invocations of the rule by only listening for HTML elements instead of attributes. Let's assume that, on average, the DOM elements have 5 attributes, then you would reduce the number of rule invocations by 80%. In this version of the rule, the attributes of each element are examined directly.

Version 4 - Validating id attributes

At this point, it is worth noting that the ruleContext object provides access to DomUtils , a collection of useful DOM utility functions. For example, the function _fnTags() in the above example could be rewritten as follows.

Version 5 - Validating id attributes

While JAF is efficient, audit rules can always be improved upon. To listen for a file invocation, the rule must register a listener for the file type.

It is necessary to understand that performance and rule complexity/maintainability is a tradeoff. For example, it is possible to reduce this rule's invocation count to once per file by converting the rule to a hook type rule, as described by Implement Custom Hook Rules . Essentially, hook rules make it possible to request that a rule to be invoked (once only) when the file is first read, and prior to any other rules. This means that the rule must then examine the parsed nodes looking for elements and their attributes.

Walkthrough of a Sample CSS Audit Rule

Rules that audit CSS files or the <style> section of HTML files are passed a context from Oracle JAF as it analyzes the abstract syntax tree (AST) of the audited file and invokes the node type listeners that you have registered with your CSS audit rules.

The CSS in this CSS rule walkthrough is as follows.

Note that p can be decorated with additional CSS syntax, and the audit rule must ignore any such decoration.

The audit rule starts by listening for CSS rules and then looks for a p type selector. For more information about determining a type selector, see About AST Rule Nodes in CSS Auditing .

Here is the basic framework for the audit rule for CSS:

The next step is to analyze the rule node to find the p type selectors:

Finally, we need to search the rule to see if it specifies the color property:

Walkthrough of a Sample Markdown Audit Rule

JAF parses a Markdown file into an abstract syntax tree (AST). This AST is subsequently analyzed, and the summarized data objects are presented to rules via their registered rule listeners.

For Markdown processing, a rule can listen for file events (i.e., when a .md file is first read) or for specific Markdown events (when a particular type of markup is found).

For a list of Markdown rule listeners and a description of their arguments, see Listener Types for Markdown Rules .

Listen for Markdown Events

The Markdown events are of the form md-xxxxx , where xxxxx represents the type of Markdown data required (e.g., md-link for link events, used in the following rule class).

Note how the supplementary data property suppData is used to get the Markdown utils object. This is then used to acquire the image data from the markup text.

A file hook can also be used, and this permits a rule to access all of the Markdown data at the same time.

Example Rules

The following rule checks that the first paragraph of Markdown contains a copyright.

The following rule finds all references to URLs containing "Oracle".

Walkthrough of a Sample JavaScript/TypeScript Audit Rule

Rules that audit JavaScript/TypeScript files are passed a context from Oracle JAF as it analyzes the abstract syntax tree (AST) of the audited file and invokes the node type listeners that you have registered with your JavaScript/TypeScript audit rules.

A JavaScript/TypeScript file is parsed by JAF into an Abstract Syntax Tree (AST), and as the tree is subsequently walked, any node with a type registered by a rule is passed to the rule in context.node . The node.type property (string) specifies what the node represents. For example, a node.type of AssignmentExpression indicates a typical statement form such as myVariable = 42 . As an example, in JavaScript, the portion of the AST representing this statement is:

The above statement parses into the following node, where some additional properties have been removed for clarity:

Thus a simple rule to flag number assignments to variables that are greater than 42, could be:

When writing a JavaScript rule, it is helpful to be able to look at the syntax tree for the particular case being audited. The AST Explorer tool can be very helpful by allowing you to generate syntax trees for arbitrary pieces of JavaScript.