Depending on whether you’re writing an empirical or humanities paper, you can use and customize these sentence structures for your thesis or dissertation conclusion.
This concludes our guide about how to write a thesis conclusion and dissertation conclusion. You can bookmark this article to revisit any thesis and dissertation conclusion examples. Once you write the conclusion and complete your paper, you’ll need to edit and proofread your thesis or dissertation. As experts in editing and proofreading services , we’d love to help you perfect your paper!
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What is the conclusion of a thesis chapter, do i repeat my thesis in my conclusion, what is an example of a conclusion statement.
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The last portion of your dissertation is called the conclusion. The objective of the dissertation conclusion is to answer the primary question of the research, provide a summary of the research, make recommendations for possible research on the subject and list the new information that your research contributes to the field.
Although the discussion and the conclusion have similar elements, they are not the same. They may be combined in shorter journal articles and papers. However, in a thesis, both the conclusion and discussion must be included.
While a discussion includes specific interpretations and results, the conclusion makes broader statements to sum up all the important points of your research.
Writing a good conclusion is important to clarify the main discoveries and arguments of your research. Here are some tips on how to conclude a thesis.
The first step is to understand how to start a conclusion. It must begin with the key question of your dissertation. This allows you to show the results of your work. It must be clear and concise. You do not have to repeat all the results discussed along the thesis. Just combine them into a few words that will become the final takeaway for readers.
For example, the conclusion for a dissertation that aims at making theoretical arguments by analysing case studies, the beginning can be as follows:
“A detailed analysis of the changing representations of the UK border policy and migration over the last ten years, the influence of media discourse in political decision making is highlighted in this dissertation”
The thesis conclusion gives your readers a reminder about why you approached a topic in a certain way. You must summarize the expected results and the actual results that matched these expectations.
The summary should not have too many repetitions. It is not meant to summarize every chapter. Instead, it must reflect your views and ideas that were developed through the course of the thesis. This is also a good opportunity to list any limitations in the research. You can also highlight why your methodology was best suited for the topic discussed.
Here is an example of how to restate thesis in conclusion:
This research evidently shows “X” while raising a few questions about “Y”. In keeping with the example provided above, the summary can begin as follows: “In addition to showcasing the various representations of UK border policy, this thesis also raises questions on the credibility of media exposure in these representations.”
In the discussion of your research, you may have provided possible areas to explore in future research. However, with the conclusion, you can elaborate on these suggestions. Make sure you include the implications of all your findings in the field of study.
These examples will help you understand ways to start a dissertation conclusion recommendation:
“Further research is required to determine the relationship between the changing political views on migration and their effect on global economy”, or, “Based on the conclusions of this research, practitioners may consider studying the relationship between migration and economy”
Make sure that you do not exaggerate how applicable your research is. Instead, provide broader statements to highlight important insights of your thesis. Remember, the conclusion must not include any new interpretations, data or arguments.
A good thesis is one that provides some new knowledge to a particular field of study. This gives your readers a very strong impression about the contributions of your thesis. You can highlight the contributions of your research in different ways as mentioned below:
You need to make sure that you do not repeat information that has already been covered in the discussion. Choose only the important points and provide a brief overview.
Once the conclusion is written, there are a few final steps to complete your dissertation:
Make sure you review the document completely to ensure that there are no language errors.
To make sure that you have understood the essence of the conclusion, compare this checklist with any available dissertation conclusion sample:
The research question is answered The argument is summarised There is some reflection on the methods and results Limitations, if any, are highlighted The most relevant recommendations are discussed The important contributions of the thesis are explained clearly There is no inclusion of new data
If you need any thesis writing help or wish to read through example of conclusion in thesis, our experts are always ready to help you. Get in touch with us now to create an impressive conclusion for your thesis.
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The dissertation conclusion is a crucial part of academic research, highlighting the culmination of rigorous exploration and intellectual understanding. It is often underestimated but serves as a final chapter where researchers can reflect on their journey and emphasize the significance of their findings.
This article provides expert advice and will explain how to conclude a dissertation , offering a comprehensive roadmap designed by experts who understand the nuanced art of conclusion crafting. It covers structuring and language use, guiding scholars in creating conclusions that meet academic standards, captivate, and leave a lasting impression on evaluators and readers.
Writing a dissertation conclusion is a crucial part of a research project, bringing together the research’s various components into a coherent whole. It provides a consolidated view of the study’s key components and serves as a compass, guiding readers through the data, findings, and analyses. The conclusion chapter is not just a summary but a dynamic entity with multiple functions, encapsulating the core findings and offering a transformative synthesis.
It showcases the researcher’s analytical prowess, demonstrating the ability to draw meaningful connections and derive insights from the data. Emphasizing the dissertation conclusion ‘s function beyond a summary highlights its transformative role in shaping the reader’s perception of the research.
The length of a dissertation conclusion can vary depending on all the guidelines provided by your institution, department, or supervisor. It should be about 5-10% of the total word count, ensuring it is substantial enough to fulfill its purpose without becoming disproportionately long. The length may also depend on the complexity of your research and the depth of analysis required.
Balancing the length of the dissertation conclusion with the purpose and focus of the research is essential. If you are summarizing findings, reflecting on the research process, discussing limitations, and suggesting areas for future research, a slightly longer conclusion chapter may be necessary.
Regardless of the length, it is essential to maintain clarity and coherence. A concise and well-organized conclusion chapte r is more effective than a lengthy one that includes extraneous information. Always consult with your academic institution and supervisor to ensure that your dissertation conclusion aligns with their expectations and requirements. Remember, the primary goal of the dissertation conclusion example is to provide a thoughtful and comprehensive closing to your research while adhering to the specified guidelines.
A professional dissertation conclusion should include four elements to enhance its value. The first element is reflecting on the research process, acknowledging and discussing the challenges faced, and providing authenticity and insight into the researcher’s resilience.
The second element in the dissertation conclusion example is analyzing the effectiveness of research methodologies, discussing their strengths and limitations, and evaluating their alignment with the research objectives. The third element is demonstrating the study’s significance, connecting the findings to the broader academic context and illustrating how the study contributes to ongoing discourse.
The fourth element in knowing how to write a good dissertation conclusion is showcasing real-world applications and implications, closing the gap between theory and practice, and demonstrating the study’s relevance in addressing practical challenges and informing decision-making. It underscores the societal significance of the study and enhances its value in both academic and non-academic audiences.
A dissertation conclusion should maintain a formal and scholarly tone, reflecting the researcher’s professionalism and academic rigor. It involves precise terminology, adherence to academic conventions, and a level of formality that aligns with the seriousness of scholarly discourse.
Choosing a precise and impactful language is crucial in conveying the depth and significance of the research. This precision enhances clarity and contributes to the persuasive power of the essay conclusion chapter . When used judiciously, impactful language can resonate with readers and leave a lasting impression.
Writing a dissertation conclusion includes adhering to specific formatting guidelines like APA, MLA, or Chicago Manual of Style. That ensures uniformity and coherence, demonstrating attention to detail. Maintain consistency in font, spacing, margins, and page numbering throughout the conclusion chapter , enhancing readability and organization.
It aligns with academic standards and reflects the researcher’s commitment to presenting a visually cohesive and accessible document. Verify the proper citation format for all references and sources cited in the dissertation conclusion , adhering to the chosen style guide to avoid potential issues like plagiarism or improper attribution.
The dissertation conclusion should be organized logically and coherently, starting with a clear introduction and presenting key findings, methodologies, and study significance. Smooth transitions between sections enhance readability, with each paragraph connecting to the next without disruption.
Delineated subsections, such as headings and subheadings, signal transitions between different components of the dissertation conclusion . Each subsection serves a specific purpose, such as summarizing key findings or reflecting on the research process. It helps the reader follow the structure of the conclusion writing , enhances comprehension, and contributes to a positive reading experience.
When writing a dissertation conclusion , do not overemphasize new information but rather provide a synthesis of existing information. It should not introduce novel concepts or findings but rather consolidate and reiterate key findings. Avoid introducing unrelated topics, as they can dilute the impact and lose coherence.
Maintain a sharp focus on the central themes and objectives of the research. Undermining the significance of the research can diminish its impact by downplaying its importance, failing to connect it to broader academic contexts, or neglecting real-world applications. Approach the dissertation conclusion with awareness of the broader significance, showcasing its relevance in practical contexts.
The dissertation conclusion is an evolving component that undergoes continuous review and revision to ensure sophistication and clarity. It is crucial to seek constructive feedback from peers or advisors who can provide constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement. This collaborative feedback loop enhances the overall quality of the conclusion and aligns with academic standards. Thorough proofreading and editing are the most essential steps in perfecting the conclusion writing.
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A dissertation conclusion serves as the final chapter and is often the last thing the reader will see. It should provide a concise summary of the research project, including the research questions or hypotheses, the methods used to conduct the research, and the key findings and conclusions. The conclusion section should also discuss the implications of the research, including its significance for the field and any practical applications of the findings.
Are you a PhD, doctorate, or bachelor student looking forward to writing your dissertation/thesis conclusion and don't know where to start? Stop worrying — help is here. Continue reading this blog post to gain an idea on how to write a conclusion for a thesis or dissertation. In this article, we will discuss what a dissertation conclusion is, its length, and what it should include. Our dissertation services also provided examples, and explained some typical mistakes you have to avoid.
So, what is a thesis conclusion? It is a concluding chapter in a dissertation or thesis paper. It is the last section of an academic work, carefully written to summarize the information discussed in a document and offer readers insight into what the research has achieved. Your dissertation or thesis conclusion should be well-drafted as it is a reference point that people will remember most. The purpose of dissertation conclusion is to give those reading a sense of closure and reiterate any critical issues discussed. Each conclusion for dissertation should be concise, clear, and definitive. Also, its aim is to offer recommendations for further investigation as well as give readers an understanding of the dissertation discussion chapter .
The conclusion of a thesis or a dissertation is a long chapter — not one single sentence but a whole page or more. Generally, it should be 5–7% of the overall word count. The length of a thesis or dissertation conclusion chapter depends on several factors, such as your academic field, research topic , and stated number of pages. However, it can vary depending on other circumstances. Indeed, you should always refer to each set of your university guidelines for writing conclusions. It's important to note that this section ought not to introduce any new information and be a summary of the research findings. Also, every dissertation conclusion must not be too long as it can distract from other aspects of your thesis. Make sure that you provide a balanced summary and avoid repeating yourself. Lastly, it has to be long enough to discuss its implications for future studies.
Writing a thesis conclusion can be challenging, but every student needs to understand how to create it, as this is one of the most critical parts of your Ph.D. work. Below is the list of things every dissertation conclusion structure should include:
Hopefully, these tips on writing a conclusion chapter for your thesis or dissertation will help you finish your work confidently. All these components should be present when writing a conclusion for thesis or dissertation. Additionally, ensure that you do not repeat yourself. Lastly, keep your length appropriate and based on your university guidelines.
When writing this chapter, you should ensure its content is clear and concise. Equipping yourself with some knowledge of how to write a conclusion for a dissertation or thesis is imperative, as it will help you keep your piece organized, logical, and interesting. This chapter is the last part of your work that your professors or readers will read, and it should make a lasting impression on them. Below is a step-by-step instruction on how to write a dissertation conclusion section.
While writing a dissertation conclusion, your first step is to restate the research question offered in your dissertation introduction and reveal the answer. It is essential to do this in your conclusion in thesis or dissertation because it helps readers be aware of every primary point you were trying to achieve in writing. In addition, restating available research questions in your conclusion in a dissertation or thesis will also make people understand the significance of your inquiry. In other words, it should remind people of the original purpose of writing. Provide further insights into a topic when answering each research question. In addition, responses must be related to your dissertation results section and offer evidence for any conclusions you made in your study. When writing a dissertation conclusion chapter, you ought to be able to give a meaningful response to the study question that adds value to your work. Keeping replies short, concise, and clear will help you to avoid writing irrelevant content. Below is an example of how to start a dissertation conclusion:
In conclusion, this research has successfully answered the primary research question: how does gender discrimination impact job satisfaction in the workplace? The study determined that gender discrimination directly impacts job satisfaction and can make employees feel demoralized, undervalued, and frustrated. Furthermore, employers must create policies and initiatives promoting workplace inclusion and equality. It can help employees feel valued, respected, and satisfied.
The next element in your conclusion section is summarizing the main points of your dissertation. In this section, students need to reflect on their study and mention critical findings and the methodology's effectiveness. Straightforwardly compose your summary and ensure you use your own words to write a conclusion in a dissertation. Avoid copying and pasting sentences from other parts of your work to evade plagiarism and repetition. In concluding a dissertation, each written summary should include findings, results, data, and additional relevant literature. The following is an example of how to summarize a dissertation:
The study aimed to research the effects of gender discrimination on job satisfaction in the workplace. A survey was conducted on 106 participants across different industries using qualitative and quantitative research methods, allowing data collection from employees. Findings revealed that gender discrimination has a direct impact and can lead to feeling demoralized, undervalued, and frustrated. On the other hand, the research found that inclusivity and equality initiatives can help employees feel better about their job roles. Therefore, it is essential that organizations take adequate steps to create a more inclusive and equitable workstation.
After summarizing your key points, the next step to writing a dissertation conclusion is to explain why your research was valuable. Here you should provide readers with an additional perspective of the study to better understand the importance of your study. When it's time to write a conclusion to a thesis paper or dissertation, you must explain what makes it worthwhile to any academic or scientific community. It can include topics such as answering a critical research question, using unique methods to explore an issue, or discovering something new about an existing topic. You should note that you have to provide further recommendations to help improve the research. Composing a dissertation conclusion shows how your work has impacted the field of study, either in progress or resolving an existing problem. It is essential to demonstrate how your study contributes to future studies and influences society or policymaking. Doing this is crucial in your dissertation conclusion chapter as it shows readers the importance of research in that field and validates what you have achieved throughout your investigation. Also, explaining some study implications to society will help people understand why this topic is valuable and relevant. Below you can find an example of how to write contributions in a dissertation conclusion:
The research discussed in this work demonstrates that gender discrimination directly impacts job satisfaction in the workplace. The results of this study have several implications for society, most notably for employers, to create policies and initiatives to promote workplace inclusion. In addition, it's valuable to organizations to help them make more equitable and inclusive offices, to academics to inform their research on diversity and inclusivity, and to policymakers to develop initiatives to reduce gender discrimination in places of work. The research provides valuable insight to inform future studies on this topic and serves to highlight the need to create policies to protect employees from gender discrimination better.
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When writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion, mentioning your study's limitations is imperative. It includes discussing any issues you encountered in collecting data, constraints that limited your research, and specific parameters. Citing these shortcomings can help provide insight into why certain elements may not be included in your work and explain any discrepancies your readers might have noticed and, hence, missing in your conclusion chapter. Additionally, writing about any drawbacks can deliver an opportunity to offer further suggestions for future studies and make recommendations on how best to address these uncovered issues. In concluding a dissertation, constraints should not be seen as unfavorable but rather as an additional chance to deliver more understanding of your investigation. Limitations in a thesis conclusion example can look as follows:
The study is subject to some limitations, such as small sample size and limited scope of data collection. Moreover, due to time constraints, this research did not address some potential implications of gender discrimination in other areas, such as pay, career development, and career advancement. Future studies could further explore these topics in more depth to gain a more comprehensive understanding of their effects on job satisfaction.
When writing about identified limitations of the research, you demonstrate to readers that you considered critical shortcomings and that you are aware of available potential issues. That will provide insight into addressing these limitations and help display your researching and writing credibility.
Including recommendations is an integral part of writing every conclusion of a dissertation. In this section, you can provide insight into how to address any issues you have uncovered in your study and make suggestions for future research. When including recommendations, you should first give an overview of the implications of your research and then link it to how you may deal with them. A bachelor conclusion ought to consist of advice for students to guide their future writing. Offer insights for further investigation based on data results and analysis of literature review . Below is an example of how to write dissertation conclusion recommendations:
The research discussed in this study provides several implications for employers, academics, and policymakers. For employers, the results of this study suggest that they should create policies and initiatives to promote workplace inclusion and diversity. Academics can use these findings to inform their research on gender discrimination in the workplace, and policymakers can develop initiatives to reduce it. Furthermore, future studies should explore other potential implications of gender discrimination in the workplace, such as pay, career development, and career advancement. Doing so would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the issue and potential solutions.
The end of conclusion final chapter will close with a summary of the study. Wrapping up your dissertation or thesis conclusions is an excellent way to leave long-lasting impressions on your readers and ensure they remember all critical points of your research. You should summarize key points from previous sections and how they contribute to your overall context. When writing the conclusion chapter of a dissertation, the summary should be brief but comprehensive. Moreover, these findings can offer an innovative perspective on how to conclude a thesis or a dissertation. It provides comprehensive insights into outcomes and their relevance in today's world. Here is how to wrap up a conclusion of a dissertation example:
Overall, the findings from this research suggest that gender discrimination in the workplace has adverse effects on job satisfaction. Such discrimination often takes the form of unequal pay, career development opportunities, and access to promotions. Employers should take action to create policies that promote workplace inclusion and diversity to address this problem. Additionally, academics and policymakers should further explore the implications of gender discrimination in the workplace and develop initiatives to reduce it. The research provides a valuable starting point for understanding this complex issue and offers insight into potential solutions.
Before writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion, you are encouraged to check at least two examples. These instances can provide insights on effectively linking your key findings with possible implications for future studies. In addition, you may use these examples as guides to writing your dissertation conclusions. Attached below is a thesis conclusion example sample.
Thesis paper conclusion example
Dissertation conclusion example
Mistakes are inevitable when writing conclusions in a dissertation, but you can avoid them through careful proofreading and editing. Including new information or data in your dissertation or thesis conclusion chapter is one such mistake. The chapter should only incorporate information or data already mentioned and discussed in other preceding body paragraphs. How not to write a dissertation conclusion can be seen in complex language, lengthy sentences, and confusing grammar. In addition, one should evade making unsubstantiated claims or generalizations not supported by research findings. Shun writing phrases or any argument considered jargon. Lastly, ensuring that the conclusion chapter in a dissertation answers the research question and that you have provided sufficient evidence to support your conclusions is essential. Therefore, we simply recommend that you review and proofread it before submission. Following these tips mentioned above and examples of dissertation or thesis conclusions should help you write effectively.
Writing a conclusion to a thesis paper or dissertation can be daunting because there is a lot of pressure to ensure you wrap up all the key points and tie together any loose ends. Checklists are helpful guides. The reason is that they provide practical tips on how to write dissertation conclusions by breaking each writing process down into manageable steps. Below is a checklist of important things you should keep in mind and follow when writing any conclusion:
The article discussed how to write the conclusion of a dissertation or thesis writing. It has outlined some critical steps and provided a checklist that you can use as a practical guide. Reasonable inferences require clear objectives, knowing the appropriate structure, addressing any limitations within your work, summarizing key points, providing recommendations for further research, and citing sources appropriately. Also, we offered some samples of how to write a thesis conclusion example. Following these steps will ensure that you conclude your dissertation or thesis writing successfully. Finally, proofread and edit your writing to provide high-quality outcome. All these tips will help you in writing a thesis or dissertation conclusion chapter that is effective and comprehensive.
Keep in mind that our expert writers are always here to support you! They can assist in preparing any section of your study. While we are assisting you with writing, you are relaxing your mind or focusing on other important tasks!
1. how to write a good thesis conclusion.
When writing every thesis conclusion, it's essential to focus on summarizing the key points, providing implications to that broader field, addressing any limitations, and making recommendations for further study. Additionally, it should be concise, clear, logical, and coherent. Finally, it's crucial to proofread and edit it to ensure its high quality.
Beginning each dissertation's concluding chapter is best done by restating the research question, as it provides the link between your introduction, research objectives, and conclusion. That allows an individual to transition smoothly into summarizing all main points from the discussion. For you to start a dissertation conclusion chapter effectively, it is essential to understand the purpose of writing it in the first place.
The difference between a discussion and a conclusion is in the depth of exploration. A discussion is a detailed assessment of the results, while a conclusion is shorter and more general. The discussion section will usually include a detailed analysis of the data collected, while the conclusion section will often provide an overview of the key points and implications. Additionally, this part will offer recommendations for further research.
No, including new data in the conclusion of a dissertation is not advisable. This section should summarize the research objectives, findings, and implications. Adding new data would not be appropriate as it may create confusion or inconsistency throughout your research. Conversely, it is prudent to summarize every content your work addresses.
The end of a dissertation or a thesis should be memorable and end on a high note. One way to accomplish this is by including something unforgettable, such as a question, warning, or call to action. It will give every reader something to think about and engage in further discussion.
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Firstly, writing retrospectively means that your dissertation introduction and conclusion will ‘match’ and your ideas will all be tied up nicely.
Secondly, it’s time-saving. If you write your introduction before anything else, it’s likely your ideas will evolve and morph as your dissertation develops. And then you’ll just have to go back and edit or totally re-write your introduction again.
Thirdly, it will ensure that the abstract accurately contains all the information it needs for the reader to get a good overall picture about what you have actually done.
So as you can see, it will make your life much easier if you plan to write your introduction, conclusion, and abstract last when planning out your dissertation structure.
In this guide, we’ll break down the structure of a dissertation and run through each of these chapters in detail so you’re well equipped to write your own. We’ve also identified some common mistakes often made by students in their writing so that you can steer clear of them in your work.
Getting started.
Provide preliminary background information that puts your research in context
Clarify the focus of your study
Point out the value of your research (including secondary research)
Specify your specific research aims and objectives
There are opportunities to combine these sections to best suit your needs. There are also opportunities to add in features that go beyond these four points. For example, some students like to add in their research questions in their dissertation introduction so that the reader is not only exposed to the aims and objectives but also has a concrete framework for where the research is headed. Other students might save the research methods until the end of the literature review/beginning of the methodology.
In terms of length, there is no rule about how long a dissertation introduction needs to be, as it is going to depend on the length of the total dissertation. Generally, however, if you aim for a length between 5-7% of the total, this is likely to be acceptable.
The reader needs to know why your research is worth doing. You can do this successfully by identifying the gap in the research and the problem that needs addressing. One common mistake made by students is to justify their research by stating that the topic is interesting to them. While this is certainly an important element to any research project, and to the sanity of the researcher, the writing in the dissertation needs to go beyond ‘interesting’ to why there is a particular need for this research. This can be done by providing a background section.
You are going to want to begin outlining your background section by identifying crucial pieces of your topic that the reader needs to know from the outset. A good starting point might be to write down a list of the top 5-7 readings/authors that you found most influential (and as demonstrated in your literature review ). Once you have identified these, write some brief notes as to why they were so influential and how they fit together in relation to your overall topic.
You may also want to think about what key terminology is paramount to the reader being able to understand your dissertation. While you may have a glossary or list of abbreviations included in your dissertation, your background section offers some opportunity for you to highlight two or three essential terms.
When reading a background section, there are two common mistakes that are most evident in student writing, either too little is written or far too much! In writing the background information, one to two pages is plenty. You need to be able to arrive at your research focus quite quickly and only provide the basic information that allows your reader to appreciate your research in context.
It is essential that you are able to clarify the area(s) you intend to research and you must explain why you have done this research in the first place. One key point to remember is that your research focus must link to the background information that you have provided above. While you might write the sections on different days or even different months, it all has to look like one continuous flow. Make sure that you employ transitional phrases to ensure that the reader knows how the sections are linked to each other.
The research focus leads into the value, aims and objectives of your research, so you might want to think of it as the tie between what has already been done and the direction your research is going. Again, you want to ease the reader into your topic, so stating something like “my research focus is…” in the first line of your section might come across overly harsh. Instead, you might consider introducing the main focus, explaining why research in your area is important, and the overall importance of the research field. This should set you up well to present your aims and objectives.
The biggest mistake that students make when structuring their dissertation is simply not including this sub-section. The concept of ‘adding value’ does not have to be some significant advancement in the research that offers profound contributions to the field, but you do have to take one to two paragraphs to clearly and unequivocally state the worth of your work.
There are many possible ways to answer the question about the value of your research. You might suggest that the area/topic you have picked to research lacks critical investigation. You might be looking at the area/topic from a different angle and this could also be seen as adding value. In some cases, it may be that your research is somewhat urgent (e.g. medical issues) and value can be added in this way.
Whatever reason you come up with to address the value added question, make sure that somewhere in this section you directly state the importance or added value of the research.
Typically, a research project has an overall aim. Again, this needs to be clearly stated in a direct way. The objectives generally stem from the overall aim and explain how that aim will be met. They are often organised numerically or in bullet point form and are terse statements that are clear and identifiable.
Starting each objective with a key word (e.g. identify, assess, evaluate, explore, examine, investigate, determine, etc.)
Beginning with a simple objective to help set the scene in the study
Finding a good numerical balance – usually two is too few and six is too many. Aim for approximately 3-5 objectives
Remember that you must address these research objectives in your research. You cannot simply mention them in your dissertation introduction and then forget about them. Just like any other part of the dissertation, this section must be referenced in the findings and discussion – as well as in the conclusion.
This section has offered the basic sections of a dissertation introduction chapter. There are additional bits and pieces that you may choose to add. The research questions have already been highlighted as one option; an outline of the structure of the entire dissertation may be another example of information you might like to include.
As long as your dissertation introduction is organised and clear, you are well on the way to writing success with this chapter.
It is your job at this point to make one last push to the finish to create a cohesive and organised final chapter. If your concluding chapter is unstructured or some sort of ill-disciplined rambling, the person marking your work might be left with the impression that you lacked the appropriate skills for writing or that you lost interest in your own work.
To avoid these pitfalls and fully understand how to write a dissertation conclusion, you will need to know what is expected of you and what you need to include.
There are three parts (at a minimum) that need to exist within your dissertation conclusion. These include:
Research objectives – a summary of your findings and the resulting conclusions
Contributions to knowledge.
Furthermore, just like any other chapter in your dissertation, your conclusion must begin with an introduction (usually very short at about a paragraph in length). This paragraph typically explains the organisation of the content, reminds the reader of your research aims/objectives, and provides a brief statement of what you are about to do.
The length of a dissertation conclusion varies with the length of the overall project, but similar to a dissertation introduction, a 5-7% of the total word count estimate should be acceptable.
1. As a result of the completion of the literature review , along with the empirical research that you completed, what did you find out in relation to your personal research objectives? 2. What conclusions have you come to?
A common mistake by students when addressing these questions is to again go into the analysis of the data collection and findings. This is not necessary, as the reader has likely just finished reading your discussion chapter and does not need to go through it all again. This section is not about persuading, you are simply informing the reader of the summary of your findings.
There are two types of recommendations you can make. The first is to make a recommendation that is specific to the evidence of your study, the second is to make recommendations for future research. While certain recommendations will be specific to your data , there are always a few that seem to appear consistently throughout student work. These tend to include things like a larger sample size, different context, increased longitudinal time frame, etc. If you get to this point and feel you need to add words to your dissertation, this is an easy place to do so – just be cautious that making recommendations that have little or no obvious link to the research conclusions are not beneficial.
A good recommendations section will link to previous conclusions, and since this section was ultimately linked to your research aims and objectives, the recommendations section then completes the package.
Your main contribution to knowledge likely exists within your empirical work (though in a few select cases it might be drawn from the literature review ). Implicit in this section is the notion that you are required to make an original contribution to research, and you are, in fact, telling the reader what makes your research study unique. In order to achieve this, you need to explicitly tell the reader what makes your research special.
There are many ways to do this, but perhaps the most common is to identify what other researchers have done and how your work builds upon theirs. It may also be helpful to specify the gap in the research (which you would have identified either in your dissertation introduction or literature review) and how your research has contributed to ‘filling the gap.’
Another obvious way that you can demonstrate that you have made a contribution to knowledge is to highlight the publications that you have contributed to the field (if any). So, for example, if you have published a chapter of your dissertation in a journal or you have given a conference presentation and have conference proceedings, you could highlight these as examples of how you are making this contribution.
In summing up this section, remember that a dissertation conclusion is your last opportunity to tell the reader what you want them to remember. The chapter needs to be comprehensive and must include multiple sub-sections.
Ensure that you refresh the reader’s memory about your research objectives, tell the reader how you have met your research objectives, provide clear recommendations for future researchers and demonstrate that you have made a contribution to knowledge. If there is time and/or space, you might want to consider a limitations or self-reflection section.
A statement of the problem or issue that you are investigating – including why research on this topic is needed
The research methods used
The main results/findings
The main conclusions and recommendations
Different institutions often have different guidelines for writing the abstract, so it is best to check with your department prior to beginning.
When you are writing the abstract, you must find the balance between too much information and not enough. You want the reader to be able to review the abstract and get a general overall sense of what you have done.
As you write, you may want to keep the following questions in mind:
1. Is the focus of my research identified and clear? 2. Have I presented my rationale behind this study? 3. Is how I conducted my research evident? 4. Have I provided a summary of my main findings/results? 5. Have I included my main conclusions and recommendations?
In some instances, you may also be asked to include a few keywords. Ensure that your keywords are specifically related to your research. You are better off staying away from generic terms like ‘education’ or ‘science’ and instead provide a more specific focus on what you have actually done with terms like ‘e-learning’ or ‘biomechanics’.
Finally, you want to avoid having too many acronyms in your abstract. The abstract needs to appeal to a wide audience, and so making it understandable to this wider audience is absolutely essential to your success.
Many students also choose to make the necessary efforts to ensure that their chapter is ready for submission by applying an edit to their finished work . It is always beneficial to have a fresh set of eyes have a read of your chapter to make sure that you have not omitted any vital points and that it is error free.
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Dissertation Genius
December 10, 2016 by Dissertation Genius
In this blog post, you’ll learn exactly how to write the last chapter of your doctoral dissertation. In particular, you will get oriented with the overall goals of the conclusion chapter. Then, you’ll be taught on how to go about writing the chapter itself. Finally, you will be given guidance on what things to avoid in the ever-important final chapter of your dissertation.
Before going into how to actually write the conclusion chapter of your dissertation, it’s important to review its purpose. Regardless of what discipline you are in, there are certain messages you always want your readers to absorb after reading your conclusion chapter. Basically, your conclusion should always: Give a general overview of the important contributions of your work – Make it absolutely clear for your committee and the general reader the original contributions of your work and where they are situated with respect to the rest of your research field. A good way to do this is to simply display your contributions in a bulleted list.
Summarize the main points of your various chapters – Especially if you aim to get your work published, your conclusion should always strive to be an ‘executive summary’ of your work. Not every reader will be interested in reading your entire work. This way, you will have this chapter ready to give them a brief (yet comprehensive) overview of the dissertation.
Recommendations – You should always include at least a paragraph on the practical implications resulting from your findings. This is extremely valuable for yourself, the committee, and the general reader. You can be rather flexible with your recommendations as long as they are relevant and derived from the findings of your dissertation research. For example, you can list highly-specific recommendations and steps to be followed or you can list more general recommendations guiding the reader towards certain ideas and principles to follow.
Future Work – No matter how much you have done with your dissertation research, it will never truly be finished. There will always be lingering question marks and open ends. By no means does this indicate your work is incomplete On the contrary, no PhD work is ever complete and, in fact, a good dissertation is one that sparks a high level of general interest and motivates further research in a particular discipline.
Now that you have a good grasp of what the general outline should be of your conclusion, it is important to look at how to actually write it. The most important principle to keep in mind while writing your dissertation conclusion is reflection . To illustrate:
These are what you must constantly ask yourself while you are writing your dissertation conclusion.
Usually, you should start writing your conclusion by first taking notes, and you should do this while proofreading the initial draft of your work . In general, you should use the following approach:
In general, there are three main pitfalls you should always avoid when writing the conclusion for your dissertation.
Protracted and Rambling Conclusion – A long and protracted conclusion is when you repeat yourself unnecessarily (without adding anything to what you are mentioning) about points you already mentioned in your previous chapters before the conclusion.
Short Conclusion – This is actually an improvement to a long and rambling conclusion, which wastes valuable time on the part of your audience. However, a conclusion that is too short also rambles about facts without coming to a logical conclusion, and does all this using less words and missing vital points/arguments.
Implausible Conclusion – Often times, doctoral students can come to wild conclusions that boggle the mind. They make claims that have absolutely no logical link to the evidence in their research, or that link is very weak. For example, many PhD students (in their very limited small-scale study) make wild assertions that the results of their study should be adopted by public policy-makers, governmental officials, and the like. If you make a list of unsubstantiated claims, you will be wasting a lot of hard work for nothing. Simply stay humble and avoid doing this!
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It can be difficult to write a thesis or dissertation conclusion. It is the final part of the task, where you connect the concepts and themes you have covered in your study. Here's your chance to highlight the importance of your work and make a lasting impact. Let us examine each stage in greater detail so that you can ensure your work ends on the right note.
Restate your thesis or the main research topic at the very beginning. This shows how your work has changed and serves to remind readers of its main points. Importantly, you should not just paste your original thesis statement into a new document. Rewrite it instead to take into account the new understandings and insights that came about from your research.
For example, rewrite your thesis statement to show if your research confirmed or disproved your original theory, which was a theory regarding something particular. By doing this, you are indicating the path you have walked by drawing a line from the start to the finish of your research.
It is time to rewrite your thesis and then provide an overview of the key conclusions. This is an important phase since it provides the reader with an overview of the findings and conclusions of your research. But do not get too specific—this is not the place for fresh information or a thorough justification. Rather, pay attention to the most important lessons that are connected to your thesis.
To summarise each major fact, consider using bullet points or short, well-written words. The objective is to highlight the arguments that directly support your thesis or research question and to remind readers of the supporting data you have provided.
Analyze why your findings are important in this part. In the context of your field, what do they mean? In what ways do they advance our understanding of the world, or provide fresh perspectives? This is your opportunity to demonstrate the relevance of your work beyond its academic application.
Consider the additional effects of your findings. Does it recommend any new best practices, for example? Does it contradict or confirm accepted theories? You highlight the influence of your work by talking about its relevance, which is important in academic and professional settings.
It is critical to note in your conclusion that no study is perfect. Recognizing one's limitations shows reality and intellectual integrity. Think about any limitations you encountered, related to methodology, sample size, scope, or outside variables, that could have affected your findings.
This acknowledgement is about being open and honest, not about minimizing your work. By talking about your work's limitations, you might offer suggestions for how future research can expand on it or address its limitations. It also demonstrates your awareness of the complex nature of research and your reality regarding the conclusions that your study can and cannot reach.
This part allows you to make suggestions for future research directions, building on the limits debate. What questions still need to be answered? Which subjects need more research? By making suggestions, you support further research and demonstrate how your work fits into a more general academic debate.
Your suggestions must be useful and closely connected to what you discovered. This is not the place for proposals that are too general or abstract. Rather, concentrate on particular areas where more research would be useful and provide specific instances of how academics could build on your work.
This is your last chance to make a lasting impression with your message. It should serve as an appealing conclusion that summarises the main ideas of your thesis or dissertation. This might be an inspiring quote, a call to action, or a thought-provoking statement that captures the essence of your business.
Your readers should be struck by this remark and find it stimulating as they follow your thesis through. It can be an in-depth examination of the effects of your research or a refutation of a popular belief. The secret is to close on a high note that highlights the importance of your results.
Even though it could be tempting to go into great detail, the conclusion should still be brief. It serves as the thesis's conclusion, summarising and bringing everything together. Make sure every word contributes to the overall meaning of your message by aiming for clarity.
It is a good idea to limit the conclusion of your thesis or dissertation to between five and seven percent of its overall length. By doing this, you can make sure that your summary is short and free of unnecessary details or new information. A short finish has a higher chance of making an impression.
Reflect on the tone of your thesis: Your conclusion should have a tone that is in line with the remainder of your thesis. Keep the professional, academic tone of your work throughout the conclusion.
Link back to your introduction: Referencing topics or queries from your opening will help to bring the piece to a satisfying conclusion. This provides an organized structure for your thesis.
Proofread carefully: Typographical or error-filled conclusions may reduce the effect of your work. Spend some time editing and making sure your ending is flawless.
Seek feedback: Consult with your classmates or supervisor for comments before submitting your conclusion. This can guarantee the effectiveness of your conclusion and offer insightful information.
Writing a strong conclusion is an essential component of any dissertation or thesis. This is your opportunity to make a lasting impact and highlight the significance of your study. You can write a conclusion that successfully explains your work and encourages more research in your field by following these recommendations and thoroughly completing each phase.
1. Why is the conclusion so important in a thesis or dissertation?
The conclusion is your final opportunity to summarize your work and emphasize its importance. It brings closure to your research and leaves a lasting impression.
2. How long should the conclusion be?
A common guideline is to keep it between 5-7% of the total length of your thesis or dissertation.
3. Can I introduce new information in the conclusion?
No, the conclusion is not for new information or arguments. It's meant to summarize and bring closure to your work.
4. How should I address limitations in the conclusion?
Acknowledge specific limitations, discuss their impact on your findings, and suggest how future research could address them.
5. What makes a strong final statement in a thesis or dissertation conclusion?
A strong final statement is memorable and impactful. It can be a thought-provoking insight or a call to action, leaving a lasting impression.
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by Antony W
July 11, 2022
You’ve come a long way with your dissertation project, and now it’s time to wrap it up with the conclusion chapter. In this guide, you’ll learn how to write a conclusion for your dissertation or thesis project in the shortest time possible.
In a dissertation project, the conclusion is the final chapter, which summarizes your study results.
While certain publications, such as journal articles and research papers , combine discussion and conclusion in one chapter, a dissertation or thesis needs to have a conclusion chapter of its own.
The conclusion chapter is generic and high-level in character. It will take a larger view, reflecting on the major research findings. Then, you’ll explain how you used those findings to answer your research question.
The goal of the conclusion chapter is to summarize your study’s important points and to inform the reader of what they should take away from your work. Essentially, you must explain:
As a guiding rule, don’t copy and paste what you wrote in your discussion chapter into the conclusion chapter.
A strong dissertation conclusion chapter should:
Notably, you must avoid including fresh results or data points. Your conclusion chapter should focus on the data and analysis findings offered in the previous chapters.
Perhaps one of the most common practices when it comes to reading a dissertation project is that a reader will go immediately to the conclusions chapter to check the study’s objective and important findings.
As a result, when writing your conclusion chapter, it’s helpful to imagine that the reader hasn’t read your dissertation or thesis’s internal chapters. Your conclusion chapter should show a strong link and a natural flow between the introduction and conclusion chapters.
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Now that you have a better understanding of what the conclusion chapter is about, here’s how you can structure and write the introduction chapter from start to finish:
In this introduction part, inform the reader about the contents of the chapter and the order in which they’ll discover them.
The purpose here is to offer the reader a taste of what’s to come, not a synopsis of the chapter. Therefore, make it brief and succinct. A paragraph or two should be enough.
Explain the study’s overall findings in relation to the research objectives and research questions.
Zoom out a little and focus on the larger findings, especially how they contribute to meeting the study objectives.
Begin by reminding your reader of your study objectives and research questions, since this helps to contextualize the findings. Phrases such as “this research intended to…” and “the results show that…” will almost certainly come in helpful in this area.
Avoid making assertions such as “this study demonstrates that” or “the findings refute the established hypothesis.” It is unlikely for a single research to confirm or deny something. So, do not make unduly strong statements in the end of your dissertation.
Describe the theoretically and practically affect that your research has had on the area of study. Here’s where you discus the results of your study, emphasizing their significance and value, and demonstrating how they may be used or used.
Create a good balance between assertiveness and humility in your arguments here. At the same time, you must deliver your points confidently, stating unequivocally the value of your study, regardless of how modest that value may be.
Depending on your university’s structure preferences, you may have previously addressed this in the discussion chapter, so be cautious not to repeat yourself excessively.
Numerous restrictions may apply to any particular research. Several examples include the following:
While discussing the limits of your study may seem self-defeating, it is a necessary component of high-quality research. It is critical to recognize that all studies have limits and recognizing these limitations lends credibility to your study by demonstrating that you understand the constraints of your research design.
It is important to find a balance between acknowledging the limits of your study and emphasizing its value despite those constraints. Demonstrate to the reader that you understand the limits, that they are justified in light of the constraints, and that you understand how they might be improved.
Provide recommendations for more research based on the constraints you described.
A good source of future research recommendations may be any data points or analytic findings that were fascinating or unexpected but did not immediately connect to your study’s research objectives and research questions.
The goal here is to discuss how other researchers might build on your findings to advance the field of knowledge and contribute to its development. Therefore, consider the new questions presented by your work carefully and explicitly explain them for future scholars to pursue.
The concluding summary should act as a fast reference for your readers, recapitulating the points made throughout the conclusion chapter. Ascertain that you do not introduce any new information
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Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.
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Once you have completed the main body of your dissertation or thesis, you then need to worry about drawing your conclusions, and the additional pages, such as whether to include a table of contents.
Your university may have guidelines but, otherwise, you will have to use your own judgement.
This page gives some advice about what is often included and why.
You may have been permitted, and have chosen, to include your conclusions in the discussion section, see our page on Results and Discussion for some ideas about why you might choose to do this.
However, it is normal practice to include a short section at the end of your dissertation that draws out your conclusions.
This section will need to have several elements, including:
A brief summary , just a few paragraphs, of your key findings, related back to what you expected to see (essential);
The conclusions which you have drawn from your research (essential);
Why your research is important for researchers and practitioners (essential);
Recommendations for future research (strongly recommended, verging on essential);
Recommendations for practitioners (strongly recommended in management and business courses and some other areas, so check with your supervisor whether this will be expected); and
A final paragraph rounding off your dissertation or thesis.
Your conclusion does not need to be very long; no more than five pages is usually sufficient, although detailed recommendations for practice may require more space.
Your university will almost certainly have formal guidelines on the format for the title page, which may need to be submitted separately for blind marking purposes.
As a general rule, the title page should contain the title of the thesis or dissertation, your name, your course, your supervisor and the date of submission or completion.
This is a one page summary of your dissertation or thesis, effectively an executive summary .
Not every university requires a formal abstract, especially for undergraduate or master's theses, so check carefully. If one is required, it may be either structured or unstructured.
A structured abstract has subheadings, which should follow the same format as your dissertation itself (usually Literature, Methods, Results and Discussion). There will probably also be a word limit for the abstract.
If an abstract is required, it may be published separately from your thesis, as a way of indexing it. It will therefore be assessed both as a part of your thesis, and as a stand-alone document that will tell other researchers whether your dissertation will be useful in their studies. It is generally best to write the abstract last, when you are sure of the thread of your argument, and the most important areas to highlight.
You should include a table of contents, which should include all headings and subheadings.
It is probably best to use the standard software tools to create and update this automatically, as it leads to fewer problems later on. If you’re not sure how to do this, use the Help function in the software, or Google it.
The time spent learning how to do it accurately will be more than saved later on when you don’t have to update it manually.
You only really need to include this if you have a lot of figures. As with your table of contents, it’s best to use the tools available in the software to create this, so that it will update automatically even if you move a table or figure later.
This section is used to ensure that you do not inadvertently fall foul of any ‘taking help’ guidance.
Use it to thank:
Anyone who provided you with information, or who gave you their time as part of your research, for example, interviewees, or those who returned questionnaires;
Any person or body who has provided you with funding or financial support that has enabled you to carry out your research;
Anyone who has helped you with the writing, including anyone who has read and commented on a draft such as your supervisor, a proof-reader or a language editor, whether paid or unpaid;
Anyone to whom you are particularly grateful, like your spouse or family for tolerating your absence from family occasions for years during your studies.
You should not use appendices as a general ‘dumping ground’ for stuff you found interesting, but couldn’t manage to shoehorn in anywhere else, or which you wanted to include but couldn’t within the word count.
Appendices should be used for relevant information only, such as copies of your questionnaires or interview outlines, letters asking people to participate or additional proofs.
You can be reasonably confident that nobody will read them in any detail, so don’t bother to use an appendix to explain why your argument is correct. Anything that you want to be read should be included in the main body of your text.
Check, check and check again.
Every university’s requirements are slightly different in terms of format, what sections need to be included and so on.
Make sure that you check what you have done against your university’s guidelines and that it conforms exactly .
If in doubt, check with the administrative staff dealing with submissions or with your supervisor. You really do not want to be penalised for an error of formatting.
Make sure that you put your dissertation together in a single document, and read it over as a whole before submitting it.
It is also a good idea to get somebody else to proofread your work to check for any mistakes that you may have missed.
Collating your dissertation may introduce errors of formatting or style, or you may notice duplication between chapters that you had previously missed.
Allow sufficient time for collating and final checks, and also for any formal binding required by the university, to avoid any last minute panics.
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How long is a dissertation.
Dissertation word counts vary widely across different fields, institutions, and levels of education:
However, none of these are strict guidelines – your word count may be lower or higher than the numbers stated here. Always check the guidelines provided by your university to determine how long your own dissertation should be.
A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.
It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.
Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.
A thesis is typically written by students finishing up a bachelor’s or Master’s degree. Some educational institutions, particularly in the liberal arts, have mandatory theses, but they are often not mandatory to graduate from bachelor’s degrees. It is more common for a thesis to be a graduation requirement from a Master’s degree.
Even if not mandatory, you may want to consider writing a thesis if you:
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5–7% of your overall word count.
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
A theoretical framework can sometimes be integrated into a literature review chapter , but it can also be included as its own chapter or section in your dissertation . As a rule of thumb, if your research involves dealing with a lot of complex theories, it’s a good idea to include a separate theoretical framework chapter.
A literature review and a theoretical framework are not the same thing and cannot be used interchangeably. While a theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work, a literature review critically evaluates existing research relating to your topic. You’ll likely need both in your dissertation .
While a theoretical framework describes the theoretical underpinnings of your work based on existing research, a conceptual framework allows you to draw your own conclusions, mapping out the variables you may use in your study and the interplay between them.
A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.
Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:
When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .
In most styles, the title page is used purely to provide information and doesn’t include any images. Ask your supervisor if you are allowed to include an image on the title page before doing so. If you do decide to include one, make sure to check whether you need permission from the creator of the image.
Include a note directly beneath the image acknowledging where it comes from, beginning with the word “ Note .” (italicized and followed by a period). Include a citation and copyright attribution . Don’t title, number, or label the image as a figure , since it doesn’t appear in your main text.
Definitional terms often fall into the category of common knowledge , meaning that they don’t necessarily have to be cited. This guidance can apply to your thesis or dissertation glossary as well.
However, if you’d prefer to cite your sources , you can follow guidance for citing dictionary entries in MLA or APA style for your glossary.
A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, an index is a list of the contents of your work organized by page number.
The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.
The title page of your thesis or dissertation should include your name, department, institution, degree program, and submission date.
Glossaries are not mandatory, but if you use a lot of technical or field-specific terms, it may improve readability to add one to your thesis or dissertation. Your educational institution may also require them, so be sure to check their specific guidelines.
A glossary or “glossary of terms” is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. Your glossary only needs to include terms that your reader may not be familiar with, and is intended to enhance their understanding of your work.
A glossary is a collection of words pertaining to a specific topic. In your thesis or dissertation, it’s a list of all terms you used that may not immediately be obvious to your reader. In contrast, dictionaries are more general collections of words.
An abbreviation is a shortened version of an existing word, such as Dr. for Doctor. In contrast, an acronym uses the first letter of each word to create a wholly new word, such as UNESCO (an acronym for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization).
As a rule of thumb, write the explanation in full the first time you use an acronym or abbreviation. You can then proceed with the shortened version. However, if the abbreviation is very common (like PC, USA, or DNA), then you can use the abbreviated version from the get-go.
Be sure to add each abbreviation in your list of abbreviations !
If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation , you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .
If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.
A list of abbreviations is a list of all the abbreviations that you used in your thesis or dissertation. It should appear at the beginning of your document, with items in alphabetical order, just after your table of contents .
Your list of tables and figures should go directly after your table of contents in your thesis or dissertation.
Lists of figures and tables are often not required, and aren’t particularly common. They specifically aren’t required for APA-Style, though you should be careful to follow their other guidelines for figures and tables .
If you have many figures and tables in your thesis or dissertation, include one may help you stay organized. Your educational institution may require them, so be sure to check their guidelines.
A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation and displays them with the page number where they can be found.
The table of contents in a thesis or dissertation always goes between your abstract and your introduction .
You may acknowledge God in your dissertation acknowledgements , but be sure to follow academic convention by also thanking the members of academia, as well as family, colleagues, and friends who helped you.
A literature review is a survey of credible sources on a topic, often used in dissertations , theses, and research papers . Literature reviews give an overview of knowledge on a subject, helping you identify relevant theories and methods, as well as gaps in existing research. Literature reviews are set up similarly to other academic texts , with an introduction , a main body, and a conclusion .
An annotated bibliography is a list of source references that has a short description (called an annotation ) for each of the sources. It is often assigned as part of the research process for a paper .
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
In the discussion , you explore the meaning and relevance of your research results , explaining how they fit with existing research and theory. Discuss:
The results chapter or section simply and objectively reports what you found, without speculating on why you found these results. The discussion interprets the meaning of the results, puts them in context, and explains why they matter.
In qualitative research , results and discussion are sometimes combined. But in quantitative research , it’s considered important to separate the objective results from your interpretation of them.
Results are usually written in the past tense , because they are describing the outcome of completed actions.
The results chapter of a thesis or dissertation presents your research results concisely and objectively.
In quantitative research , for each question or hypothesis , state:
In qualitative research , for each question or theme, describe:
Don’t interpret or speculate in the results chapter.
To automatically insert a table of contents in Microsoft Word, follow these steps:
Make sure to update your table of contents if you move text or change headings. To update, simply right click and select Update Field.
All level 1 and 2 headings should be included in your table of contents . That means the titles of your chapters and the main sections within them.
The contents should also include all appendices and the lists of tables and figures, if applicable, as well as your reference list .
Do not include the acknowledgements or abstract in the table of contents.
The abstract appears on its own page in the thesis or dissertation , after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .
An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 200–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.
In a thesis or dissertation, the acknowledgements should usually be no longer than one page. There is no minimum length.
The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis , directly after the title page and before the abstract .
Yes, it’s important to thank your supervisor(s) in the acknowledgements section of your thesis or dissertation .
Even if you feel your supervisor did not contribute greatly to the final product, you must acknowledge them, if only for a very brief thank you. If you do not include your supervisor, it may be seen as a snub.
In the acknowledgements of your thesis or dissertation, you should first thank those who helped you academically or professionally, such as your supervisor, funders, and other academics.
Then you can include personal thanks to friends, family members, or anyone else who supported you during the process.
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You can find all the citation styles and locales used in the Scribbr Citation Generator in our publicly accessible repository on Github .
How long is a thesis or dissertation conclusion.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5-7% of your overall word count.
The acknowledgements are generally included at the very beginning of your thesis or dissertation, directly after the title page and before the abstract .
If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation, you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .
If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimising confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.
A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation and displays them with the page number where they can be found.
A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organise your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.
Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation, such as:
An abstract for a thesis or dissertation is usually around 150–300 words. There’s often a strict word limit, so make sure to check your university’s requirements.
The abstract appears on its own page, after the title page and acknowledgements but before the table of contents .
While it may be tempting to present new arguments or evidence in your thesis or disseration conclusion , especially if you have a particularly striking argument you’d like to finish your analysis with, you shouldn’t. Theses and dissertations follow a more formal structure than this.
All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the discussion section and results section .) The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.
For a stronger dissertation conclusion , avoid including:
Your conclusion should leave the reader with a strong, decisive impression of your work.
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation should include the following:
Research objectives describe what you intend your research project to accomplish.
They summarise the approach and purpose of the project and help to focus your research.
Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement .
Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.
This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .
In a thesis or dissertation, the discussion is an in-depth exploration of the results, going into detail about the meaning of your findings and citing relevant sources to put them in context.
The conclusion is more shorter and more general: it concisely answers your main research question and makes recommendations based on your overall findings.
A dissertation prospectus or proposal describes what or who you plan to research for your dissertation. It delves into why, when, where, and how you will do your research, as well as helps you choose a type of research to pursue. You should also determine whether you plan to pursue qualitative or quantitative methods and what your research design will look like.
It should outline all of the decisions you have taken about your project, from your dissertation topic to your hypotheses and research objectives , ready to be approved by your supervisor or committee.
Note that some departments require a defense component, where you present your prospectus to your committee orally.
A research project is an academic, scientific, or professional undertaking to answer a research question . Research projects can take many forms, such as qualitative or quantitative , descriptive , longitudinal , experimental , or correlational . What kind of research approach you choose will depend on your topic.
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How long is a dissertation?
It’s a tricky question, indeed. Look:
The dissertation length depends on several factors: your major, type of research, institutional guidelines, and more. From the number of words and pages, to the proper length for every chapter—in this blog post, you’ll find the answers to all questions on the topic.
Don’t care to keep reading but have a “ write my dissertation for me ” request? Click on the link, and our specialists will help.
As for the rest of you, let’s get this show on the road!
When you start writing a dissertation, it’s critical to understand that this academic paper has no strictly prescribed length. But we can speak about the average dissertation length. It depends on many factors, including:
The overall average dissertation length is around 10,000-12,000 words for undergraduates, 15,000-25,000 words for master’s degree students, and around 50,000 words at the Ph.D. level. Some dissertations, at 70,000–100,000 words, look like massive books!
A more common way to count a dissertation length is by number of pages, not words.
When you craft a dissertation outline , you’ll see an approximate number of chapters for your future work. Each dissertation chapter also has a prescribed length (average), so you can count the number of pages for your document.
How long should a dissertation be ?
Let’s start with dissertations by the type of research you’ll do. Here are four types:
Now that we know the average length by the type of research, let’s go on to another critical factor: your major.
Each discipline has its methodologies and expectations, which determine the research depth and the dissertation’s structure. For example, psychology dissertation topics and dissertation topics in education are often 150-250 pages. Papers in medicine can reach 350 pages, and dissertations in social sciences like history, literature, or philosophy have 400+ pages.
So, how long is a dissertation by major?
Humanities/Social Sciences | These include disciplines like literature, philosophy, sociology, or history. Such works require deep investigations, comprehensive analysis, and extensive literature reviews. | 200-400 pages |
Engineering | These could be in biology, physics, engineering, or chemistry. They require detailed explanations of methods and results but are less extensive with literature reviews or discussions. | 100-300 pages |
Business/Management | The topics and types of research in this field are diverse, ranging from surveys of business fields to case studies of small companies. Empirical research is the most common type. | 150-250 pages |
Arts and Design | These papers combine theoretical and practical research, and they include supplementary materials (exhibits, portfolios, etc.) and appendices. | 100-300 pages |
Medicine/Health | Empirical research is standard for , requiring detailed methodologies, extensive explanations, and data analysis. Appendices like tables will be here, influencing the overall length of such dissertations. | 150-350 pages |
Law | These papers require understanding and explaining numerous legal principles or precedents. Such dissertations often involve case studies, analysis, policy implications, and theoretical discussions. | 150-300 pages |
Education | Here, you may analyze educational trends, policies, or methods by empirical research. Get ready for extensive data collection and literature review. | 150-250 page |
As you can see, the average page count for a dissertation is 250 pages. Another factor to consider is the number of chapters your document will have.
If you look at psychology dissertation examples , you’ll see that the length of the entire document also depends on its author’s study level. It stands to reason that master’s will be shorter than Ph.D. dissertations.
A dissertation is a complex document with a highly organized structure. When writing, you include particular chapters, each with its own prescribed length.
How long is a dissertation paper by chapters?
A dissertation abstract is a separate page of your document, summarizing the whole paper for the audience. It highlights your research problem, describes your objectives and methodology, and presents findings, specifying the importance of your research for a scientific community.
In plain English, it’s a mini-version of your dissertation for readers to understand if your dissertation is relevant to them.
Dissertation abstracts are 150-300 words on average for undergraduates. The master’s level requires a more detailed overview, so abstracts expand to 200-500 words. At the Ph.D. level, get ready to write 300-600 words per chapter.
It’s the start of your document. Here, you gain readers’ interest and provide background information on your topic. You’ll share the scope and importance of the subject matter, terms related to the issue, and the hypothesis you’ll reveal through your research.
What about the length of this chapter?
This chapter is a crucial element of all dissertations. It showcases your knowledge of theoretical frameworks and ability to synthesize and analyze existing research in conjunction with yours.
For undergraduate dissertations, write 1,500-3,000 words in your literature review. If master’s, expand it to 3,000-6,000 words.
Are you a Ph.D. dissertation writer ? Go further and present a comprehensive overview of scholarly work; write about 6,000-10,000 words for your literature review.
This chapter describes your approach to the research, the data collection methods you used, and the analytical techniques you employed. It will showcase your ability to conduct research with valid and reliable findings to a supervisor.
The length of this chapter:
In some institutional guidelines, this dissertation component goes as two separate chapters. Here, you present and interpret your research findings, support them with relevant analysis, and encourage a discussion about their contribution to the field.
This chapter will be 1,000-2,000 words long for undergraduate papers. At the master’s level, it expands to 2,000-4,000 words, and Ph.D. dissertations have 4,000-8,000 words or more.
This chapter is a summary of your research and a reflection of your findings. It gives a reader a clear understanding of your argument and proves how your research provides a new perspective to the existing scholarly work in your field of study.
How long is a dissertation conclusion?
Your dissertation is about content depth, not word count. While educational institutions provide length requirements, please note they are approximate:
Don’t write for the word count; craft a concise document that covers all the necessary information without irrelevant digressions or repetitions.
How long is a dissertation? Yours will be enough with these writing tips:
Also, provide only the necessary background information and write clear sentences without nested phrases. This will help readers digest and understand your research and perspective.
The overall length depends on several factors and varies across different fields and institutions. The average dissertation length is 200-250 pages.
There are no strict rules on dissertation length. Your institution will prescribe an approximate word (or page) count for this document, so use it as a guide to follow.
It depends on your study level. Undergraduate dissertations are 10,000-12,000 words, and master’s are around 15,000-25,000. If you write or buy dissertation for a Ph.D., it will be 50,000 words or more.
Dissertations are complex and substantial projects. They are lengthy papers based on your research, data analysis, and scientific contribution to the field. Given that, it can take from a few months to a year to write a dissertation, and some researchers spend years completing theirs.
How long is a dissertation? Consider your institution’s requirements, major, research type, and study level. The average length for a Ph.D. is 50,000 words (or 250 pages), but everything will depend on your topic and the depth of your research. Get ready to spend between six months and two to four years to complete a dissertation.
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Examples of thesis statements, frequently asked questions about the length of thesis statements, related articles.
If you find yourself in the process of writing a thesis statement but you don't know how long it should be, you've come to right place. In the next paragraphs you will learn about the most efficient way to write a thesis statement and how long it should be.
A thesis statement is a concise description of your work’s aim.
The short answer is: one or two sentences. The more i n-depth answer: as your writing evolves, and as you write longer papers, your thesis statement will typically be at least two, and often more, sentences. The thesis of a scholarly article may have three or four long sentences.
The point is to write a well-formed statement that clearly sets out the argument and aim of your research. A one sentence thesis is fine for shorter papers, but make sure it's a full, concrete statement. Longer thesis statements should follow the same rule; be sure that your statement includes essential information and resist too much exposition.
Here are some basic rules for thesis statement lengths based on the number of pages:
Joe Haley, a former writing instructor at Johns Hopkins University exemplified in this forum post the different sizes a thesis statement can take. For a paper on Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, someone could come up with these two theses:
In Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice , gossip is an important but morally ambiguous tool for shaping characters' opinions of each other.
As the aforementioned critics have noted, the prevalence of gossip in Jane Austen's oeuvre does indeed reflect the growing prominence of an explicitly-delineated private sphere in nineteenth-century British society. However, in contrast with these critics' general conclusions about Austen and class, which tend to identify her authorial voice directly with the bourgeois mores shaping her appropriation of the bildungsroman, the ambiguity of this communicative mode in Pride and Prejudice suggests that when writing at the height of her authorial powers, at least, Austen is capable of skepticism and even self-critique. For what is the narrator of her most celebrated novel if not its arch-gossip par excellence ?
Both statements are equally sound, but the second example clearly belongs in a longer paper. In the end, the length of your thesis statement will depend on the scope of your work.
There is no exact word count for a thesis statement, since the length depends on your level of knowledge and expertise. A two sentence thesis statement would be between 20-50 words.
The length of the work will determine how long your thesis statement is. A concise thesis is typically between 20-50 words. A paragraph is also acceptable for a thesis statement; however, anything over one paragraph is probably too long.
Here is a list of Thesis Statement Examples that will help you understand better how long they can be.
As a high school student, you are not expected to have an elaborate thesis statement. A couple of clear sentences indicating the aim of your essay will be more than enough.
Here is a YouTube tutorial that will help you write a thesis statement: How To Write An Essay: Thesis Statements by Ariel Bisset.
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A college or university thesis is considered the best achievement for students because of their hard work. In short, the thesis is the highest point after several years of study in the field of business, history, or literature.
Your tentative thesis can be the basis of your career as a researcher. Hence, it should show the depth of your knowledge of the field. It is important to understand what a tentative thesis is and what steps are involved in writing a perfect thesis.
This article will guide you on what a tentative thesis is, its examples, and how to write one. If you are not sure about your writing or research skills or are short on time, acquire thesis writing services online and get help for your paper from a professional.
If you are sure about your skills and that your studies, health, and social life will not be compromised while writing this thesis, continue reading the guide to get good advice.
A tentative thesis is a lengthy paper that involves a person’s research paper written for a university degree, as Oxford Languages states. It is called a tentative thesis because the initial thesis statement is always unsure and may change upon further study. The idea of developing a tentative thesis statement is to make the process easy and start writing the thesis instead of getting stuck on the first step.
Research is the best tool for gathering information that will help you understand the topic. It is the most important part of thesis writing, as it allows you to develop an in-depth understanding of the subject and be certain that you are well-informed.
To solve problems or gain more knowledge, a systematic and planned study/investigation of a subject or topic is research. Research can help you gather the information that will help you understand the topic. Develop an in-depth understanding of the subject, and be certain that your decisions are well-informed.
The resources for your research have to be credible, peer-reviewed articles, government agencies, and professional organisations. The credibility of the sources can be checked by, implementing a CRAAP method. CRAAP represents
Here are the credible sources that will be helpful in your research process:
According to the topic, select a related research method, such as mixed methods, qualitative research, quantitative research, or questionnaire.
Once you're done with the research, it's time to move to the planning and structuring part. While planning your dissertation, ensure that you fulfil the important requirements. Manage your time well and be mentally prepared for obstacles. It is also better to document the process, such as databases, search queries, and sources.
After planning your thesis, move to the structure of the thesis. The structure of your thesis generally remains the same and includes these sections:
Planning and structuring your content well will give direction to your writing and make you more focused on the paper.
A thesis statement is a line or two that conveys the central idea of the dissertation. The essential thing to start writing your thesis is a perfect thesis statement. A thesis statement has to focus on the main idea of the text. It's important to convey the central idea in a few sentences because the reader can understand easily and it remains on their mind.
As we know, writing a thesis statement can be a tiring task. You can make it super easy by dividing it into chunks.
The body text helps you to prove your research question. If the topic is simple, you don’t need a lot of text, but if the topic is complex, you might need a lot of text. Plus, building the arguments logically is important. Examiners don’t like their concentration to be broken.
It has to be an argument, and its evidence must be presented perfectly so a reader doesn’t need to stop and read the text or reread it. The reader should read the text in a flow. It will turn out to be ugly if your marker has to stop and try to understand the argument if it’s logical and makes any sense. Keep the argument and evidence sustainable to ensure the flow of the thesis from introduction to conclusion.
Both the reference list and bibliography provide a list of sources cited in the text throughout. However, what bibliography includes are the sources or data you consulted during the project and decided not to cite.
To build the credibility of your academic writing, it’s important to provide a reference list or bibliography as required by the institute. It is required so the marker can easily check your reference and validate the information. There are different types of referencing styles available. Including
You need to collect all the information about the sources that will be used in referencing, like the author, publication date, book name, and publisher information. For journals, you need to include the journal title, volume, issue, and page number. Overall, different information from different types of sources is required.
To ensure the technical accuracy of a text, you need to proofread the text for any technical or grammatical errors. After you have completed all of your content editing, you can move to the proofreading stage.
First, proofread the thesis for technical requirements, such as sections, structure, and word count allocated to the task. Then again, proofread the text for information provided, grammatical errors, and referencing.
It is important because you’re working on an academic writing task and these types of mistakes have no place in academic writing.
After you’ve completed and submitted your tentative thesis, it is time to start preparations for the oral defence presentation. This step is as important as researching the information or writing the thesis. Once the thesis is submitted, you should start preparing the defence presentation.
In your defence presentation, you can be asked questions outside the thesis, so it is a better idea to prepare yourself for that also. Identify the purpose and goals of the thesis, know your audience’s information, arrange the materials and compose the presentation. Preparing for the presentation is also a very tiring task if you don’t want to stress yourself so much, hand over your thesis to a professional thesis writer , who can write a perfect paper in a short time.
The most important preparation for the thesis presentation is to practice your presentation with some class fellows or thesis advisors. After all, it's not all about the information; it's about how you present that information.
We have provided an example of a tentative thesis from Kathmandu University for your reference. This can provide you with a better idea of what a great thesis seems like and how you can write one as well.
The word limit of the tentative thesis depends on the institute-provided word limit. It varies from institute to institute and course to course. The general word count for:
To get the degree from your university, it's important to write a well-researched tentative thesis. These are the common benefits of writing a thesis.
To conclude the guide, a tentative thesis is not very different from a simple thesis. In a tentative thesis, you just need to keep the thesis statement a bit uncertain, which can be changed as the research and writing process goes on. We have also answered the common questions about thesis writing, like why it is important and what the length of your thesis should be. An example is provided for your ease.
In this article, we have guided you through seven steps on how to write a tentative thesis. If you have any sort of difficulty writing your thesis, you can feel at ease, as you can get the thesis writing help online from an expert who can handle your thesis writing worries very well.
Emily is a creative content maker and 2021 Innovative Educator Award winner. She effortlessly simplifies complex topics
Research papers cover a broad range of academic pieces, including term papers, case studies, scientific publications, capstone projects, and more. They share similar goals and basic structure, but they vary significantly in length, depending on type, school, class, and topic.
So, how long is a research paper? How long should different sections be? Should you measure the length in words or pages?
In this post, we’ll answer these and many other questions, so keep reading.
Ideally, you want to address your “How long should a research paper be?” question to your instructor who assigned the task. The word count or page requirements should be present within the prompt.
Note that research paper requirements can come in words or pages. Generally, one page of double-spaced 12 pt font, which is universal to most formatting styles, is between 250 and 300 words. So, if your professor wants 20 pages, the research papers will include around 5,000 words. That’s a rough average we estimate based on studying common answers to “How long is a research paper?” across top US colleges.
If the numbers seem a bit intimidating and evoke an extreme case of writer’s block, let’s use the age-old trick and split the big task into manageable chunks. We’ll go over all the major research paper sections one at a time and look at how long each of them should be.
Many students fail to account for an abstract when calculating the answer to “How long should a research paper be?”. That’s understandable if you’re dealing with an MLA piece that doesn’t have specific abstract requirements. But in all other cases, it’s a critical consideration.
So, how long should the abstract of a research paper be?
APA requirements for writing an abstract specify it should be no longer than 250 words (one page), including the heading and the list of keywords at the bottom. Most professors share the notion that an abstract should be no longer than one page, though it could be shorter.
Each scientific journal has specific research paper abstract requirements that range from 100 to 300 words, depending on the research paper length and other factors.
The short answer to “How long should an introduction be?” is about 5% to 10% of the research paper length. For a 5,000-word project that amounts to between 250 and 500 words (one or two double-spaced 12 pt pages).
A more detailed look at “How long is an introduction?” requires you to have a good idea of the overall research paper outline you plan to use. For example, if you plan to write a research paper introduction that only includes a brief background exploration, a thesis statement, and research objectives, two pages should be more than enough to cover everything. However, if you plan to combine the introduction with the literature review, the first section will be much longer and probably span around 30% of the project. In this case, if your answer for “How long should a research paper be?” is 5,000 words, then your introductory chapter would cover around 1,500 words.
Many students get confused when asking “How long should a thesis statement be for a research paper?” because they expect the thesis to fit within one sentence, as it would in an average essay. For research papers, the answer is more complex.
For one, a research paper may not have a thesis at all. Instead, the introduction could hold research objectives or hypotheses. Whether you choose to postulate a thesis or ask a research question in a research paper, it doesn’t have to be as short as a single sentence. In most cases, a thesis fits within 2% to 5% of the word count threshold. So, for a 5,000-word project, it would cover between 100 and 250 words (up to one page). In most cases, when writing a research paper , a thesis should fit within one or two paragraphs, though you can also use a bulleted or numbered list for your objectives or tasks.
Important : When researching “How long is a research paper thesis?” remember that it’s not a separate section. Its word count goes towards the chapter that holds the thesis, usually an introduction or literature review. So, if your introduction is 500 words long, a thesis can take up around half of that.
Like with other parts of the piece, there’s no definitive answer to “How long should a literature review be in a research paper?” General recommendations range from 15% to 30% of the research paper length. So, if your word count limit is 5,000 words, the literature review should span between 750 and 1,500 words (three to six pages). The more theoretical your research paper is, the longer your literature review can be. Experimental and empirical pieces may have shorter reviews.
As always, if you’re unsure “How long should a research paper be?” in terms of the literature review, you know the right answer to the question, ask your TA or professor.
Depending on the layout of your piece, the answer to “How long should a conclusion be in a research paper?” varies between 5% and 10%. For instance, if you decide to combine the discussion section with the research paper conclusion or omit the former and outline the limitations and potential of your results within the final chapter, it will be longer. Alternatively, if your research paper conclusion will solely focus on rehashing the research objective and study results, the final section can be shorter.
For a research paper length of 5,000 words, the conclusion should be between 250 and 500 words (one or two pages). This does not include acknowledgments (if you decide to add them) or the reference list. Both are separate sections of research papers, and may not even be included in the general word count by some schools and journals.
As we’ve established at the beginning of this post, “research paper” is a broad generic term that applies to many types of academic and scientific works you may encounter in college, grad school, or a doctoral program. Our calculations apply to a 5,000-word research paper , but you can use the same percentages for projects of different lengths, including:
Please note that these are averages based on our quick skim of research paper requirements across major US schools. Your college’s word count demands can be significantly lower or higher. So, we urge you to check in with your academic advisor, professor, or editor to double-check the word count expectations.
Now that we’ve gone over the answer to “How long should a research paper be?”, let’s see if there are ways to reach the desired word count when you’re falling a bit short. Our expert academic writers shared a few of their favorite strategies:
For more ways to make a paper longer , check out our blog post with the best practices and mistakes to avoid. If you still can’t hit the minimum required word count, contact our paper writing service and get professional editing or writing assistance at any stage of the writing process. We can handle urgent tasks and deliver the finished paper within 24 hours!
Anything can affect the length of a research paper, from your academic level (undergraduate or graduate) and paper type to the class and topic. Your goal and audience will also influence the research paper’s word count requirements. For instance, if you want your piece to get noticed, you can dive deeper into the subject and hit the maximum word count limit instead of the minimum threshold.
That depends on your research paper requirements. For example, professors typically assign research papers in pages, which include a title page, abstract, and references. Scientific journals, in turn, prefer to specify the word count requirements to ensure your entry fits editorial policies. One page is usually around 250 to 300 words (double-spaced, 12 pt font).
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How long is a dissertation? This is a question that you’re likely to ask if you’ve just enrolled for a doctoral program. But, this question is not new because other students have asked it too. Perhaps, the simplest answer to this question is that a dissertation should be sufficiently long to answer the stated question satisfactorily.
There is no single answer to the question of a doctoral dissertation length. But most dissertations are on average 100-200 pages long. Somebody can say it should be 146 pages while somebody else can say 90 pages. Another person can say it should be 200 pages. Essentially, the length of this important academic document should depend on the topic, writing style, and goals of the writer.
Universities require students to write dissertations when pursuing masters and PhD degree programs. This paper forms an invaluable part of these academic programs in reputable learning institutions. As such, most undergraduate students are worried about the length of this document because it forms an important aspect of their academic life.
There are generally practical suggestions about how long should a dissertation be. For instance, the areas that your dissertation project focuses on should influence its length. For instance, a dissertation on a history topic will most likely be longer than an average dissertation on a chemistry topic. That means your academic discipline will influence the length of your dissertation.
Most academicians say that a PhD dissertation length should not exceed 80, 000 words . Thus, your text should be near this length. This word count includes the appendices while excluding references, footnotes, and bibliography. The footnotes of a dissertation shouldn’t exceed 20% of the text.
Students are discouraged from including discursive footnotes. What’s more, they should not use footnotes to include materials that should be in their main text. Doing so would circumvent the average length of the dissertation.
The statistical tables of a dissertation are counted as around 150 words each . But, the Degree Committee can allow learners to exceed the limits after application and under exceptional situations. Therefore, students should apply for this exception early before the date they propose to submit their thesis. The Graduate Committee evaluates the application and decides whether to allow the student to alter the average dissertation length.
The committee considers the dissertation proposal, as well as, a signed statement attesting to their proposed dissertation length. If they don’t and their dissertation exceeds the average length, it will be referred back for revision before it is forwarded to the institution’s examiners.
Many factors should generally be considered when answering the question of how long is a PhD dissertation. However, students should limit their writing between 80,000 and 100,000 words . On average, this document should have around 204 pages. But, the average length of a PhD thesis also depends on the university and the specific subject.
Essentially, a university can set the requirements of a dissertation, including the length. Nevertheless, most institutions opt for around 100,000 words. Research has shown that STEM dissertations have a medium length of 159 pages. Non-STEM dissertations, on the other hand, have a medium length of about 223 pages. Thus, there is a significant difference in length between STEM and non-STEM dissertations.
Another question that might be lingering in your mind is how long is a dissertation chapter? Well, this varies because each chapter is a separate section that should address something specific. If you include the right information succinctly and adequately, your final write-up should have the right length. So, how long is a doctoral dissertation in every section? Here is a rough estimate.
This section of a dissertation should tell readers why the topic is important. It should also mention relevant facts about the topic. Essentially, the introduction should tell readers why you have chosen the topic or issue and what makes it relevant. On average, the introduction should be between 10 and 15 pages . This is a perfect size because it allows you to mention everything concisely. Focus on intriguing the audience without disclosing or revealing anything in detail. Thus, your dissertation introduction should be more of a teaser.
This is the section where you analyze relevant sources that you have chosen for your paper. It should include only sources that can be used to write the dissertation. In this section, you analyze and point out the strengths and weaknesses of your chosen sources. The literature review should be between 20 and 25 pages long.
The length of this part of a dissertation ranges from 10 to 15 pages . It focuses on the methods used to conduct the research. Here, you discuss the specific method and data-selection processes used. This section also includes ways of contacting the sample population, as well as, the gathered data. What’s more, the encountered challenges can be included.
This section of a dissertation should not exceed 10 pages . It features the list and clarification of the obtained findings. Research findings are mentioned alongside the hypotheses explicitly. For instance, you should state whether they were refuted or confirmed. This section should also include a conclusion for everything done as far as your investigation is concerned.
This is also called the discussion section. Its length should range between 15 and 20 pages . This is the section where you explain the implications of your research. Provide a current and bigger perspective regarding your research. What’s more, diversify the current evidence base regarding the topic. Also, provide recommendations while acknowledging limitations in this section.
So, how long is a dissertation chapter? Well, it boils down to factors of the topic, learning institution, and goals of the study. Each section varies in length based on the nature of the research conducted and gathered data.
But, exactly how long does a dissertation have to be? There is no clear answer to this question. However, psychology, history, communication, nursing, and management dissertation can be up to 300 pages long. Education, Environmental Health, and Political Science dissertations can be around 100 pages. Overall, this length is influenced by the nature of the conducted research and the data that must be included in the document.
You’re no longer asking how long is a dissertation word count because this question has been answered. But, you probably want to know the length of its proposal. Well, there is no specific length for this document. However, it should be considered as a long, formal treatise.
Well, most faculties recommend between 15 and 20 pages . However, the length of a proposal should depend on factors like the problem to be pursued, reasons to address the problem, where the answers will come from, and why you will go for certain sources.
This document proposes the work to be done. The focus of this text should be on convincing the thesis committee of your faculty that you have a research question that’s worth pursuing. Thus, you must present a convincing document for your faculty to allow you to proceed with the dissertation writing project. So, how long should it be?
Lastly, you may want to know how long the abstract section of your dissertation should be. This is a separate page of the entire document. It is a summary of the dissertation. It reports the outcomes and aims of the research. Essentially, readers should know what your document is all about by reading the abstract. As such, this section should be written at the end. It should state the research objectives, problem, methods, key results, and the conclusion.
The dissertation abstract length ranges between 150 and 300 words . But just like with the main sections of a dissertation, there is a strict limit on the number of words that can be included. Therefore, check with the journal or university for which you are writing the dissertation.
When it comes to the length of your dissertation, our dissertation consulting service is here to provide expert guidance. Wondering about the ideal length for your dissertation? Look no further! Our experienced team offers personalized assistance to help you navigate this aspect of your research. With our dissertation consulting services, you can ensure that your dissertation meets the required length while maintaining its academic rigor. Contact us today for valuable insights and support throughout your dissertation journey.
There is no specific number of words or pages that determine the length of any dissertation. Therefore, check with your university, faculty, or journal to know the specific requirements for your dissertation in terms of length.
after completing the dissertation. However, you should have a rough draft or use the proposal’s introduction as a template because it has most of the elements that you need.
How long is a dissertation should be.
The dissertation length, on average, is between 100 to 200 pages long. Nevertheless, a dissertation can be 146 pages or 96 pages long. The length depends on the goals of the writer, topic, and writing style.
The length of the dissertations is from 100 to 200 pages. On average the dissertation should be at least 80 000 words . However, this depends on the scope, expertise, and knowledge in the field of study. Longer dissertation papers have more words with a relatively higher number of pages.
Writing a dissertation will depend on several considerations. The subject of study, such as chemistry, may take longer because of the logistics involved. On the other hand, a simple sociology dissertation may take one month.
Ph.D. dissertation length does not exceed more than 80 000 words . Therefore, your paper should be within these limits. Note that these words do not include references, footnotes, and bibliography.
Richard Ginger is a dissertation writer and freelance columnist with a wealth of knowledge and expertise in the writing industry. He handles every project he works on with precision while keeping attention to details and ensuring that every work he does is unique.
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The a2 Milk Company Limited ( OTC:ACOPY , OTCPK:ACOPF ) is a company that sells special dairy products. It makes dairy that comes from cows just like other dairy, but a2 Milk's dairy is slightly different from ordinary dairy. In the past, a2 Milk implicitly claimed that its milk products are healthier than competitors' products due to a difference in milk protein, and nowadays a2 Milk explicitly states that this protein difference makes its milk products easier to digest.
The different proteins in a2 Milk's products, while possibly beneficial to health and digestion, are not sufficiently beneficial to address the many health issues implicated by dairy protein consumption, based on available nutrition research. For this reason, I think a2 Milk's growth prospects will become quite limited as consumers and regulators catch up with the science. As these nutritional findings trickle down to the public and trigger wider public action, investors are likely to see higher returns over time by investing their capital in other securities. As a result, I think a2 Milk shares are a sell for the long term.
Notwithstanding the above thesis, a2 Milk has performed well financially over the past decade, all things considered. Revenues, net income, and operational cash flow (all in millions of dollars) rose handsomely from fiscal years 2014 to 2020, ending in June. But in 2021, all metrics fell significantly.
Revenue fell below 2019 levels:
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Net income fell below 2017 levels:
And operational cash flow fell below 2017 levels:
The company said that these financial difficulties were due to Covid pandemic shocks. This is understandable, since FY2021 would have been the first full pandemic year for a2 Milk, and sales were likely impacted by supply chain issues coupled with consumer uncertainty and reluctance to spend money on exotic goods during an unstable time. Regardless, the impacted financial metrics largely rebounded over the next 3 years, though less so for operational cash flow.
In addition to a2 Milk's pandemic recovery, the company's capital structure is also rather encouraging.
Total debt is far outweighed by cash alone, and with a positive net income, a2 seems to be a very profitable concern with no solvency issues on the horizon. It also pays no dividend and favors stock buybacks as its method of boosting shareholder returns; I greatly prefer both of these traits in companies I analyze, especially if organic profits are already present and relatively abundant, as here.
On the surface, a2 Milk seems to be doing very well financially, and in this case, one might confidently judge this book by its cover. My main issue with a2 Milk is not with its current finances but with its growth prospects.
For the sake of valuation, a2 Milk has two virtually identical stock offerings, ACOPY and ACOPF. By most valuation metrics, the stocks trade at quite a discount to their 5-year average, though by most metrics they also trade at a significant premium to the consumer staples sector overall.
This indicates that while investor confidence in the company's prospects has fallen somewhat in the past few years, a2 Milk is being given significant leeway by investors, and they still seem to have very high hopes for the company's future. For the reasons given in the next section, I think their hopes are misplaced, and that the assumed growth a2 Milk is targeting may not materialize.
Based on research by multiple market analysts, the global dairy market seems to have a current total addressable market, or TAM, of $400-500 billion, and should have a TAM of $700-800 billion by 2030. I will go by the analysis of Maximize Market Research , which puts the 2023 TAM for the global dairy product industry at ~$550 billion and the estimated 2030 TAM at $700 billion.
Long-term investment in a2 Milk should mostly be driven by the assumption that worldwide, people (read: consumers, government food/nutrition regulators, etc.) will eventually adopt not just the company's products, but will also adopt the theory that a2 milk casein is less harmful for health than a1 casein - that seems to be what the company was founded on , after all.
For some background on casein and dairy protein, first, milk protein has two parts - casein protein (80%) and whey protein (20%). Second, casein protein comes in two types - a2 casein and a1 casein. The history of the two casein types can be summarized as follows:
"Originally all milk was A2 until a mutation affecting some European cattle occurred some thousands of years ago. Herds in much of Asia, Africa and parts of Southern Europe remain naturally high in A2 cows."
While some research supports the theory that a1 casein products contribute to more inflammation than a2 casein products, the studies comparing a1 and a2 products are often commissioned by a2 Milk itself . To a degree, this alone may call into question the validity and credibility of studies comparing a2 and a1 casein, due to the clear conflicts of interest.
Still, even if a2 casein in dairy products is indeed less harmful than a1 casein beyond a shadow of a doubt, the replacement of a1 dairy with a2 dairy would play only a minor role in improving the health profile of dairy products. Based on recently available nutrition research, exposure to regular insulin spikes and chronically raised insulin levels promotes dysregulation of hormones and cellular function. This matters because both dairy casein and dairy whey spike either insulin or an insulin analog called Insulin-like Growth Factor 1. Either way, switching to dairy that has a2 casein does not remove the fundamentally problematic element in most dairy products - dairy protein itself.
If, or when, consumers, nutrition experts, and global nutrition regulators put these pieces together and realize dairy protein may be a detriment to human health, they may jointly condemn dairy protein overall, and promote dairy products that have little or no protein, meaning mostly cream/heavy cream, butter, and clarified butters such as ghee. In other words, if or when consumers and regulators realize dairy fat is likely the healthiest part of dairy, and dairy protein is the unhealthiest part, then a2 Milk's competitive advantage in the dairy industry will mostly disappear.
Once this shift occurs, a2 Milk will see a much smaller potential TAM to grow into, restricted to the market for casein-containing dairy products instead of all dairy products. The whey and casein markets are, and will represent, drastically smaller TAMs ($5 billion for casein and $14 billion for whey by the early 2030s) compared to the overall dairy market TAM ($700-800 billion by the early 2030s).
Bodybuilders, strength trainers, and certain other insulin-seeking consumers may still want casein and whey for their needs, and will probably opt for the "healthier" a2 casein option over time where possible, but beyond that, for the long term, an industry-wide shift away from selling products with dairy protein would severely dampen a2 Milk's growth prospects. Worse still, even workout powders don't require dairy casein or whey for their protein base. Vegan workout powders use combinations of plant proteins like pea, rice, and soy as their complete protein source instead of casein and whey proteins from dairy, so these may also cut into a2 Milk's casein/whey TAM in the long term.
The bottom line is that while a2 Milk is targeting the whole dairy market, emerging nutritional research related to dairy's effects on health indicates that a2 Milk's only advantage is in the much smaller market of milk protein, cutting its growth potential in the 2030s from a ~$700 billion opportunity to less than a $20 billion opportunity, a ~97% decrease in a2 Milk's growth prospects from what many may expect. This $20 billion TAM assumes that a2 Milk has a competitive position in whey protein by association, despite its product only differing in casein protein. A2's real advantage arguably only extends to the milk casein market, making its early 2030s TAM possibly no larger than $5 billion in size, a decrease of more than 99% compared to the TAM of the global dairy industry.
Even if a2 Milk can sell milk fat-based products like its competitors (e.g., a2 Milk brand heavy cream and butter), it will have no competitive advantage selling these compared to well-established mass producers of milk products; a2 Milk's one distinguishing feature is its milk protein, which will become irrelevant in a dairy industry dominated by products devoid of milk protein. As a result, its market share would become roughly locked in if and when the dairy industry shifts away from protein-containing products.
For instance, if a2 Milk manages to 10x its current revenue to $10 billion per year before the dairy industry pivots from protein, then it could, at best, be locked into a 10/700 ratio for market share in the dairy industry long term, for a market share percentage of ~1.4%. That's assuming that a2 Milk doesn't end up confined to just the $5 billion TAM for casein, which would decimate a2 Milk's potential and remove the possibility of earning even $10 billion per year. From a growth perspective, there are far better places to store capital.
I will briefly note here that allergies and intolerances to milk are among the reasons the dairy industry might switch away from products containing milk proteins and toward products containing mostly dairy fat. Unlike nearly all other dairy products, cream/heavy cream, butter, and clarified butters pose a reduced allergy risk since they contain almost no milk protein; they also pose no risk of aggravating a milk intolerance, due to the near-absence of protein and milk sugars like lactose in these fatty dairy products.
While one should not assume that these considerations will become primary driving factors that might push the dairy industry toward fatty dairy products and away from dairy protein, I think that certain consumers' desire to avoid allergens and other unwanted dietary issues from dairy might be an underrated market mover over time. After all, rates of food allergies have been increasing worldwide in recent decades, and this possibly includes milk allergies and lactose intolerance. The dairy industry shouldn't mind putting more of its hypoallergenic, mostly dairy-fat products on shelves if consumers start to prefer them, especially if the TAM for dairy products that don't aggravate allergies or intolerances expands over time.
Nutrition research has gone unnoticed or unheeded before. People may not realize that dairy protein on the whole is negatively impacting health, or may not feel a need to act on the information in the long run. It is also possible that dairy protein is vindicated in future research, voiding the need to avoid milk protein at all, or avoid casein and whey proteins in particular. A2 casein may also be proven in future research to be beneficial enough for people's health to outweigh the harm from dairy protein overall.
It is also possible that even if my thesis is correct and the detriments of milk protein do outweigh the benefits of a2 casein, it may take longer than the early 2030s for the dairy industry to shift toward producing mostly milk protein-free products, thus giving a2 Milk more time to expand its market share before shifting to producing milk fat-based products.
These and other outcomes may allow a2 Milk to grow as a company and expand into a large-TAM opportunity in providing dairy to the masses.
Ultimately, a2 Milk seems to be presenting its product (a2 casein) as a full solution to a large problem (indigestible/unhealthy dairy). But its product only tackles part of the problem, and in time, observers and regulators in the health and nutrition spaces are likely to direct the masses to reduce or eliminate dairy protein from the food system, save for some niche areas, leaving a greatly reduced market for a2 Milk to grow into.
Nutrition research indicates that a2 Milk's stated goals would be best achieved by cutting dairy protein altogether, a move that would ironically hurt a2 Milk's growth. As a result, despite solid finances, the company's long-term growth prospects seem fairly poor, and investor capital would be better spent elsewhere. I therefore rate ACOPY/ACOPF a sell for the long term.
Editor's Note: This article discusses one or more securities that do not trade on a major U.S. exchange. Please be aware of the risks associated with these stocks.
This article was written by
Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have no stock, option or similar derivative position in any of the companies mentioned, and no plans to initiate any such positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.
Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.
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Step 1: Answer your research question. Step 2: Summarize and reflect on your research. Step 3: Make future recommendations. Step 4: Emphasize your contributions to your field. Step 5: Wrap up your thesis or dissertation. Full conclusion example. Conclusion checklist. Other interesting articles.
Step 1: Craft a brief introduction section. As with all chapters in your dissertation or thesis, the conclusions chapter needs to start with a brief introduction. In this introductory section, you'll want to tell the reader what they can expect to find in the chapter, and in what order.
How to Write Dissertation Conclusion Example. Here is a dissertation conclusion example of a dissertation that aimed to test a theoretical argument based on an analysis of a case study; Proposed anaerobic digestion plant in Tripoli. Chapter 5 - Dissertation Conclusion. 5.1 Background.
This article provides an effective technique for writing a conclusion adapted from Erika Eby's The College Student's Guide to Writing a Good Research Paper: 101 Easy Tips & Tricks to Make Your Work Stand Out.. While the thesis introduction starts out with broad statements about the topic, and then narrows it down to the thesis statement, a thesis conclusion does the same in the opposite order.
Table of contents. Step 1: Restate the problem. Step 2: Sum up the paper. Step 3: Discuss the implications. Research paper conclusion examples. Frequently asked questions about research paper conclusions.
Overview of writing the dissertation conclusion. The conclusion is the final chapter of the dissertation. It serves to reinforce your main argument and findings, before considering the wider implications of your research. ... How long should the conclusion be? A: Roughly 5-10% of the dissertation's word count (usually nearer the 5% end). So ...
The thesis or dissertation conclusion should be 5-7% of your paper's overall word count. For example, if your thesis is 30,000 words, the conclusion can be 1,500-2100 words. The conclusion for empirical or scientific theses or dissertations is often brief. It summarizes the main findings, interprets the research, and discusses the main ...
Complete the Dissertation. Once the conclusion is written, there are a few final steps to complete your dissertation: Write the thesis abstract in 200 words or less. Review your reference list and format it as per the writing style. You can also use online reference generators to speed up this process.
How Long Should a Dissertation Conclusion Be? The length of a dissertation conclusion can vary depending on all the guidelines provided by your institution, department, or supervisor. It should be about 5-10% of the total word count, ensuring it is substantial enough to fulfill its purpose without becoming disproportionately long. The length ...
The conclusion of a thesis or a dissertation is a long chapter — not one single sentence but a whole page or more. Generally, it should be 5-7% of the overall word count. The length of a thesis or dissertation conclusion chapter depends on several factors, such as your academic field, research topic, and stated number of pages.
Firstly, writing retrospectively means that your dissertation introduction and conclusion will 'match' and your ideas will all be tied up nicely. Secondly, it's time-saving. If you write your introduction before anything else, it's likely your ideas will evolve and morph as your dissertation develops.
In general, you should use the following approach: Use an approach where you would 1) proofread, 2) take notes, and 3) summarize every single chapter of your work. This will pave the way and give you the structure you need for your dissertation conclusion. After you do this, simply copy & paste these mini chapter summaries and combine them into ...
How long should your conclusion be? Depending on whether you are writing a thesis or dissertation, your length will vary. Generally, a conclusion should make up around 5-7% of your overall word count. An empirical scientific study will often have a short conclusion, concisely stating the main findings and recommendations for
How long should the conclusion be? A common guideline is to keep it between 5-7% of the total length of your thesis or dissertation. 3. Can I introduce new information in the conclusion? No, the conclusion is not for new information or arguments. It's meant to summarize and bring closure to your work. 4. How should I address limitations in the ...
A strong dissertation conclusion chapter should: Summarize the study's major results. Discuss the study's shortcomings and flaws. Clearly respond to the research question (s) and address the research objectives. Inform the reader of the primary contributions of the study. Make recommendations for more research.
However, it is normal practice to include a short section at the end of your dissertation that draws out your conclusions. This section will need to have several elements, including: A brief summary, just a few paragraphs, of your key findings, related back to what you expected to see (essential); The conclusions which you have drawn from your ...
How long is a dissertation? Dissertation word counts vary widely across different fields, institutions, and levels of education: An undergraduate dissertation is typically 8,000-15,000 words. A master's dissertation is typically 12,000-50,000 words. A PhD thesis is typically book-length: 70,000-100,000 words.
Here is a format that you could follow while writing the conclusion of your thesis: 1. Restate your thesis statement. Rephrase it so that slightly different from the thesis statement presented in the introduction and does not sound repetitive. 2. Reiterate the key points of your work. To do this, go back to your thesis and extract the topic ...
The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn't be longer than 5-7% of your overall total word count.
Conclusion. This chapter is a summary of your research and a reflection of your findings. It gives a reader a clear understanding of your argument and proves how your research provides a new perspective to the existing scholarly work in your field of study. How long is a dissertation conclusion? Undergraduate: 500-800 words; Master's: 800 ...
Here are some basic rules for thesis statement lengths based on the number of pages: 5 pages: 1 sentence. 5-8 pages: 1 or 2 sentences. 8-13 pages: 2 or 3 sentences. 13-23 pages: 3 or 4 sentences. Over 23 pages: a few sentences or a paragraph.
Conclusion; Citation List; Planning and structuring your content well will give direction to your writing and make you more focused on the paper. 3. Formulate a Thesis Statement. A thesis statement is a line or two that conveys the central idea of the dissertation. The essential thing to start writing your thesis is a perfect thesis statement.
Depending on the layout of your piece, the answer to "How long should a conclusion be in a research paper?" varies between 5% and 10%. For instance, if you decide to combine the discussion section with the research paper conclusion or omit the former and outline the limitations and potential of your results within the final chapter, it will ...
It should state the research objectives, problem, methods, key results, and the conclusion. The dissertation abstract length ranges between 150 and 300 words. But just like with the main sections of a dissertation, there is a strict limit on the number of words that can be included.
Thesis The a2 Milk Company Limited ( OTC:ACOPY , OTCPK:ACOPF ) is a company that sells special dairy products. It makes dairy that comes from cows just like other dairy, but a2 Milk's dairy is ...
In this thesis, we propose an innovative paradigm for constructing generative models, fundamentally rethinking the conventional framework used in image generation and representation learning. Our approach centers around designing a domain-specific architecture that enables unified, unsupervised image generation and representation learning. This architecture incorporates a meticulously ...