higher history labour reforms essay

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Higher History Unit 2: Britain Essay Plans (Labor Effectiveness…

• Introduce National Insurance Part 2 in 1911
• Policy insured workers in trades worst hit by trade depression/seasonal unemployment (ship building/engineering/construction)
• Applied to 2 million men across Britain (low % of total)
• 7 shillings per week up to 15 weeks in any 1 year
• Huge improvement on existing provision
• Helped to soften the results of unemployment
• Introduction of NI had a positive impact because it along with NI part 1 = safety net
• Provided workers with security and peace of mind
• Payments cut off after 15 weeks regardless of the claimants situation - viewed as meaning they had not genuinely been seeking work
• Step forward but not enough for a basic living (limiting success)
• Contributions required from workers wages were flat rate (everyone pays the same amount)
• Overall not the most successful
• Flat rate contributions = massive bite taken out of wages
• Weaker than the reforms aimed at the elderly
• Pension was a more effective measure that provided for a group in greater need
• Nearly 50% of all people forced to end their life in the workhouse
• Old Age Pension Act brought in in 1908
• Applied to everyone over the age of 70 provided they relied on no other income
• No insurance contributions were necessary (came as a right)
• Did not lift people above the official poverty line but large improvement on previous laissez faire orientated arrangement that had left elderly people relying on their limited income
• Logical to infer this was effective
• Only half a million people qualified for the pension in 1908
• This is due to several individually necessary and jointly sufficient exemptions that if violated before or during the applicant's time receiving the pension would mean it was denied to them
• These violations were based on moral grounds (such as drunkenness) - laissez-faire orientated attitudes had in no way been eradicated
• Overall was the most successful
• 75% decrease in elderly people entering the workhouse between 1906 and 1913 due to the introduction of the Old Age Pension Act
• Targeted because of their importance as future workers and soldiers of Britain during a time when a main concern across the nation was poor health contributing to Britain's decline
• More severely highlighted by economic recessions in the 1880's and 90's
• 50% of volunteer soldiers for the Boer war had to be turned away due to ill health, the war took 3 years to win
• Introduced Education (Provision of meals) Act in 1906, gave local authorities the power to provide free school meals in order to address this issue
• Those receiving free school meals = recorded to have been gaining weight during term and losing weight during the holidays
• In 1914 governments provided local authorities with grants of half the cost of providing school meals
• By this time 14 million school meals per year were being provided for 158,000 children
• Money that local authorities were allowed to use in order to provide this service (a half penny) was completely inadequate - small measure that could only result in limited progress
• Overall the least effective
• Mainly due to the fact that school meals were not compulsory, huge number of children missed out on help
• Certainly not as strong as the reforms which targeted the elderly
• Pension helped a group in society less able to help itself whereas the young could grow and develop the ability to work
• Introduced National Insurance Part 1 in 1911
• Provided compulsory insurance against sickness (if earning £160 per year)
• Workers pay 4d, Employers contribute 3d and the State 2d
• Provided 10s a week for 13 weeks and 5s a week for 13 subsequent weeks in any 1 year
• Added to National Insurance Act 2 provided a safety net against two main reasons for falling below the poverty line
• All those insured had what at the time was a luxury, able to receive medical care if required
• Covered 10 million men and 4 million women across Britain (loses value, toal population = 35 million people)
• Payments provided were not enough to cover dependents and families of claimants (below real requirements)
• The necessary contributions were a tax and loss that many resented giving up
• If covered by NI part 1 also likely to be covered by Part 2 which doubles the loss of money
• Not as strong as the reforms aimed at the elderly
• Old age pension came as a right to those that qualified rather than requiring personal contributions
• Early 1900's poverty was a major problem in Britain which previous legislation such as the poor law was not effectively tackling
• Social researchers Booth and Rowntree spent several years conducting surveys and producing reports on the extent of poverty in Britain
• These raised awareness of the importance of dealing with this issue - Signposting
• To deal with this between 1906 and 1914 the Liberals introduced a series of reforms aimed at tackling key areas of poverty that included help for the elderly, the unemployed, the sick worker and the young - LOA
• It will be the purpose of this essay to argue that the Liberal reforms made a significant improvement to British people's lives in some areas such as that which resulted from the implementation of pensions but failed to do so in areas such as improving the health of young people in schools
• Reforms aimed at assisting the young were ineffective as they were not compulsory
• The National Insurance Acts were more effective but not without the serious drawback of flat rate contributions which may have made poverty worse in some situations
• The most effective reform was the old age pension act which helped the group least able to help itself Judgement
• Therefore the Liberal reforms of 1906 - 1914 were partly successful in dealing with the problem of poverty in Britain in the early 1900's, dealing successfully with the issue among the elderly but not among others Support
• This can be argued to be the case due to the fact that there was a 75% decrease in old people having to enter the workhouse between 1906 and 1913 while as late as 1939 50% of local authorities in Britain were not providing free school meals to children in need
• Social researchers Booth and Rowntree conducted surveys over a span of several years with the aim of establishing the severity of the problem of poverty in Britain
• Booth's work took place in London from 1889
• Rowntree's work took place in York from 1901
• Subsequent reports produced contained rigorous scientific statistical evidence detailing that the problem was far worse than they had feared
• Rowntree's work showed that this was not only true in major cities but indubitably widespread with 1/3 of Britains entire population living in poverty
• Highlighted the lack of success previous legislation like the poor law which only assisted 3% of the population had resulted in
• Provided the first clear and importantly scientifically based evidence
• Exceptionally difficult to refute as the methods of the researchers were professional and extraordinarily thorough in order to accurately reach the depiction of the problem of poverty
• This left the possibility of refraining from acting on a solution seeming entirely illogical
• In reality these reports - although meticulously conclusive - were exceptionally lengthy and had not been read by the majority of British citizens meaning that it would not be strictly necessary to act on solutions to the conclusions they presented
• Overall not the main motivating factor
• The reports existed publicly for several years before the time that the Liberal's were campaigning for election in 1906 and yet no mention of social reform was detailed in their manifesto
• This refutes the claim that the work of these social researchers was their inspiration for change as if this was the case surely this would have been mentioned originally before the election rather than coming to light a significant amount of time afterwards
• Certainly weaker than motivation of the Liberal's being genuine concern for the poor
• When elected in 1906 the Liberal Party were mainly dominated by Old Liberals (men who held and were accustomed to Laissez-faire attitudes)
• In 1908 the leadership of the Liberal government changed to New Liberals (arguably more modern approach motivated by general concern
• Could have resulted from Liberals being more open to influence from outside sources of solutions to problems such as poverty, for instance the reports of Booth and Rowntree and the introduction of their reform
• Some of the reforms (for example the Old Age Pension) do not appear to have any other explanation. Elderly people are not a source of long lasting or continuing votes for the Liberal party as a result of introducing the pension, taking care of them did not benefit Britain in terms of improving the economy or security of Britain as they were no longer workers or indeed soldiers.
• This shows that the Liberals actions in some cases only seem to be explained by sincere and specific concerns they hoped to introduce solutions for
• Some historians argue that Churchill (an important and unquestionably influential member of the Liberal party at this point in time) worked in accordance with other priorities. Specifically, concerns for holding back the growth of socialism and protecting the greatness of the British empire through attempting to improve National efficiency and security and that these are the origins of the reforms
• Overall this is the main motivating factor
• This is primarily due to the fact that some of the reforms significantly damaged the Liberal's chances of being re-elected at the subsequent election as the reaction to the taxes they inflicted on the upper and working classes in order to fuel the needed funding for the reforms lost support for them but went ahead anyway
• Britain had suffered its first major economic depression in the 1880's and 90's
• This combined with the extraordinarily poor condition of British workers that had been highlighted in the reports of Booth and Rowntree resulted in widespread concern that Britain was in economic decline
• A factor which emphasised the importance of dealing with this problem is that when the Boer war had taken place from 1899-1902 around 50% of British volunteer soldiers had to be turned away due to being in far too poor physical condition to be allowed to join the fight
• Many of the reforms follow examples already being implemented in Germany by the late 1800's
• Lloyd George was a very influential member of the Liberal party and had recently seen these first hand
• This means the Liberal reforms are a direct example of a previously witnessed solution attempt to this specific problem
• All of this evidence did freely exist before the time when the Liberals were campaigning for election so if this is the key motivation for social reform being implemented then it makes no sense that social reform aimed against poverty was not even merely mentioned in their manifesto
• Overall this was not the main motivation
• Old Age pension was the hardest reform for the Liberals to introduce due to the extreme financial requirements its implementation came with and this reform had absolutely nothing to do with improving national efficiency and security
• This motivation is not as strong as the argument that the Liberals had genuine concern for the poor
• Genuine concern would account for going to such an extreme financial extent to care for elderly people suffering in poverty
• The Liberals faced several key threats, two of which were presented by competing political parties
• The first threat was from Labour based on their growing desire and ability to offer working and lower class citizens the representation they so aptly desired in parliament, particularly due to the fact that by 1900 most working class men had the vote which emphasises how crucial catering to thier needs is for any party that wishes to be re-elected or indeed elected in the first place
• Although, it must be noted at this point in time the Labour party were simply beginning to rise, only holding 29 seats in parliament in 1906
• A second threat facing the Liberals was from the Conservatives based on the liklihood of them returning to power after the subsequent election if the Liberals were not successful
• The Conservative party which had been in power prior to the Liberals being elected in 1906 had implemented some limited social reform - this made it evident that if the Liberal party was not willing to cater to the public in this way then they were. This being the case social reform seems like the most logical step for the Liberals to implement further if tey desired re-election
• However, if this survival of the fittest approach was what motivated the Liberals to such a dramatic change then surely they would have simply worked alone. The Liberals are known to have worked with the Labour party on more than one occasion, refuting the concept that Labour was an influential enough threat at the time that it could have been the reason
• Not the main motivation
• The Liberals knowingly lost votes from the upper and middle classes which they had taxed through the implementation of several reforms, driving their support into the hands of the Conservatives.
• Weaker than the argument for genuine concern for the poor
• This is because the only explanation that seems valid in comparison to the problems found with other potential motivations is that the Liberals simply believed that implenting these reforms was the right thing to do and that they accepted that doing this would cost them
• When the Liberals came to power in 1906 their manifesto was primarily tailored to improving Britain's economic circumstances without any even mere mention of social reform
• Nevertheless, between 1906 and 1914 the Liberals introduced what was at the time the most influential program of social reform that had ever been implemented in Britain
• There is much historical debate discussing what exactly motivated this dramatic change in direction - Signposting
• Arguable possible motivations include: influence from existing reports on the extent of British poverty published by social researchers Booth and Rowntree, having genuine concern for the poor, concerns for National Sufficiency and Security, and lastly political motivation based on increasing their own chances of remaining in power after the subsequent election - L.O.A
• It will be the purpose of this essay to argue that it was in fact genuine concern for the poor which motivated the Liberals to re-direct their attention towards implementing social reform rather than debatably weaker alternatives such as influence from the work of Booth and Rowntree
• There are several arguable motivations such as influence from at the time current reports on poverty or aims to improve National efficiency and security for the Liberals turning to social reform, though many of them lose their strong stance when it is pointed out that despite their previous existence social reform was not mentioned on the Liberal's manifesto during their campaign. The main factor also does not appear to be political motivation as this change in direction eventually damaged the overall public view of the Liberal party. - Judgement
• The main factor which motivated the Liberals to implement social reform in Britain between 1906 and 1914 was genuine concern for the poor. - Support
• This is because it alone accounts for several actions that they pressed forward otherwise inexplicably such as focusing reform on assisting the elderly people in Britain, resulting in a 75% decrease in elderly people entering the workhouse by 1913.
• Intro sentence: Lastly, Labour also turned their attention to attempting to tackle the problem of idleness - i.e. unemployment - in Britain.
• British citizens at this point in time were terrified of suffering through another great depression after the chronic unemployment of the 1930's
• However, by 1946 unemployment rate stood at only 2.5% only rising to 3% by 1951
• This is the lowest unemployment rate recorded in the entirety of British history
• Between 1945 and 1951 the Labour government adopted a 'Keynesian' approach to the economy
• This means that in order to avoid mass unemployment the government makes jobs for people
• Labour used; house, school and hospital building programmes in order to do this
• In addition, they followed a policy of nationalism which means the state took over control of main British industries who's subsequent profits would filter back into the countries own funding rather than increasing the individual wealth of shareholders.
• Keeping the unemployment rate at this historic low is seen by many as an impressive achievement
• The fact that they followed several policies with this deliberate intention earned public respect
• They actually inherited a situation where there was going to be low unemployment despite their efforts since participation in the war had left Britain in a state which required a huge amount of clean up and repair
• This naturally created employment opportunities without Labour having to become directly involved
• Overall, not the most successful reform brought in by the post-war Labour government
• It is a false perception that low unemployment was a result of Labour's success
• Certainly weaker than that aimed at tackling disease in Britain
• Much in contrast, the NHS was founded at the time that Labour was in power meaning that its success can be traced back to something they are responsible for
• Intro sentence: An area that was previously neglected by the Liberals when they were in power between 1906 and 1914 was regard for general public health
• Implemented social reform in order to tackle this area - through Beveridge's assessment became known as the giant of disease
• Bevan (the health minister at the time) created National Health Service
• Originally hoped to be comprehensive and able to treat all problems - paid for through taxation, free at the time that assistance was needed
• At the time that the NHS was first founded countless doctors opposed to working for the service - resented the loss of private practices
• This issue was addressed by Bevan - made working for the NHS financially attractive and turned many in his favour
• When the system officially became available to the public hundreds of British citizens attended doctor's surgeries in order to have an incomprehensible variety of illnesses treated
• This clearly means that it is logical to infer that the NHS was an entirely necessary system of social reform that was (from the beginning) very positively received and remains so to this day
• The NHS brought with it indubitably severe financial consequences
• The cost of prescriptions rose from £7 million per month to £13.5 million per month by 1948
• By 1949 taxation in the form of National Insurance payments only contributed to 9% of the required funding
• Due to this previously greatly underestimated financial demand charges to the public had to be brought in when purchasing glasses or receiving dental treatment
• The implementation of these charges was contradictory to the founding principles of the NHS and is - for critics - its flaw which lost their support at this time
• Overall, is the most successful reform brought in by the post-war Labour government
• Although critics may argue that having its founding principles broken should brand the project as a failure it must be taken into consideration that this is the reform which helped the greatest number of British people over the longest period of time
• Intro sentence: An additional key area that Labour focused social reform towards was the problem of squalor in Britain
• Severe shortage in housing available as a consequence of bombing attacks the country suffered in WW2
• True to the extent that in 1945 1/3rd of all households in Britain were in serious need of renovation & repair
• Total number of households greatly increased due to upsurge in post-war divorce rates & the baby boom
• Labour brought in the council house building programme - Bevan publicly promised to build high quality houses that would not simply become slums
• Bevan stayed true to his promise, each house produced by Labour was of exceptionally high quality, so much so that many of them remain standing to this day
• Exceptional achievement when noted that the man in charge was also running the NHS - heavy responsibility but standards remained high - building reputation
• In 1951 it was recorded that there were 750,000 fewer houses than there were households in Britain
• This means that 3/4 of a million people remained homeless
• Houses were undoubtedly good quality but the time ensuring this took slowed down the building process dramatically
• Overall, not the most successful reform brought in by the post-war labour government
• Mainly because they were unable to build anywhere near the amount of houses that were required with only 1 million out of a promised 5 million council houses being built in the end
• Certainly not as strong as the Labour reforms aimed at tackling the problem of disease in Britain
• NHS had a far more widespread beneficial impact on British citizens that the council house building scheme did. This can be shown when it is noted that in the first year the NHS sold 5 million pairs of glasses and treated 8 million dental patients
• Intro sentence: Another key problem that the post-war Labour government brought in social reform in attempt to resolve was the problem of poverty in Britain, referred to by Beveridge in his well-known evaluative report as the giant of want.
• Previous efforts by Liberals had not minimised British poverty anywhere near the desired extent, still a prominent problem
• Problem exposed to all when children from inner cities evacuated to the countryside , allowing poor health and few possessions to be witnessed by those otherwise sheltered from their suffering
• Labour brought inupdated National Insurance Act in 1946, extended the system to include all working adults rather than merely those in specific industries
• Compulsory and provided applicants with benefits for sickness, unemployment, maternity, widow's allowance, guardians allowance, retirement pensions and a death grant
• Benefits set at 26 shillings for a single adult and 42 shillings for a couple
• National Insurance scheme now universal
• Holes revealed in the updated system dealt with through the National Assistance Act in 1948 to catch those who fell
• Shows that Labour government is willing to work to repair areas that weren't working - builds respect for work ethic
• Serious problem limiting success - benefit levels set 1946 and fixed for 5 subsequent years
• By 1948 when the bill became law price of goods had dramatically risen due to post-war economic inflation
• Meaning money now set to be provided would not be capable of going as far as it now had to
• For many, this process was too intrusive and subsequently humiliating to sign up for
• This was not as successful as the Labour government's attempt to tackle the giant of disease in Britain
• This can be argued because while the National Assistance Act was means tested the NHS was a universal system more freely open to all
• Intro sentence: Thirdly, the post-war Labour government turned their attention to the problem of ignorance in Britain, the roots of which were traced back to the fact that at this point in time secondary schooling was not compulsory and consequently literacy rates were low among the general population
• The Education sector had taken a hit during the war - destruction of schools in bombing attacks
• This fact along with a needed method to cope with the baby boom resulted in the development of a new education system
• In 1944 the Butler Education Act was introduced by the coalition government - now continued by Labour
• Divided secondary school education into three tiers - Grammar schools, Secondary Modern, Technical (decided by 11+ exam)
• Grammar = positive academic potential, Secondary Modern = average, Technical = suited to practical skills
• Appears efficient in theory but not in practice
• Very few technical schools were built due to their financial requirements
• Efforts to reform education had been absent since mid 1800's and were very evidently required
• Implementation of this new system meant secondary schooling was made compulsory and free for all - opening opportunities
• Increased attendance, raising literacy rates in Britain
• System was divisive and created an extent of inequality between school children - could not be deemed a success
• Decision being made at such a young age contributed to assisting middle and upper class pupils while leaving those from the working class behind rather than attempting to get each individual to an equal standard
• New school system lost the respect of many British citizens as it can be said to reflect exceptionally old-fashioned laissez-faire attitudes by simply allowing existing advantages to remain relevant to the upper classes while taking no responsibility in order to make it so they were available to others
• Certainly weaker than the reforms aimed at tackling the problem of disease in Britain
• Mainly due to the fact that much in contrast support for the NHS increased in Britain as the system was successfully adapted and stood the test of time
• One of the greatest political upsets in British history happened in 1945 when - against the predictions of political commentators - Winston Churchill and the Conservative party unexpectedly lost the post-war general election to the Labour party
• This event came as such an indubitable shock due to the fact that Churchill had been exceptionally widely supported in his role as Prime Minister as he led Britain through the second world war
• So much so that his approval rating stood at 83% in May 1945
• However, appreciation for Churchill's war effort was not enough to distract British citizens from their now heart-felt desire for the implementation of further social reform Signposting
• To attempt to meet the needs of British people the Labour party implemented reforms attempting to tackle Beveridge's five giants said to be holding back Britain. These were: disease, want, ignorance, squalor and idleness. L.O.A
• It will be the purpose of this essay to argue that Labour's reform in attempt to tackle disease in Britain was the most successful in meeting the needs of British people, this is much in contrast to their efforts to tackle idleness in Britain which are said by some to be ineffective
• Labour made effort to implement social reform in Britain across a variety of areas in order to attempt to meet the needs of British people. These problems had been pointedly identified by Beveridge and noted by the British public at the time that the war ended
• They included; want which the Labour party responded to by improving the original National Insurance scheme that had been brought in by the Liberals.
• Ignorance, at which a new education scheme was aimed
• Squalor, which was attempted to be dealt with through a council house building programme
• And Idleness that they managed to maintain control of throughout their time in power Judgement
• Overall, the most successful reform brought in by the post-war Labour government between 1945 and 1951 were those aimed at tackling the problem of disease which resulted in the founding of the NHS. Support
• This is because its origin is their most nationwide accepted achievement which has evolved and remained beneficial to the British public to this day
• Overall, the work of the NUWSS was the main reason why some women received the vote in 1918
• This can be argued as when parliament moved to make this change many of the approving politicians were those that the Suffragists had personally reached and gained the support of
• However, how effective the Suffragists can be argued to have been is limited as although their peaceful tactics did gain support for their cause they did not result in a great amount of publicity since their formal approach to work and advertising was quite easily dismissed by those who were in some cases determined to remain uninterested
• By extension, it must be noted that the Suffragists had been campaigning by this time for years on end and had very little to definitively show for it
• The Suffragists can be viewed as successful because they did achieve their goal in gaining the support of many influential MP's, raising respect and opinions of their intellectual and political ability in the minds of those at the forefront of the major decision making process
• This is an achievement which other arguable factors such as the actions of the WSPU that led to women gaining the vote do not have on their side
• An additional and undeniably positive aspect of their work was that the NUWSS had a powerfully large number of members (rising to 53,000 in 1914), many of which being male, this fact shows the new level of attainment that they had managed to rise to in their cause which provided them with a new strength in the eyes of potential followers
• The NUWSS, informally known as the suffragists, was lead by Millicent Fawcett in 1897
• Their aim was to use peaceful and persistent tactics in order to convince as many people as possible to support their cause in the hope that the eventual result would be an improved view of women's potential as voters and subsequently that potential ability becoming a reality
• These peaceful tactics included; holding meetings, distributing leaflets, organising petitions and commonly attempting to build up relations with MP's in order to add as many influential people to their following as possible and heighten the possibility of a bill for women's rights being brought up in parliament
• In 1914 when the war began as British men were recruited and sent off in order to fight, women remained and filled the occupational gaps that had been left behind
• These occupational roles that many women adapted to included working in government departments, driving public transport, becoming clerks in business, working in munition factories producing supplies for the war effort, farming and becoming members of the countries police force
• The WSPU suspended their efforts at this time in order to fully dedicate themselves to this cause
• One positive consequence of women having and making use of this opportunity was that it made it apparent to Britain's population that they were in fact capable of working in stereotypically male professions and doing so well
• It can be argued that in the eyes of men this dedication from women for their country was a sign that they had 'earned' their right to be considered as voters, although this was not the intended view that women hoped to portray it is nonetheless an element which brought them closer to the base of their goal
• There are aspects of this that can be used to argue that women's war work cannot be said to have been the reason that some women were made eligible to vote in 1918
• At this time, a woman's ability to vote depended on her being over 30, married and having ties to a significant amount of land ownership
• The women that these criteria applied to were commonly upper class, not the younger working class women who had worked and in some cases due to poor working conditions died for the war effort making this invalid justification for the change in their political abilities
• Overall, women's role in the war effort was not the main factor resulting in some women being given the ability to vote in 1918.
• It is possible to argue that the timing of parliament acting on this cause coinciding with the end of the war was merely a government strategy as criteria women needed to meet in order to be in a position to personally gain from this act of parliament were devised for a very specific purpose
• Emmeline Pankhurst - leader of the Suffragettes - met these criteria, this fact can be argued as meaning it was not women's war work which led to some women gaining the vote but instead it was potentially an attempt by the government to cut off the Suffragette movement from the top down before it was able to restart
• This is certainly weaker justification than the work of the NUWSS
• This can be argued because they eventually created a situation where many people in Britain saw women gaining the vote as inevitable rather than as a cause that could be permanently denied
• Before 1918, the traditional view of women in Britain was exceptionally limiting. In the eyes of men and even of women who had never known any other way of thinking, women belonged in the home carrying and raising children and supporting their husbands and households in any way they could.
• Women were denied the ability to vote or have any connection to political spheres due to being thought of as emotionally and morally inferior to men
• There are four main factors which changed this fact over time and eventually resulted in some British women being granted the ability to vote in 1918, these factors are; the work of the NUWSS (otherwise known as the Suffragists), the actions of the WSPU (otherwise known as the suffragettes), and women's role in work during WW1.
• Frustrated as a consequence of the lack of immediate result from the work of the NUWSS, Emmeline Pankhurst broke away from them in 1903 and founded the WSPU with the belief that in order to engage the media an increased number of politician's militant tactics must be used
• In accordance to this belief the slogan of the Suffragettes was widely advertised as 'Deeds not Words'
• These militant tactics included chaining themselves to railings, publicly setting post boxes on fire, slashing expensive paintings in art galleries and conducting widespread hunger strikes upon arrest, resulting in the Cat and Mouse Act of 1913
• The actions of the Suffragettes can be argued to have positively contributed to some women gaining the vote in 1918 as many argue that without the incomprehensible amount of publicity and in some cases - for example as a result of the force - never have been taken as seriously as it was
• Additionally, the arguable success of the Suffragettes is also heightened when it is noted that their very existence brought new life to a cause that had become dormant in the minds of many British citizens as by 1900 many papers had grown tired of the formal work of the NUWSS and subsequently turned a blind eye
• The actions of the WSPU did bring with it many severe negative consequences, for example, over time many British citizens became frustrated and angry at the chaos being caused around them resulting in growing disapproval and isolation from the cause
• The Suffragettes can be said to be limited in their success of gaining women the vote as they contributed to the widespread belief that women were too irrational to be trusted with the responsibilities that came with the right to vote
• More seriously, the violent actions of the Suffragettes made it almost politically impossible for the government to allow them to vote as that would mean they were publicly seen to bow down to terror tactics, opening them up to serious potential threat which at this time in Britain was a real possibility due to the ongoing actions of the IRA
• Overall, the actions of the WSPU were not the main reason that some women were given the right to vote in 1918
• This is mainly because although they did gain an incredibly large amount of publicity, none of it was positive
• This certainly had a weaker influence than the peaceful tactics of the Suffragists
• This can be argued because the NUWSS provided a place for all those who did not support how the Suffragettes were causing women to be increasingly negatively viewed to work peacefully for their case all the while attempting to limit the amount of damage that could be done to their reputation as potential voters
• In conclusion, the part played by women in the war effort was not the main reason that some women gained the vote in 1918 as it can only be argued to an exceptionally minor extent
• This is because although the political movement coincided with world war one's conclusion and it potentially helped to add urgency to the case, it cannot outweigh the previous peaceful work of the NUWSS and the militant actions of the WSPU
• The work of the NUWSS was the main reason that some women were finally made eligible to vote at this time as their work defended the honourable and responsible traits of women all the while gaining the support of influential politicians that eventually defended their cause inside parliament where such an opinion was needed most

Higher History

Scottish Topic

Our first topic at Higher is the Paper 2 - Skills - Migration and Empire.

This topic explore 4 main issues - Migration from Scotland, Immigration into Scotland, the Lives of Scots elsewhere and the impact of Migration and Empire on shaping Scotland today.

This topic is our enquiry skills topic where we evaluate sources on the 4 topic areas. (Very similar to N5)

British Topic

Our first Paper 1 - Essay  Topic we explore the changing lives of people in Britain between 1851-1951

We explore 5 issues in this topic each linking to an essay.

Issue 1- Reasons why Britain became more democratic

Issue 3 - Women and the right to vote

Issue 4- The reasons why the Liberal government tried to make social welfare reforms to help the British people

Issue 5- The effectiveness of thses reforms (What they did and how it helped)

Issue 6: How the Labour government then tackles British social issues (Tackling poverty, the introducion of the NHS etc.)

We also use documentry and film clips to help our learning in these topic areas.

European and World Topic

Our second Paper 1 - Essay  Topic we explore the cold war

Issue 1- Reasons for the Cold War

Issue 3 - The Cuban Missile Crisis

Issue 4- The reasons why the US Lost the vietnam War

Issue 5- Control of the Cold war

Issue 6: The end of the Cold war

SQA Assignment

Social Subjects Assessment Calendar

Mr Marr History

Get help with nationals, higher and advanced higher history, reasons for the liberal social reforms.

This page discusses the various influences which led the 1906-1914 Liberal government to introduce social reforms. It also discusses the limitations of each of these factors.

You can download a podcast about this topic through  Spotify ,  iTunes or Podomatic .

* Background information

* Social campaigners

* National security

* Rise of the Labour Party

* New Liberalism

* Municipal socialism

* National efficiency

* Other countries’ influence

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Cesar Chavez: Shaping a Leader through Early Struggles and Influences

This essay about Cesar Chavez focuses on the formative years of the influential labor leader and how his early experiences shaped his activism. Born into a Mexican-American family affected by the Great Depression, Chavez’s childhood was marked by hardship, including losing his family farm and working as a migrant laborer. These experiences exposed him to the harsh realities and injustices faced by farm workers. Chavez’s involvement with the Community Service Organization (CSO) further honed his leadership skills and commitment to labor rights. The essay traces Chavez’s path from these early struggles to founding the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), which became the United Farm Workers (UFW), highlighting his dedication to improving conditions through nonviolent resistance and collective action. It underscores how Chavez’s personal history and early challenges deeply influenced his lifelong mission to advocate for justice and workers’ rights, leaving a lasting impact on America’s labor movement.

How it works

For the Hispanic farm workers he fought alongside and supported, in particular, Cesar Chavez continues to be a crucial figure in the history of labor rights in the United States. His early life, which was characterized by hardship and tenacity, had a significant impact on his career as a labor leader. Examining Chavez’s early years uncovers the underlying reasons behind his lifetime pursuit of justice.

On March 31, 1927, in Yuma, Arizona, a Mexican-American family welcomed Cesar Chavez into the world. His parents, Juana Estrada and Librado Chavez, were modest shopkeepers and farmers who instilled in their kids the virtues of perseverance and community service.

But their comfortable life was turned upside down by the Great Depression, which resulted in the loss of their company and farm. Due to this catastrophe, the family was forced to become nomadic agricultural workers who traveled around California in quest of seasonal employment.

Chavez was first introduced to the hard reality of agricultural employment at a young age, which included arduous labor, pitiful pay, and frequently cruel working conditions. Due to his family’s nomadic lifestyle, he experienced repeated school disruptions and institutionalized discrimination. Despite these challenges, Chavez demonstrated an increasing understanding of the injustices his community was subjected to and a growing dedication to fighting for reform.

Following his service in the Navy at the end of World War II, Chavez came back to California and in 1952 became a member of the Community Service Organization (CSO). Under the direction of seasoned organizer Fred Ross, this Latino civil rights group played a pivotal role in molding his destiny by imparting on him essential skills in advocacy and organization. His CSO involvement helped him become a better leader and increased his comprehension of the effectiveness of group action.

The personal challenges Chavez endured in his youth, including labor exploitation and educational disruption, deeply resonated with him and became the bedrock of his resolve to improve conditions for farm workers. His direct experiences with inequality helped forge his path in labor activism, making the plight of farm workers not just a cause to champion, but a personal battle to fight.

In 1962, this resolve culminated in the founding of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), later known as the United Farm Workers (UFW). Chavez’s vision for the NFWA was to empower farm workers and secure rights and fair wages through organized labor. His leadership during the notable Delano grape strike in 1965, and the ensuing boycotts, underscored the efficacy of nonviolent resistance and strategic advocacy, bringing national attention to the workers’ plight.

Cesar Chavez’s journey from a child in a migrant laborer family to a national leader in the labor movement showcases the transformative power of personal hardship melded with passionate advocacy. His early life not only equipped him with a profound empathy for the oppressed but also instilled a relentless drive to organize and advocate for better conditions.

Reflecting on the early influences that shaped Cesar Chavez provides a deeper understanding of his commitment to social justice and the labor movement. His life and legacy continue to inspire those fighting for labor rights today, reminding us of the impact one individual’s experiences can have on catalyzing change. Through his struggles and early influences, Chavez grew into a leader whose legacy is not just measured by his achievements, but also by the ongoing relevance of his mission in the quest for equality and justice.

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Our new “mega-poll” gives Labour an expected majority of 280 seats

It puts the conservatives on a record-low 76 seats, with the liberal democrats and reform uk making gains.

N ATIONWIDE OPINION polls in Britain have long made clear that the Labour Party is on track to win the overall popular vote by a thumping margin. In Britain’s first-past-the-post electoral system, however, translating votes into seats is no easy task. The leading statistical method to produce such estimates is called multi-level regression and post-stratification ( MRP ). This year, in partnership with WeThink, a polling firm, The Economist has conducted its first-ever MRP analysis of a British general election. This mega-poll finds that Labour is on track to win 465 of the 632 seats in England, Scotland and Wales, giving it the biggest majority since the second world war. Meanwhile, the ruling Conservative Party, which won 365 seats in 2019, is set to collapse to a mere 76, the fewest in its history.

To produce these figures, WeThink surveyed a representative sample of 18,595 British adults between May 30th and June 21st. The firm asked respondents which party they planned to support, along with where they lived and basic demographic information about them. Using these data, we built a statistical model—the “multi-level regression” of MRP —to predict voting intentions for each of 16m possible unique combinations of voters’ age group, sex, ethnicity, education level, constituency and voting history. This model is similar to our British “build-a-voter” tool that you can explore here . For example, we estimate that a white woman in Bromsgrove aged 50 to 54, whose highest educational qualification is GCSE , who voted to leave the EU in 2016 and Conservative in 2019, has a 45% chance of voting Conservative again this time and a 29% chance of voting for Reform UK .

The next step, known as “post-stratification”, involves estimating how many people with each of these 16m profiles live in each constituency. In Bromsgrove, we reckon that there are around 185 people in the group described above, whereas in Bethnal Green and Stepney there are only five or so. To produce the final results, we simply multiply the expected vote shares for each party in a given demographic group by the number of people in each constituency who belong to that group.

Our MRP paints a remarkably bleak picture for the Conservatives. A large share of the party’s electoral base is abandoning it for Reform UK , a populist right-wing party that has surged in the polls since Nigel Farage, a leader of the successful campaign for Britain to leave the EU in 2016, announced that he would stand for Parliament. The MRP expects Reform UK , which has never won a seat before, to secure 14% of the national vote and three seats. The Tories are also faring poorly in races where the Liberal Democrats are their primary opposition: the MRP expects Britain’s third party to win 52 seats, the highest number since 2010. Even in seats where the Conservatives are not competitive, however, Labour is on track to make gains—particularly in Scotland, where the Scottish National Party is estimated to fall from 48 seats to 29.

Although MRP relies on statistical modelling to estimate seat-level results from a nationwide survey, it is still ultimately the product of a single poll. MRP s did yield broadly accurate results in the 2017 and 2019 campaigns, but they were rare before then, and there is no guarantee that they will repeat such successes this year. In addition to the sources of error intrinsic to all polling—respondents may not be representative of the eventual electorate, and voters can change their minds between the time they are interviewed and the election— MRP s also face unique risks. They can model the relationship between demography and voting intentions incorrectly, or miscalculate how many people in each demographic group will turn out to vote.

Although we are pleased to contribute a high-quality survey to this year’s polling landscape, many other MRP s use similarly rigorous samples and methods and have produced somewhat different results. Moreover, if there is a particular dynamic about the current election that the MRP approach fails to capture, all MRP s are likely to misfire in the same direction. As a result, our best prediction of the final results is an “ensemble” model that combines the “regional-swing” method, whose forecasts we have published every day since March, with an average of all public MRP estimates—including our own. You can see these blended numbers here .

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History S5 and 6

Intermediate and higher resources for extended essay/response.

APPEASEMENT

A very good summary of reasons for appeasement especially for Higher  http://www.historyman.co.uk/road2war/

The Spartacus website is very detailed and most pages have primary sources at the end of each article. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWappeasement.htm  

Rhineland http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERrhineland.htm

Anschluss http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWanschluss.htm

Nazi-Soviet Pact http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RUSnazipact.htm

Sudetenland http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERsudetenland.htm

Munich Agreement http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWmunich.htm

John D Clare has an excellent website – Reasons for and against appeasement including some quotes (historiography) http://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII4.htm

There is also a handy table including quotes http://www.johndclare.net/RoadtoWWII4_AppeasementStatements.htm  

One of the books we have in class is available as an e-book http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3tQoAEo9Y6oC&pg=PA1&lpg#v=onepage&q&f=false

Video on appeasement that we watched in class: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iFl0NsUpLuI&list=UUyJWqwbI7CPAZpCqJ_yTg2w

CRADLE TO THE GRAVE

Excellent booklet with historiography on the effectiveness of the Liberal reforms Effectiveness of Liberal refoms – Hodder education

Poverty overview – cartoon summary, very good http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/liberal/motives_lib/video/

Higher Bitesize on the causes and effects of the Liberal reforms http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/higher/history/liberal/

This history teacher has produced excellent class notes on the Liberal reforms along with a few historians’ quotes   http://www.mrsmith.moonfruit.com/#/liberal-reforms-how-effective/4551152705  

How successful were the Liberal reforms? http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/britain1906to1918/g2/gallery2.htm  

Reasons for Liberal reforms – overview http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/lessons/british_1895/liberal_reforms.htm

Education scotland posted this ppt on Labour reforms aimed at Higher but also of use to Intermediate paperone04labwelfareref_tcm4-123425

FREE AT LAST

BBC website specifically for the Free at Last topic – contains TIMELINE and PRIMARY SOURCES, also a section to test yourself. http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/education/hist/freeatlast/timeline/standard/attitudes/  

Some youtube revision videos a history teacher has posted on youtube http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLED74F8B267D8868C  

Montgomery Bus Boycott – Primary source quotes at the bottom of the page http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAmontgomeryB.htm  

Freedom rides http://www.core-online.org/History/freedom%20rides.htm  

BBC history page http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/civil_rights_america_03.shtml

A good overview along with links to prrimary source photographs and documents. Also links to other useful websites at the bottom of the page. http://investigatinghistory.ashp.cuny.edu/m11.html

Black Panthers website http://blackpanther.org/Vision.html

Malcolm X research project website by University of Columbia  http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/

Links to Malcolm X’s speeches http://www.columbia.edu/cu/ccbh/mxp/mxspeaks.html

Civil Rights timeline http://www.usm.edu/crdp/html/cd/timeline.htm  

Radio extracts from interviews with African-Americans about life under Jim Crow http://americanradioworks.publicradio.org/features/remembering/

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Election latest: Labour to unveil celebrity endorsements at major campaign rally - as Farage told to 'get a grip' on party

Labour is due to hold a major rally in London shortly as the general election campaign enters the final days. Meanwhile, Nigel Farage has been told to "get a grip" on his party amid a vast racism row.

Saturday 29 June 2024 16:39, UK

• General Election 2024

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• Farage urged to 'get a grip' of Reform UK
• Reform canvasser in PM racism row says he was 'a total fool'
• Faultlines:   Eight-hour school runs and kids too hungry to sleep - the families caught up in housing 'social cleansing'
• Politics at Jack and Sam's : The last weekend
• Live reporting by Faith Ridler

Election essentials

• Manifesto pledges: Conservatives | Greens | Labour | Lib Dems | Plaid | Reform | SNP
• Trackers:  Who's leading polls? | Is PM keeping promises?
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• Read more:  Who is standing down? | Key seats to watch | What counts as voter ID? | Check if your constituency is changing | Guide to election lingo
• How to watch election on Sky News

By Matthew Thompson, political correspondent

837 miles. That is, officially at least, the distance the Lib Dem bus will travel on its final campaign push from John O'Groats in the North East of Scotland, to Land's End on the tip of Cornwall.

Add in several daily campaign stops (and, insists our producer Katy, the fact that she and a hardcore crew rode the bus all the way up from London), and the total distance will be considerably more.

Nor is it simply another Lib Dem gimmick. Both John O'Groats and Land's End are in constituencies the party are very much targeting at this election.

What's instructive, though, are the stops they have planned in-between.

It's been a busy start to the trip, with four stops in Scotland alone. A mixture of seats the party is defending, and those it hopes to take from the SNP.

But once we leave Edinburgh tonight, we drive for several hours without stopping, until we reach the South West of England.

And not by accident. Even the most generous polls only have the Lib Dems gaining 6 seats across the whole of the North of England and the Midlands.

This is a highly targeted campaign. The strategy is to focus on areas where the party has historical strength, and where it has recently come second, primarily to the Conservatives.

And of approximately 85 such seats, 69 are in the South West, South East and London.

It is there that the Lib Dem campaign will succeed or fail. And it is there that we will spend the last precious few days left to campaign.

No doubt with the occasional stunt thrown in for good measure. 

Pledges and promises are coming thick and fast from every party as the general election approaches. 

Struggling to keep up with who is saying what?

Here is a summary of where the main parties stand on major issues.

For a more in-depth look at what each party has pledged, scour our  manifesto checker ...

By Jason Farrell , home editor

The Welsh electorate has travelled in one direction for the last 100 years.

Labour always win more votes and seats than their rivals in Wales but, floating our parliamentary bench on a barge across the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, we discover not everything is as tranquil as it seems in this stunning beauty spot.

The 20mph speed limit, wind farms and waiting times on the NHS are all matters raised by people who are not happy with Labour's record in the Senedd.

The first person we meet is Reuben Jones, who works at the local barge hire company adjacent to the aqueduct.

"I'm a transgender person," says Reuben. "I'm very unhappy with the state of the Israeli-Palestinian conflicts at the moment. There are a lot of issues with the education system, a lot of problems with the health care system."

Our live poll tracker collates the results of opinion surveys carried out by all the main polling organisations - and allows you to see how the political parties are performing in the run-up to the general election.

With under a week to go, the Tories and Labour have taken a drop, while support for Reform UK and the Liberal Democrats is on the rise.

Read more about the tracker  here .

First Minister of Scotland John Swinney has joined criticism of "racist and homophobic comments" allegedly made by Reform UK campaigners.

Despite this, he said they are "not a surprise to me".

Mr Swinney, also the leader of the SNP, said: "I think this is where the politics of Reform ends up and I deplore it. I deprecate it. I want nothing to do with it. 

"We will always rail against racist and homophobic comments, and I can't believe that there's a single thing Nigel Farage can do to control a problem that he himself has started."

The SNP leader goes on to claim that this is not a case of bad apples, but "an ingrained problem of Reform".

He says: "Nigel Farage has set this all up. He has stoked it all.

"With every word over all these years, he has incited all that intolerance and prejudice in our society. 

"I want to have nothing to do with it. 

"And I don't think there's anything Nigel Farage can do to stop it, because he created it."

Reform UK has reported Channel 4 to the elections watchdog for alleged "scandalous... interference" over what the party claims was a fake rant planted by the broadcaster.

Footage from an undercover Channel 4 reporter showed Reform campaigner Andrew Parker using a discriminatory term about the prime minister, as well as saying the army should "just shoot" migrants crossing the Channel.

Police are now assessing the comments to establish if an offence has been committed, while Mr Sunak  said the insult directed at him "hurts and it makes me angry".

Mr Farage, the leader of Reform UK, has since suggested that Channel 4 may have paid an actor to make racist comments about the prime minister, posing as a canvasser for Reform.

In a letter to the Electoral Commission, party secretary and leading barrister Adam Richardson claimed that "Mr Parker is not a property developer as he has alleged but a jobbing actor".

He added it was "entirely evident that Mr Parker was a plant within the Channel 4 news piece". 

The letter said: "It is wholly unbelievable that by complete coincidence Channel 4 were performing an undercover investigation and by chance were paired up to go canvassing with a man who was pretending to be someone else, using a false voice and saying almost exclusively racist and bigoted remarks."

Nigel Farage, the leader of Reform UK, has said he is refusing to appear on Laura Kuenssberg's Sunday morning politics show until the BBC apologise for a "dishonest" audience.  

He claimed this audience existed during his appearance on Question Time.

Mr Farage says: "I have just been invited to appear on Laura Kuenssberg. 

"I'm refusing until the BBC apologises for their dishonest QT audience. 

"Our state broadcaster has behaved like a political actor throughout this election. 

"Reform will be campaigning vigorously to abolish the license fee."

Sir Ed Davey, leader of the Liberal Democrats, has insisted that his party shares "no values with Nigel Farage" in the wake of a new racism row.

It comes after Mr Farage, the leader of Reform UK, suggested that Channel 4 may have paid an actor to make racist comments about the prime minister, posing as a canvasser for Reform.

Sir Ed says: "Liberal Democrats share no values with Mr. Farage. He can sort himself out. My job as a Liberal Democrat leader is to tell you what we're about. 

"I want to fight a positive campaign about how we rescue our NHS and make sure we get the investment in health and care. Make sure we sort out the cost of living problems that people are really suffering under, and deal with things like the environmental issues, like sewage. 

"You know, and I think people get fed up in this campaign when there's all these diversions and nastiness. They want to know what you're going to do for them. 

"And that's what the Liberal Democrats are going to say."

Reform UK has withdrawn support from three of its candidates, the party has confirmed.

Nigel Farage's party is no longer backing Edward Oakenfull, Robert Lomas, and Leslie Lilley - who were all previously candidates for Reform.

Mr Oakenfull reportedly penned social media posts about the IQ of sub-Saharan Africans - which he told the BBC were "taken out of context".

Meanwhile, Mr Lomas allegedly said black people should "get off [their] lazy arses" and stop acting "like savages".

Ms Lilley is accused of describing people arriving on small boats as "scum".

The candidates will remain on the ballot paper, but are no longer endorsed by Reform UK.

It comes as Sky News identified two additional Reform UK parliamentary candidates who shared material deemed "vile" and in breach of the internationally-recognised definition of antisemitism.

The Archbishop of Canterbury urged people to avoid "personalised abuse" in the closing stages of the election campaign as he encouraged voters to go to the ballot box.

The Most Reverend Justin Welby said: "In these last few days before the election, let us pray for all candidates taking part in this most essential act of democracy.

"Let us encourage courteous and kind debate and not use personalised abuse.

"Let us carefully consider issues and the common good, and above all vote."

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