gis ethics case study

The Practical Application of the GIS Code of Ethics – A Case Study

by Greg Babinski March 12, 2020 August 6, 2020

For those who live in the Seattle area or for those who visit Seattle, SeaTac is a curious name but also the most frequent gateway to the Pacific Northwest. A few years ago it was also the location of an interesting case in the practical application of the GIS Code of Ethics.

The ethical use of geographic data and geospatial technology is a primary concern of GIS professionals. I have been an active member of URISA (Urban and Regional Information Systems Association) and its local chapters for more than 30 years. About the time I moved to Seattle, URISA launched a task force to determine if the GIS profession needed a code of ethics, and if so to propose such a code. In April 2003, the URISA Board unanimously approved the GIS Code of Ethics . It includes guidance ethic obligations in four key areas: • Obligations to society • Obligations to employers and funders • Obligations to colleagues and the profession • Obligations to individuals in society

URISA members are required to adhere to the GIS Code of Ethics, as are those who are certified as GIS Professionals (GISPs) by the GIS Certification Institute . However, the practical application of the GIS Code of Ethics is somewhat abstract for many GIS professionals. Most GIS professionals will rarely need to make an active decision based on a situation covered by the Code. When a GIS professional is confronted with a request to do something that might violate the GIS Code of Ethics, how do we respond? Are we prepared to respond?

An article on the Professional and Practical Ethics of GIS&T in the GIS&T Body of Knowledge (DiBiase 2017) suggests that a GIS practitioner might respond ‘…based on a combination of “ordinary morality,” institutional ethics policies, and professional ethics codes.’ A moral reasoning process is suggested, to serve as a model for GIS professionals to apply when confronted with an ethical dilemma. Suggested steps include: 1) state the problem, 2) check facts, 3) identify relevant factors, 4) develop a list of options, 5) test the options, and 6) make a choice based on 1-5. A seventh step is to reassess the response after the situation has resolved itself. I believe that GIS professionals should share real-life situations related to GIS Code of Ethics dilemmas.

In 2007 the National Science Foundation funded the development of educational material related to GIS ethics in support of graduate seminars at Penn State, Oregon State, and the University of Minnesota. Ethics Education for Geospatial Professionals at the John A. Dutton e-Education Institute at Penn State provides many useful resources. These include syllabi for teaching GIS ethics, links to the GISCI Code of Ethics and Rules of Conduct, as well as the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Code of Ethics. This resource also includes a list of 17 hypothetical case studies to help students and GIS professionals explore ethical dilemmas and develop moral reasoning skills.

Here is a real case study for GIS professionals to consider. The name SeaTac is derived from the largest landowner and biggest employer in the city, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport . The origins of the airport go back to World War II, when the US military requisitioned Boeing Field in Seattle. The Port of Seattle received $1million from the US military and $100,000 from the City of Tacoma to build a new civilian airport in an unincorporated rural area midway between the two largest Puget Sound cities. Named for both Seattle and Tacoma, Seattle-Tacoma International Airport opened in 1947. Today it is the eighth busiest airport in the US, and the 28th busiest in the world.

Geographic factors influenced the location for the airport, and once it went into operation, geographic factors stimulated urban development in the immediate area. In 1989 local residents voted to incorporate and in 1990 the City of SeaTac was established. I moved to Washington State in 1998 to begin my work with the King County GIS Center in Seattle. In 2016, SeaTac was a city of more than 25,000 residents with a little GIS department, headed by a GIS Coordinator who is a GISP (Certified GIS Professional). Today SeaTac’s population is almost 29,000 with one third of residents White and large Black, Hispanic, and Asian populations.

In 2015 SeaTac residents elected four new members to its City Council who campaigned as a group with a pledge to bring change to City Hall. Almost immediately they fired the current City Manager and hired a new interim City Manager who had been recommended by the new Mayor. The new interim City Manager’s professional background was in the U.S. Army. He had no experience in city government.

Within a month of his hiring, the City Manager met with the GIS Coordinator and asked if the City had the data and the capability to map the location where city residents of certain designated religions lived. In particular, he wanted to know to the neighborhood and household level where Sunni and Shiite Muslims in SeaTac lived.

He described his desire to have ‘tactical maps’ of city neighborhoods, so that he could ‘make the peace’ if needed. The City Manager described his goal for this GIS mapping request to others in the City as related to the Somali and Eritrean communities within SeaTac and his fears of ‘radicalized’ Muslims. Later the request was expanded to include mapping individual Christians (Protestant and Catholic) as well as individuals by gender and age group. One of the goals for the project was also to identify the location of ‘Americans who had not adopted American ways.’

How did the SeaTac GIS Coordinator respond to this request? First, because she felt uncomfortable and confused, she put her meeting notes in writing and emailed them to the City Manager, asking him to confirm his request. She told the City Manager that it might be illegal to collect and publish a map for the City with such personal and private data. Then she spoke to the City Attorney and her manager about the request. While she consulted with other city staff, she did research into data sources. She determined that US Census data could not provide the type of data desired by the City Manager, but she identified other possible non-Census data sources for information about religious congregations.

What was the GIS Coordinator’s dilemma? She might lose her job if she did not comply with this request! But she faced other dilemmas. The GIS Code of Ethics refers to obligations to society, to employers and funders, and to individuals in society.

The GIS Coordinator’s obligations to society include being objective, practicing integrity (don’t be unduly swayed by the demands of others), and strive to do what is right, not just what is legal. She had obligations to her employer, the City of SeaTac. This included identifying risks and potential means to reduce them, suggesting alternatives, striving to resolve differences, and being open about any limitations of data. Her obligations to individuals in society focused on understanding the potential impact of her work on individuals. They include respecting privacy, especially about sensitive information, and to treat all individuals equally, without regard to race, gender or other personal characteristics, including religion.

How was the situation resolved for the GIS Coordinator? Because the City Manager had serious conflicts with other key city staff, from department directors to individual staff, he resigned his position in April, just 11 weeks after he was hired. Eventually the story of the City Manager’s request to create a tactical map showing the location of Muslims in SeaTac made front page news in the Seattle Times, the same day that the 2016 Washington GIS Conference opened in nearby Tacoma.

Rarely does news about GIS make the front page of any newspaper. I admire the GIS Coordinator for recognizing the issues related to the City Manager’s request and how she worked within the system to resolve the situation.

However, had the SeaTac City Manager stayed in his position, his request for mapping the location of individuals based on their religious affiliation would have remained. Every GIS professional needs to think about how they would react in a similar situation.

I encourage you to share your thoughts about GIS ethics in general and the SeaTac GIS Coordinator’s ethical dilemma in the comments section below.

Greg Babinski is Marketing and Business Development Manager for the King County GIS Center in Seattle, where he has worked since 1998. Previously he worked for nine years as GIS Mapping Supervisor for the East Bay Municipal Utility District in Oakland. He holds an MA in geography from Wayne State University. Greg is a GISP – Certified GIS Professional. Babinski is Past-President of URISA and founder and Past-Chair of URISA’s GIS Management Institute. In 2005 he founded The Summit – the Washington State GIS Newsletter. Greg originated the URISA GIS Capability Maturity Model and participated in the development of the Geospatial Management Competency Model. Most recently Greg has focused on the application of GIS for issues related to equity and social justice. He is co-author of the URISA-Certified Introduction to GIS for Equity and Social Justice Workshop. He is an American Geographical Society 2019-2020 Ethical GEO Fellow. In addition to GIS consulting, he is a GIS researcher, author, and instructor. He has spoken about GIS management across North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. Greg has also taught GIS for Public Policy as an instructor with the University of Washington Evans Graduate School of Public Administration. In his spare time, Greg likes hiking steep, narrow and dangerous trails that lead high above the clouds to awesome views.

Vice Provost & Professor, New York University  Founder, Center for Critical Race and Digital Studies

Charlton is the Vice Provost and Professor at New York University, and author of “Black Software: The Internet & Racial Justice, From the AfroNet to Black Lives Matter.” He founded the Center for Critical Race and Digital Studies. His recent work focuses on the intersections of race, digital media, and racial justice activism .

Associate Editor and Director of Projects, Migrant-Rights.org

Vani Saraswathi is the Associate Editor and Director of Projects, Migrant-Rights.org, and the author of Stories of Origin: The Invisible Lives of Migrants in the Gulf. Vani moved to Qatar in 1999, working with several local and regional publications, and launching some of Qatar’s leading periodicals during her 17-year stint there. During her stay in Qatar she, along with likeminded people, mobilized a grassroots community to help migrants in distress. She also reported regularly on human rights issues in Qatar for publications in India.

Since 2014, in her role with Migrant-Rights.org, she reports from the Gulf states and countries of origin. She also organizes advocacy projects and human rights training targeting individual employers, embassies, recruitment agents, and businesses in Qatar, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and UAE, working with nationals and longterm residents in these countries. A special emphasis is on female migrants, including domestic workers. Much of her advocacy effort is geared towards mainstreaming issues facing female migrant workers. She is a member of the Migration Advisory Group (previous Policy Advisory Committee) of ILO ROAS. She has worked with ILO Addis Ababa on training modules for labor attaches being deployed to the Gulf states. She contributes as an expert commentator on issues related to human rights in the GCC for various international publications and at international forums, including various UN forums.

Migrant-Rights.org is a one of its kind bi-lingual content based advocacy platform that focusses on the GCC states and the corridors of migration, Asia & Africa. It was started 16 years ago by activist Esra’a El Shafei. Vani divides her time between Qatar, other GCC states, and India.

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Ambassador Samantha Power served as the US Ambassador to the United Nations from 2013-2017, and as human rights advisor to President Barack Obama on the National Security Council from 2009-2013.  Power won the Pulitzer Prize for her book “ A Problem from Hell”: America in the Age of Genocide . Her newest book is the  New York Times  bestseller  T he Education of an Idealist: A Memoir,  about her life in Ireland, her immigrant experience in the US, and her career as a war correspondent, human rights advocate, and diplomat. Currently she is on the faculty at Harvard Law School and Harvard Kennedy School.

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Former Director, Defense Intelligence Agency

Vince served as a lieutenant general in the United States Marine Corps who most recently served as Deputy Commander at United States Cyber Command. He previously served as the 20 th Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency.

Former Deputy Director, National Security Agency

Chris has served over 41 years of federal service in the Department of Defense including 28 years at the National Security Agency and over seven years as its Deputy Director. He began his career at NSA as a computer scientist within the National Computer Security Center followed by tours in information assurance, policy, time-sensitive operations, and signals intelligence organizations.

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Robert became the sixth Director of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency in 2014. Prior to leading the NGA, Cardillo served as the first Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Intelligence Integration.

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Paromita is a leader in the immigrants’ rights movement. She has created or helped produce dozens of resources and reports for immigrant communities impacted by policing and immigration enforcement, including detainer policies and technology surveillance.

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Desi’s interests are social demography, race and ethnicity, and social stratification. She was raised on the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation in Montana where she previously ran for her Tribal Council. She is an appointed adviser to the Director of the United States Census Bureau as a member of the National Advisory Committee on Racial, Ethnic, and Other Populations.

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Aaina is an AI & Human Rights Consultant, formerly one of the first members of the Artificial Intelligence/ Machine Learning team at the World Economic Forum. She is a human rights lawyer by training, having received a Masters of Law focused on Tech Policy & Human Rights at NYU.

Knowledge Director, The GovLab and Responsible Data for Children 

Young is the Knowledge Director at The GovLab, where he leads research efforts focusing on the impact of technology on public institutions. He has authored or co-authored a number of extended works on new approaches for improving governance with technology. He is also the Network Coordinator of the GovLab-chaired MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Opening Governance.

Chair, Council for Global Equality

Mark helped launch the Council for Global Equality to encourage a clearer and stronger American voice on international LGBT and intersex human rights concerns. In 2016, he provided the first-ever testimony to the House Foreign Affairs Committee on the state of LGBT rights around the world. Today, Mr. Bromley and his colleagues provide regular briefings on trends impacting LGBT individuals globally. He also monitors the U.N. human rights system and has conducted research on sexual violence as a war crime.

Incoming Senior Fellow, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Steve has served as a deputy assistant secretary in the U.S. Department of State, where he had responsibility for Africa policy, international labor affairs, and international religious freedom. Previously he was the director of the office of policy at the U.S. Agency for International Development, and also served as counsel on the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, where he oversaw U.S. foreign assistance programs, and international organizations.

Founder and Executive Director, Equidem Research & Consulting

Mustafa Qadri is the Founder and Executive Director of Equidem Research and Consulting.  He is a human rights research and advocacy expert with over 15 years of experience in government and public international law, journalism and the non-governmental sector. He is the author of several landmark human rights reports into the construction industry, civil and political rights issues, and media freedom, and has carried out human rights investigations in several countries.    

GIS & You

News from the king county gis center, the practical application of the gis code of ethics – a case study.

In the current public health emergency environment, the ethical use of GIS to help support response to the COVID-19 pandemic is more important than ever. However, the ethical use of geographic data and of geospatial technology are not often on the mind of GIS professionals. GIS professioanls and users are guided by the GIS Code of Ethics . The American Geographical Society has started the EthicalGEO Blog , as a discussion forum related to these types of issues.

Case studies, like GIS for COVID-19 response, are a useful means for GIS professionals and GIS users to think about ethical issues and more importantly, how to respond when confronted with an ethical dilemma. Recently I wrote an EthicalGEO Blog article about a real-life case study from the Puget Sound area. Read The Practical Application of the GIS Code of Ethics – A Case Study and then share your thoughts in the comments section below about possible GIS-related ethical dilemmas and how you might respond.

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Related posts.

Location tracking during Covid-19: An EthicalGEO Pod Episode

Immigrants and Refugees as Geographers

GIS for ESJ Best Practices – Project Update

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The GIS Professional Ethics Project: Practical Ethics Education for GIS Professionals

This is an author's manuscript, as accepted by the publisher. The published chapter [14] is copyrighted by John Wiley & Sons, Inc..

Related Papers

Francis Harvey

Verrax Fanny

This chapter questions the adequateness of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) professional ethics by analyzing the URISA’s (“The Urban and Regional Information Systems Association”: the broadest association for GIS Professionals) Code of Ethics. It starts by a preliminary mapping of ethical issues raised by GIS. Its intent is to go beyond the traditional PAPA issues (Privacy, Accuracy, Property, Access) by taking into account issues such as space as a construed object, individual identity and the issues of scope and scale. After exploring various perspectives on professional codes of ethics, it considers how the field of GIS professional ethics have dealt with these issues and suggests a dichotomy between academic and professional ethics. It finally suggests to rethink the expert-lay people interplay when discussing GIS ethical issues.

International Encyclopedia of Human Geography (2nd ed.)

Jonathan Cinnamon

The development and use of geographic information system (GIS) within particular sociopolitical contexts means that ethical issues can arise both from how GIS is used and also due to the affordances and constraints of the software, hardware, and data. Ethics is a longstanding concern in the field of geographic information science (GIScience), arising amid the critical cartography and GIS and Society debates beginning in the late 1980s, in which human geographers and GIS scholars began to call for more attention to the implications of maps, GIS, and spatial data. Ethics in GIS draws on normative frameworks including deontological (duties and obligations) and teleological (consequences and outcomes) ethical perspectives, as well as nonnormative critical ethics to understand concerns that arise with GIS and map-based representation, uneven access to spatial data and technologies, and the use of GIS in geodemographic profiling, location analytics, and war. Attention to ethics in GIS has led to the development of ethics education, guidance, and codes of conduct for GIS users. Recent advancements in the availability of geolocated personal data, wider societal use of geospatial technologies, and data analytics have pulled GIS ethics to the forefront of the larger domain of information ethics, as location becomes increasingly central to wider ethical debates in the era of big data, automation, and artificial intelligence.

Cartography and Geographic Information Systems

Harlan Onsrud

Dan Trudeau

This article frames the research ethics review process conducted by institutional review boards (IRBs) as an opportunity to enrich the education of geographers. Student participation in the IRB process enhances the education of geographers at the undergraduate and graduate levels in two key ways. Geographers can use participation in this process to demonstrate the relevance of a disciplinary code of ethics to professional practice. More important, such participation helps learners, particularly novices, conceptualize research as an ongoing process of intentional inquiry, in which the protection of research participants is vigilantly observed.

Silvia Peppoloni

Key Features: Written by a global group of contributors with backgrounds ranging from philosopher to geo-practitioner, providing a balance of voices. Includes case studies, showing where experts have gone wrong and where key organizations have ignored facts, wanting assessments favorable to their agendas. Provides a much needed basis for discussion to guide scientists to consider their responsibilities and to improve communication with the public. Description: Edited by two experts in the area, Geoethics: Ethical Challenges and Case Studies in Earth Sciences addresses a range of topics surrounding the concept of ethics in geoscience, making it an important reference for any Earth scientist with a growing concern for sustainable development and social responsibility. This book will provide the reader with some obvious and some hidden information you need for understanding where experts have not served the public, what more could have been done to reach and serve the public and the et...

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Case Studies in Geo-Ethics

Ethics and GIS have long been intertwined, and for good reason: As humans, our activities and movements are tied to space and place, both of which are increasingly studied and tracked. It is only over the past few years, however, that more attention has been given to these linkages in education and in the workplace. We have written many articles in Spatial Reserves about ethics, ranging from data quality issues , using copyrighted images , how to teach about ethics , and a recent webinar series , in an attempt to provide the community with concrete resources to keep this important conversation going.

One of the best ways to start a conversation with co-workers or students about ethics is to use real-world case studies. One of the best compendiums exists at Penn State, and is here: https://www.e-education.psu.edu/research/projects/gisethicsproducts [e-education.psu.edu] . This compendium, compiled by my colleague David DiBiase, includes such thought-provoking scenarios such as: “A GIS analyst is asked to exclude pertinent data from maps prepared for a public hearing”, “Researchers track mobile phone users’ movements to derive predictive models of human mobility”, “A governmental agency’s need to recoup user fees conflicts with a public records law”, “A scope of work statement and established mapping procedures prevent a GIS analyst from adding wetlands to a conservation database”, and more. Each clearly presents the situation, along with supportive maps and references, in brief but pointed ways.

Have you used these case studies in your work? If so, how? If not, I encourage you to do so. Either way, I invite your comments below.

— Joseph Kerski

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Thank you for this.

You bet ! Thanks for reading.

Thanks for the link, this really helps!! I’m glad I came here.

Thanks so much Sara for reading! Please spread the word. –Joseph Kerski

Some additional resources:

In Cartographic Perspectives, fall 1990, there was a roundtable discussion of ethics in cartography. Then, summer 1991 in CP, JB Harley and Mark Monmonier each wrote a response essay to the roundtable.

The roundtable and two essays help to historicize the concern about ethics in what was then the discipline of Cartography, before it morphed into Mapping Sciences and then Geospatial Sciences. Some questions just don’t go away.

In turn, this November, at Esri’s campus: https://cartogis.org/autocarto/autocarto-2022/

Thanks John – indeed you are correct! Looking forward to Autocarto and my colleague Aileen Buckley, cartographer, is keenly involved. And yes, ethics… much has been said before on this but NEEDS to be continually told – updated – told – thanks John.–Joseph K

• May 4, 2022 at 10:01 am Case Studies in Geo-Ethics – GeoNe.ws

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