essay on geographical location of pakistan

Pakistan Geography

What is the terrain and geography like in Pakistan?

Geography - note

Pakistan use of natural resources.

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Pakistan Country: Demographics, Geography and Economics Essay

Basic population demographics, the state of infrastructure and industrial plants, socio-economics factors, access to foreign intermediaries, a stable local currency, relative crime and pollution factors, economic development prediction, works cited, number of people.

The total population of the country is 182.1 million people as of 2013, and the school enrollment for primary education in the country was 93% in the same year. In addition, the poverty ratio in the country is about 22.3 percent. This figure has been reduced marginally in recent years. Pakistan has a per capita income of 1,260 US dollars, and this figure is slightly lower than the average for South Asia. However, it is still enough to place the country in a lower-middle-income position.

Demographic features

About 55 million people live in urban areas, and the country’s highest growing segment is the middle class. The standard language for doing business in English. The country is the ninth largest English-speaking nation, and it has a well-educated workforce (“Guidance: Doing Business in Pakistan: Pakistan Trade and Export Guide” 2). More than 30 percent of the population of the country lives below the poverty line, and the median age of the population is 19.58 years (“Report on The System of Education in Pakistan” 4).

The total fertility rate for women is 3.8, indicating that women give birth to this number of children throughout their reproductive years. The prime age for giving birth to the majority of women is between 25-29 years. The use of contraceptives for family planning among women in the country stands at 35 percent as of 2013 and has been increasing compared to previous population survey results that placed the figure at 30 percent (National Institute of Population Studies 15). Meanwhile, child mortality rates, as an indication of the socioeconomic status of the country, have declined from 78 deaths per 1000 births in 2007. They were last reported as 52 deaths per 1000 births in 2013. However, the figure is still higher than the 40 deaths per 1000 births that are required by the Millennium Development Goals target (National Institute of Population Studies 19).

Family structure

Women marry an early age compared to men, and their later years of marriage are between 25 and 29, while that of men is between 30-34 years. Marriage separation rates are low, given that 98 percent of ever-married men and 95 percent of ever-married women are still enjoying the same status. Pakistani culture allows women to remarry after being divorced or widowed. Another country characteristic is that the number of men living in urban areas is higher than that of women.

Principal geographic features and climate

The total area size of Pakistan makes it the 36th largest nation in the world. It has a coastline that covers the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, with the rest of the border being with Iran, Afghanistan, India, and China with proximity to Tajikistan. The country enjoys a strategic economic regional location, given that it provides a link between South Asia and Central Asia. It also connects the area to the Middle East (“Pakistan’s Geography, Climate, and Environment” par. 1).

The administrative regions of Pakistan are divided into four provinces. All the providences have a parliamentary system. There are federally administered tribal areas in the country and the Islamabad capital territory that is the main administration center. Four provinces are Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan, and Northwest Frontier Province (“Report on The System of Education in Pakistan” 4).

Pakistan has some geological structures. It is a blend of landscapes with deserts, plains, plateaus, and hills. The country has coal mines with coastal area characteristics, and it has mountainous environments in the northern parts of the Karakoram Range. Some mountainous areas are green with vegetation, while others are dry without any trace of land suitable for cultivation and no water sources or waterfalls. The position of Pakistan places it along the Eurasian, Iranian, and Indian tectonic plates that are overlapping as they end or begin in the country (“Pakistan’s Geography, Climate, and Environment” par. 3-4). Three main geographic parts of Pakistan exist, namely, the northern highlands, the Indus River, and the Baluchistan Plateau.

There are both tropical and temperate climates in Pakistan. Coast sides of the country have arid-like climatic conditions. The country enjoys two main seasons. There is a monsoon season with sufficient rainfall and a dry season that enjoys trace amounts of rain. In addition to that, a dry winter covers the entire country from December to February, while spring conditions emerge in March and last up until May. The summer period of June to September coincides with the rainfall season and rains only subside in the October and November period.

Significant natural resources

Pakistan is home to Mount Godwin Austen, which has a peak height of 8,611 meters and is the second-highest in the world. Together with K2, the areas form a tourist attraction, especially for people who love mountain trekking or biking expeditions. With many seasons and landforms, high plant species diversity exists in Pakistan. Forests in the country have coniferous alpine, subalpine, and deciduous trees (“Pakistan’s Geography, Climate, and Environment” par. 5).

These include spruce, pine, cedar, and mulberry. There are also palms, juniper, and tamarisk trees. In addition to that, the forest floors have abrasive grasses and scrub vegetation. There are crocodiles, porcupines, deer, and typical rodents in the southern parts, and they serve as tourist attractions. The Marco Polo sheep is a characteristic of the north, and other notable animals in the north are the Urial sheep, Ibex goats, Himalayan bears, and snow leopards (“Pakistan’s Geography, Climate, and Environment” par 6-7).

Pakistan is endowed with a couple of wildlife protection sanctuaries and game reserves whose purpose is to limit too much poaching. In addition, they are contributing to tourism, which is considered a viable economic activity. In addition to animals, Pakistan is also a temporary home to many birds that are migratory. They include crows, sparrows, myna, hawks, eagles, and falcons.

Soil (agriculture)

Soil distribution in Pakistan follows the distribution of geographic landforms. Six landforms existing in Pakistan are mountains in the northern and western parts of the country, weathered rock plains, loess plains, sandy deserts, and piedmont plains, river plains, including old river terraces, sub-recent floodplains, and recent floodplains (Khan 4).

Minerals (extraction & industry)

Pakistan is endowed with oil and gas resources, but it has not fully exploited them. As a result, the country continues to rely on imports to fill its energy demands. Its energy imports were expected to reach USD 13.221 billion in the year 2011 (“Pakistan Exports, Imports & Trade” par. 4-5).

Energy (industry)

The Oil and Gas Development Company Limited (OGDCL) is the main driver for the oil industry of the country and operates as a public corporation because the government is a majority shareholder. The country relies mainly on natural gas for its energy supply, with this source accounting for about 49 percent of the total energy supply (“Pakistan: Country Analysis Note” par. 4). The country faces a crisis as its natural gas reserves continue to decline amid increased demand. Also, its reserves for shale gas amount to about 105 trillion cubic feet. The government is making investment incentives that should see the sector’s development extract the mineral in the coming years.

Electricity net generation was 90 billion kWh in 2011, with available capacity being 85 percent of the installed capacity in 2012 and utilization rates being lower than 60 percent in the same year. Challenges for the industry include power theft and line losses as well as high natural gas subsidies by the government. Businesses have to cope with load shedding practices that can cause blackouts that last up to 16 hours (“Pakistan: Country Analysis Note” par. 6). Electricity comes from oil at 36 percent, natural gas at 29 percent, hydroelectric sources at 29 percent, and nuclear at 5 percent.

Location (on trade routes)

Pakistan’s proximity to emerging markets in Asia makes it a lucrative location for trade routes. Currently, the country is working closely with the Chinese government to open up the region. This will include the development of the port of Gwadar that should serve as an important entry point for the Middle East (Shah par. 1). The development will happen under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor project. Pakistan can link East Asian countries in Central Asia and South Asia markets. The project will include roads, rail, and pipelines that will be developed in one and a half-decade.

Physical capital – Farm, mines, factories

A majority of the population is engaged in agriculture as the country is endowed with large tracts of farmland under private owners. Farming happens in subsistence and commercial scales. In addition, there are factories located in industrial sectors of the urban areas. Besides that, extract industries of oil and gas have mines located in areas that have significant natural resource deposits.

Trucks, trains, boats, planes

Road transport is the backbone of the country’s transport sector, and it faces growth in demand that is higher than the growth of Pakistan’s GDP. There is more than 9600 km of National Highway and Motorway network, and this represents 3.7 percent of the total road network. It serves about 80 percent of the country’s traffic. About 91 percent of passengers use road transport while 96 percent of freight uses road transport.

The country has 36 operational airports, with Karachi being the primary airport. Islamabad and Lahore airports handle significant domestic and international cargo, and the national carrier, Pakistan International Airlines, which faces stiff competition from a number of private airline companies, serves them. The national carrier serves 70 percent of the domestic passenger market (Pakistan Economic Survey 2007-08″ 224). The National Highway Authority is in charge of maintaining road networks in the country. Meanwhile, the principal players in the shipping sector of Pakistan include Karachi Port Trust, Port Qasim, Pakistan National Shipping Corporation (PNSC), and Gwadar Port. Most boats and ships using Pakistan ports are foreign-owned.

In the telecom sector, Pakistan had a telecom-density of 57 percent in 2008 with a fast-growing mobile phone market. A consumer can enjoy international calls for a low as Rs. 1, and Pakistan has more than 80 million phone subscribers. There are more than 70 companies providing internet services (Pakistan Economic Survey 2007-08″ 238).

Storage facilities

Retail sector businesses have adequate access to warehousing. Ports also provide sufficient warehousing services for traders. Cold storage facilities for agricultural produce are limited in their availability. Efforts by non-governmental organizations continue to help meet the deficit in cold and dry storage facilities for agricultural produce. Cities serve as main administration and trade center for provinces or states.

Cities’ infrastructure

The country has a fair development of infrastructure. When ranked globally, its transport infrastructure is number 82 out of 144. Meanwhile, its electricity and telephony infrastructure is 130 out of 144. Overall, the infrastructure is considered weak compared to that of developed countries. There are also power shortage problems in some parts of Pakistan, and they can have a negative effect on businesses (“Guidance: Doing Business in Pakistan: Pakistan Trade and Export Guide” 2).

Human capital

The main occupation of most people is within the agricultural sector, and the rest of the labor force, about 38 percent are employed in services while about 20 percent is employed in manufacturing industries.

The private sector is the main contributor to health care in Pakistan as it serves more than 80 percent of the outpatient cases in the country. The country has a multi-tiered health care delivery system that continues to grow to meet the demands of a growing population and changes in demographic characteristics (WHO 1). There are the state and non-state actions, with some offering services for profit, while many agencies provide health care as a non-profit activity.

There is no single federal department in charge of the entire health sector of Pakistan. The Ministry of Health holds some responsibility while the rest is handled by specific regional or provincial Departments of Health (WHO 1). There are vertically managed disease-specific mechanisms that encompass the work of district and provincial health departments. The same mechanisms also incorporate social security services and non-governmental institutions.

The main challenges facing the country’s health care are communicable diseases and non-communicable diseases. The country has a high fertility rate and a low life expectancy; at the same time, most of its population is young. The health sector is characterized by high mortality rates and high incidences of infections for communicable diseases. There is also a high rate of malnutrition in children and women.

By 2008, doctors attended to only 28 percent of births in the country. About 30 percent of women use contraceptives for family planning. The country faces a high risk of endemic polio disease, and it is suffering from a high prevalence of tuberculosis. Many diseases that are causing child mortality are preventable by vaccination, but the country lacks elaborate and well-funded programs for meeting its health care needs (WHO 2).

As the middle-class population rises, the country is also facing cardiovascular problems and increases in rates of diabetes, cancer, and mental disorders. The country is also prone to disasters. Earthquakes, floods are some of the natural disasters, while fires, bombings, and accidents are man-made disasters that affect the country’s health care sector. Disasters have destroyed critical health care infrastructure in the past, and lack of sufficient funding has further crippled the recovery of the sector (WHO 2). The health care sector relies on donor funds from the World Health Organization, Asian Development Bank (ADB), Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Government of China, World Food Program (WFP) among other country and multinational donor agencies. The sector needs a strengthened health care system and improved access to immunization, disease control, and surveillance of health care conditions (WHO 3).

The country has the world’s second-highest number of children who are not attending school. In 2010, the number was 5.1 million, and this implies that for every 12 children in the country, one is not in school. The majority of them, about two-thirds, are girls. However, the country has been experiencing an overall increase in primary school enrolment between 1999 and 2010. Their enrolment figures jumped from 58 percent to 74 percent. However, girls are remaining behind in enrolment numbers compared to boys. For adults, 49.5 million of them are illiterate, which two-thirds of this number is made up of women. This also makes country number three when comparing the population of illiterate adults in the world. According to the UNESCO Education Development Index, Pakistan ranks 113 out of 120 (UNESCO 1).

The country spends a small portion of its Gross National Product (GNP) on education, and it has not increased the expenditure on education in the last decade. Its current spending amounts to about 2.3 percent of the GNP (UNESCO 1). The country experiences a very high inequality in education because of the low enrolment numbers and the low budgetary support for the education sector. In Punjab province, only 17 percent of the 7 to 16-year-olds have had an education. The other provinces of Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have 37 percent and 25 percent, respectively.

Young people who are from disadvantaged backgrounds are least likely to have the required skills for getting decent jobs and, as a result, they are most prone to be poor. Besides, the lack of education for many women is severely influencing their earning ability. In Pakistan, highly literate women can earn about 95 percent more money in a general employment position in the country as compared to their counterparts. Mostly, those earning less are women who are lacking any literacy skills. They can also be those with poor literacy skills (UNESCO 2).

Each province has a Department of Education that oversees the development of the education sector in collaboration with the Federal Ministry of Education of Pakistan. The goals of state education policy are to remove illiteracy and provide free compulsory education for the formative years. It also aims to make technical and professional education available and accessible based on merit (“Report on The System of Education in Pakistan” 6). Urban middle and upper-income families prefer private schools. In fact, private schools play an important part in ensuring universal access to education as, in some cases, there are no government schools, and locals have to rely on low-cost private schools that can be religious schools too (“Report on The System of Education in Pakistan” 8).

For higher education, army public schools, divisional public schools, and some private sector intuitions provide prestigious education compared to availed government schools. They teach subjects determined by regional educational boards (“Report on The System of Education in Pakistan” 9). Degrees in arts, science, and commerce take 2 or 3 years. Students complete ten years of schooling and two years of secondary study before joining degree programs. This structure was adopted from India (“Report on The System of Education in Pakistan” 18). There are four-year bachelor degrees as well as advanced postgraduate degrees that last one or two years for masters and 3 to 4 years for Ph.D. research degrees. Students also have opportunities to engage in distance learning provided by Allama Iqbal Open University in addition to the available institutions (“Report on The System of Education in Pakistan” 22).

Entrepreneurship

The country ranks 129 out of 144 countries in the world in global competitiveness. The country does not have a favorable regime for fostering property rights, intellectual property protection. It also scores lowly on ethics and corruption. Its main ethical issues include the diversion of public funds, loss of public trust in politicians, and irregular payments of bribes for public utilities, and annual tax payment avoidance.

Financial Capital

Pakistan has a GDP of USD 238.7 billion, with a GDP per capita of USD 1307.51. The per capita income increased from less than USD 400 in 1980 to the present figure as of 2013 (“World Economic Forum – Pakistan” par. 1). Investors, both local and international, invest in the Karachi Stock Exchange, which plays a significant role in developing the country’s capital markets.

Foreign currency

The international trade in Pakistan is facing a huge deficit as the country experience a low demand for exports while it continues to increase its demand for imports. In 2010, the country had a trade deficit of USD 3.946 billion despite the fact that the country is a member of an international organization that works to promote its access to international markets. These organizations include the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) and the South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA), as well as the World Trade Organization (WTO).

Intermediaries (banks, stock exchange)

The banking sector in Pakistan has undergone far-reaching reforms since the 1990s, and it has become efficient and competitive. Previously, most banks were state-owned. Currently, there are mainly privatized banks operating in the country’s financial sector. The government has enacted a sufficient legislative framework to govern the financial sector. The State Bank of Pakistan handles the supervisory duty on behalf of the public.

Its work contributes to the stability and predictability of the banking environment in the country. Currently, 80 percent of banking assets are in the private sector, belonging to individuals and institutions alike. Banks have become more efficient and are no longer losing money due to limited product ranges or inefficiencies. At the same time, no bank has bad loan burdens at present (“Banking Survey 2013” 30).

Pakistani banks in the past have been accused of financing speculative activities such as stock marketing trading or commodities and auto trading. However, based on their reports, the exposure of banks directly or indirectly to any form of speculative activity remains limited to less than 20 percent of their overall activities. In fact, only 2 percent of bank credit that is available for lending has gone to stock market trading in recent years. On the other hand, in real estate speculation, banks are only allowed to finance mortgages and, therefore, only have the capacity to influence demand for availing credit.

Pakistan’s large banks have a total asset exceeding Rs. 500 billion. At the same time, Medium size banks have total assets beyond Rs. 100 billion, while small banks have total assets less than Rs. 100 billion. In addition, a special category of Islamic banks only provides a specific range of banking services compliant with Islamic banking regulations (“Banking Survey 2013” 1). The total amount of loans advanced by banks in 2013 amounted to Rs. 4,059 billion (“Banking Survey, 2013,” 30).

In addition to the Karachi Stock Exchange, investors also have options of using Lahore, Islamabad, and Pakistan Stock Exchanges. They help businesses to raise capital and collect savings to make investments.

There are some foreign multinational banks operating in Pakistan, mainly as small or medium-sized banks. They include HSBC, Citibank, Deutsche Bank AG, and Barclays. The multinational companies play a leading role in linking foreign investors and traders with local markets and stock exchanges.

Rate of savings

Many people in Pakistan rely on informal saving circles that allow members to commit to saving daily or weekly. The country saves billions of Rupees through informal circles in different sectors. Shopkeepers, office workers, and students, as well as housewives, are some of the most common members of the saving circles. Most circles run in extended families, and they help to hedge members against sudden expenditures like school fees or medical expenses (Mangi par. 4-7). There are no official figures for money saved in the informal circles. However, All Karachi Traders Alliance presumes that from its data collected over many years, the approximate figure of 10 million rupees is ideal. This daily amount goes in circles. The key reason for the growth of the informal saving circles is as follows. Many people in the country are reluctant to take part in banking procedures because of cumbersomeness (Mangi par. 5).

Only 14 percent of the population uses financial products from formal financial institutions, while about 50 percent will opt for the financial information networks prevalent in the country when they are given an opportunity to save. The information systems are based on trust and have a very low rate of defaulting on savings.

Interest rates on savings hover above 10 percent, yet Pakistan still has one of the lowest savings rates in the region. Consumers in Pakistan allocated about 97 rupees of every 100 rupees to expenditure in the financial year 2011 to 2012, as reported by The State Bank (Aslam par. 4-5).

Pakistan relies on the rupee as its currency. In 2014, Moody Investors Service revised the outlook of Pakistan’s foreign currency government bond rating such that it was not stable and favorable for investors from around the world; previously, it had a negative rating (“Rating Action: Moody Changes Pakistan’s Rating Outlook to Stable” par. 3). The country’s external liquidity position has been improving in recent years at a stable rate due to the government’s reforms with the assistance of the International Monetary Fund. By the end of 2014, foreign reserves amounted to USD 9 billion, which causes the country to become less vulnerable to foreign currency fluctuations (“Rating Action: Moody Changes Pakistan’s Rating Outlook to Stable” par. 5).

Stable public finance

Pakistan has witnessed increased public debt in recent years as it increased subsidies to its industries and failed to enact appropriate policies to respond to rising oil prices in 2007. The country also suffers from a weak revenue collection infrastructure and high pressure on its budget resources to cover its high-risk security situation. The government’s reforms to improve prospects for the energy section and eliminate inter-corporate debt led to further increases in public debt (“Public Debt” 110). By 2010, the country’s percentage of GDP servicing public debt stood at 4.4 percent. Meanwhile, the debt had accumulated interest payments of Rs. 428.5 billion.

The country is currently pursuing a medium-term debt management strategy for 2013-2014 to 2017-2018. It hopes to bring down public debt to GDP ratio. The current target is 55.2 percent in the current financial year. Overall, the debt ratio has to remain below 60 percent, as outlined in the Fiscal Responsibility and Debt Limitation Act. Meanwhile, external debt is at Rs. 7.202 trillion and is an increase of about 3 percent from 24.9 percent of GDP that is was in 2013 (Kiani par. 2-5).

Religious and political alignments

There are prevalent cases of sectarian violence and terrorism threats in the country, especially by foreign nationals. Also, there are bureaucratic hurdles that hinder international trade (“Guidance: Doing Business in Pakistan: Pakistan Trade and Export Guide” 2). Islam is the main religion in the country, and most of the Muslims in the country belong to the Sunni or Shia Islam sects. There are Christian minorities and Hindu minorities. The minority groups are about 9 million in number, and they include Buddhists. The country guarantees freedom of religion but does not enforce the provision (Kaleem par. 12-14).

Pakistan is under the international radar for the criminal advancement of nuclear technologies. Global political bodies do not view its nuclear program as a peaceful development. Instead, it is interpreted as a threat to neighboring countries of Pakistan, especially India and Israel (Coughlin and Stricker 3). United States companies face sanctions against doing business with Pakistan on sensitive goods that can lead to equipping Pakistan with sufficient military might. For example, they cannot deal with the Pakistani Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) even through their supply chain partners (Coughlin and Stricker 3). At present, Pakistan has four nuclear reactor locations that may serve as plutonium sources for its nuclear weapon program. The country has made significant efforts to become a nuclear weapons producer. This comes after evidence showing the existence of more than one plutonium separation plant (Albright and Kelleher-Vergantini 3).

Pakistan ranks 127th out of 177 countries that form part of the corruption index maintained by Transparency International (“Guidance: Doing Business in Pakistan: Pakistan Trade and Export Guide” 2). The country has weak labor laws and is unable to enforce intellectual property rights fully. As a result, products manufactured in the country face the risk of being of poor service quality (“Guidance: Doing Business in Pakistan: Pakistan Trade and Export Guide” 2).

Pakistan is a lower-middle-income country that has the potential to grow if it can stay clear of economic sanctions rapidly. The average growth rate of South Asia was 5.5 percent in 2014, and this is one of the indications of the potential for the country to grow. The biggest condition for growth will be the reduction in political tension. This should allow most citizens to participate actively in economic activities that speed up increases in gross domestic product. Besides, there is a high Pakistani population in the diaspora that has been actively remitting money back home. Remittances will ensure that Pakistan is not very vulnerable to financial market volatility.

Since most economic risks are domestic and are created by the political situation in the country, they are also easy to handle. Thus, as long as the country is on a path of sustaining its pace of domestic reforms to sustain political stability, it will continue with its current growth rate momentum (“Pakistan” par. 1).

Pakistan has huge growth potential. It has not yet gone through the rapid expansion that many other Asian economies have passed. Besides that, it has one of the world’s largest populations of young people, and it is experiencing a stable growth of domestic demand for goods and services. Its proximity to emerging markets in Asia is also a beneficial factor as the country can access goods and services for advancing its industries at an affordable cost. Also, the natural resources awaiting exploitation provide the country with enough potential resources for growth (“Guidance: Doing Business in Pakistan: Pakistan Trade and Export Guide” 3).

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Eurasia Review

A Journal of Analysis and News

Land controlled by Pakistan shown in dark green; land claimed but not controlled shown in light green. Credit: Wikipedia Commons

Pakistan’s Geographical Location: A Curse Or A Blessing – OpEd

By Saima Afzal

Geography has shaped geopolitics for centuries and it has remained one of the most influential factors contributing to any state’s standing in the world relevance index. A state does not only rely on its geography, its economy. natural resources and population also contribute their part.  Pakistan has a unique geostrategic position and shares its border with four states India, Afghanistan, China, and Iran. Pakistan lies in a region that can easily be regarded as the most complicated for regional and global geopolitics. An unfriendly India sitting on the East presents an existential threat, a porous and most difficult border with landlocked Afghanistan on the West, and an occasional issue-ridden border with Iran.

Since its birth, Pakistan has continuously faced an existential threat from India forcing Pakistan to spend on its security impacting national resources and making sometimes un-natural alliances. With three major wars with India and numerous skirmishes/ armed escalations, the breakup of East Pakistan into Bangladesh as a result of the Indian conspiracy proved the initial perception of existential threat a harsh reality. Despite being blessed with natural resources, all the terrains, intelligent and hardworking manpower, enterprising youth, and religiously influenced society, Pakistan has not been able to take off the way it was expected or deserved. All the positives and strengths that Pakistan enjoyed have been exploited in one form or another and transformed into a weakness by hostile states in varying time frames. This effort was supplemented by poor global media perception.   

Geo-strategically, Pakistan is considered a gateway to Central Asia that connects the emerging power China to the Muslim world like Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, and other states through the Arabian Sea. However, Pakistan’s social landscape started to turn sour after the Russian invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. Afghan jihad brought in militancy and madrassa culture giving rise to religious/ ethnic and sectarian frictions. Imperils of Pakistan’s rise are included a complex geostrategic environment, weak economy, governance challenges, dynastic politics, energy shortages, religious and ethnic segregation, extremism and intolerance in segments, and climate change. Unfortunately, military takeovers and mediocre civil leadership, mostly due to external factors denied the consistency and stability the nation needed for progression. The complex geopolitical milieu surrounding Pakistan has made it a critical piece of mosaic in regional and global interests, thus prone to the conspiracy by each external party furthering individuals and policies favoring them.  

The existing challenge for Pakistan is to manage balancing ties between US/West and China/Russian camps. Off and on almost all Pakistani leadership clearly stated that it would not ally with any camp.  Though, Pakistan’s geostrategic position has brought it closer to China, since it provides the quickest trading route via the Arabian Sea. China’s rise as an economic and regional giant is a reality. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and the CPEC project has the potential to open new avenues of socio-economic development and employment opportunities not only for Pakistan but also for the region. However, CPEC development brings with it an unwanted hostility cum interest of the West and US while energizing Indian plans against a nuclear Pakistan. Middle Eastern nations also prefer to maintain certain clout over Pakistan, historically using religious funding as a tool. 

Despite all negatives, Pakistan has shown extreme resilience and potential par excellence. From producing world-level sportsmen, economic geniuses, noble winners scientists, doctors, diplomats, and artists, maintaining one of the best-armed forces, war aces to becoming the only Muslim nuclear-armed nation is by no means feats to be brushed away. Pakistan has been also actively contributing to international efforts for strengthening global norms on arms control, non-proliferation, and disarmament and follows the latest international standards on export controls, nuclear safety, and security at the national level. It is also the largest contributor of troops to the UN assisting in its mandate of global peace; so far more than 200,000 Pakistani soldiers have participated in 60 missions in 28 countries. Being Pakistan is not easy, not many nations in the world have the will to survive in such a hostile, complex, and fluid canvas which is mostly triggered externally.   Pakistan has successfully defeated terrorism and restored peace in the country; the country paid price in blood and treasure; however, it depicts Pakistan’s resilience and commitment to peace. The geographical location, hence, has played its role, both as a curse and as a blessing, at times, but despite that, Pakistan needs to redefine its stance and focused more on its nation-building.

*  The writer is an Islamabad Analyst and her expertise is South Asia, Indo-Pacific and security and can be contacted at  [email protected] .

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Saima Afzal

Saima Afzal is an Islamabad-based analyst and holds an MPhil in Peace and Conflict studies.

One thought on “ Pakistan’s Geographical Location: A Curse Or A Blessing – OpEd ”

The factor of geographical location is meaningless unless the nation and its leader realise its importance. Even today, CPEC is good initiative but still maximum benefit is for Chinese companies. Pakistan may continue to suffer unless it is understood that “ “The society that separates its scholars from its warriors will have its thinking done by cowards and its fighting by fools.” — Thucydides.

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Significance of Location of Pakistan

by Mashal Rizvi

Pakistan possesses a special and advantageous place in the world, the  key location . Although, we might hate it and are always at risk of a war with India. 

We cannot deny that Pakistan's location has access to some of the most significant areas and resources . This article will examine Pakistan's geographic characteristics , the significance of its position, and ways to leverage its location to advance its development and prosperity. This topic is also one of the most repeated questions in the O Level/IGCSE Pakistan Studies exams.

Firstly, China. Well more specifically, CPEC. 

The location of Pakistan is significant for several reasons. It is a potential hub for trade, transit, and energy because it first connects South Asia with China, Central Asia, and West Asia. 

Pakistan stands to gain from being close to these regions' resources and markets, as well as from serving as a link between them. For example, living closer to a famous market in your city. A primary factor of the importance of the location of Pakistan

For instance, Pakistan participates in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) , the initiative's flagship project that intends to improve connectivity and collaboration between China and Pakistan through industrial, energy , and infrastructure initiatives. Both nations and the larger area are anticipated to gain economically and socially from CPEC, again because of the location of Pakistan. 

Gaining more Diplomacy.

Second, Pakistan benefits strategically from its location in terms of both security and diplomacy. Pakistan faces numerous difficulties and dangers from its neighbours and other players because of its location in a volatile and conflict-prone region . As we’ve been taught since childbirth, our neighbour India is our greatest competitor. Animosity with India needs to be navigated maturely to not hinder the importance of Pakistan's location . 

However, owing to Pakistan's location, it must contend with problems like border conflicts, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, extremism, and regional rivalry. Pakistan's geographic location also makes it possible for it to be influential in both regional and global events. These events include the peace process in Afghanistan, the nuclear agreement with Iran, the Kashmir dispute, and Islamic cooperation . 

Pakistan can benefit from its location by using it to further its interests and national security and to promote peace and stability in the area and around the world, a great facet of the importance of the location of Pakistan. 

The Diverse Heritage.

Third, because of Pakistan's geographical location, it has a rich and varied natural and cultural history. Pakistan's terrain is diverse, with mountains , plains, deserts , rivers , and coastlines among its features.

• Siachen Glacier , the largest glacier outside the polar regions,
• K2 , the second-highest summit in the world
• Indus River, which serves as both the nation's lifeline and the cradle of its culture
• A maritime border with Oman in the Gulf of Oman
• A 1,046 km long coastline running along the Arabian Sea . 

Pakistan is situated in a region that experiences a variety of climates, from subtropical to highland. Well, we’ve learnt a lot about why the location is strategic, now let’s move forward to a more important O Level/IGCSE Pakistan Studies question . 

The Longitude and Latitude of Pakistan

Pakistan, a country rich in culture and history, is uniquely positioned on the world map. The latitude of Pakistan is approximately 30 degrees North, placing it well within the Northern Hemisphere, where it experiences a diverse range of climates , from the snowy peaks of the Himalayas to the warm beaches of the Arabian Sea.

The longitude, around 70 degrees East, situates Pakistan in a time zone that bridges the gap between the Far East and the West. This longitude makes it a pivotal point for both trade and cultural exchange.

How Pakistan Can Take Advantage of Its Location?

Pakistan can take advantage of its location by:

Increasing commerce and collaboration with other nations by developing its infrastructure and joining regional platforms. 

Strengthening security and diplomacy to safeguard its interests and promote regional and international peace. 

Utilizing its cultural and natural resources to advance its growth and identity.

Pakistan has a special place in the world that is both strategic and advantageous. Pakistan's location has many benefits and opportunities as well as many risks and difficulties. Pakistan can benefit from its location in several ways, including expanding its natural and cultural resources, bolstering its security and diplomatic ties, and improving regional connectivity and integration. By doing this, Pakistan may fulfil its potential to develop into a thriving and forward-thinking country, a responsible regional economic powerhouse, and a global player.

Most Common Repeated Questions:

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Geography of Pakistan

Desert, High Mountains, and Earthquakes

• Country Information
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• M.A., Geography, California State University - East Bay
• B.A., English and Geography, California State University - Sacramento

Pakistan, officially called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is located in the  Middle East  near the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. It is bordered by  Afghanistan ,  Iran ,  India , and  China . Pakistan is also very close to Tajikistan, but the two countries are separated by the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan. The country has the sixth-largest population in the world and the second-largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. The country is divided into  four provinces , one territory, and one capital territory for local administration.

Fast Facts: Pakistan

• Official Name: Islamic Republic of Pakistan
• Capital: Islamabad
• Population: 207,862,518 (2018)
• Official Languages: Urdu, English
• Currency: Pakistani rupee (PKR)
• Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republic
• Climate: Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north
• Total Area: 307,373 square miles (796,095 square kilometers)
• Highest Point:  K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) at 28,251 feet (8,611 meters) 
• Lowest Point: Arabian Sea at 0 feet (0 meters)

Geography and Climate of Pakistan

Pakistan has a varied topography that consists of the flat, Indus plain in the east and the Balochistan plateau in the west. In addition, the Karakoram Range, one of the world's highest mountain ranges, is in the north and northwest part of the country. The world's second-highest mountain, K2, is also within Pakistan's borders, as is the famous 38-mile (62 km) Baltoro Glacier. This glacier is considered one of the longest glaciers outside of the Earth's polar regions.

The climate of Pakistan varies with its topography, but most of it consists of hot, dry desert, while the northwest is temperate. In the mountainous north, though, the climate is harsh and considered Arctic.

Economics and Land Use in Pakistan

Pakistan is considered a developing nation and has a highly underdeveloped economy. This is largely because of its decades of political instability and a lack of foreign investment. Textiles are Pakistan's main export, but it also has industries that include food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, and shrimp. Agriculture in Pakistan includes cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables, milk, beef, mutton, and eggs. Resources include natural gas reserves and limited petroleum.

Urban vs. Rural

Just over one-third of the population lives in urban areas (36.7 percent), though that number is increasing slightly. Most of the population lives in the areas near the Indus River and its tributaries, with Punjab the most densely populated province. 

Earthquakes

Pakistan is situated above two tectonic plates, the Eurasian and Indian plates, and their motion makes the country primarily a site of major strike-slip earthquakes. Earthquakes above 5.5 on the Richter scale are relatively common. Their location in relation to population centers determines whether there will be extensive loss of life. For example, a 7.4 magnitude earthquake January 18, 2010, in southwest Pakistan, didn't cause any fatalities, but another in the same province that came in at a 7.7 in September 2013 killed more than 800. Four days later, another 400 people were killed in the province in a 6.8 magnitude quake. The worst in recent memory was in Kashmir in the north in October 2005. It measured 7.6, killed 80,000, and left 4 million homeless. More than 900 aftershocks rolled on afterward for almost three weeks. 

• Central Intelligence Agency. "CIA: The World Factbook: Pakistan."
• Dawn. " Timeline of major earthquakes in Pakistan: 1971-2018 ."
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Essay on Pakistan...

Published by admin on 27th September 2022

Essay on Pakistan

Pakistan is a Muslim country, located in southern Asia. The neighboring countries are India, Iran, Afghanistan, and China. It is officially called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In the south, it has long coastline along the Arabian Sea. Pakistan is the 34th largest country in the world and has the 7th largest army in the world. The capital of Pakistan is Islamabad. Before 1960, it was Karachi, which is now the country’s largest city. The motto of the country is Unity, Discipline, and Faith. The national language is URDU. The name Pakistan means Land of the Pure in Persian and Urdu.

History of Pakistan

The struggle for Pakistan was started when the Muslim of sub-continent got harassed by the Indian government and was not getting their proper rights. Pakistani leader Sir Syed Ahmed Khan firstly used the word“Nation” for the Muslims. After his “Two Nation Theory” and Allama Iqbal’s thought about a separate state in which Muslim can live according to Islamic teachings. The Muslims of India start many movements only for the separation they struggle and sacrifice their lives for their generations. After this effort on 14th of August, 1947, Quaid e Azam M.A Jinnah and all the Muslims succeed by getting a separate state.

Location and Climate

The geographical location of Pakistan is in southern Asia. The neighboring countries are China, India, Afghanistan, and India. There is a long coastal line with the Arabian Sea in the south. The mountain ranges of Karakoram and Pamir are located on northern and western highlands. Pakistan also has all four seasons because of the location, winter from December through February, spring from March through May, summer rainy season from June through September and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. The beginning and length of these seasons vary according to the location. Pakistan also consist number of Rivers and river Indus is the biggest river.

Pakistan has four provinces, two territories, and two special areas. The special areas are in Kashmir. The provinces and territories were divided into 26 divisions and now the 147 districts directly divided from the provinces. The four provinces are Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly NWFP), Punjab and Sindh. Among all these provinces Baluchistan is the largest one by area. Baluchistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa both have PATA (Provincially Administered Tribal Areas) which are going to be regular districts. The territories are Islamabad CapitalTerritory and Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan are the Administrative areas of Pakistan.

National Symbols

There are number of national symbols of Pakistan:

• National Animal- MARKHOR
• National Bird- CHOKAR
• National Tree- CEDRUS DEODARA
• National Heritage State Animal- SNOW LEOPARD
• National Heritage State Bird- SHAHEEN FALCON
• National Aquatic Marine Mammal- INDUS RIVER DOLPHIN
• National Reptile- INDUS CROCODILE
• National Fish- TOR PUTITORA
• National Amphibian- BUFO STOMATICUS
• National Butterfly- INDIAN PURPLE EMPEROR
• National Fruit- MANGO
• National Staple Crop- SUGERCANE
• National Beverage- SUGERCANE JUICE
• National Vegetable- OKRA
• National Cuisine- PAKISTANI BIRYANI (beef)
• National Sports- HOCKEY
• National Dress- SALWAR KAMEEZ
• National Mosque- FAISAL MOSQUE
• National River- INDUS RIVER
• National Mountain- K2
• National Mausoleum- MAZAR E QUAID

In terms of Purchasing Power Parity(PPP), Pakistan’s economy is 25th largest in the world. In terms of Nominal Gross Domestic Product, the economy is 42nd largest. The growth poles of Pakistan’s economy are located beside the Indus River. In the past economy of Pakistan has suffered from internal political disputes, mixed levels of foreign investment and a fast-growing population. In 2016 October, the IMF chief Christine Lagarde confirmed the economic assessment of he that Pakistan’s economy was “out of the crisis”. This was also predicted by the World Bank that by 2018, the growth of the economy of Pakistan will increase to a “robust” 5.4%.

According to the Census of Pakistan 2017, the total population of Pakistan was 207.8 million, representing a 57% increase in 19 years. That was equivalent to 2.57% of the world population. The population is estimated to reach 210.13 million by 2020. Pakistan is also classified as the “young nation” with an average age of 23.4 in 2016; about 104 million people were under the age of 30 in 2010. Life hope at birth was 67 years for females and 65 years for males in 2013. The healthcare expenditure was 2.8% GDP in 2013. About 19% of the population and 30% of children under five are skeletal.

Including a number of provincial languages, more than 60 languages are spoken in Pakistan. Urdu is declared as the national language of Pakistan and it’s the main identity of the Muslims. Over 44.15% of Pakistan’s population in the Punjab province speaks the Punjabi language. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has a provincial language which is the Pashto language. Sindhi is the common language in the region of Sindh and Balochi is the most dominant language of Baluchistan region. In the region of Azaad Kashmir, the Kashmiri language is spoken. And many other languages are also spoken in Pakistan such as Hindko, Saraiki, gujrati, and many more.

Education in Pakistan is administrated by the Federal Ministry of Education and the provincial governments. The levels of education in Pakistan are pre-school, primary, middle, high (SSC), intermediate (HSC) and university. As per literacy level in Pakistan, now educators are focusing overwriting practice service in major subjects, such as essay writing service avails a huge business there, so now students are getting aware of writing practice, Also students need very major practice for writing an essay during CSS(civil superintendent services) exam in Pakistan.

The culture of Pakistan is based according to Islam, as Pakistan is an Islamic Republic country. The system of joint family is a common family unit. The festivals of Pakistan are Eid ul Fitr, Eid ul Adha, Ramadan, Christmas, Easter, Holi, Diwali are religious in origin. The common dressing of the people of Pakistan is Shalwar Kameez for both men and women. Every single province has its own kind of Shalwar Kameez. And many different fashions, the fashion industry has developed in a changing environment.

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The Strategic Importance of Pakistan: A Geostrategic Nexus

• Post author: Oleksandra Mamchii
• Post published: October 13, 2023
• Post category: Blog
• Post comments: 0 Comments

Pakistan’s strategic importance lies in its geographical position at the intersection of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. It shares borders with critical nations, including Afghanistan, China, India, and Iran, making it a pivotal player in regional stability, trade routes, and global power dynamics, particularly in matters of security and energy interests. 

Read this article to explore the multifaceted strategic significance of Pakistan and delve into its geopolitical, economic, and security roles on the world stage.  

Geopolitical Significance

Pakistan holds immense geopolitical significance due to its strategic location at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Its proximity to Afghanistan, Iran, China, and India makes it a major country in regional politics and current affairs. 

1- Bridge between South Asia and Central Asia

Pakistan’s geographical location acts as a bridge connecting the South Asian subcontinent with Central Asia. This geographic linkage plays an important role for trade, energy, and connectivity routes. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a prime example of this significance, as it connects the Chinese city of Kashgar to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, providing China access to the Arabian Sea and, subsequently, the Indian Ocean.

2- Balancing Power Dynamics

Pakistan’s location serves as a balancing factor in the region’s power dynamics. It shares borders with China, Afghanistan, India, and Iran. Its strategic importance is evident in the way major world powers, such as the United States and Russia, have sought to engage with Pakistan to expand their interests in South and Central Asia.

Economic Significance

Pakistan’s economic significance within the realm of geostrategy is substantial. Pakistan serves as a vital transit route for trade and energy corridors. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project of the Belt and Road Initiative, boosts its geostrategic importance by enhancing connectivity and economic integration with China.

Furthermore, Pakistan’s stability and prosperity are closely monitored globally due to its potential to impact regional security. Economic development in Pakistan is seen as a means to promote stability, counter-terrorism, and promote cooperation, making it a critical player in the geopolitical landscape.

1- Trade and Energy Corridor

CPEC, often referred to as the “Economic Game Changer,” is a monumental infrastructure project that aims to connect Gwadar Port to China’s western region through a network of roads, railways, and pipelines. This corridor is composed to enhance regional trade and facilitate energy transportation, benefitting not only Pakistan but also its neighbours and global partners.

2- Agriculture and Resource Potential

Pakistan’s diverse landscape includes fertile plains, mountainous regions, and coastal areas. This diversity allows for the cultivation of a wide range of crops and the extraction of valuable minerals. Pakistan’s agriculture sector is a significant contributor to its economy, and its rich resource potential makes it an attractive destination for foreign investment.

Security Significance

Pakistan holds significant security importance due to its strategic location at the confluence of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. Its border with Afghanistan has made it a central player in the Afghan conflict, influencing regional stability. 

Pakistan has historically been a key ally of western countries in counterterrorism efforts. Its military capabilities, including a sizable army, air force, and navy, contribute to regional security dynamics.

1- Counterterrorism Efforts

Pakistan’s role in the global fight against terrorism cannot be undermined. As a frontline state in the War on Terror, Pakistan has played a crucial role in combating extremist groups. Its tribal regions along the Afghanistan border have been a focal point in efforts to stabilise the region.

2- Nuclear Arsenal

Pakistan is one of the world’s nuclear-armed states, and its nuclear weapons program adds a layer of complexity to regional and global security dynamics. The country’s nuclear capabilities are not only a deterrent but also a source of concern for its neighbours and the international community.

Also Read: Historical Perspective & Factors Behind UK Pound’s Strength

Regional Dynamics of Pakistan

Pakistan’s regional dynamics are of paramount geostrategic importance. Its relationships with neighbouring countries like India and Afghanistan are marked by historical tensions, notably the Kashmir conflict with India and its role in Afghan peace talks. 

Pakistan’s proximity to China has deepened through projects like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), enhancing its significance in China’s Belt and Road Initiative and strengthening the China-Pakistan partnership. Furthermore, its strategic location makes it a key player in regional politics, influencing stability, security, and economic cooperation in a geopolitically volatile region.

1- Relationship with India

The relationship between Pakistan and India is one of the most significant regional dynamics. Their long standing rivalry has been characterised by periodic conflict, most notably the Kashmir dispute. The two nuclear-armed neighbours often draw international attention due to their geopolitical tensions.

India and Pakistan have fought several wars since their partition in 1947. The First Kashmir War (1947-48) was their initial conflict, centred on the disputed region of Jammu and Kashmir. The Second Kashmir War (1965) followed, primarily over the same region, ending in a ceasefire organised by the United States and Union of Soviet Socialists Republic. 

The Third Indo-Pak War (1971) led to the creation of Bangladesh, with India supporting the independence movement of Bangladesh. In 1999, the Kargil War erupted in the disputed Kargil district of Kashmir.

2- Role in Afghanistan

Pakistan’s role in Afghanistan has been multifaceted and complex. It has faced allegations of providing support to the Afghan Taliban, while also cooperating with the international community in counterterrorism efforts. Pakistan’s use of proxy militant groups, like the Haqqani Network, has strained its relationship with Western allies.

On the other hand, Pakistan has hosted millions of Afghan refugees, making significant humanitarian efforts but also facing challenges in managing their presence. The country has struggled to control its porous border with Afghanistan, which has facilitated the movement of militants.

Pakistan has been involved in peace efforts in Afghanistan, including its role in facilitating talks between the United States and the Taliban. Its interests in Afghanistan include maintaining influence, stability, and a peaceful neighbour. However, opinions on Pakistan’s actions in the region vary widely, and the situation continues to evolve.

3- Relationship with Iran 

Pakistan’s relationship with Iran holds significant strategic importance due to their shared border and regional interests. Geopolitically, the border stretching over 900 kilometres connects South Asia to the Middle East and Central Asia, making it a crucial region for trade routes and regional stability.

Energy cooperation, such as the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline, has been explored, but progress has been restricted by international sanctions on Iran. Both nations have also faced security challenges along the border, including cross-border smuggling and insurgent activities in Balochistan. 

Diplomatically, Pakistan has maintained relations with Iran but navigates a delicate balance in regional matters like the Syrian civil war and the Saudi-Iran rivalry. Trade and economic ties are a focus, especially with the development of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), which enhances connectivity between Iran, Pakistan, and China.

Cultural and religious affinities, including significant Shia Muslim populations, foster people-to-people ties. However, Pakistan’s relationship with Iran is influenced by its ties with the United States and Saudi Arabia, and striking the right balance amidst conflicting interests remains a challenge. Thus, Pakistan’s strategic importance in the region is significantly influenced by its multifaceted relationship with Iran.

Pakistan’s Global Partnerships

Pakistan has partnered with Western and Asian countries in regards to counterterrorism, peace talks and economic development, which makes it a notable entity around the whole region. 

United States-Pakistan Collaboration

The United States and Pakistan have shared a complex and evolving relationship. While they have been strategic partners at times, they have also faced periods of distrust and disagreement. The U.S. has relied on Pakistan for logistical support in its military operations in Afghanistan and considered it a key ally in the fight against terrorism.

The collaboration between the United States and Pakistan in the War on Terror has been marked by a complex and often uncertain relationship. After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, the U.S. sought Pakistan’s support in its efforts to combat terrorism, particularly in neighbouring Afghanistan where the Taliban regime sheltered Al-Qaeda (ISIS). Pakistan, led by General Pervez Musharraf at the time, pledged support to the U.S. and allowed the use of its territory for logistical and intelligence purposes.

This collaboration led to significant achievements, such as the capture of key Al-Qaeda operatives, disruption of terror networks, and efforts to stabilise Afghanistan. However, the partnership also faced challenges due to suspicions of Pakistan’s double-dealing, as some elements within its security establishment maintained ties with militant groups.

Over the years, the relationship has fluctuated, with periods of increased cooperation followed by tensions. Despite these challenges, the United States has continued to provide military and financial aid to Pakistan. The collaboration remains vital for regional stability, counterterrorism efforts, and achieving lasting peace in Afghanistan. Balancing shared interests while addressing mutual concerns remains a critical aspect of this enduring partnership.

China-Pakistan Friendship

The China-Pakistan friendship, often described as “higher than the Himalayas, deeper than the oceans,” is a foundation of Pakistan’s foreign policy. The solid strategic and economic partnership between the two countries has strengthened over the years, with China investing significantly in Pakistan’s infrastructure and development.

China and Pakistan share a deep and long-standing partnership that extends across economic and military domains. This alliance, often referred to as the “China-Pakistan Economic Corridor” (CPEC), is a flagship project of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). It involves significant Chinese investments in Pakistani infrastructure, including ports, roads, and energy projects, aiming to boost trade connectivity and economic development. 

Beyond economics, both countries have also collaborated closely on regional diplomacy. This strategic partnership serves mutual interests, including countering regional challenges and enhancing their geopolitical influence in South Asia and beyond.

Strategic Significance and Challenges for Pakistan 

Pakistan’s strategic importance is an asset as well as a liability, facing complex challenges regarding security concerns, terrorism, geopolitical rivalry and economic development, sometimes referred to as a “crisis state”. 

1- Security Concerns

Pakistan faces security challenges due to its proximity to conflict-ridden regions, such as Afghanistan and the Middle East. Managing these threats is the foremost element in promoting peace.

2- Terrorism

Pakistan has fought with terrorism, causing internal instability and straining international relations. Countering terrorism remains a top priority.

3- Geopolitical Rivalry

Being a pivot point in the rivalry between major powers like the United States, China, and India can be risky, necessitating a delicate balancing act.

4- Economic Development

Despite its strategic location, Pakistan’s economic development lags due to issues like corruption, miss-management and lack of infrastructure. 

Opportunities and Benefits of Pakistan’s Strategic Importance  

Along with the challenges, the geostrategic location of Pakistan has come up with numerous benefits and opportunities.

1- China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)

The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor is a key factor of Pakistan’s strategic importance and potential growth. Pakistan’s role in CPEC offers a meaningful economic boost, infrastructure development, and connectivity with China and other countries. 

2- Regional Connectivity

Pakistan can serve as an important transit route for trade and energy pipelines, enhancing its economic prospects and creating thousands of jobs for its youth. 

3- Counterterrorism Cooperation 

Collaboration with the International community in combating terrorism can enhance security and stability within Pakistan and the broader region.

4- Diplomacy and Reconciliation

Pakistan can play a vital role in mediating regional conflicts, like the Afghan peace process and dialogue with India. Pakistan can boost peace and stability in the whole region through a diplomatic approach.

In conclusion, Pakistan’s strategic importance is deeply rooted in its geographical location, economic potential, and security dynamics. Its role as a bridge between South Asia and Central Asia, its contribution to regional stability, and its partnerships with global powers like China and the United States highlight its significance on the world stage.

While challenges persist, Pakistan’s strategic importance is unlikely to decline, and its ability to navigate these challenges will continue to shape its role in the global arena. Understanding and harnessing this strategic significance is essential for policymakers and analysts seeking to navigate the complexities of Asian and global geopolitics. 

What is the Importance of Pakistan from a Geographical and Strategic Point of View?

Pakistan is strategically important due to its location at the centre of South Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East. It shares borders with key nations like India, China, Afghanistan, and Iran, making it a vital player in regional geopolitics. Its closeness to the Arabian Sea also grants it access to important sea trade routes. Additionally, Pakistan’s possession of nuclear weapons adds to its strategic significance, influencing regional security dynamics.

Will there be another War between India and Pakistan? 

India and Pakistan have a history of conflicts, wars, and tensions in the region persist, so the possibility of future hostilities cannot be ruled out entirely. Efforts to maintain peace and resolve disputes through diplomatic means are crucial in preventing such conflicts.

What does Pakistan need to Improve?

Pakistan needs to improve its economic situation. Managing different challenges, good governance, promotion of investment, agriculture and institution reforms, and human development will play a crucial role in the success of Pakistan. 

Oleksandra Mamchii

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GEOSTRATEGIC SIGNIFICANCE OF PAKISTAN

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Geo Strategic: Importance of Pakistan Location Essay Example

• Pages: 10 (2492 words)
• Published: July 20, 2017
• Type: Case Study

The geographical positioning of a state or area determines its significance, which is referred to as geostrategic.

The term "geo-political" is used to describe how geographic factors affect a country's power, international behavior, and benefits derived from its location. Stephen Cohn highlights the importance of this concept by noting that Pakistan has experienced difficult circumstances over time.

Pakistan's geography offers numerous advantages. In the northwest, it is abundant in resources, while in the northeast, it boasts a large population. Furthermore, Pakistan serves as a transit path.

Pakistan, situated in South Asia, acts as a frontline province in the fight against terrorism. Geographically, it is positioned between 23°30' North to 37° North Latitude and 61° East to 77° East Longitude. It shares borders with China (North), Afghanistan and Iran (West), India (East), and the Arabian Sea (South). Due to its disti

nctive location, Pakistan holds immense global significance.

Pakistan serves as a bridge between the East and the West, with a 600-kilometer border shared with China – a major neighboring country. The relationship between these two nations encompasses political, cultural, and trade ties.

Close cooperation between the two states is evident in the heavy machine industry and other sectors such as silk, fabric, and machines, which are imported from China.

India, a Hindi state in the East of Pakistan, shares a common boundary line of 1600 kilometers with its neighbor. Both states are engaged in resolving their issues, including the matter of Kashmir, which has led to heightened hostility between them.

Wars have occurred between the two states in 1948, 1965, and 1971, resulting in the separation of our one wing, East Pakistan.

India recognizes the advantages of fostering friendly relationships, but it also places

importance on forming alliances with powerful nations and ensuring the security of its 150 million Muslim citizens. In contrast, Pakistan maintains strong connections with Islamic countries in Central Asia in terms of religion, culture, and economy. Additionally, Pakistan holds a distinctive position as the sole country providing these nations with convenient access to sea routes and transportation infrastructure.

The North West states of Pakistan are positioned to the West of Afghanistan. In 1893, during the English colonization of the sub-continent, a treaty was signed with Afghanistan to create the Durand Line—a permanent boundary that separates these two nations.

The border between Pakistan and Afghanistan is about 2240 kilometres long, demonstrating the deep spiritual, cultural, and trade ties between these two countries. On the western side of Pakistan, there is the Iran border that passes through Balochistan province - an area that shares our Muslim brotherhood.

Iran, being the first country to acknowledge Pakistan in 1947, has established political and trade alliances under the acronym R.C.D., which stands for Regional Cooperation for Development. The official name of Iran is E.

Discipline for Economic Cooperation (C.O) is the abbreviation for Iran's friendly relationship with Pakistan during times of need, offering open assistance during the wars of 1965 and 1971. The Islamic revolution in Iran took place at the end of the monarchy.

India and Pakistan have strengthened their relationship through their connection to the Arabian Sea, a part of the Indian Ocean. This ocean serves as a crucial trade route between Eastern and Western countries. The Arabian Sea links Pakistan to nations in the Persian Gulf region, known for their abundant oil reserves. Notably, Karachi's Bin Qasim and Gwader are important ports

situated in Pakistan.

It is important to consider the notable Muslim nations in South-East Asia, including Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei Darussalam, as well as those in South Asia like Bangladesh, Maldives, and Sri Lanka. Pakistan holds a strategic position at the crossroads of significant powers.

Russia and China, two emerging powers in the neighboring universe, have formed alliances with other global powers that have amplified their significance. Since 9/11, Pakistan has reaped advantages from this alliance. Security concerns, particularly regarding terrorism, are the United States' main priority in this region, and Pakistan plays a crucial part in tackling this matter. Additionally, the US presence in the area serves to counterbalance both China's growing sway and Iran's nuclear potential.

The terrorist group in Afghanistan is looking to gain economic benefits from the Indian market. Meanwhile, the political landscape in this area is being shaped by preemptive policy, US military involvement in Iraq and Afghanistan, and Iran's nuclear program. India's geopolitical strength, which includes a new strategic trade partnership with the US, aims to assert dominance and counter China's increasing influence. These developments have the ability to shift global power dynamics from a unipolar system to a bipolar one.

Pakistan's involvement is evident in all these matters, particularly after al-Qaeda activities. The American think armored combat vehicle has consistently recognized that Pakistan's assistance is crucial for winning the war on terrorism. Central Asia holds significant importance in the new Great games as the West pursues resources like oil and energy in this area.

Following the collapse of the USSR, there was a new focus on political relations related to oil, which had a significant impact on Pakistan due to its geographical proximity

to the oil-rich countries in the Middle East. This region extends from Iran to Saudi Arabia. As a result,...

Pakistan has the ability to handle oil shipments. Iran is striving to export its surplus gas and oil to eastern countries, including Qatar. The grapevine projects involving Pakistan and Turkmenistan are significant in this energy-deprived world. Pakistan is situated in the midst of energy-rich nations, specifically Iran and Afghanistan, which possess abundant energy resources unlike India and China.

Pakistan's strategic location gives it the potential to develop a transit economy. The landlocked country of Afghanistan, currently in the stage of reconstruction, relies on Pakistan for its transportation needs. Similarly, China, with its rapidly growing economy at a rate of 9%, is developing its southern states. This is because China's own territory is 4500 kilometers away from Sinkiang, while Gwader in Pakistan is only 2500 kilometers away. Moreover, Pakistan offers the shortest route of 2600 kilometers to key Asian regions, compared to Iran's 4500 kilometers or Turkey's 5000 kilometers.

The deep waters of Gwader port are attractive to trade ships from China, CAR, and Southeast Asian states. Additionally, the coastal belt of Balochistan can provide a gateway for China's western states to access eastern markets with the development of coastal highways and expressways.

Pakistan holds a significant position in the map of Muslim states. It is located to the west of Iran and extends towards China and North Africa. This advantageous geographical location enables Pakistan to actively contribute to the economic development, resource transportation, and combat against terrorist activities in the Muslim world.

Pakistan, being the sole Muslim state in the region with nuclear capabilities, holds considerable sway over political and

socio-economic affairs. Its role is pivotal in upholding the existing state of affairs as it provides a direct and shortest pathway between China and the Middle East. The implications of China's engagement in the Middle East via this efficient connection are enormous.

Gwadar Port, located near the Arabian Gulf and Central Asian Republics, presents a unique opportunity for Pakistan to establish diplomatic ties with Arab provinces and CARs. It is expected that in the future, the world's attention will gradually shift towards the oil reserves and other resources of CARs. However, in order for exports to and from CARs to be successful, a peaceful and stable Afghanistan is necessary. The port will also facilitate trade with Gulf States, which possess 63% of the world's oil reserves. Additionally, it will play a key role in promoting trans-shipment of containerized cargo and unlocking development potential in remote areas.

The primary reason that sets Gawadar Port apart is its unique location in relation to other major ports in the region, which are all situated on the opposite side of the sea. Being located towards the north, Gawadar port can conveniently offer services and facilities to CARs, Afghanistan, and China. India shares interests with the U.S.

Pakistan would no longer be under the control of the U.S. or NATO, nor would it remain a province that can be easily managed.

There is concern about the potential for a revolution if a broader conflict erupts in the Middle East, involving Iran or a larger Eurasian war with China and Russia. The possession of nuclear weapons by Islamabad, which has a radical government, would pose a threat to Indian national security. This is particularly worrisome

for NATO operations in Afghanistan and Israel, as it aligns with the United States' shared interests.

. The aim of NATO, Israel, and India is to neutralize the emergence of a strategic and tactical threat in Pakistan. Consequently, NATO has supported the goal of Balkanizing Pakistan.

S. has discussed the idea of seizing Pakistani nuclear facilities through the U.S. military.

The subjugation of Pakistan would bring territorial and military benefits to New Delhi. It would remove a competitor and grant India the land that was relinquished during the division in 1947. Gwadar Port, situated on Pakistan's southwestern coast, represents the nation's most significant infrastructure endeavor since gaining independence.

The construction of Gwadar deep haven has provided the people of Balochistan with an opportunity to enhance their living conditions in their state as it serves as a crucial stopping point for the significant Passs of Hormuz. This pass facilitates the daily passage of over 13 million barrels of oil.

Both neighbouring states, particularly China, have a strong desire to invest in Gwadar. China has already dedicated $248 million towards building the Gwadar Deep Seaport. The advantageous strategic and geographical position of Gwadar provides it with a notable edge over rival ports like Dubai's Rashid and Jebel Ali ports, as well as Oman's Salalah Port.

Bandar Abbas and Chahbahar serve as the main ports in Iran, facilitating 95% of trade via sea in Pakistan. Karachi port handles 68% of this trade, while Port Qasim manages the remaining 32%. The expected increase in total trade by the year 2015 is 91 million tons.

The bing port will experience a significant increase in transportation activity, thanks to Gwadar. Pakistan will benefit from overseeing the Sea

Lines of Communications (SLOCs) that begin in the Persian Gulf and narrow down at the Strait of Hormuz. Both military and economic power are now affected by the importance of oil. It is expected that Gwadar city will eventually emerge as a worldwide hub for industrial and commercial activities.

Gwadar's importance will benefit both Balochistan's economic progress and the entire country. To promote rapid commercial and economic growth, Gwadar will be assigned as a special economic zone for a defined period of time.

The duration for this period has not been determined yet, but it is expected that the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) will encompass both Gwadar city and existing/upcoming industrial areas. The anticipated incentives include tax-holidays, exemption from VAT, as well as attractive offerings pertaining to foreign business ownership and employment.

The primary aim of this concept is to boost overall economic development and attract both foreign and local investments. This, in turn, will drive industrial growth and enhance the demand for port traffic throughput. Additionally, it will expedite job creation and uplift the Gwadar territory and Balochistan. Pakistan holds a strategic position at the center of three vital regions: South Asia.

Central Asia and West Asia serve as the primary route to the sea for landlocked countries in Central Asia, including Western China. This area is emerging as a key center for collaboration among Afghanistan, China, and the Central Asian Republics in energy, trade, and transit. The interconnection of communication and trade across South, Central, and West Asia via Pakistan has led to our nation's rise as an economic hub.

The region has facilitated economic activity between regions due to its geographical borders. It is bordered by Iran

to the West, Afghanistan to the northwest, China to the northeast, and the Arabian Sea in the South. This advantageous location has resulted in increased trade among neighboring states in recent decades.

Pakistan has been fortunate to have three important sanctuaries:

The primary sea routes to Pakistan are the ports of Karachi, Qasim, and Gwadar, as well as the Arabian Sea. These routes provide access points to the country along with its borders with Afghanistan and China. However, one major challenge in reaching this region is that it does not share a border with any Central Asian province.

Tajikistan, located strategically from Pakistan's viewpoint, shares borders with Afghanistan and China. The region known as the Wakhan Corridor in northeastern Afghanistan acts as a connecting pathway between Afghanistan and China.

Pakistan serves as a convenient land connection between Pakistan and Tajikistan due to its geographical location. The trade of Pakistan was significantly affected by the U.S.A invasion in Afghanistan, causing harmful consequences for the region. The aftermath of the 9/11 attacks and subsequent instability in Afghanistan had a lasting negative impact on the area. This invasion led to a notable influx of Afghan refugees into Pakistan and also triggered an increase in both the frequency and severity of terrorist attacks within Pakistan.

The overall growth rate in all major sectors of Pakistan's economic system has been negatively affected by the cumulative effect of these developments. This has resulted in significant consequences both economically and in terms of security. Valuable national resources, including manpower and materials, have been redirected to address emerging security challenges. As a result, trading activities have been disrupted and production cycles have been interrupted. Consequently, business costs have

increased and there have been significant delays in fulfilling export orders worldwide.

Pakistani merchandise has gradually lost its market share to competitors, resulting in slower economic growth. As a result, demand for imports has decreased due to lower tax collection and decreased foreign investments. From a broader strategic perspective, these factors have had a negative effect on the Pakistani economy.

Pakistan's location is highly significant as it serves as a meeting point for South Asia, West Asia, and Central Asia. It provides a passage between countries rich in resources and those that lack them. Given the global energy crises and the threat of terrorism, Pakistan plays a crucial role as a transportation hub and as a frontline state in combating terrorism.

Furthermore, Pakistan has traditionally been an ally of the emerging economic giant, China. Therefore, any alteration in global political relations would further enhance Pakistan's geo-strategic significance. The greatest benefit of Pakistan's geography is its traditional alliance with China.

Pakistan is a resource-rich country and its people are known for being spirited, modern, and forward-looking. It is undeniable that the educated, passionate, and avid individuals in Pakistan have the most exuberant minds in the world. The key is to harness their energy and provide them with opportunities to excel and make proper use of resources, which will bring about incredible changes in the fate of Pakistan.

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The dilemma of Pakistan’s geostrategic location

Pakistan needs to avoid prodigal conflicts in the region and place greater reliance on business innovations, exports

Floods, disease burden and agricultural productivity are directly associated with geography of a country. Recent floods and Pakistan’s subsequent appeal for international aid has indeed magnified geographical woes and economic vulnerabilities of the country. Seeking international aid could be an easier path but it is not sustainable. Fostering economic growth entirely through indigenous means and local efforts, however, could be a challenging task and a long route. In this context, it is not hard to understand that economic development is all about understanding the practical wisdom behind some fundamental principles of the Mother Nature. Nations may not necessarily need highly specialised technocrats, economists and professional experts to kick-start the vistas of growth in a country. It is because the technical knowledge of experts may be confined to their respective areas of specialisation which could inhibit their abilities to appreciate local challenges of a country or a nation. As a result, they could suggest applying prosaic economic principles deduced from a particular country to other countries without understanding the quotidian challenges associated with that country. This may include, but not limited to, geography, investment climate, politics and the people of a country. Pakistan and Bangladesh, for example, were part of the same country till 1971. Why is it that Bangladesh’s economic growth rates are disproportionately higher than Pakistan? Is it because of different geographical locations of the two countries? The answer could be ‘yes’.

Against this backdrop, a 1998 Working Paper by Gallup, Sachs and Mellinger suggests that a tropical location could adversely enervate growth prospects of a country because of greater disease burden, lower agricultural productivity and lesser distance from sea. A simple scatter plot between latitude and income per capita, according to the research, would suggest that incomes increase with distance from equator. Exceptions are, however, always there. It was also noted that the incidence of malaria is more in countries close to sea. In case of Pakistan, diseases like dengue, malaria, diarrhea, scabies and other skin diseases could easily be associated with its geography, floods and proximity with sea which arguably increase economic burden of the country. Almost 25 years down the lane, since Gallup, et al carried out this study, it could be a right approach to critically evaluate the role of geostrategic location of a country like Pakistan in associating its geography with economic growth prospects.

Many political analysts and policymakers proudly argue that Pakistan has got a great geostrategic location not only in the region but in the world. As far as economic geography is concerned, such arguments may be seriously flawed. It is because the term ‘geostrategic location’ does not merely revolve around geography and/or politics; it rather involves a delicate gossamer of economic, social, political, institutional, industrial and environmental factors because growth usually takes place in multi-sectoral settings. In this context, Pakistan’s geographical proximity with oil rich Persian Gulf, and superpowers like China and Russia, has not yielded desired economic benefits so far. It is because the country’s strategic focus has, prima facie, shifted from entrepreneurship to seeking international aid and overly-relying on available natural resources like urban lands. Consequently, the argument of holding geostrategic location has got diluted and lost its economic and strategic significance. It is Pakistan’s geostrategic location that dragged the country into regional conflicts like the Afghanistan War and the US-led War-on-Terror. Consequently, instead of attaining higher growth rates, Pakistan had to pay a heavy economic price in these conflicts. This suggests that the notion of Pakistan’s geostrategic location has so far acted as another type of the ‘paradox of plenty’ and its pernicious implications are nothing less than holding huge natural resources. Few years ago, there was a great hype on social media that Pakistan had discovered one of the world’s largest oil and gas reserves under sea near Karachi. Many analysts were vehemently supporting the idea that these hydrocarbon reserves will help Pakistan develop faster. However, per literature, such natural resource discoveries are usually cobbled with regional and international conflicts which inherently promote deep economic ambivalence. In this context, the concept of geostrategic location could be treated as equivalent to hydrocarbons as both natural resources and locational dynamics could prompt rent-seeking culture, kleptocracy, despotism and political conflict in a country.

As compared to Pakistan, Bangladesh is geographically far away from oil rich Persian Gulf. Its geographic contiguity is with East Asia where it closely watched the economic boom of the region. Although, the country had similar natural disasters as Pakistan, it could avoid active involvement in international conflicts because of its geography. While Pakistan was dragged into the Afghanistan war in 1980s, Bangladesh was witnessing technological developments in erudite business practices in the neighbouring East-Asian countries where containerisation in international trade made the economic boom possible. Bangladesh may have a comparatively less important geostrategic location than Pakistan but the country’s pellucid economic success corroborates the argument how resource scarce countries develop faster than the resource abundant countries. Pakistan may have greater economic expectations from its geostrategic location but it has so far proven to be another type of the paradox of plenty. Furthermore, it had to get involved into natural resource based international violent conflicts and wars detrimental to growth prospects. Bangladesh, on the contrary, could easily avoid them and learnt business lessons from neighboring East-Asian countries.

Geography based comparison of Pakistan and Bangladesh could have few lessons for Pakistan’s economy. Pakistan’s needs to shift its strategic focus away from oil rich nations to technologically advanced countries. That means Pakistan needs to avoid prodigal conflicts in the region and place a greater reliance on business innovations and exports. If corrective measures are not taken now, Pakistan may again be dragged into some other regional violent conflict in future because of its geostrategic location. Aid seeking culture is also associated with Pakistan’s geography and needs to be discouraged. The bottom line, as noted by Sachs, is: “[The countries] blessed by geographic location, with the wind at their backs — the process of escaping from the damage of the past, from weak institutions, from economic atrophy, and from financial bankruptcy remains a heavy burden. They must meet the challenges both of catching up and of successful transformation. Not all manage, and when governments go bankrupt, societies cannot function.”

Published in The Express Tribune, November 8 th , 2022.

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Key to the geography of Pakistan notes pdf

• by Zanub Imam
• December 19, 2021 December 23, 2021

This File contains readings regarding the geography of Pakistan. it also will help to understand the basic concept

7 thoughts on “Key to the geography of Pakistan notes pdf”

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