essay on culture of andaman and nicobar islands

Culture of Andaman and Nicobar Islands – History, Languages, Food and More

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Culture of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The culture of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is deeply rooted in the tribal traditions of Andaman and the lifestyles of Nicobar indigenous communities. These islands, rich in history and natural beauty, offer a unique glimpse into the life of tribes like the Great Andamanese and Onge .

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Handicrafts of Andaman Tribes and art forms in Andaman Islands reflect the creativity and skill of the local people. Using materials from their natural surroundings, they create intricate and meaningful artworks. The traditional cuisine of Nicobar Islands , with its emphasis on seafood, represents the islands’ close relationship with the sea.

Folk dances of Andaman Islands and music of Nicobar Tribes are integral to the local festivals, showcasing the vibrant and colorful heritage of these communities. The Nicobar Island festivals and Andaman Island rituals are not just celebrations but a way to keep their ancient customs alive.

The Andamanese language and dialects, along with the traditional attire of the tribes, highlight the diversity within these communities. From the socio- cultural aspects of Nicobar to the conservation of Andaman culture, there’s a constant effort to preserve this unique heritage.

Eco-tourism in Andaman Islands plays a significant role in showcasing the wildlife and nature in Andaman culture to the world, while also contributing to its preservation. Heritage sites in Nicobar Islands offer a window into the past, helping us understand the long journey of these island communities.

History of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a rich history. These Bay of Bengal islands have been home to indigenous tribes for thousands of years. The most known tribes are the Great Andamanese , Onge , Jarwa , and Sentinelese , who have preserved their unique cultures and traditions.

In the 18th century, Europeans, especially the British, started showing interest in these islands. The British set up a penal colony in the Andamans in the 19th century, with Port Blair as a notable location.

During World War II, the Japanese briefly occupied these islands, but they were later reclaimed by the British. After India’s independence in 1947, these islands became part of India.

Now, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are known for their diverse culture, with people from various parts of India and neighboring countries living there. This mix of people has added to the cultural richness of the islands, while the original tribes continue to maintain their traditional ways.

People of Andaman and Nicobar

The “People of Andaman and Nicobar” are a diverse group. These islands are home to several indigenous tribes, each with its unique culture and lifestyle. The most well-known tribes include the Great Andamanese, the Onge, the Jarwa, and the Sentinelese, who have lived on these islands for thousands of years. These tribes have their own languages and traditions that are distinct from the rest of the world.

Besides the tribal communities, the islands have also been influenced by settlers from different parts of India and other countries. This mix of people has created a cultural mosaic, blending various customs, languages, and religious practices. The settlers brought their own ways of life, which have now become a part of the islands’ culture.

Overall, the people of Andaman and Nicobar are known for their rich cultural heritage and a strong connection to nature, which is evident in their daily lives. They live in harmony with the environment, and their traditional knowledge and practices reflect a deep understanding of the local ecosystem.

Culture of Rajasthan

Cultural Insights of Andaman and Nicobar

The culture of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is unique, shaped by its indigenous tribes and natural surroundings. These islands in the Bay of Bengal are known for their distinct tribal customs and languages. Tribes like the Great Andamanese and Onge maintain traditional lifestyles.

Local arts and crafts are important, with items made from materials like wood and shells. These crafts are not just functional but also carry cultural significance, often telling tribal stories.

Festivals, music, and dance play a big role in island life, reflecting the tribes’ heritage and history. The food here, mainly seafood, is influenced by the islands’ resources and various cultural influences.

Overall, Andaman and Nicobar’s culture is a mix of tribal traditions, arts, festivals, and diverse cuisine, closely linked to nature and the islands’ history.

Languages Spoken in Andaman and Nicobar

In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, people speak a variety of languages, reflecting the region’s rich cultural diversity. The most unique are the languages of the indigenous tribes. These include several Andamanese languages spoken by tribes like the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, and Sentinelese. Each tribe has its own language or dialect, which is very different from the others.

Apart from these tribal languages, many residents speak languages brought by settlers from other parts of India. This includes Hindi, Tamil, Bengali, and Malayalam. English is also widely understood and used, especially in tourism and government work.

Overall, the islands are a linguistic mosaic where ancient tribal languages coexist with those brought by later settlers, each adding to the rich cultural tapestry of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Literature from Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Literature in Andaman and Nicobar Islands mainly consists of oral stories from local tribes like the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, and Sentinelese. These stories, often about nature, rituals, and tribal life, are key to understanding the islands’ culture. While there are some written works about the islands’ history and geography, much of the tribal knowledge remains unrecorded, passed down orally. This makes the literature from these islands unique and important for preserving their cultural heritage.

Religious Practices in Andaman and Nicobar

Religious practices in Andaman and Nicobar are diverse and reflect the mix of different communities living there. The indigenous tribes of these islands, like the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, and Sentinelese, have their own spiritual beliefs and rituals that are closely tied to nature and their ancestors. These practices are deeply rooted in their culture and have been passed down through generations.

Alongside these tribal religions, there are also other religions practiced by settlers from different parts of India and beyond. Hinduism, Christianity, and Islam are the main religions among these settlers. Each community practices its faith in its own way, with temples, churches, and mosques found across the islands.

This blend of tribal spiritual beliefs and various world religions creates a unique religious landscape in Andaman and Nicobar. It’s a place where different faiths coexist peacefully, each adding to the rich cultural tapestry of the islands.

Occupations in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, most people work in fishing, agriculture, tourism, and handicrafts. Fishing is important because of the vast coastline. Many islanders depend on it for food and income. Agriculture is another key job, with locals growing spices, rice, and tropical fruits.

Tourism also offers many jobs due to the islands’ natural beauty and cultural attractions. People work in hotels, restaurants, and as tour guides, showing visitors around. Handicrafts, made from shells, wood, and bamboo, provide another source of income and help keep island traditions alive.

These occupations are essential to the islands’ economy and culture, from fishing and farming to tourism and crafts.

Lifestyle of Andaman and Nicobar

The lifestyle in Andaman and Nicobar Islands embodies a harmonious blend of tradition and modernity. Influenced by the ‘Nicobar community lifestyle’ and ‘eco-tourism in Andaman Islands,’ residents live in close connection with nature. Their daily lives are shaped by the natural surroundings, from fishing and agriculture to participating in environmental conservation efforts. The islands’ increasing popularity as an eco-tourism destination has introduced modern amenities, yet the essence of a simple, community-driven life prevails.

Food/Cuisines of Andaman and Nicobar

The ‘traditional cuisine of Nicobar Islands’ offers a unique gastronomic experience, heavily influenced by the abundance of seafood. The culinary style is a fusion of indigenous methods and flavors brought by settlers from other parts of India and neighboring countries. Fresh fish, crabs, and lobsters are common in meals, often cooked with local spices and coconut. The food culture here is a reflection of the islands’ diverse cultural fabric.

Fairs and Festivals of Andaman and Nicobar

The islands are a kaleidoscope of colors and festivities during the ‘festivals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.’ These events, like the Island Tourism Festival and Subhash Mela, are not just celebrations but also a way to preserve and showcase the rich cultural heritage of the islands. They feature traditional dances, music, and a display of local arts and crafts, drawing visitors and locals alike into the heart of Andaman and Nicobar culture.

Music and Dance of Andaman and Nicobar

Music and dance are vital components of the islands’ cultural identity. The ‘music of Nicobar Tribes’ and ‘folk dances of Andaman Islands’ are deeply ingrained in the social and cultural fabric of the community. These art forms, passed down through generations, tell stories of the islands’ history, myths, and daily life. Performances during festivals and communal gatherings are a vibrant expression of the islands’ ancestral heritage.

Arts and Crafts of Andaman and Nicobar

The rich tradition of ‘arts and crafts in Andaman and Nicobar’ is evident in the handicrafts produced by local artisans. Utilizing materials like bamboo, shells, and wood, these crafts are not only aesthetically appealing but also serve practical purposes. They represent the creativity and cultural values of the islanders, making these handicrafts sought-after souvenirs for tourists.

Wildlife of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

The ‘wildlife and nature in Andaman culture’ are remarkably diverse, featuring a plethora of endemic species. The lush rainforests, mangroves, and coral reefs are home to exotic birds, marine life, and unique flora. This biodiversity is integral to the islanders’ life and plays a crucial role in ‘conservation of Andaman culture,’ drawing nature enthusiasts and researchers from around the world.

Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar

The ‘tribal traditions of Andaman’ and the unique way of life of ‘Nicobar indigenous communities’ are the cornerstone of the islands’ cultural identity. Tribes like the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, and Sentinelese have preserved their ancient customs, languages, and rituals, providing a window into the archipelago’s rich history and cultural diversity.

Key Tribes of Andaman and Nicobar Islands:

• Great Andamanese : One of the earliest tribes known in these islands, now largely assimilated into modern society.
• Onge : Known for their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, residing primarily in Little Andaman.
• Jarwa : Residing along the western coast of the South and Middle Andaman Islands, known for their deep forest-dwelling lifestyle.
• Sentinelese : Inhabitants of North Sentinel Island, famous for their isolation and limited contact with the outside world.
• Nicobarese : The predominant tribe in Nicobar Islands, known for their distinct culture and lifestyle.
• Shompen : Indigenous to the Nicobar Islands, particularly Great Nicobar, known for their hunter-gatherer lifestyle.

Tourism in Andaman and Nicobar

‘Eco-tourism in Andaman Islands’ has become a significant aspect of the local economy, promoting sustainable travel. The islands attract tourists with their pristine beaches, historical landmarks, and vibrant culture. The growth in tourism has led to increased opportunities for the locals while also highlighting the importance of preserving the natural and cultural heritage of the islands.

Must-Visit Places in Andaman and Nicobar

The islands boast numerous must-visit destinations that showcase the ‘heritage sites in Nicobar Islands’ and the natural splendor central to the ‘culture of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.’ Highlights include Radhanagar Beach, known for its stunning sunset views; Cellular Jail, a symbol of India’s freedom struggle; Ross Island, steeped in colonial history; and Baratang Island, famous for its limestone caves and mangrove creeks.

Places in Andaman and Nicobar to visit:

• Radhanagar Beach, Havelock Island
• Cellular Jail, Port Blair
• Ross Island
• Baratang Island
• Neil Island
• Rajiv Gandhi Water Sports Complex
• Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park
• Mount Harriet National Park
• Chidiya Tapu
• North Bay Island

Interesting Facts about Andaman and Nicobar

Below are 10 Facts about Andaman and Nicobar:

• Home to Indigenous Tribes : The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to unique tribes like the Sentinelese, Jarwa, Onge, and Great Andamanese, known for their distinct cultures and lifestyles.
• Rich Biodiversity : The islands boast a diverse range of flora and fauna, including several endemic species. The ‘wildlife and nature in Andaman culture’ play a vital role in the ecosystem.
• Cellular Jail’s Historical Significance : The infamous Cellular Jail in Port Blair is a key historical site, once used by the British to exile Indian freedom fighters.
• Underwater Delights : The islands are famous for their beautiful coral reefs, making them a popular destination for snorkeling and scuba diving.
• Unique Geological Features : Baratang Island is known for its limestone caves and mud volcanoes, a rare geological phenomenon.
• Cultural Melting Pot : Reflecting the ‘culture of Andaman and Nicobar Islands,’ the region is a melting pot of various cultures and traditions, influenced by its indigenous tribes and settlers from different parts of India and beyond.
• Language Diversity : A variety of languages are spoken here, including indigenous tribal languages and those brought by settlers, highlighting the ‘Andamanese language and dialects.’
• Traditional Cuisine : The islands’ cuisine, particularly the ‘traditional cuisine of Nicobar Islands,’ is known for its seafood and unique flavors, influenced by local ingredients and cooking styles.
• Artistic Traditions : The ‘arts and crafts in Andaman and Nicobar’ are deeply rooted in the tribal traditions, with handicrafts made from natural materials like wood, shells, and bamboo.
• Eco-Tourism Hub : With their pristine natural beauty, the islands are an emerging ‘eco-tourism in Andaman Islands’ destination, offering a range of activities like bird watching, trekking, and water sports.

The culture of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a blend of tribal traditions and modern influences. From the Nicobar Tribes ‘ music and dances to the Andaman Tribes’ handicrafts, each element shows a deep connection with nature. The islands’ lifestyle, rich in tribal heritage and eco-tourism, highlights the importance of conservation. Experiencing the heritage sites and traditional cuisine of the Nicobar Islands offers a unique insight into this vibrant culture.

FAQs on Culture of Andaman and Nicobar Islands

What are andaman tribes called.

The tribes in the Andaman Islands are called the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, and Sentinelese. Each tribe has its unique culture and traditions.

What is the language and culture of Andaman Nicobar?

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have diverse languages, including indigenous tribal languages and those from settlers. The culture is a blend of tribal traditions and influences from various settlers.

What is the culture of Nicobari?

The culture of Nicobari, indigenous to the Nicobar Islands, is characterized by their unique customs, traditional practices, and a strong connection with nature and the sea.

What is the traditional music of Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

Traditional music in Andaman and Nicobar Islands includes tribal songs and rhythms, often played with indigenous instruments, reflecting the islands' rich cultural heritage.

What is the lifestyle of tribes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

Tribes in Andaman and Nicobar Islands lead a lifestyle close to nature, with practices rooted in their ancient traditions. Fishing, hunting, and handicrafts are integral parts of their life.

What is the traditional art of Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

Traditional art in Andaman and Nicobar Islands includes handicrafts made from natural materials like bamboo, wood, and shells, reflecting the tribes' connection with their environment.

What is the culture of Great Andamanese?

The culture of the Great Andamanese tribe is marked by their unique language, traditional practices of hunting and fishing, and customs that have been preserved over generations.

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THE UNTOLD HISTORY OF THE ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS

By: *Muthu Pandi

Pre-colonial era

Rajendra Cholan I (1014–1042 CE), one of the greatest kings of the Tamil Chola dynasty, occupied the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to use them as a strategic naval base to launch a naval expedition against the Sriwijaya Empire (a classical Hindu-Malay empire based on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia). The Cholas called the Nicobar Island Nakkavaram, which is inscribed on the Tanjore inscription of 1050 CE. Nakkavaram in Tamil means naked man or land of the naked, which should have evolved into the modern name Nicobar. Marco Polo (12-13th century CE) also referred to this island as Necuveran. The name of the island, Andaman, might have evolved from the Indian monkey god Hanuman. The Islands provided a temporary maritime base for ships of the Marathas in the 17th century. The legendary admiral Kanhoji Angre established naval supremacy with a base in the islands and is credited with attaching those islands to India.

Danish occupation of the Nicobar Islands

The history of organized European colonization on the Islands began with the Danish East India Company in 1754-1756 when they were administrated under the name of Frederik serne from Tranquebar (in continental Danish India); missionaries from the Moravian Church Brethren settlement in Tranquebar attempted a settlement on Nancowry and died in great numbers from disease; the Islands were repeatedly abandoned due to outbreaks of malaria in 1784, 1807-09, 1830-1834 and finally from 1848 gradually for good. Between 1778 and 1783, Austria attempted to establish a colony on the islands on the mistaken assumption that Denmark had abandoned its claims to the islands. Danish involvement ended formally on October 16, 1868, when the Danish rights to the Nicobar Islands were sold to Britain, which made them part of British India by 1869 when the British took possession.

British colonial period

After an initial attempt to set up a colony in the islands by the British was abandoned after only a few years (1789-1796), a second attempt in 1858 proved more permanent. The primary purpose was to set up a penal colony for dissenters and independence fighters from the Indian subcontinent. The British used the islands as an isolated prison for members of the Indian independence movement. The mode of imprisonment was called Kala Pani. The Cellular Jail in Port Blair was regarded as the Siberia of British India. The Islands were administered as a Chief Commissioner Province. The British continued their occupancy until the Japanese invasion and occupation of the Andaman Islands during World War II.

Indian Control

The islands were nominally put under the authority of the Hukumate Azad Hind of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. Netaji visited the islands during the war and renamed them Shaheed-dweep (Martyr Island) and Swaraj-dweep (Self-rule Island). General Loganathan of the Indian National Army was made the Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. On February 22, 1944, he and four INA officers—Mansoor Ali Alvi, Sub. Lt. Md. Iqbal, Lt. Suba Singh, and stenographer Srinivasan- arrived at Lambaline Airport in Port Blair. On March 21, 1944, the Headquarters of the Civil Administration was established near the Gurudwara at Aberdeen Bazaar. On October 2, 1944, Col. Loganathan handed over the charge to Maj. Alvi, who left Port Blair, never to return. The Islands were re-occupied by British and Indian troops of the 116th Indian Infantry Brigade on October 7, 1945 to whom the remaining Japanese garrison surrendered.

At the independence of both India (1947) and Burma (1948), the departing British announced their intention to resettle all Anglo- Indians and Anglo-Burmese on the islands to form their nation, although this never materialized. It became part of the Indian Union in 1956. It was declared a union territory in 1956. Throughout the article, I want to make sure that people are aware of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands' history.

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Reimagining Andaman and Nicobar Islands

• 26 Jun 2024
• 12 min read
• GS Paper - 2
• Government Policies & Interventions
• Issues Related to SCs & STs
• GS Paper - 3
• Growth & Development
• Environmental Pollution & Degradation

This editorial is based on “ Making Andaman and Nicobar a maritime bastion is long overdue. Environmental concerns must be addressed” which was published in The Indian Express on 26/06/2024. The article brings into picture the strategic importance of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands for India's maritime security and economic development while highlighting the urgent need to address environmental and anthropological concerns surrounding the proposed infrastructure projects.

For Prelims: Andaman and Nicobar Islands , Indian Ocean region , Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island , Malacca Strait, Exclusive Economic Zone , Andaman and Nicobar Command , Galathea Bay, Port Blair Smart City Project

For Mains : Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for India, Major Challenges Related to Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are strategically important for India's security in the Indian Ocean region. The archipelago needs to be developed for defense purposes and to improve its economic potential. This development should prioritize the islands' unique ecology and the well-being of the indigenous tribes.

A proposed mega-project, the " Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island ", has sparked debate. Environmentalists fear it could devastate the island's unique ecology and harm the Shompen tribe . Doubts also exist regarding the project's economic viability due to the island's remoteness. Therefore, holistic development plans are needed that prioritize both progress and environmental and social well-being of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

What is the Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for India?

• Their location enables India to monitor naval activities, shipping traffic, and potential security threats in the region, enhancing its maritime domain awareness.
• They provide a base for projecting naval power into the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific, crucial in the context of China's growing naval presence in the region (like in Hambantota Port, Sri Lanka).
• Economic Zone Extension : The islands significantly extend India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf unde r UNCLOS , providing access to vast marine resources and undersea minerals.
• Their unique culture and way of life are integral to the islands' identity and must be safeguarded.
• It serves as a model for integrated operations and could be crucial in any future conflicts in the region.
• Tourism Paradise: The pristine beaches, coral reefs, and unique wildlife of the islands offer immense potential for eco-tourism. This can generate revenue, create jobs, and boost the overall Indian economy.
• Potential Hub for Maritime Trade : The ongoing development of Galathea Bay in Great Nicobar Island as a transhipment port could transform the islands into a significant hub for international maritime trade, rivaling ports like Singapore.

What are the Major Challenges Related to Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

• Balancing the need for strategic and economic development with environmental protection is a significant challenge.
• For instance, the development of the Galathea Bay transhipment port has raised concerns about its impact on leatherback turtle nesting sites.
• Critics argue that the islands' development often conflicts with laws protecting these tribes, such as the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation of 1956.
• This includes issues like sourcing materials, finding skilled labor, and ensuring infrastructure resilience against natural disasters.
• Rising sea levels threaten both infrastructure and indigenous communities, necessitating long-term adaptive strategies.
• The vast maritime expanse ( spanning 780 km north to south) requires a sophisticated network of radar stations, UAVs, and maritime patrol aircraft, which is currently inadequate.
• This leaves vulnerabilities in monitoring critical chokepoints like the Six Degree Channel.

What are the Major Indian Government’s Initiatives Related to Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

• Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island
• Submarine cable connectivity to Andaman & Nicobar Islands (CANI)
• Port Blair Smart City Project

What Strategies Can Ensure Balanced Development in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

• This could lead to breakthroughs in fields like herbal medicine, sustainable forestry, and climate-resilient agriculture, while also preserving and celebrating indigenous cultures.
• This could attract talent and investment, fostering innovation in areas like marine robotics, ocean cleanup technologies, and sustainable fishing methods.
• Creating a unique "island-hopping" summit format for regional cooperation, combining high-level meetings with immersive cultural experiences.
• This could ensure transparent, efficient, and sustainable resource allocation while providing a model for other island nations.
• Autonomous Maritime Defense Network: Developing a network of autonomous underwater and surface vehicles for defense and surveillance. This could enhance security without a large human footprint and serve as a model for AI-driven maritime defense systems.
• Developing " Buffer Zones " with strictly regulated eco-tourism to generate income while minimizing contact
• Creating a " Tribal Heritage Fund" from development revenues to support indigenous welfare
• Implementing a "Tribal Consent Protocol" for any projects near indigenous territories.
• This could involve establishing composting facilities to convert organic waste into fertilizer, upcycling plastic waste into building materials, and exploring innovative bioconversion technologies to turn waste into biofuels.
• This initiative can not only enhance the tourism experience but also promote sustainable food practices and support local livelihoods.
• Establishing underwater research stations and laboratories to study deep-sea ecosystems, develop blue biotechnology, and pioneer sustainable aquaculture techniques.
• This could attract international collaboration and position India as a leader in ocean sciences.
• Experiment with tidal energy, offshore wind farms, and marine solar panels. could not only make the islands energy self-sufficient but also export clean energy to mainland India and neighboring countries.
• The equatorial location is ideal for satellite launches, while the facility could offer tourists a chance to witness launches, participate in space science workshops, and enjoy the islands' natural beauty.

UPSC Civil Services Examination, Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Q1 . Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014)

(a) Andaman and Nicobar

(b) Nicobar and Sumatra

(c) Maldives and Lakshadweep

(d) Sumatra and Java

Q2 . Which of the following have coral reefs? (2014)

• Andaman and Nicobar Islands
• Gulf of Kachchh
• Gulf of Mannar

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2 and 3 only

(b) 2 and 4 only

(c) 1 and 3 only

(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Q3. In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found? (2009)

(a) Nilgiri Hills

(b) Nicobar Islands

(c) Spiti Valley

(d) Lakshadweep Islands

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• 8 Festivals Of Andaman And Nicobar Islands For A Cultural Retreat

23 Nov 2023

Nestled in the Bay of Bengal, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are not only popular for their pristine landmarks but also for their diverse culture that is clearly visible in their festivals. Although planning an exotic trip to these Islands on your next vacation is a fantastic idea but having the taste of their fiesta is something you must try. Here, check out the exuberant festivals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and indulge in the Island’s rich history and believes.

8 Festivals Of Andaman And Nicobar Islands

To fully embrace the festivals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, visit the islands during the festive season and immerse yourself in the auspicious celebrations. Choose the festive season that you are most excited about and plan a fun-filled trip with your pals.

1. Island Tourism Festival

Image Source: Shutterstock

The Island Tourism Festival is celebrated every January in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and it’s a big celebration of the islands’ culture. You can enjoy traditional music and dances that show off the local art and traditions. There are also craft exhibitions where you can see the amazing things local artists make. You can satisfy your taste buds with delicious local food. It’s a perfect chance to really get to know the islands’ unique culture, so it’s a must-see part of the festivals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Festival Date: 5th January 2023 to 14th January 2023 Highlights Of The Festival: Cultural celebration, music and dance activities, exhibitions

Must Read: Our Andaman Trip From Kolkata Was A Combo Of Bliss And Adventure

2. Subhash Mela

Image Credit: Daniel Roe for Unsplash

Subhash Mela is a special festival in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, celebrating the birthday of a great leader, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. It’s a fun-filled event with lots of cultural shows, exhibitions, and big parades. The main place for all the fun is the Cellular Jail in Port Blair, where there’s a tall statue of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose. It’s not just about honouring a national hero, it also reminds everyone about the islands’ history and culture.

Festival Date: 23rd January 2023 Highlights Of The Festival: Cultural shows, exhibitions, big parades

3. Beach Festival

The Beach Festival is a yearly event at Corbyn’s Cove Beach in Port Blair. It is a festival of togetherness where one can enjoy numerous activities such as water sports, beach volleyball, and live shows with music and dancing. Take part in the exciting activities and enjoy the sightseeing view of the sparkling water in front of you. Whether you love adventure or simply want to unwind, the Beach Festival is a great time to have fun and indulge in the splendours of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands by the coast.

Festival Date: During the month of April Highlights Of The Festival: Water sports adventure activities, music and dance performances

Suggested Read: Family Trip To Andaman: A Mountain Girl & Her Girl Gang Venture Into The Land Of Beaches

4. Lakshadweep and Andaman Festival

Celebrate this exciting festival with your loved ones and uncover the islands in a unique way. This festival is among the special ones in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, is like a mix of their different traditions. You can enjoy dancing, singing, and even cooking dishes which will surely let you count this festival as a one-of-a-kind cultural experience. Witness the strong cultural connections between these island communities and how different cultures can come together.

Festival Date: TBA Highlights Of The Festival: Exciting game, dance, singing, and cultural activities

Diwali is a ‘Festival of Lights’ celebrated with lots of excitement, and an important part of the festivals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands. During Diwali, locals decorate their homes with colourful lamps and pretty rangoli designs. They share yummy sweets as a symbol of sharing love and togetherness and enjoy spectacular fireworks. This celebration brings everyone on the islands closer, making them feel connected and spiritual. Diwali truly makes the islands sparkle with a special magic, not just in homes but also in the hearts of the people who celebrate it, showing the strong cultural bond in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Festival Date: 10th Nov 2023 to 14th Nov 2023 Highlights Of The Festival: Festival of lights, fireworks, rangolis, Lakshmi pooja

Suggested Read: Honeymoon Trip To Andaman: 3 Romantic Yet Adventurous Experiences For All!

6. Eid-ul-Fitr

Eid-ul-Fitr is another wonderful festival in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. During the holy month of Ramadan, the local Muslim community fasts and reflects on their spirituality. It is celebrated with lots of excitement after Ramadan ends. People gather for special prayers and then enjoy the feast together. This celebration is all about coming together and being generous, no matter where you are from. This festival reminds everyone about their different cultures and how they can live together in harmony, showing the unity in diversity of their festivals.

Festival Date: 22nd April 2023 Highlights Of The Festival: Pray together and feast together

7. Christmas

Christmas is a time of great joy and devotion among the Christian community in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The churches are adorned with exquisite decorations, creating a festive atmosphere that draws not only Christians but also people of various faiths. The highlight of Christmas Eve is the midnight Mass, a solemn and beautiful service attended by a diverse congregation. The entire region is infused with the spirit of generosity and communal harmony during this festive season.

Festival Date: 25th December 2023 Highlights Of The Festival: Christmas Eve, midnight mass, church celebration

Suggested Read: 47 Most Amazing Things To Do In Andaman That Travelers Cannot Miss

8. New Year’s Eve

New Year’s Eve in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a lively celebration with parties, music, dancing, and delicious food at many hotels and resorts. As the year ends, the islands come alive with festivities. When it gets closer to midnight, the beaches become bustling with people enjoying fireworks and cheering with excitement. It’s a fun and memorable way to welcome the new year on the islands, and everyone looks forward to it with great anticipation. The atmosphere is filled with celebration, making it a special time for locals and tourists alike to enjoy and create lasting memories.

Festival Date: 1st January 2023 Highlights Of The Festival: Midnight party, music and dancing at multiple destinations

Further Read: Andaman Travel Tips: Know About The Do’s And Don’ts Before Planning Your Vacation

The festivals of Andaman and Nicobar Islands offer a unique blend of cultural diversity and natural beauty. The festivals celebrated here not only reflect the rich traditions of the islands but also provide an opportunity for tourists to immerse themselves in the local activities. Whether you’re a traveller looking for new experiences or a culture enthusiast, the festivals of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands will leave you with unforgettable memories of this tropical paradise. So, grab your stuff and plan your next trip to Andaman Island with your pals.

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Frequently Asked Questions About Festivals Of Andaman And Nicobar Islands

Which festival is celebrated in Andaman and Nicobar Islands?

The festivals in Andaman and Nicobar Island are Island Tourism Festival, World Tourism Day, Monsoon Festival, etc., and is a perfect time to visit and enjoy the feast.

What are the Andaman and Nicobar Islands famous for?

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, an Indian archipelago in the Bay of Bengal famous for their enthralling landmarks and palm-lined shoreline.

Which month is best to visit Andaman?

It is recommended to visit Andaman between October and February. It is the best time as you can attend various festivals and take part in numerous social activities and even the famous Annual Tourism Fest takes place during this period.

Which sweet is famous in Andaman?

Nariyal Laddu is a coconut-made sweet that is popular and a must-try sweet in Andaman. It is a kind of traditional dish that you will find at every celebration whether it is any occasion or festival.

What is the tradition of Andaman in festivals?

In Andaman, it is the tradition to celebrate any festival with numerous activities including dance, music, and delicious feast.

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What government must understand: In Andamans, it can protect national security and ecology

As plans for holistic development of the nicobar islands emerge, environmental concerns should not be ignored.

As far back as 1945, India’s visionary historian-diplomat Sardar K M Panikkar had warned that, “the active control of the Indian Ocean and defence of the coastline is possible only by having islands as advanced bases. The A&N archipelago is admirably placed to secure control of the Bay of Bengal.”

Manifold preoccupations with the western Indian Ocean expanse had, however, led India to neglect its eastern waters, including the strategic Andaman & Nicobar (A&N) archipelago. These included a perennially adversarial Pakistan, our huge diaspora and trading links with the Persian Gulf, as well as traditional ties with Indian Ocean island nations and the East African littoral. Notwithstanding these pulls, the strong compulsion of economic opportunities in Southeast Asia and the ASEAN region, coupled with growing seaborne trade and energy interests at stake in the Asia-Pacific region did, eventually, give rise, in succession, to the Look East and Act East policies.

New Delhi’s complacency vis-à-vis the A&N islands had other reasons too. Few were aware of our tenuous hold on the A&N. In 1947, Britain had seriously considered retaining them as a Crown possession post-Indian independence, and during the 1965 conflict, Indonesia had offered to annex them on behalf of a fraternal Pakistan. A major reason for the lack of focus was their maritime remoteness. Great Nicobar Island — southernmost of the A&N group — is a mere 140 km from Indonesia, but almost 2,000 km from Chennai.

Any long-term vision for the A&N islands must focus on two major components. The defence of these strategically located insular territories and their vital role in India’s national security matrix. The second, and equally important issue, is their economic development, which will make the islands as self-sustaining as possible and bring prosperity to the islanders.

Panikkar’s advice was heeded only in the aftermath of the near-disaster of Kargil when a joint/tri-service, the A&N Command (ANC), was established in Port Blair, in 2001. For over two decades, the ANC has languished through neglect by the services — an indicator of the resistance faced by “jointness” or inter-service integration within the military. Of late, however, encouraging signs are emerging of efforts to adequately fortify the ANC. From Shibpur in the extreme north to Port Blair, Car Nicobar, Kamorta and Campbell Bay in the GNI, the 800-km long north-south span of the A&N will be guarded by navy and air force airfields/bases. Plans are, hopefully, afoot to invest them with adequate defensive and offensive capabilities so that these strategic islands become India’s eastern maritime bastion and sentinels of the Malacca Straits.

The rich maritime resources of the Andaman Sea offer a huge scope for sustainable growth. The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the islands adds up to 6,00,000 sq km or 30 per cent of India’s total EEZ. The waters of the islands abound in marine life, comprising an abundant repository of edible fish, and there is said to be considerable potential for finding hydrocarbons in the Andaman Sea. Far more important than the natural resources of the A&N is their anthropological wealth. The Onge, Jarawa and Sentinelese tribes of the Andamans and the Shompens of the GNI need to be protected.

With limited scope for industrial and agricultural activity in the islands, and given the need to protect indigenous people and preserve their pristine ecological environment, tourism and fisheries had, so far, been considered the most sustainable avenue for their development and revenue/employment generation. However, in the news, recently has been a plan for the “Holistic Development of Great Nicobar Island”.

Conceived by the NITI Aayog and promoted by the media as a “mega-infrastructure project” and a “strategic masterstroke”, this Rs 75,000 crore project is said to be of “importance for defence, logistics, commerce and industries, and eco-tourism”. The project includes an international container transhipment terminal, an international airport, a gas and solar power plant, two greenfield cities, a coastal mass rapid transport system and a free trade zone.

Despite environmental clearances, said to have been accorded by an Expert Appraisal Committee of the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, there have been protests and appeals by conservationists, naturalists, various political parties and civil society groups, seeking a halt to the project on environmental grounds. They point to the potentially devastating impact on the Shompen, the tribe of hunter-gatherers, who live in a tribal reserve as well as the many species of flora and fauna, which are exclusive to the two national parks of India and the UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in GNI.

While the NITI Aayog must have undertaken due diligence and a feasibility study before embarking on this project, a few issues need to be re-visited, if necessary, especially in view of the ongoing protests.

One, the security capabilities of ANC need to be addressed separately and must have no linkage with the developments contemplated for GNI. Two, lying equidistant (1,300 km) from established transhipment hubs and bunkering ports of Singapore, Port Klang (Malaysia) and Hambantota (Sri Lanka), the viability of yet another transhipment terminal in GNI becomes doubtful. Moreover, India has recently commissioned, with hope and fanfare, its own transhipment terminal in Vizhinjam in Kerala. Three, aspiring to replicate Singapore/Hong Kong duty-free ports/free trade zones on remote GNI (2,000 km from Chennai and Kolkata ) without a hinterland, resources or industrial backup seems unrealistic. In this context, the travails of Sri Lanka’s Hambantota port/airport projects would be instructive.

Finally, the Nicobar group has, apart from GNI, many other islands — Little Nicobar, Nancowry, Kamorta and Katchall — which could accommodate most components of such a project, without risking environmental, ecological and anthropological damage on this scale. These islands are, no doubt, smaller than GNI, but as Chinese civil engineers have demonstrated in the

South China Sea, perseverance and ingenuity can transform mere rocks and shoals into artificial islands.

The writer is a former chief of naval staff

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UPSC Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 20 JUNE 2024

NOTE : Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same.

Topic: The Freedom Struggle — its various stages and important contributors/contributions from different parts of the country.

1. C. Rajagopalachari played a pivotal role in the Indian independence movement through his leadership in Congress, followed by significant contributions in post-independent India. Discuss.  (250 words)

Difficulty level: Easy Reference: Insights on India , constitutionofindia.net Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about the contributions of C. Rajagopalachari. Directive word:  Explain – Clarify the topic by giving a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts . Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Give a brief about C. Rajagopalachari. Body: Write about the contributions of C. Rajagopalachari to pre and post independent India – Last governor-general of India, freedom fighter, writer, politician, statesman, liberal economics, conservative on social issues, Non-cooperation movement, Swatantra Party, opposed Nehru’s socialism, pacifist during World War II, forward-thinking views on free markets, nuclear disarmament, and communal harmony etc. Conclusion: Summarise and conclude.

Introduction

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari, commonly known as C. Rajagopalachari or Rajaji,  was a prominent Indian political leader, freedom fighter, and statesman who made significant contributions to both the Indian independence movement and post-independence India.

Contributions to the Indian Independence Movement:

• Role in the Non-Cooperation Movement:  Rajagopalachari actively participated in the non-cooperation movement led by Mahatma Gandhi in the 1920s. He resigned from his government position as a protest against the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and joined the non-cooperation movement.
• Participation in Salt Satyagraha:  Rajagopalachari played a crucial role in the Salt Satyagraha (1930) by leading the Vedaranyam Salt March in Tamil Nadu. He marched to the coastal town of Vedaranyam and symbolically violated the salt laws imposed by the British, inspiring others to do the same.
• Advocacy for Economic Self-Reliance:  Rajagopalachari emphasized economic self-reliance and the promotion of village industries as a means to achieve social and economic empowerment. His ideas aligned with Gandhian principles of rural development and self-sufficiency.
• First Indian Governor-General:  After India attained independence in 1947, Rajagopalachari served as the first Indian Governor-General from 1948 to 1950. He was appointed by the last British Viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, and continued to hold the position even after India became a republic.

Contributions to Post-Independence India:

• Contribution to Constitution Drafting:  Rajagopalachari made significant contributions to the drafting of the Indian Constitution. He chaired the committee responsible for drafting the constitutional and administrative provisions for the princely states. His efforts helped in integrating these states into the Indian Union.
• Governor of West Bengal:  Rajagopalachari served as the Governor of West Bengal from 1947 to 1948. His tenure was marked by efforts to restore peace and manage the aftermath of communal riots during the partition of Bengal.
• Chief Minister of Madras State:  Rajagopalachari served as the Chief Minister of Madras State (now Tamil Nadu) after independence. His tenure, known for its administrative reforms and economic policies, focused on education, rural development, and industrialization.
• Founder of Swatantra Party:  In 1959, Rajagopalachari founded the Swatantra Party, a political party that advocated free-market principles and economic liberalism. The party aimed to counter the socialist policies of the dominant political parties in India.
• Literary and Philosophical Contributions:  Rajagopalachari was a prolific writer and thinker. He wrote extensively on various subjects, including politics, economics, ethics, and spirituality. His works, including retellings of Indian epics like the Mahabharata and Ramayana, are widely acclaimed.
• Advocacy for Prohibition:  Rajagopalachari was a strong advocate for prohibition and actively campaigned against alcohol consumption. As Chief Minister of Madras State, he implemented measures to restrict the sale and consumption of alcohol.

Rajagopalachari’s contributions spanned various domains, from his active involvement in the independence movement to his roles in post-independence governance, constitutional drafting, and advocacy for economic and social causes. His legacy continues to be remembered as that of a multi-faceted leader and visionary.

Topic: History of the world will include events from 18th century such as industrial revolution, world wars, redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism, capitalism, socialism etc.— their forms and effect on the society.

2. The New Deal policies of the 1930s provided immediate relief and structural reforms, while the economic effects of World War II spurred massive industrial mobilization and government spending, collectively mitigating the Great Depression. Elaborate. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Moderate

Reference: Insights on India

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 1. Key Demand of the question: To write about how the new-deal and the starting to world war-II ended the great depression. Directive word:  Elaborate – Give a detailed account as to how and why it occurred, or what is the context. You must be defining key terms wherever appropriate and substantiate with relevant associated facts. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by defining The Great Depression. Body: First, write about Roosevelt’s New Deal – Works Progress Administration (WPA), the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) However, increases in government spending and expansionary effect on the economy., positive effects on consumer and business sentiment. Next, write about the World War-II role in the recovery of the U.S. economy. Military build-up, expansionary fiscal and monetary policy, widespread conscription beginning in 1942, full employment. Conclusion: Summarise the impact of the above two in ending the recession.

The  Great Depression  was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from  1929 to 1939.  It began after the  stock market crash of October 1929,  which sent Wall Street into a panic and wiped out millions of investors.

Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and employment as failing companies laid off workers. By 1933, when the Great Depression reached its lowest point, some 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half the country’s banks had failed.

Background: Causes and aftermath of Great Depression

• Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt won an overwhelming victory in the presidential election of 1932.
• During Roosevelt’s first 100 days in office, his administration passed legislation that aimed to stabilize industrial and agricultural production, create jobs and stimulate recovery.
• In addition, Roosevelt sought to reform the financial system, creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to protect depositors’ accounts and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market and prevent abuses of the kind that led to the 1929 crash.

New Deal by Roosevelt: Overview

• Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)  : Among the programs and institutions of the New Deal that aided in recovery from the Great Depression were the  Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), which built dams and hydroelectric projects to control flooding and provide electric power  to the impoverished Tennessee Valley region.
• Works Progress Administration (WPA),  a permanent jobs program that employed  5 million people from 1935 to 1943.
• Social security: In 1935, C ongress passed the  Social Security Act,  which for the first time provided Americans with unemployment, disability and pensions for old age.
• Recovery : After showing early signs of recovery beginning in the spring of 1933, the economy continued to improve throughout the next three years, during which real GDP (adjusted for inflation) grew at an average rate of  9 percent per year.
• Though the economy began improving again in 1938, this second severe contraction reversed many of the gains in production and employment and prolonged the  effects  of the  Great Depression through  the  end  of the  decade .

Role of  World War-II  in the recovery of the U.S. economy

• With Roosevelt’s decision to support Britain and France in the struggle against Germany and the other Axis Powers,  defence manufacturing geared up,  producing more and  more private sector jobs.
• The Japanese attack on  Pearl Harbour in December 1941  led to America’s entry into World War II, and the  nation’s factories went back in full production mode.
• This  expanding industrial production , as well as widespread  conscription beginning in 1942 , reduced the unemployment rate to below its pre-Depression level.
• More people  were needed to  produce the food and weapons  for the men on the front lines.
• The new jobs  were taken by many  who had been out of work  for several years.
• As more men were sent away to fight,  women were hired to take over their positions  on the assembly lines.
• Before World War II, women had generally been discouraged from working outside the home.
• Now they were being encouraged to take over jobs that had been traditionally considered “men’s work.”
• Existing companies changed their lines from consumer goods to war materials, and  new plants were constructed strictly for the creation of products for the war
• The Great Depression had ended at last, and the United States turned its attention to the global conflict of World War II.

The New Deal and the outbreak of world war II,  did eventually reform the American economic system. Roosevelt’s leadership preserved the country’s faith in its democratic political system. It also established him as a leader of democracy in a world threatened by ruthless dictators.

Topic: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

3. Andaman & Nicobar Islands are strategically crucial for India’s maritime security and power projection in the Indo-Pacific. In the light of the proposed Great Nicobar project, examine the aforementioned statement. (250 words)

Reference: Indian Express ,  Insights on India

Why the question: The Congress party has described the proposed Rs 72,000-crore infra upgrade at the Great Nicobar Island as a “grave threat” to the island’s indigenous inhabitants and fragile ecosystem. Key Demand of the question: To understand the importance of Andaman & Nicobar Islands both strategically and economically for India. Directive word:  Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by giving a brief on the geographical location of Andaman & Nicobar Islands with respect to mainland India. Body: First, write about the features of Great Nicobar project and its major proposals. Next, Mention the economic importance such as the prospects of blue economy, tourism sector and strategic importance such as critical role it plays in India’s engagement with the East Asian nations, potential to act as a check on Chinese aggression in the seas, access to important trade routes and sea routes etc. Next, mention the need to develop the island to harness its importance through regional infrastructure development as well as robust policy formulation. Write about the various issues in it. Conclusion: Conclude by stating that the island is filled with best opportunities and needs to be harnessed rightly for India’s benefit.

The strategic and economic importance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is increasing in the power corridors of New Delhi. The enhanced focus of New Delhi on the strategic importance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands is reflected by the renewed emphasis on the creation of  major military infrastructure (revamping of airfields, jetties, habitat for troops) in Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Government of India had earlier constituted Islands Development Agency (IDA) and a NITI Aayog committee for holistic socio-economic development of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

Great Nicobar Project

The  Great Nicobar Project  is a significant infrastructure development initiative aimed at harnessing the economic and strategic potential of Great Nicobar Island in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago.

• A transshipment port is planned on the eastern side of Galathea Bay.
• It aims to facilitate trade and connectivity by serving as a hub for cargo transshipment.
• The project includes the construction of a dual-use military-civil international airport.
• The airport will enhance connectivity, tourism, and defense capabilities.
• A power plant is proposed on the western side of Great Nicobar Island.
• It will address the energy needs of the island and support economic activities.
• The project envisions a township covering 149.60 sq km.
• It includes residential, commercial, and industrial zones.
• To accommodate the airport and other infrastructure, villages like Gandhinagar and Shastrinagar will be relocated.
• Balancing development with the welfare of indigenous inhabitants is crucial.

Importance and Significance of Andaman and Nicobar Islands for India

Geo-strategic and Geo-Political Significance 

• Crucial Node for peace and security in the Indo-Pacific: India can leverage the strategic position of the Andaman and Nicobar islands to emerge as the ‘net security provider’ in the Indo-Pacific region.
• Enhances the scope of Maritime Partnership:  Andaman and Nicobar’s geo-strategic location enhances the scope for India’s maritime partnership with the US, Japan, Australia and France.  For ex- Enhances their scope for participation in Exercise KAVACH.
• Countering the growing Chinese influence: Andaman and Nicobar Islands is like a ‘Metal chain‘ strung right down the Bay of Bengal to the mouth of the Malacca, with the potential to block China’s access to the Indian Ocean. Beefing up of military infrastructure creates a ‘Malacca Dilemma‘ for China due to the proximity of Andaman and Nicobar Island to the Malacca Strait.
• Protection of Maritime Choke points: Its geo-strategic location gives India advantage of securing the Malacca Strait from where more than 90,000 merchant ships carrying about 30 per cent of the world’s traded goods pass every year.

Geo-Economic Significance

• Mineral Deposits: The island provides India with 300,000 sq km of exclusive economic zone with the potential of undersea hydrocarbon and mineral deposits.
• Tourism Potential: The pristine beaches of the Andaman and Nicobar Island has a large tourism potential which can attract FDI in the hospitality sector in India.
• Maritime and Startup Hub: NITI Aayog has identified the potential for development of Andaman and Nicobar Island as a maritime and startup Hub.  For ex-  NITI Aayog’s proposed project for Great Nicobar which includes international container trans-shipment terminal, a greenfield international airport, a power plant and a township complex.

Social Importance

• Treasure of Tribes: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to 5 Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups- Great Andamanese, Jarawas, Onges, Shompens and North Sentinelese. These tribal groups are a treasure for enrichment of our anthropological understanding.
• Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR): The Andaman and Nicobar Island provides an opportunity for India to undertake disaster-relief, medical aid, countering piracy and human smuggling, aircraft/submarine search and rescue operations for the social welfare in the Indo-Pacific region.

Challenges in the realisation of full development potential of these Islands

• Environmental Concerns: There are environmental concerns around the large scale development projects being undertaken in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These developmental projects can endanger the flora and fauna of the island state.  For ex- Proposed Great Nicobar project will endanger the Giant Leatherback in the Galathea Bay area &  threat to coral reefs and mangroves in the area.
• Geo Political insecurity:  The geopolitical influence of Chinese military facility at Myanmar’s Coco Islands lying 55 km north of A&N Islands poses a threat to India’s blue economy and maritime security.
• Maritime Challenges:  There are maritime threats and challenges arising from illegal migration, human trafficking, poaching, and subversive threats from the seas.
• Geological Vulnerability: The Andaman and Nicobar island group’s location in the highly active geological zone makes it prone to a number of natural disasters.  For ex-  2004 earthquake and tsunami wiping one-fifth of the population and 90% of mangroves in Nicobar and Car Nicobar island.
• Lack of coordination : The development of islands and strategic infrastructure is a multidimensional project involving several ministries, departments, and agencies, that presents significant coordination challenges
• Encroachment in Tribal Space:  There has been intrusion in the tribal space due to encroachment into their areas in the name of development, and lack of effective rehabilitation program.
• Socio-economic Challenges:  The influx of settlers, job-seekers, labourers, and migrants that has created socio-economic problems on the island. The high cost of living, lack of employment opportunities, and distance from the mainland have led to a sense of negativity among the islanders.

Way forward

• Development in accordance with Sustainable Island Development Framework:  Environmental and Social Impact Assessment should be made mandatory for any development activity in the Andaman and Nicobar Region. Planned habitation of uninhabited islands should be considered by providing incentives such as free or subsidised land, where eco-friendly entrepreneurial efforts could be encouraged.
• Developing Island Security Model: A long-term Capability Development Plan must be prepared for the Andaman and Nicobar Command, the Coast Guard, and the Andaman Police for developing and implementing an Island Security Model. There must be robust maritime security to keep the vast area around the islands under surveillance.
• Increasing the pace of Development Works: The pace of Socio-economic and Infrastructural Development works must be increased for the holistic development of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. It’s crucial to develop infrastructure on the southern group of islands, strategically positioned along the main shipping route from the Indian Ocean to Southeast Asia, to support India’s maritime economy.
• Making the Andaman’s a formidable maritime bastion:  This will extend India’s defensive perimeter and also bestow the ability to project power or extend a hand of friendship to maritime neighbours.

Topic: Issues relating to poverty and hunger.

4. Despite various ways to measure poverty in India, it remains a complex task. Do you think time has come to revise the poverty line? Critically analyse.  (250 words)

Reference: Live Mint

Why the question: EAC-PM Chairman Bibek Debroy has said India may require a new way to measure poverty. Key Demand of the question: To write about various ways to measure poverty and issues in regards to poverty measurement. Directive word:  Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by writing about importance of poverty measurement. Body: First, write about the various ways to measure poverty – National Sample Survey (NSS) based per capita consumption, Income based poverty line, consumption-based poverty line, Poverty line basket, Various committees and international standards etc. Next, write about the various issues with poverty measurement in India. Next, write about the need for a revised poverty line. Mention its pros and cons. Conclusion: Conclude with a balanced opinion.

Poverty can be defined as a condition in which an individual or household lacks the financial resources to afford a basic minimum standard of living. Economists and policymakers  estimate “absolute” poverty  as the  shortfall in consumption expenditure  from a threshold called the  “poverty line”.

The  official poverty line  is the expenditure incurred to obtain the goods in a  “poverty line basket”  (PLB). Poverty can be measured in terms of the number of people living below this line (with the incidence of poverty expressed as the head count ratio). The “depth” of poverty indicates how far the poor are below the poverty line.

EAC-PM Chairman Bibek Debroy has said India may require a new way to measure poverty.

Various ways to measure poverty

• Planning Commission Expert Group (1962), working group constituted by the Planning Commission formulated the  separate poverty lines for rural and urban areas  (₹20 and ₹25 per capita per year respectively).
• Unlike previous scholars who had considered subsistence living or basic minimum needs criteria as the measure of poverty line,  VM Dandekar and N Rath were of the view that poverty line must be derived from the  expenditure  that was adequate to provide 2250 calories per day in both rural and urban areas.
• Expenditure based Poverty line estimation, generated a debate on minimum calorie consumption norms.
• Poverty estimates for subsequent years were to be calculated by  adjusting the price level for inflation.
• Consumption expenditure should be calculated based on  calorie consumption  as earlier.
• State specific poverty lines should be constructed and these should be updated using the CPI-IW in urban areas and CPI-AL in rural areas.
• Discontinuation of scaling of poverty estimates based on National Accounts Statistics.
• Tendulkar Committee (2009): Expert group constituted by the Planning Commission and, chaired by Suresh Tendulkar, was constituted to  review  methodology for poverty estimation and to address the following  shortcomings of the previous methods:
• Obsolete Consumption Pattern: Consumption patterns were linked to the 1973-74 poverty line baskets (PLBs) of goods and services, whereas there were significant  changes in the consumption patterns  of the poor since that time, which were not reflected in the poverty estimates.
• Inflation Adjustment: There were issues with the  adjustment of prices for inflation,  both spatially (across regions) and temporally (across time).
• Health and Education Expenditure: Earlier poverty lines assumed that health and education would be provided by the state and formulated poverty lines accordingly.

Various poverty alleviation programs in India since Independence:

• Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP)
• Jawahar Rozgar Yojana/Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana
• Rural Housing – Indira Awaas Yojana
• Food for Work Programme
• National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)
• Sampoorna Gramin Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) 2005
• National Rural Livelihood Mission: Ajeevika (2011)
• National Urban Livelihood Mission
• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana
• Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana
• However, none resulted in any radical change in the ownership of assets, process of production and improvement of basic amenities to the needy.
• Scholars, while assessing these programmes, state three major areas of concern which prevent their successful implementation. Due to unequal distribution of land and other assets, the benefits from direct poverty alleviation programmes have been appropriated by the non-poor.
• Compared to the magnitude of poverty, the amount of resources allocated for these programmes is not sufficient. Moreover, these programmes depend mainly on government and bank officials for their implementation.
• Since such officials are ill motivated, inadequately trained, corruption prone and vulnerable to pressure from a variety of local elites, the resources are inefficiently used and wasted. There is also non-participation of local level institutions in programme implementation.
• Government policies have also failed to address the vast majority of vulnerable people who are living on or just above the poverty line. It also reveals that high growth alone is not sufficient to reduce poverty.
• Without the active participation of the poor, successful implementation of any programme is not possible

Measures needed

• While existing safety net programs can be mobilized to get cash into the pockets of some of the existing poor relatively quickly, this is not the case for the new poor.
• In fact, the new poor are likely to look different from the existing poor, particularly in their location (mostly urban) and employment (mostly informal services, construction, and manufacturing).
• the identification of poor and vulnerable groups is need of the hour.
• India should consider fixing a universal basic income in the post-Covid period through a combination of  cash transfers, expansion of MGNREGA,  and introduction of an  urban employment guarantee scheme
• A large fiscal stimulus along with intermediate informal employment insurgency through MGNREGA and other employment generation programmes are urgent to rein the adverse impact of covid-19 on the welfare of the masses.
• Oxfam is calling on world leaders to agree on an Emergency Rescue Package of 2.5 trillion USD paid for through the immediate cancellation or postponement of 1 trillion in debt repayments, a 1 trillion increase in IMF Special Drawing Rights (international financial reserves), and an additional 500 billion in aid.
• Providing all the existing and new extreme poor with a cash transfer of $1/day (about half the value of the international extreme poverty line) for a month would amount to $20 billion —or $665 million per day over 30 days.
• Given that impacts are likely to be felt by many non-poor households as well and that many households are likely to need support for much longer than a month, the sum needed for effective protection could be far higher.
• This can be done using existing, publicly available data to monitor the unfolding economic and social impacts of the crisis, including prices, service delivery, and economic activity, as well as social sentiment and behaviours.
• In addition, governments can use mobile technology to safely gather information from a representative sample of households or individuals.
• Phone surveys can collect information on health and employment status, food security, coping strategies, access to basic services and safety nets and other outcomes closely related to the risk of falling (further) into poverty.

Conclusion and way forward

• The  Global Multidimensional Poverty Index-2018 released by the UN noted that 271 million people moved out of poverty between 2005-06 and 2015-16 in India. The poverty rate in the country has nearly halved, falling from 55% to 28% over the ten-year period. Still a big part of the population in India is living Below the Poverty Line.
• Rapid economic growth and the use of technology for social sector programs have helped make a significant dent in extreme poverty in the country.
• Despite rapid growth and development, an unacceptably high proportion of our population continues to suffer from severe and multidimensional deprivation. Thus, a more comprehensive and inclusive approach is required to eradicate poverty in India.

Topic: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc.

5. India’s ports play a vital role in sustaining the country’s economic growth by facilitating trade and supporting security aspects through strategic control of maritime routes and coastal defence. Examine the status of port infrastructure in the country. (250 words)

Difficulty level: Tough

Why the question: Initiatives like the Vizhinjam port in Kerala and a proposed container trans-shipment terminal in Andaman and Nicobar Islands are welcome steps. Key Demand of the question: To write about the importance of India’s ports and ways improve port infrastructure in the country. Directive word:  Examine – When asked to ‘Examine’, we must investigate the topic (content words) in detail, inspect it, investigate it and establish the key facts and issues related to the topic in question. While doing so we should explain why these facts and issues are important and their implications. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by writing a statistic related to Indian ports. Body: First, write about the economic contributions of ports – international trade, generating employment, and boosting regional economies etc In the next part, write about the strategic significance – enable maritime monitoring, strategic control in the Indian Ocean, counter-piracy operations, serve as crucial bases etc. Next, write about the various issues in ports and port management. Conclusion: Write a way forward.

India’s ports play a pivotal role in the country’s trade and commerce. With 12 major and over 200 minor and intermediate ports, India handles around 95% of its trading volume and 70% by value through maritime transport. These ports serve as gateways for imports and exports, connecting India to global markets. They contribute significantly to economic growth, generate employment, and boost regional economies. Additionally, India’s strategic control over the Indian Ocean and its commitment to modernization make its ports crucial for both trade and security.

Initiatives like the Vizhinjam port in Kerala and a proposed container trans-shipment terminal in Andaman and Nicobar Islands are welcome steps.

Indian Ports: Economic Contributions

• Indian ports handle approximately 95% of the country’s trade by volume and 70% by value.
• They serve as gateways for imports and exports, connecting India to global markets.
• Ports create direct and indirect employment opportunities.
• From dockworkers to logistics professionals, they contribute to regional livelihoods.
• Ports boost local economies by stimulating ancillary industries (warehousing, transportation, manufacturing).
• They attract investments and foster economic growth in port cities.

Strategic Significance of Indian Ports

• Ports enable surveillance of sea lanes, ensuring security and monitoring vessel movements.
• They play a critical role in safeguarding national interests and preventing illicit activities.
• India’s extensive coastline and ports provide strategic control over the Indian Ocean.
• This influence affects regional stability, trade routes, and geopolitical dynamics.
• Indian ports support naval operations against piracy in the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Aden.
• They serve as bases for naval patrols and safeguard merchant vessels.
• Ports act as logistical hubs for military operations.
• They facilitate troop movements, supply chains, and naval deployments.

Issues in Ports and Port Management

• Aging infrastructure hampers efficiency and capacity.
• Dredging, berth availability, and cargo-handling equipment need upgrades.
• Overstaffing, strikes, and low productivity affect port operations.
• Skilled labor shortages impact performance.
• Inadequate road networks within port areas hinder cargo movement.
• Poor hinterland connectivity via rail, road, and waterways affects efficiency.
• Compliance with environmental norms poses challenges.
• Balancing growth with sustainability is crucial.

Way Forward for Indian Ports

• Invest in state-of-the-art infrastructure, including automated cargo-handling systems.
• Embrace digital technologies for real-time tracking, documentation, and efficiency.
• Improve rail, road, and inland waterway links to hinterlands.
• Enhance multimodal transport options for seamless cargo movement.
• Train and upskill port workers.
• Streamline labor practices and address disputes.
• Balance economic growth with environmental conservation.
• Invest in renewable energy and eco-friendly port operations.
• Encourage private investment in port development.
• Leverage PPP models for efficient management and expansion.

India’s ports are pivotal for economic prosperity, security, and regional influence. By addressing challenges and adopting a forward-looking approach, we can unlock their full potential and strengthen India’s maritime position.

Topic: issues relating to intellectual property rights.

6. For India, the refugee crisis is a complex issue that requires collective action and international cooperation while adhering to India to its historical commitment to humanitarian values. Critically analyse. (250 words)

Reference: The Hindu ,  The Hindu

Why the question: Today, the world has over 43.4 million refugees, and with conflicts raging in different parts of the world, this number is only increasing. Key Demand of the question: To write about the issue of refugee crisis and how India must address it. Directive: Critically analyze – When asked to analyse, you must examine methodically the structure or nature of the topic by separating it into component parts and present them in a summary. When ‘critically’ is suffixed or prefixed to a directive, one needs to look at the good and bad of the topic and give a balanced judgment on the topic. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Start by giving context. Body: First, write about the different challenges for India while dealing with refugee crisis – providing refuge to various populations, economic burden, security issues. Cite examples to substantiate. Next, write about the steps India must take in this regard – strengthening its domestic refugee policies, leading regional security initiatives, advocating globally for stronger cooperation, increasing humanitarian assistance, Next, write about the reforms that are needed. Conclusion: Conclude by writing a way forward.

               India hosts refugees from Tibet, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Afghanistan, and in much smaller numbers from Somalia and Palestine. The refugee crisis may be solved using a humanitarian mindset, national security, and the legal system. India hosts refugees mostly from the neighboring states of South Asia, the most recent being Rohingyas.

As of January 2022, over 46,000 refugees and asylum-seekers are registered with UNHCR in India, mainly from Myanmar and Afghanistan. These refugees primarily live in urban areas alongside host communities. Approximately 46% of them are women and girls, and 36% are children.

Challenges for India in Dealing with the Refugee Crisis

• India has historically been a refuge for diverse groups, including Tibetans, Sri Lankans, Afghans, and Rohingyas.
• Balancing humanitarian considerations with national security interests is challenging.
• Hosting refugees strains resources, infrastructure, and public services.
• The economic impact affects local communities and government budgets.
• Ensuring security while accommodating vulnerable populations is crucial.
• The presence of undocumented refugees raises concerns about criminal activities and terrorism.

Example : The Rohingya Crisis

• India faces dilemmas in handling Rohingya refugees. While some advocate for their protection, others perceive them as a security threat.

Steps India Must Take

• Legal Framework : Develop a comprehensive refugee law to provide clarity, uniformity, and protection.
• Rights and Services : Ensure access to education, healthcare, and livelihood opportunities for refugees.
• Collaborate with neighboring countries to address root causes of displacement.
• Promote regional stability through dialogue and conflict resolution.
• Engage in international forums to discuss refugee issues.
• Advocate for burden-sharing and equitable responsibility among nations.
• Enhance support for UNHCR and other humanitarian agencies.
• Provide timely aid during crises and emergencies.

Reforms Needed

• Establish a uniform legal framework to protect refugees’ rights.
• Define procedures for asylum, status determination, and resettlement.
• Streamline documentation processes for refugees.
• Ensure consistent treatment across states and regions.
• Train officials, police, and border security personnel on refugee management.
• Sensitize local communities to reduce xenophobia.

Way Forward

• Prioritize humanitarian values while safeguarding national interests.
• Balance security concerns with compassion.
• Collaborate with neighboring countries to address displacement.
• Jointly manage crises and share responsibilities.
• Educate citizens about refugees’ plight and contributions.
• Foster empathy and dispel misconceptions.
• Champion refugee rights on international platforms.
• Influence policies and promote solidarity.

India’s response to the refugee crisis requires a multifaceted approach, combining legal reforms, regional cooperation, and compassionate action. By addressing challenges and implementing necessary reforms, India can uphold its humanitarian commitment while ensuring national security and stability.

Topic: Human Values – lessons from the lives and teachings of great leaders, reformers and administrators;

7. What does this quote means to you? (150 words)

“Independence can be meaningful only if it becomes instrument for expression of our Culture.” – Deen Dayal Upadhyaya

Difficulty level: Easy

Why the question: The question is part of the static syllabus of General studies paper – 4. Structure of the answer: Introduction:  Begin by explaining the literal meaning of the quote and highlighting its core meaning about importance of culture Body: Write about how independence by nature should allow people to express their culture. If there are restrictions place of people’s culture, it will defeat the purpose of independence. Conclusion: Summarise by highlighting the importance of the quote in the present day.

Before independence of India, all nationalist political parties and freedom fighters had a single aim, to get independence and to drive the British away. But what independence means and how we are going to develop our country and our people, are the most important issues.  In this light, Deendayal Upadhyaya made this famous quote.

Culture is the set of practices in a social system. India- Bharat, has its unique culture- The Bharatiya culture.  Its main feature is that it views life as an integrated whole, as against the Western culture, where life is treated as various parts which are mended together. He firmly advocated that “one culture policy” is this policy that can preserve the unity and integrity of India and can solve all our problems. The base of our culture is diversity and plurality.

Independence is closely related to one’s own culture.  What one means by independence is being dependent on one’s traditions, religion, life style, behaviour, history, principles etc.  Independence is being able to do what one desires.  Folks should not be forced by the government or by any other agencies to follow a culture. So independence must give freedom for each person to express his/her culture.  It shouldn’t be curtailed.  Only then, independence of India will contribute to our progress in future.

A nation creates for itself some social systems/ associated cultures.  How we live socially is our social culture.  Some of these social systems later become an interruption to prosperity of the country.  At that point we must give up those systems.  As time progresses, those systems may again be useful for us in our future.  Certain cultural practices may not be useful in later phases of a country.  Forcing to stick to the old culture/ traditions and not being adaptive is a loss of cultural independence.  Independence can be summarized as the amalgamation of all the elements that create what we are at a given point of time. Not being able to adapt ourselves like this is a loss of cultural independence

Along with political independence, Indians must have cultural independence too. Else it’s as bad as not getting independence from British.

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