application letter to respond

Applicant acknowledge ment email: Templates

In the hiring game, prompt and clear communication is everything. From your candidate’s perspective, it can make or break their perception of you and your reputation as an employer.

That’s why it’s important to send applicant acknowledgement emails soon after a candidate has applied for a job. There are multiple ways you can go about writing these messages but no matter what you choose, a templated response will ensure you communicate the right details and that you don’t let candidate applications fall through the cracks.

Read on for tips on how to write a job application response email, and templates you can copy and paste into your hiring software or email client right now. Plus, we’ll go over how to automate your entire application response process. 👇

What is an applicant acknowledgement email & why should you write one?

An applicant acknowledgment email or a “thank you for applying” email is a message hiring managers and recruiters send to candidates to inform them that they’ve received their application and to let them know the status, including the next steps. The application might include a résumé and cover letter and/or answers to the job application form .

An applicant acknowledgement email has a few functions. For one, it communicates where the candidate is in the various stages of the hiring process and if they’ll be moving forward with your company or not.

For example, if a candidate lacks the must-have, non-negotiables in the job description — like a driver’s license for a delivery driver job — you would want to send an applicant acknowledgment email to thank them for applying and let them know you won’t be moving forward with their application. In cases where you would like to move the candidate to the job interview stage, you can also use the “thank you for applying” email to inform them of this.

So, why write an applicant acknowledgement email anyway?

First and foremost, timely communication during the hiring process is the backbone of a positive and memorable candidate experience (we know you wouldn’t be here if you disagree! 😉). Candidates deserve to know that once they’ve taken time to apply to your job opening their application hasn’t gotten lost in the process – and no one likes to be ghosted. Receiving a job application response email shows candidates that your hiring process is organized and that they’re not just a number in your search for a new teammate.

Applying for jobs can be stressful — especially if a candidate has been on the hunt for a while. A simple acknowledgement email can go a long way for a concerned candidate and it gives them peace of mind during their job search.

<div class="inpage-callout-container"><p class="inpage-banner-text">💡 Remember: Strong communication with candidates is more important than ever in today’s tricky job market. Unfortunately, we’re living in a time when candidates are constantly being left in the dust. But when you use kind, respectful and thoughtful communication techniques from the very start of your hiring process (like sending applicant acknowledgment emails), your company is sure to stand out amongst the stiff competition. ✨</p></div>

“Thank you for applying” email templates:

Simple job application response email template.

If you simply want to let candidates know that you’ve received their application and will be in touch soon, use this email template:

Subject line: Thank you for your application at [Company Name] / Your application at [Company Name] Hi [Applicant's Name], Thank you for taking the time to apply for the [Job Title] position at [Company Name]. We appreciate your interest in joining the team and the effort you put into submitting your application with us. Our hiring team is thoroughly reviewing all submissions and are planning to schedule interviews [mention the timeframe]. Please rest assured that we will notify all applicants of their application status and whether they are selected for an interview or not. We genuinely value your interest in joining our team and want to ensure a fair and transparent hiring process for everyone. Thank you once again for taking the time to apply to this role at [Company Name]! Kind regards, [Your Name] [Your Email Signature] ‍

Applicant acknowledgement email template for an accepted candidate

If you’d like to proceed with a candidate’s application and bring them through to the next stage of your hiring process, here’s an email template you can use to do just that:

Subject line: Thank you for your application at [Company Name] / Your application at [Company Name] Hi [Applicant's Name], We were very pleased to receive your application for the [Job Title] position at [Company Name] and we're eager to learn more about you. We’d like to invite you for an interview to discuss your experience, career goals, our company, and explore how this might be a mutual fit. We’ll be sending you an interview invitation [share timeframe] with various dates and times so please keep an eye on your inbox for an email from us. Congratulations on making it to the next stage! We're looking forward to meeting you and learning more about your unique skills and experiences. Best regards, [Your Name] [Your Email Signature] ‍

📣 Use one of our interview invitation templates to invite the candidates of your choice to the next round of your recruitment process.

Job application response sample email template for a rejected candidate

Not every applicant is going to get an interview at your company. After reviewing applications, you’ll want to send an email to the candidates you won’t be moving forward with. Here’s an email template to help communicate the message in a thoughtful and professional way:

Subject line: Your application at [Company Name] Hi [Applicant's Name], First and foremost, we want to express our gratitude to you for taking the time to apply for the [Job Title] position at [Company Name]. We sincerely appreciate your interest in joining our team. After careful consideration, we have decided to move forward with other candidates who more closely match the requirements and qualifications we’re seeking for this role. Please know that our decision was not easy as we received many impressive applications, including your own. We value your skills and experience, and we encourage you to keep an eye out for future opportunities with [Company Name]. We would love to keep your application on file for future jobs that may be suitable for you at our company. If you would prefer that we delete your contact information and application, please let us know. We wish you all the best and thank you again for your application and interest in [Company Name]. Kind regards, [Your Name] [Your Email Signature] ‍

📣 Need more candidate rejection messaging? Check out these professional and thoughtful candidate rejection email templates to help soften the blow.

4 steps to write an application acknowledgement email/letter

When thanking job candidates for applying to an open position at your company, follow these steps to knock it out of the park:

1. Thank your candidate for taking the time to apply

Applying to a job is no small feat. It takes time out of a candidate’s day and a lot of effort to make sure their application captures your attention. Each time you get an application, remember the person on the other end. A great way to show your appreciation for an application is to thank the candidate at the beginning of the acknowledgment email.

<div class="inpage-callout-container"><p class="inpage-banner-text"> 💡 Pro Tip: We’d always recommend using applicant tracking software to send and automate your candidate thank you email process. It ensures that you respond to candidates in a timely manner and it provides them with clarity on the hiring process. Automating this means that you won’t leave any candidates or job applications behind!</p></div>

2. Remind them of the role they applied for and the information they shared

In the subject line or body text of the email, include the role the candidate applied for. This makes the experience for the candidate more personalized and it also is helpful for candidates who may have applied for multiple open roles.

If you used a job application form as part of your application process, hiring software like Homerun allows you to also include the candidate’s application answers in the email. This is really handy because when candidates prepare for interviews, they need to know what they said in their answers. Not all application forms will save and send candidates their responses (for example, you can’t expect this from a Google Form).

📣 MORE: Recruiting email templates to simplify your candidate communications

3. Inform the candidate of their application status

This part of the applicant acknowledgement email depends on how your team decides to approach this type of communication with job candidates. You may want to thank the candidate for applying and mention that you’ll get back to them with the next steps in x days while you review their candidacy. If you can give them a rough timeline, that’s great! You can also choose to let them know you’d like to move forward with them or that you’re no longer considering their application for the job.

If you’ve come to the decision that you won’t be moving forward with a candidate, we’d recommend providing some more context in your email. Let them know why you won’t be conducting a job interview with them or hiring them in a kind and professional way. This transparency informs the candidate’s experience with your company, it helps in their job search and it boosts your company's reputation in the long run.

4. Sign off on an appreciative note

As you would with any email, end your thank you for applying email on a professional and appreciative note. Thank them again for their interest in the role and for taking the time to apply — it’s no easy feat submitting job applications after all. Depending on the rest of the email, you can even suggest they keep an eye on future positions at your company.

Automating your applicant acknowledgement emails

Replying to every single application you receive for an open role is not only time-consuming, but it can be pretty tedious work too! Templates are fantastic for speeding up this process and ensuring that every single candidate who applies has the same, pleasant candidate experience with your company.

Want to take it a step further? Using hiring software to automate applicant acknowledgement emails is a game changer. Automation simplifies updates and follow-ups and centralizes applicant information for better collaboration within your hiring team. With an ATS for small businesses that automates your candidate emails, you can:

• ⏳ Save time and effort for hiring teams: No more manual email composition – the software generates personalized emails instantly, allowing hiring managers and recruiters to focus on more important tasks.
• 📩 Ensure consistent and professional communication: With predefined templates, every applicant receives a polished acknowledgement email, helping you maintain a positive employer brand and deliver a seamless experience for candidates.
• 🥳 Enhance the candidate experience: Prompt acknowledgements show that candidates’ time and effort are valued, even if they don't move further in the hiring process. It leaves a positive impression and reflects your company's clear and timely communication standards.

Add any of these applicant acknowledgement email templates to Homerun’s hiring software and streamline your candidate communications.

New to hiring?

Find out how homerun can help you organize your hiring workflow., related articles, 50 application questions to find the right candidate for every job, a guide to applicant tracking systems (atss) for small businesses [2024], new to hiring start here.

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Application acknowledgement email

Use this application acknowledgement email template to inform job candidates you received their application for one of your open roles.

In your email:

• Thank candidates for taking the time to apply for a role at your company.
• Remind them of the exact job they applied for.
• Mention the status of their application and next steps (e.g. “The hiring manager/ recruiting team is currently reviewing all applications.”)
• If possible, give candidates a timeframe of when to expect hearing back from you.

Application acknowledgement email template

Email subject line.

Thank you for your application / Your application at [ Company_name ]

Hi [ Candidate_Name ] / Dear [ Candidate_Name ],

Thank you for applying to the [ Job_title ] position at [ Company_name ].

I’d like to inform you that we received your [ application/resume/portfolio. ] Our hiring team is currently reviewing all applications and we are planning to schedule interviews [ mention timeframe, e.g. in the next two weeks. ] If you are among qualified candidates, you will receive [ e.g. a call/email ] from our one of our recruiters to schedule [ e.g. a phone interview. ] In any case, we will keep you posted on the status of your application.

Email sign off

Thank you, again, for taking the time to apply to this role at [ Company_name. ]

Best regards,

[ Your name ] [ Signature ]

What should be included in an application acknowledgement email?

Upon receiving a job application, the initial communication with the candidate sets the tone for the entire hiring process. An application acknowledgment email serves as this crucial first touchpoint. It’s essential to start the email with a warm and personalized greeting, addressing the applicant directly by their name.

This simple gesture can make the communication feel more individualized and less automated.

Expressing gratitude is the next pivotal element. Taking a moment to genuinely thank the applicant for their interest in the company and the effort they’ve put into their application can foster goodwill. This acknowledgment not only confirms the receipt of their application but also conveys appreciation for their desire to be a part of the organization.

To help manage the candidate’s expectations, it’s beneficial to provide a brief overview of the selection process. By outlining what the subsequent steps might entail, whether it’s a series of interviews, assessments, or background checks, the candidate gains a clearer understanding of what lies ahead.

Coupled with this, offering a tentative timeline can be immensely helpful. Informing candidates about when they might expect further communication or updates reduces anxiety and uncertainty, making the waiting period more bearable.

Open lines of communication are always appreciated. By providing the candidate with a point of contact, be it an HR representative or a hiring manager, you’re ensuring they have a direct avenue to address any queries or seek clarifications. This openness not only aids the candidate but also reflects positively on the company’s approachability and transparency.

In today’s digital age, data privacy is paramount. If applicable, it’s a thoughtful touch to reassure candidates that their personal and professional details will be treated with the utmost confidentiality, used solely for the purposes of the hiring process.

Concluding the email on a positive note can leave a lasting impression. A brief expression of looking forward to potentially progressing with their application, followed by a professional sign-off, rounds off the communication effectively.

If there are additional resources or materials that might benefit the candidate at this juncture, including them can be a value-added gesture, further enhancing the candidate’s perception of the company.

In essence, an application acknowledgment email, while seemingly straightforward, carries significant weight. It’s the company’s first opportunity to showcase its professionalism, respect for candidates, and its organizational culture.

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How to Reply to Job Applicant Emails (with templates for suggested responses)

Even in the best of times, a perennial cat-and-mouse problem seems to plague jobseekers - being “ghosted” by recruiters. This can happen after a jobseeker sends in an application or after a few rounds of interviews. Never a pleasant experience for candidates, the radio silence somehow signals that the company doesn’t really care. 

To be fair, can anyone imagine answering emails by the hundreds daily? How thoughtful would those responses be? Auto-generated responses are the best solution. It can be challenging to keep up with hundreds of application emails, which is why small and medium-sized enterprises should utilise automated reply systems to be more efficient.

Not only are they useful for small companies, but they also create a better candidate experienc e for your applicants. Fast responses make applicants feel important. It also gives them a better perception of the company to which they are applying. 

Here is everything you need to know about automated reply tools and templates and why you need them. 

Why is it important to reply to job applications?

Having a stellar reputation is a great way to attract the best of the best into your candidate pool. By giving prompt confirmation of receipt emails, you increase your chances of positive feedback from applicants who could spread the word of their applicant experience. 

Building good rapport also creates a strong image that makes candidates feel valued from the get-go. In short, how you treat potential employees goes a long way in building a strong brand and reputation. 

How do you reply to job applications?

First things first: treat them the way you want others to treat you. Almost every jobseeker has experienced sending out application emails, only to get nothing in response. Or worse, you reply over one month later, and only to tell them that you filled the position. This type of treatment toward applicants is discouraged as it only creates applicant anxiety. 

To make your applicants feel valued, you should always reply by mentioning the following:

Name of the applicant 

The position they’re applying for 

Confirmation of receipt of their application 

Tentative date of when HR will finish screening applications, so they know when to expect a response. (No need to mention interview schedules or recruitment time frame if they have not reached this stage yet)

Contact information of recruiter if the candidate has any questions

Links to your company’s social media accounts and website so the applicant can follow your updates

An overall tone that represents your company culture (are you formal, relaxed, casual?) 

What is a suitable time frame to respond to job applications?

Having a timely job application management system is important. Upon receiving an application in the company email, you should reply within at least 48 hours. It’s even better if you can reply as soon as possible within work hours.

The faster you reply, the more likely the candidate will wait for your next response. No response whatsoever can make an applicant lose interest and seek opportunities elsewhere, thereby making you lose someone with potential.

During the early recruitment stage when you have hundreds of applicants, automated responses can save you plenty of time. It’s only later when the talent pool has narrowed down to less than 10 applicants when more personalized email responses are more suitable. 

What tools should you use to respond to job applications?

The best and easiest automated email response hiring tools for HR? Google and Microsoft. These everyday programs are great HR tools for recruitment tools. Not many people are aware of Gmail and Outlook’s brilliant emailing hacks, so we’re here to show you how to use them. The best part about this? It’s completely free! 

In your Gmail settings, go to the “Advanced” settings and “Enable” the “Templates” function. Now, create a draft email and type in your templated response email. Go to “More Options,” click “Templates,” then save your draft email as a template. Now, whenever you reply to an email, you can go to “More Options” and simply insert your saved email template and adjust the details.

Meanwhile, on Microsoft Outlook, you can do the same thing. Create a draft email, click on “Show formatting options,” and find “My Templates.” Activate the email add-on and create your email template for free. 

These built-in email tools are best for companies handling under 100 applicants. But if you’re very popular, you might just need an autoresponder app or platform. These types of services are generally designed for email marketing, which typically sends out thousands of emails per month, but they can be adjusted to respond to over 100 job applicants. Here are five free autoresponder platforms you can use: 

What templates should you use to respond to job applications?

Here are a few suggested responses for different stages of job applications: 

Application Received Email

Subject: Your application to [Company name]

Good afternoon/evening, [candidate’s name], 

We have received your application for the position of [title]. Thank you for your interest in our company! We are currently in the middle of our recruitment process, and initial screening should be completed by [insert tentative date]. You may expect another response around this time. 

In the meantime, you can learn more about [company] by following us on social media [insert social media links] and our company website [link to website] for the latest updates. You may contact me at [telephone number/email] if you have any questions regarding your application. 

[Your name] [Email signature and contact information] 

Resume Reviewed But Not Considered Email

Thank you for your interest in our company and for taking the time to submit your application. 

We received many applications for this post, and after reviewing all of the applicants, we had to narrow down our search to determine those who would move on to the next stage of recruitment. After thoroughly reviewing your application, we regret to inform you that you have not been considered for the position.

We wish you success in your job search. 

Resume Reviewed, Moving on to Interview Email

Hi, [candidate’s name]!

Thank you for applying to our company. 

After thoroughly reviewing your application, we are happy to inform you that you moved on to the interview stage of your application! 

Please let us know if you are interested in moving on to the next recruitment stage. If so, the following schedules are available for your interview: [Insert three interview schedule options]

[Your name] [Email signature and contact information]

Interviewed But Not Selected Email

Thank you for your interest in our company and for taking the time to interview for this position.

We received many applications for this post, and after reviewing all of the applicants, we had to narrow down our search to determine those who would move on to the next stage of recruitment. After thoroughly reviewing your application and interview, we regret to inform you that you have not been selected for the position.

We appreciate the time and effort you have put into your application and interview, and we wish you success in your job search. 

Interviewed and Selected

We are pleased to inform you that you have passed the interview stage and have been selected to be [company]’s new [position]! We are happy to welcome you to the team and look forward to working with you soon. 

[HR name] will be in touch with you soon to start your onboarding process.

Congratulations, [candidate’s name]! 

Now that you’re equipped with the best practices for email application responses, head over to the JobStreet website to post your company’s job opening.

At JobStreet, we believe in bringing you #JobsThatMatter. As a Career Partner, we are committed to helping all jobseekers find passion and purpose in every career choice. And as the number 1 Talent Partner in Asia, we connect employers with the right candidates who truly make a positive and lasting impact on the organisation. 

Discover Jobs That Matter. Visit JobStreet today.

About SEEK Asia

SEEK Asia, a combination of two leading brands JobStreet and jobsDB, is the leading job portal and Asia's preferred destination for candidates and hirers. SEEK Asia’s presence span across 7 countries namely Hong Kong, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines and Vietnam. SEEK Asia is part of the Australian Securities Exchange-listed SEEK Limited Company, the world's largest job portal by market capitalisation. SEEK Asia attracts over 400 million visits a year.

About SEEK Limited

SEEK is a diverse group of companies, comprising a strong portfolio of online employment, educational, commercial and volunteer businesses. SEEK has a global presence (including Australia, New Zealand, China, Hong Kong, South-East Asia, Brazil and Mexico), with exposure to over 2.9 billion people and approximately 27 per cent of global GDP. SEEK makes a positive contribution to people’s lives on a global scale. SEEK is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange, where it is a top 100 company and has been listed in the Top 20 Most Innovative Companies by Forbes.

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Thank You for Responding to My Job Application Guide

This guide will help you write an email after receiving a response to a job application.

How you respond will be dependent on the response you received:

• An interview is being scheduled
• You will not be interviewed
• or there is currently not an open position.

Tip #1:  If you receive an email response immediately after submitting sending your email, it’s very likely an auto-response. I suggest waiting until you get a reply that wasn’t automatically generated before you reply.

Tip #2:  If you are contacted by email to set up an interview, thank the person for choosing you and confirm that the date and time of the meeting works for you. If they give you multiple options, be sure to include the date and time that works best for you.

Tip #3: When you receive a rejection email, you can still respond with a short thank you note.

Regardless of the situation (interview or not), your note can be short, as the main goal is to say thank you and confirm any details.

The example messages below are split into sections for when you are offered an interview, declined for an interview, or when the response is that the position has been filled.

Responding when an interview is set up

Here are a few examples of how you can respond when the company wants to interview you.

• Thank you! I am excited to come in for an interview and will see you on [Date] at [Time]. I am looking forward to meeting you and your team.
• Thank you for your interest in me. I will look forward to meeting you on [Date].
• I can come in for an interview at [time] on [date]. Please let me know if you have any questions before then. Thanks in advance for setting aside time to meet with me.
• Thanks for granting me an interview! I will expect your call at 10:00 AM next Monday for the phone interview.
• Thank you for the interview! I will see you next [Day] at [Time]. If you have any questions for me before then, please feel free to call or email me!

Responding when you are not granted an interview 

Here are a few examples of how you can respond when the company doesn’t want to interview you.

Tip #1:  Being gracious when you are rejected for a position is a good idea. You never know when you might want to apply again or cross paths with someone you interacted with at a different business.

• Thank you for letting me know that I am not in the running for the position. I appreciate that you reviewed my resume. I look forward to applying to other openings in the future.
• I appreciate that you let me know! I will stop sending follow-up emails regarding this position. Have a great day!
• Thank you for taking the time to let me know that I am not being considered for the position. If there is another position that is open and is a fit for my skills, I would appreciate being considered for that position as well.
• Thank you again for considering me. I am grateful that you let me know that I’m no longer in the running. I will move on with my job search.
• Thank you for responding and notifying me that I will not be granted an interview.

Responding when there is not an open position 

Sometimes a company isn’t able to interview you now, but they are willing to keep your resume on file for future open positions.

• Thank you for replying to my inquiry about [topic/situation/etc.]. I am sorry to hear that the position has already been filled. Thank you for letting me know!
• Thank you for taking the time to let me know that you are not currently hiring. Is it okay if I follow up again in 6 months?
• Thanks for letting me know there is not an open position at this time. I appreciate the response and will keep an eye on your website for future openings as [company name] seems like a wonderful place work from what my friends that work there have shared.
• I appreciate your response to let me know that you do not have an open position that fits my resume.
• I am sorry to hear that they are not currently any open positions. Thanks for the response.

Related Posts:

• Thank You Email (or Note) After Interview Examples
• Thank You For Your Response Email Messages

Author: Heidi Bender

Title: writer, expertise: thank you notes.

Heidi Bender is a writer and author who founded Tons of Thanks. She aims to help people write thank-you notes by providing examples and tips. She is the author of She is the author of A Modern Guide to Writing Thank-You Notes.

• Human Resources
• Tools and Samples

Thank You for Applying Email

An employee "thank you for applying" email lets job applicants know that their application has been received, and may also set up their expectations for what's next and when they should expect responses. They can also be used to passively screen applicants.

Thank You for Applying Email Template

Download this free thank you for applying email template and start using it straight away.

Thank You for Applying Email Example:

[Applicant Name],

Thanks for taking the time to apply for our position. We appreciate your interest in [company name] .

We're currently in the process of taking applications for this position. We will begin taking interviews [time frame i.e. in the next two weeks] . If you are selected to continue to the interview process, our human resources department will be in contact with you by [date, or estimated date] .

[Your Name]

[Your Position]

That's the basic email. You might want to try out Betterteam's screening email as an alternative. It acknowledges that the application has been received, but it also gets the ball rolling on the hiring process .

The idea is to send applicants 5 questions that take about 20 minutes to answer. This will automatically filter out unmotivated applicants because they won't even bother answering. Furthermore, you'll be able to pick out the good candidates quickly because they've all answered the same questions, making responses easy to compare.

Our sample email includes 5 generic questions that you can use, although we recommend that you tailor them to the particular job as much as possible.

Application Screening Email Template

Download our application screening email template and start using it straight away.

Application Screening Email Example:

[Applicant Name] ,

Thank you for taking the time to apply for our [title] position. Below is a small test we would like you to tackle which should take no more than 20 minutes. This will help us to understand the way you work and also give us some insight into your skills.

• Why did you decide to apply for this job?
• What, in your opinion, is the most important task for this job? Why?
• List the steps you would normally take to do this task correctly.
• What would you do to make your work stand out from the rest?
• Can you give me some examples of how you've done this job in the past, and the results you've gotten? Any numbers would be great.

[Your Title]

Employee Onboarding Process

How do you respond to a job application email?

You thank the applicant for applying in an email that also contains a few screening questions to judge the applicant's level of interest.

How do you acknowledge receipt for a job application?

Also known as an application acknowledgment email, a "thank you for applying" email is a courteous way to thank candidates for their application and can provide further details about interview dates and times.

Should I use a thank you for applying auto response?

Yes, we think so. An acknowledgment gives applicants a good impression of your company. It can also save you from having to follow up with emails asking when applicants can expect to hear back, and checking to see if you received their resume.

Should my company use the thank you for applying email for screening?

We recommend that any company should use a screening email, with one caveat. You'll want to write a really solid job posting that gets potential applicants excited about the job.

How do you end a thank you email?

You can choose to provide details about the interview process and when the candidate can expect to hear from HR, should they pass the screening stage. Alternately, just sign off with your name.

Related Articles:

Employee termination letter, the hiring process, new employee announcement email template, job application follow-up email, thank you email after a phone interview.

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Email template – thank you for your application!

• Email template –...

Do you send a reply to candidates informing them that you’ve received their application? Or are they left in the dark until a standard rejection arrived, telling them that the position has been filled by someone else.

When you recruit using an ATS (Application Tracking System) feedback or confirmation doesn’t take long, and it leaves a lasting positive impression on candidates.

Feedback or confirmation are important to keep in mind for a good candidate experience, and you are welcome to use this template as a guide to get started.

When was the last time you applied at your own company?

How would you like to be treated when you apply for a job? To live in uncertainty whether the application was received? To not hear anything at all from the company until a month later when you see a new email in your inbox with the rather dull wording “Thank you for your application. The position has been filled.” as the only, and final, communication.

No matter if your company struggles with large volumes of applicants, or search to find any at all, it is important that each and every candidate feels well treated. Contact, feedback or a simple confirmation of submitted application will influence how the candidate feels about you as a potential employer. In turn, it may also affect your employer brand, reputation and in the long haul if other candidates will choose to apply at your company.

creating a better candidate experience has to do with how you communicate with candidates and potential applicants.Confirming that the application has been received, even if it’s a simple auto reply, is the most basic step towards creating good rapport with the candidates. And with that, a better candidate experience.

Replying to candidates

In the confirmation email you should include:

• The name of the applicant (if possible) and what position they’ve applied for
• Let them know that their application has been received
• Explain the recruiting process
• Will interviews be conducted at any specific dates?
• How long is the recruitment expected to take?
• When and how till candidates know if they’ve not made it through to the next round?
• Contact information to the recruiter in charge in case the candidate has any questions
• Try expressing the company’s culture or personality
• Links to social media
• Write with a tone representative of your organization

Save time using automated responses and templates

Are you in the early stages of the recruitment it’s quite alright to use a general template. Later stages of the recruitment should be more personalized and preferably contain feedback from the interview.

Depending on how many candidates have applied you can either create a very general template where you can basically send out an auto reply as is, or a bit more personalized version with the candidate’s name.

Hint! Recruiting software can be a huge help for sending out personalized automated emails.

Email template thanking for the application

Subject: Your application to [ Company name ]

Hello [ candidate’s name ],

We’re received your application for the position of [ title ]. [ Short description of the recruitment process ]. You can read more about us on our company career page [ link to career page ] or follow us on social media on Facebook [ link to company Facebook page ] and Instagram [ link to company Instagram page ] to get the latest updates.

If you’ve got any questions you’re welcome to contact me at [ telephone number and/or email address ].

Regards, [ Your name Email signature and contact information

Personalized email templates for a bit of inspiration

Show a bit of personality! Just as companies use logos and colors to express their brand, written text and choice of words show company character and personality. Customize the email template with words, expressions and explanations that suit the tone of your business.

A few inspirational examples:

Informal and personal tone for applications to a specific position:

Hi [ candidate’s name ]! We’re thrilled that you’d like to join us here at [ company ]. We’ve now got your application that you sent us about [ position ] and since we have a look through applications as they come in, we’ll be in touch next week if we’d like to meet you for an interview. Unfortunately, days are short and applicants are many so we won’t have time to meet everyone. If don’t feel we’re a match [ name of recruiter ] will let you know by email. Keep in touch on Instagram and Snapchat!

Formal tone for anyone who’s applied for a specific position: 

Hello. This is a confirmation that we have received your application. You have applied for the position of [ title ]. The last date of application is [ last date of application ] after which we will start going through all applications. We will let all applicants know if they are put through to the interviewing round or not. More information about our recruitment process is available at this page [ link to career page ]. Thank you for your application, and have a nice day.

General confirmation for any application:

Hello! We always look forward to go through applications of great people who’d like to work with us at [ company ]. Thank you for applying for a position with us, and here’s a confirmation that we received your application. One of our recruiters will contact you shortly to let you know about the status of your application.

A template will help you, and so will this checklist

Figuring out good email templates to send to candidates throughout the entire recruitment process is an excellent way to improve the candidate experience. Another crucial piece in attracting talent and ensuring a positive impression of your company is the job ad itself.

Download this free checklist for checking your job ads to make sure that you've remembered to include all the information applicants want to know before applying.

With recruitment as his main topic he has been writing numerous articles the last couple of years - on everything from trends and employer branding to digitalization of recruitment and optimizing the processes.

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Application Acknowledgement Letter Sample

Let Your Candidates Know That You Received Their Application

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• Hiring Best Practices
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• Employee Management
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Application Acknowledgment Letter Sample

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Susan Heathfield is an HR and management consultant with an MS degree. She has decades of experience writing about human resources.

Positive Communication With Job Candidates

Do you need a sample application acknowledgment letter? Here is a sample application response letter for the applicants who apply for your open positions. Use this sample letter to develop your own letters to tell anxious applicants that you have received their application and resume. When you fail to acknowledge your job candidates' applications, you fail your first step as a potential employer.

Starting with this letter that lets your applicants know that you have received their resume and cover letter, you open the door to effective communication with the prospective employees who apply for your jobs.

This response letter is sent at one of the four critical points at which your candidates need communication from you . Rather than letting your candidates think that their application disappeared into a dark hole, or forcing them to try to communicate with you repeatedly, you can reassure them that their application is under consideration.

This is important because customizing a resume and a cover letter to apply for your job posting takes a candidate 30 minutes to an hour. Even online forms take a lot of candidate time. The candidate then waits and waits to learn if he or she was among the most qualified applicants and whether they will be invited to participate in a job interview.

No Acknowledgement Can Spark Dysfunctional Candidate Behavior 

By not sending an applicant response letter, you are asking for all sorts of dysfunctional candidate behavior such as calling you repeatedly to find out if you have received their resume and cover letter. Many candidates feel forced to call your office to make sure that they are under consideration—or to determine for sure that they're not. Who can blame them in a competitive job market for desirable jobs?

Or some candidates send them again, depending on their interest in your posted job, because they don't want to miss out on the opportunity to receive your consideration. These activities double your workload when you have to review repeat resumes and cover letters.

Other candidates might start sending their resumes on colorful paper to catch the employer's eye better. From one employer's memory of a job applicant's desperate measures to get noticed, having to clean up confetti from her desk and the HR office floor did not endear that candidate to her in any way. 

Solidify Your Position as an Employer of Choice to Encourage Employee Referrals

Using the application response letter to communicate with your job candidates maintains your position as an employer of choice . It also helps your employees to function as your candidate recruiting ambassadors in the world and on social media . To be willing to do this, your employees need to be proud of their company brand and of how their employer treats job candidates and employees.

You won't build a successful employee referral program if you fail to respond to your employee referrals. It is also disastrous for you as an employer if your employee asks what their friend heard back and the friend responds, "Not a word."

This letter is your standard applicant response letter for the resumes and applications you receive. Since many of these applications arrive in email, a response via email is acceptable. You can use a standard response for all applicants for any job. You do not need to customize these letters for different positions other than the name of the job.

You can use this application acknowledgment letter example as a model to notify applicants. Download the letter template (compatible with Google Docs and Word Online), or read the text version below.

Application Acknowledgment Letter Sample (Text Version)

Date Name of Applicant Applicant's Address Dear (Use Applicant's Name):

This letter is to let you know that we have received your application. We appreciate your interest in (Company Name) and the position of (Name of Position) for which you applied. We are reviewing applications currently and expect to schedule interviews in the next couple of weeks. If you are selected for an interview, you can expect a phone call from our Human Resources staff shortly.

Thank you, again, for your interest in our company. We do appreciate the time that you invested in this application.

Real Person's Name Real Person's Signature

Example: HR Director for the Employee Selection Team

• See a standard applicant rejection letter that you use to respond to applicants who are not as qualified as the applicants you decide to interview.
• Find out more about writing job candidate rejection letters .
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How to Respond to an Interview Request (Email Samples)

By Biron Clark

Published: October 31, 2023

Applying for Jobs

Biron Clark

Writer & Career Coach

Nothing beats the feeling of getting an interview invitation, but don’t rush to respond just yet. You need to make sure you reply correctly with clear availability to secure the interview. 

So in this article, I’m going to walk you through how to respond to an interview request from a recruiter or hiring manager with multiple sample emails you can use right away.

I’ll also share the top mistakes you need to avoid, so make sure to read until the end.

How to Reply to an Interview Invitation with Availability

The best way to reply to an interview request is to thank the employer, confirm your interest in having an interview, and then share your specific availability.

Then, end the email by telling them that you look forward to speaking. Also, if you’re replying to a phone interview request, then provide the best phone number for them to reach you. If they invited you to a video interview instead of a phone interview, then ask which video platform they plan on using (if they didn’t already specify). That way, you can familiarize yourself and prepare. If it’s Skype , you can provide your ID. If it’s going to be a Zoom interview , they’ll set up a meeting and provide a link.

Note that if you’re job searching while unemployed and are available at practically any time, it can look better to provide a couple of specific timeslots.  For example, if your schedule is wide open, you could reply to the employer with this availability:

Tuesday – Wednesday, 11:00 am – 5:00 pm Eastern Time

Thursday – Friday, 8:00 am – 3:00 pm Eastern Time

I’m not suggesting that you make it overly complicated when responding to an interview request. You want to make it easy for the employer to schedule your interview when you reply to an interview request. I’m just suggesting that it may not look great to say, “I’m free all week. Just pick a time.” As an optional step, I also like to add a line that says, “If these days and times don’t work, please let me know and I’ll shift my schedule to find another time.” This is how you accept an interview professionally. Also, make sure to specify the time zone when you reply with your availability to interview, just like in the examples above. If you don’t specify the time zone, the interview date and time can get mixed up, which could slow the interview process. Even if you’re interviewing for a local job, if the company has offices elsewhere, you might be having a phone interview with someone in a different time zone.

I’ll share full examples of how to write an email to reply with interview availability next, so don’t worry if you still aren’t sure how to write a full interview invitation email response.

Watch: How to Respond to an Interview Request

How to respond to an interview request: email samples, email sample 1: responding to accept a phone interview request.

If you’ve applied for a job and the hiring manager or HR department has responded to your job application and invited you for a phone interview, here’s a sample template you can use to respond.

Hello NAME, Thanks for getting back to me. I’d love to have a phone interview and learn more about the position and what you’re looking for. Here is my availability this week: Tuesday – Wednesday, 11:00 am – 5:00 pm Eastern Time Thursday – Friday, 8:00 am – 3:00 pm Eastern Time The best number to reach me: 555-182-5872 If none of these times work, please let me know and I’ll be happy to come up with some other options, too. I look forward to speaking with you. Also, if you’re able to tell me who will be calling, that’d be a big help. I always like to research and prepare ahead of time! Best regards, Your Name

This is a great way of responding to an interview request because you’re avoiding back-and-forth emails for the scheduling, and you’re also finding out the person you’ll be talking to so you can prepare ahead of time !

Email Sample 2: Responding to Accept a Video Interview Request

Hello NAME, Thanks so much for getting back to me. I’d love to have a video interview and learn more about the position and what you’re looking for. Do you mind telling me which video platform we’ll be using, just so I can prepare? Here is my availability for a video interview this week: Tuesday – Wednesday, 11:00 am – 5:00 pm Eastern Time Thursday – Friday 8:00 am – 3:00 pm Eastern Time If none of these times work, please let me know and I’ll be happy to come up with some other options, too. I look forward to speaking with you. Best regards, Your Name

Email Sample 3: Accepting a Recruiter’s Invitation to Talk

If you’re contacted by a recruiter who you’ve never spoken with, then you can use the sample email to respond and express interest. Just reply to the same email address that they contacted you from.

Hello NAME, Thank you for contacting me about this role. It sounds interesting. I’d love to hear more about the position. Here is my availability to talk on the phone this week: Monday – Thursday, 7:00 am – 2:00 pm Central Time. The best number to reach me: 555-281-6872 Thanks, and I look forward to talking with you. Best regards, Your name

As mentioned earlier, include multiple days/times in terms of availability. And if they don’t already have your contact info, then include that, too. Also, make sure you have a professional-sounding voicemail recording! You don’t want employers and recruiters calling you and hearing an unprofessional voicemail that you recorded when you were in high school and forgot about!

Email Sample 4: Responding to and Accepting a Face-to-Face Interview Request

Next, if you’ve been invited to meet in person, you can use this template to set up a day and finalize everything!

Hello NAME, Thank you for getting back to me. I’d love to come in and have the interview. Is this a full-day interview? Or how many hours should I set aside? I’m available Monday – Thursday, 7:00 am – 2:00 pm Central Time. Thanks, and I look forward to hearing from you. Best regards, Your name

This is a basic structure for responding to the company, but you can also add other details/questions as needed. For example, if you want to ask for the names of the people you’ll be meeting with, or the number of people you’ll be meeting, that’s a good idea. If you need help finding the company location for a face-to-face interview, you can ask if they have instructions for arriving, too. However, I like to get the scheduling sorted out first, and then ask other questions. That’s why I kept the email template above dead-simple. Take it one step at a time, and you’ll avoid confusion and complicated emails. So I’d recommend using the sample email above, and then ask further questions once a day and time are set!

How to Confirm an Interview by Email After it’s Scheduled

Finally, if you have an interview scheduled and just want to confirm the time or make sure that it’s still happening, you can use the following template (send it to the same email address you’ve been communicating back-and-forth with for prior scheduling):

Hello NAME, I just wanted to confirm that we’re still having the interview on ___ (day) at ___ (time). Thank you, and I look forward to talking with you! Best regards, Your name

How to Decline an Interview Invitation

If you’re not interested in having an interview, you can simply send a brief email stating that you’re no longer available or not interested in this particular opportunity.

Sample email to decline an interview request/invitation:

Hi NAME, Thanks for getting back to me. I appreciate the invitation to interview. Unfortunately, I’m no longer available and will need to decline. Best of luck in filling the role, and if I think of anyone who might be a good fit, I’ll let them know about it. Best regards, Your Name

You can also offer to stay connected in the future if you’d like (if it’s a recruiter or hiring manager you think you’ll want to speak with down the road). And if you’d like to offer a reason for declining, that’s fine. But you’re not obligated. If you feel like telling them that it’s because you accepted another position, or the job isn’t quite what you’re looking for anymore, etc., then go ahead.  As seen in the email template above, you can also offer to refer a friend or colleague for the opportunity if you know someone who is qualified.

How to Change your Scheduled Interview Time

If you already accepted an interview invitation but then discover a scheduling conflict and need to request a change, don’t panic. Here’s what to do: Find the latest interview confirmation email and respond promptly by apologizing, explaining the situation, and asking politely if it’s at all possible to reschedule. Provide new times/dates of your availability to interview, too. Hiring managers understand that you have other obligations apart from the job search and hiring process, and as long as you’re polite and apologetic, they should be able to reschedule your interview. You’re unlikely to lose the interview opportunity if you are polite and suggest a few options of when you can interview next. Note that your message may be frowned upon by a potential employer if it’s extremely last-minute. For example, if your interview is tomorrow morning and you email the company at 11 pm the night before, then that’s not ideal. Still, emergencies arise, and your best shot at making a good impression if you must reschedule an interview invitation is to follow the tips above.

Email Subject Line when Responding to an Interview Invitation

Any time you receive an interview request/invitation, simply keep the subject line that the employer used and press “reply” to respond. The employer’s line will often include important details like the job and possibly the company name, and you don’t want to remove that info. This will help employers quickly identify your reply and see your availability quickly.

Questions to Ask When Responding to Interview Requests

Next, here are a couple of questions to consider asking in your email or message when using the templates above. Just put your questions at the end if you’re unsure of any of these topics: If you’re unsure of the format of the interview for the job ( phone , video , in-person, etc.), ask this when you reply. If you don’t know who you’ll be speaking to or meeting with, check this as well. Don’t worry – the templates I’m going to share coming up in the next section will help with this. And if you’re not sure of the exact opportunity you’re being considered for, ask this as well. The easiest way to do this is to simply ask for a copy of the job description. Include this line in your reply: “Is it possible for you to send me a copy of the job description ahead of time? I always like to research and prepare.”

Mistakes to Avoid When You Reply to Accept an Interview

If you read the tips above, you should know how to respond to an interview request to get an interview quickly and make a great impression at the same time. However, there are some BIG mistakes you need to avoid while doing this, so I want to make sure you know those, too… First, don’t let your interview invitation sit for too long. You should try to respond within 24-48 hours if possible. You don’t need to be checking email constantly, but don’t leave the company waiting for a week, either. Also, don’t respond without taking the time to indicate at least one day or time that would work for an interview. This is a great opportunity to demonstrate that you take initiative and are a great communicator. So I’d recommend providing multiple days/times to help them schedule the interview.

Next, always proofread your email! Having a typo or mistake in your email probably won’t cost you the interview (unless it’s a REALLY bad mistake), but it does make a poor impression. So always check your email for mistakes before sending it! Proofread from top-to-bottom, and bottom-to-top. That’s a good trick that will help you catch more errors!

And finally – the biggest mistake of all – going into the interview without preparing! It takes a lot of effort to find a good position to apply to, submit your resume and paperwork, schedule an interview, etc. Right? So don’t throw away your hard work and waste the opportunity by letting other job seekers out-prepare you! In the next section, I’ll share my best tips and resources so you can beat the competition!

Interview Scheduling Changes Happen… Don’t Panic

It’s not necessarily a bad sign if the company changes the timing of their invitation to interview. Hiring managers and recruiters have busy schedules and sometimes mini-emergencies happen. So if they do request a change, just do your best to find a new time that’ll work. However, don’t be afraid to say what works for YOU, too. It’s completely fine to say, “Thanks for letting me know about the scheduling conflict today. That’s no problem. Unfortunately, the new time you suggested for Monday won’t work for me. Could we do something from 3 pm – 5 pm Monday, or 12 pm – 5 pm Tuesday?” If a certain day or time doesn’t work for you, don’t be afraid to say so.

After Scheduling Your Interview: Get Ready to Impress

After you’ve set up a time to go on your interview, here are steps to help you prepare: First, research the company . Practice the common questions that employers ask , too. Also, work on your body language . It’s not just about what you say in the interview; it’s about how you look and sound while saying it. This can set you apart from other job seekers! You can also use the time before the interview to ask any further questions you have – about finding the company’s office, and who you’ll be talking to (recruiter, hiring manager, etc.)

And finally… monitor your email address in the days/hours leading up to the interview in case they contact you about any changes.

About the Author

Read more articles by Biron Clark

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Dec 21, 2022

Reply to an interview invitation email with 4 samples and a template

In this guide on how to reply to an interview invitation email, we show you how to create effective messages that will make the best impression

Lawrie Jones

Table of contents

How to write an interview invitation reply email

Congratulations, you’ve been invited in for an interview by email. But what do you write in reply?

In this guide on how to reply to an interview invitation email, we show you how to create effective messages that will make the best impression. We demonstrate the principles in 4 interview email reply samples.

OK, so we can’t guarantee you’ll get the job (only you can do that). But by following Flowrite’s step-by-step guide and using our samples, you’ll give yourself a great chance.

Why reply to an interview invite email?

If you’ve been selected for an interview, you’ll receive an official email invite. It’s the way the process works. You can file this away and save it for later, but it’s better to respond immediately with a positive reply – even if you can’t make the appointment time. 

Replying to an email interview is expected by the interviewer or employer. They’ll want to ensure that the panel members have a chance to grill the best candidates and make the best choice for their business.

Replying promptly enables them to do their job and help you get your new job!

There are 3 core principles to any email interview invite reply:

• First, be prompt – Send your response as quickly as possible. This will secure your slot or enable you to swap it for a more suitable date or time.
• Be polite – Make a great first impression by being clear, courteous, and polite. It’s exactly what they’d expect from their new employee.
• Be professional – Now is not the time for jokes or attempting to be funny. Instead, stick with the formal approach (but don’t forget to be a little friendly, too).

We illustrate how this works with our samples below. However, before we get to that, we break down the interview email reply into three simple steps.

Invitation reply email format

It’s easy to fire off an email and say, “Thanks, I’ll see you soon,” – but that hardly establishes the best impressions.

So instead, you’ll want to follow our principles about (be prompt, polite, and professional) structuring your reply emails in a way that delivers all the information the recipient needs.

You can break down the invitation reply email format into three steps: the subject line, email body, and ending.  

1. Reply to invitation email subject line

There are two ways to create a subject line replying to an email invitation. The easiest way to respond is to click reply and use the original subject line. 

That’s fine, but you have other options, including creating your own. How? 

Here are a few examples:

• Interview confirmation – (Name)
• (Name) – Interview confirmation
• Interview confirmation – (Job title) – (Name)
• (Time & Date) – (Job title) – Interview confirmation 

These subject lines are suitable if you can attend an interview, but what if you can’t? In these situations, creating a new email chain with a new subject line is more effective. You have several options. Here are a few examples:

• (Job little) – Can we rearrange my interview?
• Interview change request – (Job title)
• (Name) – Interview change request

2. Reply to invitation email body

Start your email with an acknowledgment and a thank you. It’s the polite and professional thing to do.

• Thank you for inviting me for an interview for the (Job role) position. I can confirm that I would like to accept and that the date and time are suitable.

You could end your email here, but you’ll want to provide additional information and ask any questions you might have. This could include asking about anything you might need to bring, when to arrive, or where to park. You may also have questions about technology, presentations, and more.

• I’m excited about the opportunity. I would like to confirm some details before I arrive. Can you let me know (ask what you need to know!)?
• I’ve received your request to prepare a presentation. Can you please let me know what technology will be available on the day and what format I need to use?

There may be other things you need to ask, including whether travel costs will be covered. In addition, you may have specific requests if your interview is being conducted online (Zoom or Teams, for example) or if you’ve been asked to provide proof of professional qualifications, for example. 

You’ll need to adapt these examples to fit, but always follow the guidelines and be prompt, polite, and professional. 

3. How to end an invitation reply email

So, you’ve said thank you, confirmed your attendance, and asked any questions – now it’s time for the last remarks and a professional sign-off. And don’t forget to include your contact details.

• I’m looking forward to meeting you on (date). Please contact me if you have any questions or need to change the details of my interview. You can contact me at (contact details).

Finish with a sign-off (many thanks, kind regards, look forward to meeting you, etc.). Now it’s time to start prepping for the big interview!

Reply to interview invitation email examples

Let’s get into the email interview request replies. These messages follow the structure outlined above and bring them to life with real-life samples you can edit and use as the basis for your replies.

Examine how we’ve written these messages and apply these principles to your own messages. Be a leader, not a follower!

1. Reply to the interview invitation email sample 

This is a solid interview invitation email that focuses on the basics. You won’t win prizes for creativity, but it ticks all the boxes by being polite and professional. It’s up to you to ensure it’s sent as soon as possible.

2. Interview confirmation email reply sample 

This confirmation reply to interview invitation email is longer than the previous example because it allows you to clarify any and all details you need before the interview.

This interview confirmation email reply is suitable for invites that ask you to complete a presentation, perform a task, or provide additional details. It’ll ensure you have everything you need to perform in the interview.

3. Reply to second interview invitation email sample 

A second interview is likely to be the last step before an appointment. You’ll have met the individual before and have established a personal relationship – which means you can be a little less formal.

Don’t go too far, but be positive, enthusiastic, and friendly!

4. Reply to interview invitation to reschedule sample

If the date or time of an interview request doesn’t suit you, you can ask to reschedule. While there are no guarantees this will happen, a prompt, polite, and professional interview rescheduling request will give you the best chance.

The critical thing to remember is that if you can’t make a date or time, always provide several alternatives that you can 

• Bullet points are an excellent way to provide dates and times

Reply to invitation email template

The examples above are all suitable for a cut-and-paste approach, but they may only provide some of what you need.

If that’s the case, you can use this reply to the invitation email template, which provides a framework for you to construct your own email invitation replies.

You can also use Flowrite's email writer to reply to invitations with just a few clicks:

Flowrite uses artificial intelligence to turn short instructions into ready-to-send emails and messages across the web.

Start your free trial below and see the magic for yourself:

Final words

It’s never easy to get an interview, so if you’ve secured one, you’re doing great – so don’t mess it up with a bad reply to an interview email.

Always follow our advice and ensure responses are prompt, polite, and professional. Be sure to check spelling, grammar, and formatting before sending.

If you’re struggling to find the right words, then sign-up to Flowrite to supercharge your communications. Try it for youself below:

Supercharge your communication with Flowrite

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Start using Flowrite today

Try it yourself

Decline invitation

Reply to: "

Ciao Jackie,

‍ I heard you're on holiday in Palermo. We are celebrating my grandson Johnny's new movie premiere on Saturday in Vitelli. Do you want to join our little party? ‍

Received message

reject invitation congratulations to johnny

Generate a reply

Generate an outreach

Interview invitation

Dear Hiring Manager, ‍ Reading your job posting on LinkedIn for a Content Marketing Manager piqued my interest. Your description of the work responsibilities closely match my experience, so I am excited to submit my application for your consideration. ‍ In my current position as an Content Lead for BookSum, I write articles for the company website, manage the editing and posting of articles of our guest post program, manage the social media presence of the company, and write and sent out a weekly newsletter. Within six months I've grown the subscriber base of the newsletter by 40%. ‍ My resume is attached. If I can provide you with any further information on my background and qualifications, please let me know. I look forward to hearing from you. Thank you for your consideration. Sincerely, Jess Smith

interview next tue at 4 pm PST via Zoom?

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How to Write a Response Letter

Last Updated: June 19, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was reviewed by Gerald Posner . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 306,889 times.

A response letter is an answer to an original letter asking a question or looking for information. These are especially common business communications. To craft a perfect response letter, first, review the original letter carefully and determine what the writer was asking you. Then, find out any additional information you need to answer the request. Write a polite, clear letter addressing every concern or question from the original letter. Keep the tone friendly and informative to ensure that your recipient is happy with your response.

Writing a Letter of Response

Formally greet the person you’re responding to with “Dear” and their title (like Mr., Mrs., or Dr.). Start with a sentence stating that you’re responding to their letter. Then, address their questions or concerns directly and succinctly. Thank them for making their request and sign your name.

Sample Template

Reviewing the Original Letter

• Sometimes determining what a letter is asking isn’t very easy, especially if the letter wasn’t written clearly. Review the letter to figure out what the original writer needs from you.
• If you have to, take some notes on the letter to determine the point. Jot down what the letter is asking and how you might answer it.

• For example, the letter may be asking the status of a job application. If you’re not connected with the hiring process, call the hiring manager to check on the application status before responding.

• If the person you gave the letter to may take some time to answer, it’s good practice to respond to the original writer saying that you’ve passed the letter to someone more qualified to answer it. This shows the writer that their message was received and someone is working on it.

Constructing the Response

• If you don’t know the person personally, use the titles Mr., Mrs., or Ms., followed by the person’s last name. If the person has a known title, like Dr., use this instead.
• If you know the person or are unaware of their gender, use their first name.
• As a good rule, open the letter with the same name and title that the person signed their letter with. For example, if they signed their letter “Dr. Johnson,” then open your letter with "Dear Dr. Johnson."

• Very simply sating, “I am writing in response to your letter from June 13th” is a perfect opening for a response letter.
• If you aren’t the original person that the recipient wrote the letter to, state where you got the letter from. For example, write, “Our customer service representative, Michelle Harris, forwarded your letter to me.” [5] X Research source

• State what the original letter inquired about, and then answer the question. For example: “Your letter asked who the contact person for media inquiries is. The person is Janet Walters. Her email address and phone number are as follows.”
• For longer inquiries, use a numbered list to answer each question. This is easier to read and shows that each concern has been addressed.
• Be thorough, but brief. A few sentences per question should be enough to respond to the person’s original inquiry. [7] X Research source

• Always use an understanding tone while turning down a request, but also provide a firm response. State, “Unfortunately, I’m unable to fulfill this request. We don’t have the information you need, and I can’t say when we may have it.”
• If you might be able to answer the question with more information, ask the person for a response. State, “I’d like to answer your inquiry but I need to know more about your situation first. At your convenience, please respond with the date of your application and the name of the person you contacted, and I will answer as soon as possible.”

• Some people prefer to open their letter with a thank-you instead. The exact placement isn’t very important, as long as you thank the person at some point.

• If you’re handwriting or printing the letter, leave room for your signature after printing your name. If you’re sending an email , then writing your name is fine.

• Having a friend or coworker read the letter is helpful as well. They can put themselves in the recipient's shoes and tell you if they'd be satisfied with the response.

Using a Professional Tone

• On the top left, write your name, title, company (if applicable), and address. Underneath that, write the date. Finally, write the full name and address of the person you’re responding to.
• For typed letters, use 1-inch (2.5 cm) margins around the border. Use single-spaced text with 2 spaces in between paragraphs.
• If you’re typing the letter, use 12-point font and a standard text setting. If you’re handwriting the letter, make sure you write legibly.

• Just a simple, "Thanks so much for writing, we appreciate hearing from you," can make a big difference in the tone of your letter. Make phrases like this a habit in your letters.
• Never give off the idea that you’re annoyed with the person writing to you. It’s better to go overboard with friendliness than make someone think you’re angry or annoyed.

• This is especially important if you’re running a business or answering a customer service inquiry. Your customer may get frustrated if they have to spend time reading a long letter that could have been half the size.
• Of course, don’t be so brief that you haven’t answered the person’s question. If something requires a lot of explanation, then provide the explanation. Just don’t ramble on or provide more information than you have to.

• As a good rule of thumb, imagine your reader is skimming the letter quickly. Will they be able to see all the main points you were making? If not, improve your language and make it clearer.

• Edit your letter by asking yourself, “Would someone who doesn’t do my job know what I’m talking about?” If not, then change your language so average people can understand it. This is a good way to eliminate jargon from your writing.

• Don't just rely on spell check to catch your mistakes. These programs usually don't catch grammar errors. Read the letter word-for-word to find your mistakes.
• If this is a very important letter, like to a business partner, have someone else read it as well. A fresh set of eyes could see mistakes that you missed.

Expert Q&A

You might also like.

• ↑ https://inkforall.com/copy-editing/formal-letter/professional-formal-response-letter/
• ↑ http://home.agh.edu.pl/~potrec/Exam%20B2/Letters/letters.pdf
• ↑ https://bizfluent.com/how-8144874-respond-letter-requesting-information.html
• ↑ https://www2.archivists.org/groups/issues-and-advocacy-section/blog-entry-2-writing-an-effective-issue-response-letter
• ↑ https://kayako.com/blog/reject-customer-requests/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/professional_technical_writing/basic_business_letters/index.html

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Similar Letters

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• When someone asks you to submit your resume, be specific in providing necessary information. Mention the relevant qualifications first and then other information.
• Thank the reader for asking for your resume. Mention the position by job title you are applying for and describe your qualifications.
• Mention relevant experience in detail. Include specific details, examples and cases. If you are qualified but don't have real job experience, omit this section.
• Elaborate how your formal education, training, and experience makes you suitable for this job. Discuss important things like workshops, presentations, research, seminars, courses, etc. helped you.

SAMPLE LETTER

[Letter Date]

[Subject: Normally bold, summarizes the intention of the letter] -Optional-

Dear [Recipients Name],

Thank you very much for expressing your desire to join this quarter's batch of TESOL trainees. We are very pleased to know that you are enthusiastic about this program. Upon reviewing your training records, though, we noticed that you have missed out on one prerequisite for this program. Attached is the official document highlighting the specifics. As soon as this has been completed, we will be happy to put you through to the next available program.

Sincerely, [Senders Name] [Senders Title] -Optional-

[Enclosures: number] - Optional - cc: [Name of copy recipient] - Optional -

Sample letter to respond to an application and ask documents.

Further things to consider when writing response letters to job candidates

Response Letters

Response letters are letters written to provide answers or information requested in letters of inquiry. The main purpose of such letters is to satisfy the recipient with an action that fulfills his/her request. A response letter can be used to respond to a query about company's products and services or just to respond to a complaint. It makes the recipient feel valued and helps maintain strong relationships between the parties involved. A response letter also gives you an opportunity to clear up any misunderstandings with the recipient or ask questions. Response letters should be sent promptly, and all issues must be addressed courteously (even those that seem irrelevant). When writing response letters, it is advisable to keep the message short and to the point, taking into account that the recipient may lack your expertise. Make sure to address the letter to the person who made the inquiry and mention that this is a response to that inquiry. Maintain a positive tone even if the letter contains negative information. Make your response as clear as possible. If you are responding to multiple questions, for instance, consider putting your answers in bullet form. Close by offering to give further assistance.

Letters to Job Candidates

Letters to job candidates are letters sent to applicants who are being considered for certain job positions. These could be acceptance letters to let the candidates know that they have been accepted, rejection letters to unsuccessful candidates, or job offer letters to officially offer job positions to the candidates. In all situations, a letter to a job candidate should be professional, thoughtful, and kind. Although you may think that it's unnecessary to write to a candidate after an unsuccessful interview, there is nothing more unkind than leaving a candidate waiting and wondering. Letters to job candidates are essential in that they eliminate doubts and confusion after an interview. The best letters to job candidates are professionally and formally written. Use proper address and salutation for the candidate. Start by congratulating the candidate for his/her time. Proceed directly to conveying the intended message. If the candidate has been accepted and offered the job, state so clearly and provide more information about the position. However, if the candidate has been rejected, communicate this assertively and invite him/her to apply in the future. Make the letter short, clear, and to the point and avoid providing unnecessary details. End on a positive note.

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4 Exact Examples: How to Respond to a Rejection Email

By Status.net Editorial Team on December 21, 2023 — 11 minutes to read

Rejection emails can be tough to receive, but they’re a normal part of the job application process.

• Recognize that rejection emails aren’t personal. Companies often have a high volume of applicants, and they must narrow down the pool to find the best fit for the role. Just because you weren’t selected doesn’t mean you’re not qualified or valuable.
• When dealing with rejection emails, it’s useful to maintain a positive mindset. Focus on the bigger picture and remember that you’re not the only one who receives these emails. Try to view them as a learning experience. They can be a helpful tool in identifying areas for improvement in your application and interview process.

Here are a few tips to keep in mind after receiving a rejection email:

• Reflect on the experience: Think about what you could have done differently or what you can improve for future opportunities.
• Don’t be hard on yourself: It’s normal to feel disappointment, but don’t let that define you. Pick yourself up and keep going.
• Utilize the feedback: If the email includes any specific feedback, use it to refine your job search strategy and application materials.
• Be gracious: Respond to the rejection email with a polite and professional message, thanking the company for their time and consideration.
• Keep applying: Don’t let one rejection deter you from pursuing your career goals. Stay persistent and keep working towards finding the right opportunity.

Crafting Your Response

Start with a thank you.

When responding to a rejection email, begin by expressing gratitude to the sender. Thank them for their time and for considering you in the selection process. For example:

“Dear [Name], Thank you for taking the time to review my application and for the opportunity to be considered for the [job position/program].”

Express Your Disappointment Politely

It’s okay to express your disappointment, but do so respectfully and professionally. Show that you can handle rejection gracefully. For example:

“I am disappointed to learn that I was not selected for the [job position/program], but I understand that the competition was tough, and you had to make a decision that best suits your organization.”

Seek Constructive Feedback

Ask the sender if they can provide feedback on your application, as this can help you to improve in the future. This demonstrates your willingness to learn and grow. For example:

“I would appreciate any feedback you could provide regarding my application or how I can improve my chances in the future.”

Show Continued Interest

Even though you weren’t chosen this time, make a point to show that you remain interested in the organization or opportunity. For example:

“Although I was not selected, I am still very interested in [the organization/program] and look forward to future opportunities that may arise. Please keep me in mind for any future openings.”

Keep it Brief

Your response should be concise and focused. Do not over-explain or provide unnecessary details. Aim for a few short paragraphs that cover the main points.

Proofread Before Sending

Before hitting “send,” make sure to carefully proofread your response. Check for proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation to maintain a professional image. It’s also a good idea to have a friend or family member review your message for added assurance.

Examples and Templates of Well-Written Replies

Responding to a rejection email professionally and politely can create a positive impression, demonstrating your resilience and commitment to maintaining good relationships. Here are some examples and templates for crafting a well-written reply:

Example 1: Appreciation and Request for Feedback

Subject: Thank you for the opportunity

Dear [Recipient’s Name],

Thank you for taking the time to consider my application for the [position] at [company name]. While I’m disappointed not to be moving forward in the hiring process, I appreciate the opportunity to learn more about your organization.

If possible, I’d like to request feedback on my application and interview performance. Your insights would help me improve and better prepare for future opportunities.

Once again, thank you for considering my application, and I wish you the best in finding the right candidate for the position.

Best regards, [Your Name]

Example 2: Expressing Continued Interest

Subject: [Position] Rejection – Staying Connected

I recently received your email regarding the [position] at [company name] and wanted to express my gratitude for considering my application. Although I’m disappointed not to have been selected, I still believe that your organization aligns with my professional interests and values.

I’m eager to stay connected and informed about future job openings that might be a better fit for my skillset. Could you please add my contact details to your talent pool? I’d also appreciate any further recommendations or networking connections that may arise.

Once again, thank you for your time, and I look forward to staying in touch.

Sincerely, [Your Name]

Example 3: Professionalism and Growth

Subject: Rejection Response and Future Opportunities

I’m writing to acknowledge the receipt of your email informing me that I’ve not been selected for the [position] at [company name]. While the news is disappointing, I respect your decision and appreciate the time and effort you’ve put into reviewing my application and conducting the interview process.

This experience has been valuable for my professional growth, and I hope to apply the lessons learned to future opportunities. I would like to reaffirm my interest in your organization and kindly ask that you keep my information for any relevant openings that may arise in the future.

I hope our paths cross again, and thank you once again for your consideration.

Warm regards, [Your Name]

Subject: Re: Thank you for your time and consideration

Dear [Interviewer’s Name],

Thank you for the update on the [job title] position. While I’m disappointed to hear I wasn’t selected, I understand that your team had to make a difficult decision. I appreciate the opportunity to interview and learn more about your company.

I’d be grateful if you could provide any feedback on my application or interview that may help me improve moving forward. I remain interested in any future openings with your company and will keep an eye on your careers page.

Thank you once again for considering me for the position, and I hope our paths cross again in the future.

Best regards,

[Your Name]

Rejections are a part of life’s learning experiences. Having a well-timed and thoughtful response to a rejection email will keep you in the good graces of the company, lay the foundation for potentially successful future applications, and show your character in adversity.

Timing Your Reply

Replying to a rejection email can be tricky because you don’t want to seem too eager or despondent. The timing of your response plays a significant role in conveying the right message. Let’s explore a few aspects of when to send your reply and how you can ensure it reflects professionalism and positivity.

First, give yourself some time to process the rejection. Take a couple of hours or even a day to process your emotions, especially if disappointment is high. Allowing yourself to feel and understand your emotions will help in crafting a composed and genuine reply. Putting distance between receiving the news and forming your response avoids any negative tone in the message.

Next, you’ll need to decide when to send the email. Aim for replying within 24-48 hours of receiving the rejection notice. Responding promptly displays your keen interest in the position, as well as good communication and time management skills. Sending a reply after a longer time may make your response appear less genuine or interested, so try to find that right balance.

When crafting your message, it is important to keep your emotions in check and adhere to a polite and professional tone. Being gracious and understanding will not only help ease your disappointment, but it will also demonstrate your maturity in handling adversity. Mention how much you’d appreciate any feedback on your application or interview and express your continued interest in the company or potential future opportunities.

Handling Emotions

Managing your emotions after receiving a rejection email plays a vital role in maintaining a professional outlook and taking the necessary steps to move forward. This part focuses on learning to handle your emotions and turning the experience into a stepping stone.

Allow yourself to feel the disappointment. It’s natural to feel let down after a rejection. Give yourself permission to process these feelings but remember not to dwell on them for too long. Make sure to maintain a healthy balance.

• Acknowledge your emotions: Make a mental note of what you’re feeling and recognize that it’s okay to experience a range of emotions after a rejection. Validate your feelings, but also remind yourself not to let them control your actions.
• Vent to someone you trust: Sharing your feelings with a close friend or family member can be incredibly helpful. This trusted person can offer a listening ear, support, and sometimes even valuable advice.
• Take a break: Distract yourself by engaging in an activity that you enjoy, whether it be a hobby, exercise, or a simple relaxation technique such as meditation. This can help you gain a new perspective and recharge your energy.

Once you’ve dealt with your emotions, it’s time to view the rejection as an opportunity for growth. Instead of feeling discouraged, try to find the silver lining.

• Identify areas of improvement: Take a moment to reflect on your rejected application or proposal. What could you have done differently? This self-assessment can help you learn from your mistakes and improve in the future.
• Ask for feedback: Reach out to the person who sent the rejection email and politely request feedback on your application or proposal. Their insights can help you better understand their decision and refine your approach.
• Develop an action plan: Based on the feedback you receive and your self-assessment, create a plan to strengthen your skills, update your portfolio, or tweak your proposals. This will help you increase your chances of success in the future.

Learning to handle your emotions after a rejection and using the experience as an opportunity for growth can positively impact your personal and professional development.

Moving Forward Positively

After processing your emotions, shift your mindset towards moving forward. Keep up your job search, network with industry professionals, and consider attending relevant workshops or seminars.

• Create a job search routine – Set specific times to search for jobs, update your resume, and send out applications.
• Update your job search tools – Review your resume, cover letter, and LinkedIn profile, making improvements where necessary.
• Network – Attend networking events, join online forums, or partake in professional development opportunities.

Don’t hesitate to draw on your support system. Reach out to family, friends, or even a trusted mentor who can offer a listening ear, share their own experiences, and provide insights to help you bounce back.

• Speak with others – Share your feelings with people in your support network who can empathize and help to bolster your confidence.
• Seek guidance – Approach mentors or industry professionals for their advice on how to approach setbacks or improve your skills.
• Encourage accountability – Regular check-ins with a friend, family member, or mentor can provide motivation and encouragement during your job search.

Embrace the opportunity to learn, improve, and grow from rejection, keeping in mind that this experience will contribute to your long-term success.

Frequently Asked Questions

What’s a graceful way to handle a rejection email from a job application.

When faced with a rejection email, try to maintain a positive attitude. Thank the sender for considering your application, and express your gratitude for the opportunity to learn more about the company. You can also mention your continued interest in the company and a willingness to explore future opportunities with them. Always end your response on a positive note and maintain a professional tone.

How can one ask for feedback after receiving a job rejection email?

To ask for feedback, you can start by expressing gratitude for the opportunity to interview with the company. Then, politely request feedback or suggestions on your performance or qualifications. Make it clear that you’re seeking this information to help you improve and develop professionally. Be prepared to accept their feedback graciously and thank them for their time and assistance.

Is it advisable to reply to a rejection email, and why?

Yes, replying to a rejection email is a good idea as it shows professionalism and resilience. Your response demonstrates that you value the opportunity and the time they invested in reviewing your application. It also reinforces your interest in the organization and keeps the lines of communication open for potential future opportunities.

What are the key points to cover in a response to a rejection email?

When responding to a rejection email, cover the following key points:

• Express gratitude for the opportunity and their time.
• Reinforce your interest in the organization and the position.
• Request any feedback to help you improve for future opportunities.
• Discuss your ongoing interest in any openings within the company.
• Maintain a professional, positive tone and closure.

How can you professionally address a rejection email from a prospective client?

Address a rejection email from a prospective client by expressing your appreciation for their consideration of your proposal or services. Reiterate that you understand their decision and respect it. Offer any ongoing assistance or information they may find valuable, and let them know that you’re available for future opportunities. Remember to maintain a professional and upbeat tone in your response.

What should you include in a reply to a professor’s rejection email to maintain a positive relationship?

When replying to a professor’s rejection email, be courteous and respectful. Thank them for considering your application or request and for providing you with their decision. Show appreciation by acknowledging the time and effort they’ve spent reviewing your materials. You can also express your continued interest in their work, research, or course offerings. Conclude by wishing them well and stating your hope to stay connected or engage with them in the future.

• 16 Examples and Templates: How To Respond to a Job Rejection Email
• 3 Detailed Examples: Job Interview Request Email Responses
• 5 Smart Examples: How To Write a Job Inquiry Email
• 3 Examples: Job Application Email (with Tips)
• 9 Examples - How to Write a Formal Email (and Formatting Tips)
• Interview Follow-up Email Examples (1-2-3 weeks)

4 Ways to Respond to a Job Offer via Email (With Examples)

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There's a rush of hope that comes with receiving a job offer in your email. It could be your dream job, or it could be a mediocre offer, indicating that your job search isn't over yet. Either way, you'll need to inform the company of your decision.

Depending on the offer, your response will be one of four options: acceptance, rejection, negotiation, or consideration. While making a decision may come easily to you, expressing yourself professionally may not. Let's take a look at how to respond to a job offer in each of the four scenarios.

1. How to Ask for More Time to Consider a Job Offer

You’ll typically get the initial job offer over the phone—this is referred to as a “verbal”. But you’re not expected to give an answer at that point, so don’t feel pressured to. Thank the employer for the offer, and let them know that you'll send in your response soon. If you have specific reasons for needing more time (such as personal commitments), you can also share them briefly.

Sometimes, the hiring manager will tell you if they expect an answer by a certain date. If they don't give you specifics, you may want to ask when they'd like your answer. One week is the standard duration to consider a job offer.

Following the verbal, you'll receive an email with the formal written offer, which will include more details about the job, as well as information on compensation and benefits. You can then respond to the written offer with your own email when you're ready.

If you'd like to take some time to consider the offer, write back something like this:

Dear [Recipient Name], Thank you for sharing the details of the offer for the Product Manager position. I hate to delay my formal response to the job offer, but I am carefully considering the terms and would need a few days before responding. Could I get back to you on the offer by the 18th? Thanks in advance. Kind regards, [Your Name]

During this phase, take a moment to ask yourself some key questions to assess if the job opportunity aligns well with your preferences . This will help you make better decisions.

How to Ask for More Information About a Job Offer

Some companies will send you enough information about the job to allow you to make a quick decision. But many don’t—and you’ll need to write them to ask for more details before making your final decision.

Here's what such an email would look like:

Hello [Recipient Name], Thank you for considering me for the position of Sales Manager. I enjoyed the interview process, and I am looking forward to becoming a part of the team! I had a few questions after reviewing the offer that I wanted to run by you, particularly about the health insurance and paid leave. Is this something you'd be able to talk about soon? I'd really appreciate clarification of those terms, and I'm free to jump on a call at your earliest convenience. I'm free most afternoons around 2pm. Sincerely, [Your Name]

2. How to Negotiate a Job Offer

If the terms of the offer are not satisfactory for you, don't hesitate to negotiate. Accepting an underpaying job will take a toll on your mental health and career growth in the long run, so it's important to demand what you deserve. This not only leads to a potential increase in your salary but also enhances your job satisfaction and motivation. When your expectations align better with what the company offers, it can significantly improve your overall work experience.

Most times, negotiating will happen over the phone with details confirmed via email, but you'd have to start the conversation by sending an email. Here's how that would look:

Hello [Recipient Name], Thanks again for sharing the details of the offer with me earlier. Working with Apex is something that I've worked towards for a while, and I'm excited at the prospect of joining the team. However, I have a few questions about the compensation package and would like to know when you would be available to talk about it. Do let me know. Thanks for your help in advance. Best, [Your Name]

You may decide to state your intention to negotiate outright, but it's certainly more tasteful to be a little… diplomatic. If you're a freelancer, it's essential to research your pay rate by examining what others in your field are charging. This is just one of many valuable tips to consider when negotiating a higher rate for your freelance work .

How to Negotiate When You Have Another Job Offer

If you sent out numerous applications, you may get more than one job offer around the same time. It's important to mention it to both employers, but do it in a neutral, tactful manner. It'll speed up the entire process of wrapping things up and put you in a better position to negotiate more favorable terms.

Hi [Recipient Name], I was thrilled to receive the offer for the role of Backend Developer at [Company Name]. Thank you for the smooth interview process and your patience with addressing all my concerns. I wanted to let you know that I received another job offer unexpectedly this week, and while that position appeals to me as well, working with you would be my first choice. However, the salary offered was significantly higher than this offer. And that is making my decision difficult. Is there any room for negotiation when it comes to the salary and benefits? Sincerely, [Your Name]

If the company realizes how valuable you are, they'll readjust their package and present a counteroffer. If not, it's up to you to make a decision on what's best for your career—the lesser offer may present a better chance of career growth or great learning opportunities. It all depends on what's important to you at this time in your career.

3. How to Accept a Job Offer

If you decide to accept a job offer, keep your email short and straightforward. You want to thank the employer for the offer, then include a clear acceptance of the job offer. Also, mention the confirmation of the agreed job title and start date, and finish off with a question about the next steps.

Write back something like this:

Hello [Recipient Name], Thank you once more for sharing the offer's details with me earlier. I've gone over the terms and am thrilled to join your company as a content strategist. I'm really excited about this opportunity and can't wait to start on February 7th! Please let me know what the next steps are and if you require any additional documentation or information from me. Best, [Your Name]

However, before accepting a job offer, it's crucial to be on the lookout for certain red flags in a potential employer . Identifying these warning signs can help ensure a smoother experience in the future.

4. How to Decline a Job Offer

After careful consideration, if you decide that a job offer isn't right for you, you should inform the employer. This may not be the easiest thing to articulate—rejection is painful no matter which side you're on. Even if you believe an employer went to great lengths to sell you the job, “no” is a part of the job search process for both parties.

Keep the email short and polite—you want to sound grateful, but you don't need to go into great detail about why you're rejecting the offer. End with a request to stay in touch.

Here's an example:

Hello [Recipient Name], Thank you once again for allowing me to meet the team last week. It was great to learn more about the Growth Strategist position, and I was thrilled to be offered the job. However, after much thought, I've decided that this position isn't the best fit for my career goals at this time. It's been a pleasure getting to know you, and I hope we'll be able to collaborate again in the future. Please keep in touch! Sincerely, [Your Name]

One Email Closer to Your Dream Job

It's super important to be professional with your responses to employers. Whatever your response is, with the help of this article, rest assured that it'll be well-articulated.

You may want to hone your written skills so that you'll be better equipped to write emails, memos, and letters when the need arises.

• Work & Career

Job Rejection Email Response: A Detailed Guide

By Kervin Peterson

10 min read

A carefully written job rejection email response has several purposes. Firstly, it’s a way to let the recruiters know you acknowledge their decision and thank them for considering you for the job. Secondly, it’s a perfect opportunity to show your continued interest in working for the company and possibly leave the door open for future job openings.

Moreover, a job rejection email response is a chance to ask for feedback so that you can improve your weak points for other interviews.

In this article, we’ll discuss how to reply to an email for an unsuccessful job application and offer some job rejection email response examples that you can tweak and tailor to your situation.

Key Takeaways

A well-crafted job rejection email response is a good opportunity to reaffirm your interest in working for the company and open the door for potential future positions.

When responding to a job rejection email, make sure you stay graceful, professional, and respectful.

Maintain a positive tone throughout your job rejection email response.

Staying in contact with the recruiter can benefit your professional network and lead to more job offers in the future.

If the hiring manager provides feedback on why you weren’t selected for the job, use it to your advantage and work on your weak points to grow professionally.

Should You Respond to a Job Rejection?

A rule of thumb is that you should respond to a job rejection, although there are some exceptions, which we’ll discuss later.

Responding to a job rejection email shows good manners and professionalism , both desirable qualities in a prospective employee. 

But why is demonstrating professionalism and manners important if you get rejected? 

Well, you should always view job interviews as professional networking opportunities, regardless of the outcome. Thus, given that following up after a rejection email leaves a good impression on a hiring manager, with a bit of luck, your simple act may lead them to consider you for a future job opening within the company.

Lastly, there’s always a possibility the applicant chosen for the position may decline the offer for another job or underperform during their trial period. You may be next in line, and your response can raise your chances of getting hired.

However, if you’re wondering whether you should reply to a rejection email without an interview, the short answer is that you have no obligation to do so. However, you can send a brief email to thank the recruiter for notifying you and possibly ask for some feedback. You are unlikely to get it, but it’s worth a try. 

How to Respond to a Job Rejection: 4 Key Elements

Now that we’ve explained why, let’s see how to respond to a job rejection politely. There are several points you need to cover to convey your professionalism and good manners.

Stay tuned as we list all of them to help you learn how to accept job rejection gracefully.

#1. Express Your Gratitude

There are several things you should express your gratitude for when writing a job rejection email response.

For starters, you can thank the recruiter for letting you know about their decision . Afterward, express your gratitude for having been interviewed . Remember, interviewing multiple job applicants is a time- and energy-consuming process. If your interviewer was a gracious host, give them the same courtesy. 

Finally, thank them for giving you the opportunity to meet the team and learn more about the company .

However, keep in mind that your job rejection email response should be concise and brief , so try to cover this part in a few short sentences before moving on to the next one.

#2. Show That You Are Disappointed

Honesty is the best policy, so be truthful and show that you’re disappointed about not getting hired. Although you may think this part is irrelevant or even redundant, showing disappointment displays a genuine interest in working for the company.

Having said that, remember not to dwell on this part, as your job rejection email response should maintain a positive tone .

#3. Show That You Are Still Interested

The purpose of a job rejection email response is to leave the door open for future opportunities in the company, so it should show that you’re still interested in working there. In fact, you can be straightforward and ask the hiring manager directly to keep you on their radar for other positions that may open up.

Being open about your continued interest in the company lets them know they can contact you if there’s a role you’d be a suitable fit for.

#4. Ask for Feedback

In addition to paving the way for future career prospects within the company, a job rejection email response provides an opportunity to solicit feedback and learn the reasons behind your rejection. They can help you improve yourself and thus raise your chances of getting hired in the future.

However, you must formulate your question tactfully to avoid appearing demanding or questioning the recruiter’s decision—a polite appeal is the best approach.

That being said, note that the rejection may not be related to your professional skills or personality. Moreover, requesting feedback is more appropriate for inexperienced candidates than for those who already have years of work in the industry behind them.

2 Impactful Examples of Job Rejection Email Responses

Let’s look at two examples of how to reply to a rejection email.

#1. Job Rejection Email Response Following an Interview

Good example #1.

Subject line : Audrey Bennett - Re: Monday Job Interview at 4 pm

Dear Mrs. Peterson,

Thank you for notifying me about your hiring decision. While I’m disappointed about not being selected for the Social Media Specialist position, I’m grateful for the opportunity to interview for the job and learn more about the company. I’m glad I got to meet the team, and I’d appreciate it if you would keep me on file for any future job openings in your organization.

If you can spare a few minutes, I’d be thankful if you could provide feedback on my application and interview. Any insight you may offer would be helpful in my job search and career development.

Thank you for your time and consideration. I hope we’ll have our paths meet again in the future, and I wish all the best to you and your team moving forward.

Sincerely, Audrey Bennett [email protected] 646-851-7120

#2. Job Rejection Email Response Without an Interview

Good example #2.

Subject line : Christopher Mills - Re: Wednesday Job Interview at 11 am

Dear Mr. Thompson,

I appreciate you taking the time to consider my application and letting me know about your decision. Even though I’m disappointed that I wasn’t selected for the position of Project Manager, I understand you had numerous qualified candidates to choose from.

I wish you and the company all the best in your upcoming ventures.

Kindest regards, Christopher Mills [email protected] 440-683-4951

Here are some extra tips for responding to job rejection:

4 Additional Tips for Responding to Job Rejection

Don’t act impulsively, but respond in a timely manner. Job rejections are frustrating, but however upset you may feel, don’t act on impulse. Writing an angry email may bring you momentary relief, but it won’t help maintain a professional image. However, don’t wait too long to respond either, or the positive impression you’ve hopefully left on the recruiter will fade.

Respect the recruiter’s decision, but don’t hesitate to reiterate your values. Regardless of how much you want the job, you need to respect the recruiter’s decision not to hire you. Having said that, you should continue to take pride in your soft and hard skills, though, so don’t hesitate to take the opportunity to reiterate them to the hiring manager.

Don’t insist on feedback, but seek to stay in contact. To stay informed about new opportunities within the organization, you can politely inquire about connecting with the recruiter on LinkedIn. That way, you’ll showcase genuine interest in working with them and broaden your professional network. However, don’t use that connection to insist on feedback, especially if you’re an industry veteran.

Cover all the points, but don’t dwell on any of them. Make sure to cover all the important points, including your job rejection email response subject line, and let your communication skills shine through. However, remember not to go on and on in any part of your response; it should be brief and concise.

Final Thoughts

Although it may appear pointless, responding to job rejection can impact your career development in multiple ways. You should consider it a chance to restate your interest in the company and grow your professional network. Both can result in new career opportunities down the line .

Your job rejection email response should be concise yet personal, so don’t shy away from respectfully reminding the recruiter of your qualifications and expertise. “Respectfully” is the operative word, so make sure your professionalism and grace shine through.

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How to Reply to Email Professionally: Our Tips

Updated: September 26, 2024

When it comes to workplace communication, knowing how to reply to email professionally is a key skill. Whether you’re responding to a customer inquiry, handling internal communication, or replying to potential clients, maintaining a professional tone is crucial. Not only does it foster positive relationships, but it also strengthens your professional reputation. In this blog post, we’ll break down everything you need to know about composing professional emails—from crafting the perfect subject line to mastering professional email signatures.

The Importance of a Polished Subject Line

A subject line is often the first impression your recipient will have of your email. An unclear or poorly worded subject line can lead to confusion, misinterpretation, or even cause your email to be ignored.

On the other hand, a clear subject line can save time and ensure your message is seen promptly. When replying to an email, always ensure your subject line accurately reflects the content of your message.

For example, if you’re responding to a document request, your subject line should include keywords that indicate this, such as “Re: Document Request – [Company Name].” This approach not only ensures clarity but also helps maintain effective communication. Keep in mind that professional e mail communication relies heavily on concise subject lines that should briefly describe and get to the point quickly if you reply to an email or many emails professionally.

Crafting the Body of Your Email Professionally

Once you’ve nailed the subject line, focus on the email body. A professional email response should be polite, structured, and to the point.

It’s important to start with a polite greeting. For instance, use “Dear [Recipient’s Name]” or “Hello [Name],” depending on your relationship with the recipient and the formality of the setting. This sets the tone for a professional manner throughout the email.

Next, give a brief description of why you’re writing. For example, if you’re responding to a customer inquiry, acknowledge the customer’s message before diving into your response.

This could be as simple as, “Thank you for reaching out with your question regarding [Topic].” Acknowledging the inquiry shows the recipient that you are engaged and attentive.

Following this, provide a clear and concise response. Use bullet points to break down key points or instructions, which will help the recipient understand the content quickly and effectively. Professional email communication relies on clarity, so make sure your response accurately reflects the information needed to address the inquiry. In situations where more details are necessary, such as an online meeting request or further clarification, offer to provide further information. Building trust through transparency and responsiveness enhances the recipient’s confidence in your communication.

Maintaining Professional Tone and Etiquette

Whether you work in a laid-back environment such as at an escape room or a more formal one like a bank, maintaining a professional tone is critical in every business email. Using professional language and proper grammar is non-negotiable. Effective email communication is a vital skill for professionals, much like how a life coach helps individuals develop clarity, purpose, and direction in their personal growth journey.

Avoid grammar errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation errors to ensure your message comes across clearly and professionally. Your choice of words also plays a vital role in setting the right tone.

For instance, when responding to customer emails, it’s essential to keep the tone positive.

Express gratitude by saying something like, “Thank you for bringing this to our attention” or “We appreciate your patience.” This positive tone not only enhances the customer experience but also leaves a lasting impression that can lead to higher customer satisfaction .

In professional email responses, you should also include a call to action when necessary. For example, if the recipient needs to provide further details, say something like, “Please let us know if you need further assistance or clarification on this matter.” This keeps the conversation moving forward and ensures all parties are on the same page.

Crafting a Professional Email Signature

A professional email signature is an essential part of your email. It not only conveys key contact information but also reinforces your professionalism. Include your full name, job title, company name, and contact details. A common closing phrase like “Best regards” or “Sincerely” is often used to close the email in a polite manner. Additionally, integrating security elements like Privileged Access Management (PAM) can safeguard your sensitive information when sharing credentials or other protected resources via email.

For example, a professional email signature might look like this:

Best regards, [Your Full Name] [Job Title] [Company Name] [Phone Number] [Company Website]

This clear and concise format gives the recipient all the information they need to respond quickly or follow up with further questions.

Email Templates: Saving Time and Maintaining Consistency

To save time and ensure consistency in your email communication, create templates for common responses. For example, using a Wix affiliate app can simplify the process by automating email templates for frequent customer inquiries or marketing campaigns.

You can also explore web3 products to further enhance automation and security in customer communication, ensuring transparency and trust in your transactions.

For example, an automated response for a customer inquiry subject might include a brief acknowledgment and assurance that the customer’s message is being handled. This could look like:

“Thank you for reaching out to [Company Name]. We have received your inquiry and will respond within [X] business hours. If you need further assistance, feel free to contact us at [Email/Phone Number].”

Templates like these help improve response times and ensure that all customers receive a timely response, enhancing customer satisfaction. Just make sure to customize each response to reflect the specific situation of the email you’re replying to.

Professional Email Response Examples for Different Situations

Here are some professional email response examples for various situations:

• Subject Line : Re: Inquiry About [Product/Service]
• Response : “Dear [Customer], Thank you for your interest in [Product/Service]. We’re happy to provide more details. Please find attached a brochure that outlines all the key features. Should you have further questions, don’t hesitate to reach out. Best regards, [Your Name]”
• Subject Line : Re: Scheduling a Meeting on [Date]
• Response : “Hello [Recipient], Thank you for your email. I’d be happy to schedule a meeting to discuss [Topic]. I’m available on [Date] at [Time]. Let me know if this works for you, and I’ll send over the meeting details. Best regards, [Your Name]”
• Subject Line : Re: Feedback on Recent Project
• Response : “Hi [Recipient], Thank you for your positive feedback on our recent project! We’re thrilled to hear that you were satisfied with the results. Please feel free to contact us if you need further assistance or have any additional requests. Best regards, [Your Name]”

Effective Communication with a Clear Call to Action

One of the hallmarks of professional email communication is the ability to express your points clearly while prompting the recipient to take action.

A concise call to action can include a request for further details, a meeting request, or simply offering further assistance. Make sure your call to action is direct but polite.

For example:

• “Could you provide us with more information regarding [Topic] to help us proceed?”
• “Please find attached the requested document, and let me know if you need further clarification.”

Calls to action should be easy for the recipient to understand and respond to, ensuring effective communication. Responding promptly also shows respect for the recipient’s time and can foster a positive reputation.

Common Mistakes in Professional Email Communication (and How to Avoid Them)

Even though writing professional emails seems straightforward, there are several common mistakes that can hinder maintaining effective communication. These errors not only impact the clarity of your message but can also affect your professional reputation. Below, we’ll identify five typical mistakes and offer guidance on how to avoid them, ensuring that your email communication is polished and effective.

1. Using an Unclear or Vague Subject Line

A concise subject line is critical in setting the tone for your email. However, many people still make the mistake of crafting subject lines that don’t accurately reflect the content of their message. For example, a vague subject line like “Question” leaves the recipient wondering what the email is about, which can cause delays in response time.

Why it Happens:

Many people rush through this step, thinking the subject line is less important than the body of the email. But in reality, the subject line can determine whether the recipient opens your email in a timely manner.

How to Avoid It:

Always ensure that your subject line is clear and specific. For example, if you’re sending an online invoices payment subject email, something like “Invoice #1234 – Payment Inquiry” works far better than a generic “Payment Info.” This gives the recipient a clear idea of what the email entails, helping them respond quickly. For emails concerning technical inquiries, like those related to Ethereum RPC (Remote Procedure Call) services, a subject such as ‘Ethereum RPC API Issue – Assistance Required’ would provide clarity and expedite response time. This gives the recipient a clear idea of what the email entails, helping them respond quickly.”

2. Skipping the Professional Greeting and Closing

When writing an email, especially a response email , some individuals forget to include a professional greeting or professional closing . Jumping straight into the content without a greeting can come across as abrupt or impersonal, while neglecting to end with a proper closing like “Best regards” or “Sincerely” might give off a dismissive tone.

In the rush to respond to an email , people often focus on answering the query and neglect these crucial parts of the email. This happens especially in more informal settings, where people might assume that greetings and closings are unnecessary.

Always start with a polite greeting, such as “Dear [Name]” or “Hello [Name],” and close with a courteous sign-off. Even in a casual response email , it’s best to maintain a professional tone to ensure you’re keeping your communication polished. Ending your email with something like “Best regards” or “Looking forward to your response” gives it a professional finish.

3. Not Responding in a Timely Manner

One of the most common mistakes in email communication is not replying within an appropriate response time . Failing to respond to an email promptly can disrupt maintaining effective communication and reflect poorly on your time management skills.

Emails often get lost in a sea of messages, or people believe they can wait until later to respond, forgetting about it entirely.

Make it a habit to respond to important emails within 24 to 48 hours. If you’re dealing with a busy schedule and can’t provide a full response immediately, send a brief acknowledgment, such as: “Thank you for your email. I will get back to you with a detailed response by [date].” This small gesture shows the recipient that you’re actively working on their request, maintaining a good level of communication.

4. Sending Lengthy Emails Without Clarity

Some individuals tend to over-explain or add unnecessary details to their emails. While it’s important to be thorough, briefly describing your points in a clear and structured manner is key to proper email etiquette . Long-winded emails often lose the reader’s attention and can obscure the key message.

People worry that they might not provide enough information, so they overcompensate by adding too many details, especially in follow-up emails.

Focus on the main point you want to convey. Briefly mention the context in the initial email and then provide the necessary details in a structured way. Using bullet points to break down your message makes it easier for the recipient to follow along. If further details are needed, you can always follow up with another email or suggest a call. You can always perform an inbox placement test to cut the doubt and make sure your email is always landing in the primary inbox.

5. Failing to Adapt the Tone to the Situation

Another common mistake is using the same tone in all email contexts, whether you’re emailing a hiring manager , a colleague, or a customer. Adapting the tone based on the recipient and the situation is a core element of professional communication. For instance, an email to a hiring manager should have a more formal tone compared to an internal email between colleagues.

People may become accustomed to a casual tone when communicating internally and carry that habit into more formal interactions without realizing it.

Before sending an email, consider who your audience is. If you’re unsure how formal your tone should be, it’s better to err on the side of professionalism. If the context is a job application, always use a formal tone, whereas an internal communication can be more relaxed while still maintaining professionalism.

Summary of How to Avoid These Mistakes:

• Craft a clear, concise subject line that gives the recipient a quick understanding of the email’s purpose.
• Always include a professional greeting and closing , even for shorter or more casual emails.
• Respond in a timely manner to keep communication flowing smoothly.
• Be clear and to the point to avoid overwhelming your recipient with unnecessary information.
• Adapt your tone based on the recipient and situation to ensure your email reads appropriately.

By avoiding these common mistakes and practicing proper email etiquette , you’ll not only enhance your email communication but also improve your professional reputation and efficiency in the workplace. Following these guidelines will ensure your emails are clear, timely, and professional, making a positive impact on your communication outcomes.

If you apply all these tips, you will massively accelerate your sales pipeline cycle .

Conclusion: Professional Email Communication Builds Strong Relationships

In any professional setting, email communication is an essential tool for maintaining strong relationships with customers, clients, and colleagues. Whether you’re replying to an email, sending out a document request, or acknowledging positive feedback, mastering the art of professional emails can significantly improve customer satisfaction and foster long-term professional relationships.

Remember, always use a clear subject line, maintain proper grammar and etiquette, and craft responses that express gratitude and offer further assistance where needed. By following these guidelines and incorporating keywords like “professional tone,” “customer emails,” and “effective communication,” you’ll be able to communicate with confidence and professionalism in every email.

From creating email templates that save time to responding to potential clients with a positive tone, every part of your email contributes to your overall professional reputation. So, take the time to craft each email thoughtfully, and you’ll find it easier to build strong, lasting relationships in your professional life.

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Moskowitz, Waltz Introduce Bill to Protect Law Enforcement Access to Critical Equipment

WASHINGTON, D.C . – On Friday, U.S. Congressmen Jared Moskowitz (D-FL) and Mike Waltz (R-FL) introduced the bipartisan  Lifesaving Gear for Police Act of 2024  to ensure that law enforcement agencies across the nation regain access to critical equipment under the Department of Defense 1033 Program necessary for search and rescue operations, emergency and natural disaster response efforts, and active shooter situations.

The  Lifesaving Gear for Police Act of 2024  would:

• Prohibit the enforcement of any regulation, rule, guidance, policy, or recommendation stemming from Executive Orders 13688 or 14074 that limits the sale, donation, or transfer of excess Department of Defense (DoD) property to state and local law enforcement agencies unless enacted into law by Congress.
• Prohibit the use of federal funds to implement any regulations, rules, or policies from these Executive Orders unless specifically authorized by Congress.
• Prevent any future Executive Orders that would similarly restrict law enforcement’s access to excess DoD equipment through the 1033 Program.
• Establish requirements for reasonably and responsibly reissuing property recalled or seized under these Executive Orders to law enforcement agencies at no cost to the agencies.

“When we send police officers to protect and serve, it is critical that we provide them with the appropriate resources to keep themselves and our communities safe,” said Rep. Moskowitz. “I’m pleased to work in a bipartisan manner with Congressman Waltz to show support for law enforcement and deliver the lifesaving gear they require.”

“Our law enforcement officers put their lives on the line every day to protect us, and they deserve the best tools available to do their job safely and effectively,”  said Rep. Waltz.  “The Lifesaving Gear for Police Act of 2024 ensures that no executive order will ever again stand in the way of law enforcement receiving the equipment they need to protect themselves and our communities. It’s time to stand up for our police and ensure they have the resources they deserve.”

The  Lifesaving Gear for Police Act  has also gained strong support from local sheriffs across Florida:

Mike Chitwood, Sheriff of Volusia County,  said, “This bill is a common-sense, bipartisan approach to put excess equipment to good use. It saves money and cuts through the red tape that is only causing us to waste valuable resources. The tools available through this program can help local law enforcement protect our citizens, respond to natural disasters and critical incidents, and free up money for other urgent priorities that keep our communities safe.”

Robert Hardwick, Sheriff of St. John’s County,  said “The 1033 program has been a valuable resource for law enforcement agencies across the country and has aided in providing equipment to respond to natural disasters, search and rescue situations, active shooters, and other critical incidents. The Lifesaving Gear for Police Act of 2024 will ensure that needed equipment can continue to be utilized by local law enforcement agencies.”

Peyton Grinnell, Sheriff of Lake County,  said, “Equipment obtained by way of this program has proven to be invaluable to state and local law enforcement agencies that response to search and rescue operations and disaster response. The Lake County Sheriff’s Office has benefited greatly in the past from equipment acquired through this program.”

Grady Judd, Sheriff of Polk County, Florida , said, “The burden on law enforcement agencies to acquire life-saving equipment is particularly troublesome given that many states and localities are grappling with serious budget shortfalls. The 1033 program has been a vital resource for local and state law enforcement agencies to acquire and utilize equipment to respond to active shooters, terror attacks, disaster response, and many other mission critical situations. The acquisition of life-saving military surplus equipment allows us to fulfill two missions: to protect law enforcement officers and to protect the community, which have always been my highest priorities.”

Chris Nocco, Sherriff of Pasco County,  said, “The 1033 program has been a vital resource, allowing law enforcement agencies across the nation to utilize equipment that aids in responding to active shooters, terror attacks, disaster response and other critical situations. Without this important program, it is likely that many agencies would be unable to afford some or all of this critical equipment and that can often make a life-or-death difference.”

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Defects-Rich Heterostructures Trigger Strong Polarization Coupling in Sulfides/Carbon Composites with Robust Electromagnetic Wave Absorption

• Open access
• Published: 27 September 2024
• Volume 17 , article number  24 , ( 2025 )

Cite this article

You have full access to this open access article

• Jiaolong Liu 1 ,
• Siyu Zhang 1 ,
• Xuejiao Zhou 2 ,
• Moxuan Yin 3 ,
• Chenxuan Wang 3 ,
• Xuelin Zhang 4 ,
• Sichen Li 2 ,
• Peijun Zhang 1 ,
• Yuqi Zhou 1 ,
• Kai Tao 6 ,
• Mengyang Li 1 ,
• Bing Wei 1 ,
• Hongjing Wu 5 ,
• Bing Wei 1 &
• Hongjing Wu 5  

Defects-rich heterointerfaces integrated with adjustable crystalline phases and atom vacancies, as well as veiled dielectric-responsive character, are instrumental in electromagnetic dissipation. Conventional methods, however, constrain their delicate constructions. Herein, an innovative alternative is proposed: carrageenan-assistant cations-regulated (CACR) strategy, which induces a series of sulfides nanoparticles rooted in situ on the surface of carbon matrix. This unique configuration originates from strategic vacancy formation energy of sulfides and strong sulfides-carbon support interaction, benefiting the delicate construction of defects-rich heterostructures in M x S y /carbon composites (M-CAs). Impressively, these generated sulfur vacancies are firstly found to strengthen electron accumulation/consumption ability at heterointerfaces and, simultaneously, induct local asymmetry of electronic structure to evoke large dipole moment, ultimately leading to polarization coupling, i.e., defect-type interfacial polarization. Such “Janus effect” (Janus effect means versatility, as in the Greek two-headed Janus) of interfacial sulfur vacancies is intuitively confirmed by both theoretical and experimental investigations for the first time. Consequently, the sulfur vacancies-rich heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs displays broad absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz at only 1.8 mm, compared to sulfur vacancies-free CAs without any dielectric response. Harnessing defects-rich heterostructures, this one-pot CACR strategy may steer the design and development of advanced nanomaterials, boosting functionality across diverse application domains beyond electromagnetic response.

A series of sulfides/carbon composites with sulfur vacancies-rich sulfides heterointerfaces are well-designed and developed via a simple one-pot carrageenan-assistant cations-regulated strategy.

“Janus effect” of interfacial sulfur vacancies, which triggers strong defect-type interfacial polarization, are firstly intuitively confirmed by both theoretical and experimental investigations.

Optimized Co/Ni-carbon composites (CAs) imbued with sulfur vacancies-rich heterointerfaces displays broad absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz at only 1.8 mm, compared to sulfur vacancies-free CAs without any dielectric response.

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.

1 Introduction

The extensive use of advanced emerging technologies such as wireless electronics to satisfy the growing global communication of the modern world has brought about considerable electromagnetic pollution and irreversible human health issues [ 1 ]. Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials (EMWAMs), typically involving the heterogenous dielectric absorbers, play critical roles in dissipating these unwanted radiations. Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are emerging as promising EMWAMs because of their tailored metal components, abundant crystal structures, tunable electronic structure and easily achieved defects [ 2 , 3 ]. Nonetheless, only on their own structure and properties without additives, the pure TMS always suffers from inferior intrinsic electronic conductivity and low dielectric response, resulting in limited electromagnetic wave (EMW) attenuation mechanisms and unsatisfactory absorption bandwidth [ 4 ]. Although tremendous efforts have been devoted in pursuit of satisfactory dielectric TMSs during the past few decades, yet high-efficiency TMSs featured with broader effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) are still missing with their development and remained challenging.

Typically, electron formation, transport, and aggregation at surfaces/interfaces can significantly affect dielectric loss containing polarization and conduction loss [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Building multiple-phases TMSs with ample heterostructure have been recognized as an appealing strategy for enhancing dielectric polarization loss owing to that it could provide unprecedented effects at the heterointerfaces [ 8 , 9 ]. The component units of these heterostructures with different bandgaps can afford the benefits of stimulating the built-in electric field effect, which allows for fast charge transport and satisfactory unsaturated electronic configurations [ 10 ]. Benefiting from these well-designed heterostructures, opposite charges are inevitably inclined to accumulate at diverse heterointerfaces, bringing about many interfacial dipolar vibrations to dissipate electromagnetic (EM) energy [ 11 , 12 ]. Various heterostructure composites, such as sulfides/sulfides [ 13 , 14 ] and sulfides/carbons heterostructures [ 15 ], have exhibited excellent polarization loss because of the modulation of the effective heterointerface area and heterointerface charge density as a result of strong electronic interactions occurring on the heterointerfaces [ 16 ]. Thus, precise tailoring of heterostructures and its effect on the interface charge accumulation/consumption are highly requirable, however, still challenging. On the other side, considering that the electron concentration in TMSs is determined by the quantity of unpaired free electrons, introduction of sulfur vacancies is reported with significant improvement in intrinsic electrical conductivity [ 17 ], which endows suitable modulation and optimization of EM parameters. What’s more, these sulfur vacancies also could greatly enhance dipoles polarization by triggering abundant high-energy unsaturated active site as defect centers to provide sufficient defect-induced electric dipoles [ 18 ]. Inspired by these hypotheses, if we can design and structure the desirable multiple-phase heterointerfaces and increase their density on sulfur vacancy (i.e., defects-rich heterostructures), various dielectric attenuation or polarization coupling mechanisms (such as defects-type interfacial polarization) may be simultaneously activated so that to make a spectacular achievement on their broader absorption bandwidth and dissipation intensity. To sum up, just like the Greek two-headed Janus showing versatility in in charge of the both past and future (i.e., “Janus effect”), this unique defects-rich heterostructures also perhaps harvest the “Janus effect” in coupling both of interfacial polarization and defect-induced dipoles polarization. However, such “Janus effect” of defects-rich heterostructures is still unclear yet.

Previous attempts have revealed that chemical doping [ 18 , 19 ], F − regulation engineering [ 20 ], regulating crystalline phases structure [ 21 ], and constructing hierarchical structuralization [ 22 , 23 ] can effectively optimize their interfaces or/and defects characteristics. Despite considerable progress, several fatal shortcomings still remain: i) The scope for improvement in electron formation/transport/aggregation at heterointerfaces of sulfides is far from sufficient that incumbers the complete release of their intrinsic dielectric activity under the applied EM field; ii) as a result of the inert surface of traditional support materials, the interfacial interactions between the supported sulfides and the matrix materials ( e.g. , carbonaceous material) are not strong enough to well regulate the lattice structure of sulfides nanoparticles, which in turn does not guarantee their rich heterointerfaces/vacancies characteristics, especially for defects-rich heterostructures [ 24 , 25 ]; iii) the lack of insights and effective strategies that could power precise and controllable heterointerfaces/defects regulations are blocking the rational develop high-efficiency TMSs with excellent EMW absorption performance [ 26 ]; iv) due to the lack of combined experimental techniques and theoretical methods, accurate identifications and clarification of the in-depth relationships among intricate atomic-level microstructures (such as vacancies and heterointerfaces) [ 27 ], charge formation/transport/aggregation characteristics and macroscopical dielectric response behaviors are still beyond reachable. More importantly, how defects-rich heterostructures rather than individual heterointerface or sulfur vacancy can be synergistically engineered to tailor their electromagnetic wave parameters and EMW absorption, based on both experimental design and theoretical calculations rather than semiempirical rules, has been rarely explored so far. Hence, the effect of the atomic-level defects-rich heterostructures on the electronic structure characteristics and EM parameters involving EMW absorption is ambiguous. Exploring a facile and reliable strategy toward manipulating defects-rich heterostructures to well manage electronic conductivity, EM parameters, as well as gaining in-depth understanding on the underlying “Janus effect” toward EM energy-consuming mechanisms are desired and of prime significance.

Herein, to resolve the aforementioned challenges, heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies were rationally integrated to develop ι -carrageenan-derived porous carbon embedded with multiple sulfides heterointerfaces bearing abundant sulfur vacancies via a facile solgel transformation and pyrolysis process. This unique design concept endows the M-CAs with multiple advantages: i) Heterointerfaces originated from the competition growth of sulfides NP can cause plenty of defects (such as sulfur vacancies) and tempt the defect-induced polarization loss; ii) in return, these generated vacancies sites allow for strengthening electron accumulation/consumption ability at the heterointerface, thereby elevating the interfacial polarization by the build-in electric field effect. Importantly, density functional theory (DFT) calculations resonantly prove the significant effects of heterointerfaces, sulfur vacancies, vacancies-free heterostructures and vacancies-rich heterostructures on density of states (DOS), charge distribution structure, and the corresponding electrostatic potential as well as dipole moment for enhancing dielectric polarization loss. Consequently, the “Janus effect” of vacancies-rich sulfides heterointerfaces make Co/Ni-CAs feature with a broad absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz at only 1.8 mm, compared to the CAs with inferior dielectric response. In summary, constructing defects-rich heterostructures and systematically revealing the veiled mechanism can not only help understand the effect of interfacial sulfur vacancies on dielectric response but also provide a new paradigm for the design of novel broadband EMWAMs.

2 Experimental Section

2.1 preparation of carrageenan-m hydrogel.

The 2 wt% ι -carrageenan solution was prepared at 85 °C for 55 min using the magnetic stirring. Then, the 0.1 M metal salts (such as Co(NO 3 ) 2 ) ethanol solution was dripped into the above solution stirring under a high speed to form carrageenan-Co hydrogel at room temperature, and then washed and freezed. For comparison, carrageenan-C, carrageenan-Ni, and carrageenan-Co–Ni were prepared by using the similar procedure as the above carrageenan-Co, in which Co(NO 3 ) 2 was replaced with no metal salts, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 , as well as Co(NO 3 ) 2 and Ni(NO 3 ) 2 , respectively.

2.2 Preparation of Multiple Metal Sulfides/Carbon Composites

Firstly, the freezed carrageenan-M hydrogel was transformed into carrageenan-M aerogels hydrogels by dehydrated dehydration process through freeze drying. After that, the carrageenan-M aerogels were pyrolyzed at 600 °C for 2 h in Ar atmosphere at the heating rate of 2 °C min −1 to obtain the M x S y /CAs (M-CAs for short). According to the difference in metal salts, the resulting samples were marked as CAs, Co-CAs, Ni-CAs, and Co/Ni-CAs.

2.3 Characterization

The crystal structure information of samples was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Bruker D8 DISCOVER A25, Germany), using Cu Ka X-ray radiation at a scanning rate of 2° min −1 in the 2θ region of 10°-80°. A CHI 660D electrochemical workstation (with a frequency of 0.1–10,000 Hzand an amplitude of 5 mV) was performed on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In detection, a Pt foil, a saturated calomel electrode, and Na 2 SO 4 aqueous solution (1 M) was utilized as counter electrode, reference electrode, and electrolyte, respectively. Furthermore, the compositional, microstructure and morphology were gained from scanning electron microscope (SEM, FEI Verios G4) and a transmission electron microscope (TEM, F200X, FEI Talos, USA) equipped with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) to acquire cross-sectional images and element distributions. Chemical states characterization and defects level were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, Kratos AXIS Ultra DLD, UK) and electron spin-resonance resonance (ESR, Bruker E500, Germany) spectra, the microwave power was 15.00 mW, and the frequency was 9.84 GHz. Finally, a vector network analyzer (Anritsu MS46322B, Japan) using a typical coaxial-line method was conducted to obtain EM parameters (complex permittivity ( ε r  =  ε' – jε" ) and permeability ( μ r  =  μ' – jμ" ). Before EM parameters test, all samples (33 wt%) were pressed into rings-like ( Φ in  = 3.04 mm, Φ out  = 7.00 mm) in paraffin.

2.4 Computational Methods

All of the first-principle calculations were conducted with the Kohn–Sham density functional theory (DFT) by using the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP). The convergence criteria of the energy in electronic SCF iterations and the force in ionic step iterations are 1.0 × 10 –6 and − 0.02 eV, respectively, for geometrical optimizations, including cube, slab, and vacancy models. The generalized gradient approximation is parameterized by Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof (PBE) for exchange–correlation functional. The plane-wave basis set with a default kinetic energy cutoff is used to expand the valence electron wave function. The k-spacing value to generate Gamma-centered k -points sample mesh is 0.04 for optimization. We also calculated the sulfur vacancy formation energy by:

where E s-van , E slab , and E s represent the energy of S-vacancy models, corresponding slab structures, and isolated S atom. The DOS and Bader charge were calculated for the slab models including the sulfur vacancy geometries.

The DOS and charge density difference were calculated using the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) in Material Studio. The Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) in the generalized gradient approximation (GGA) form was used as the exchange–correlation function. The dipole moment of a single-structure cell was implemented using the Dmol3 module with the GGA and PBE exchange–correlation functional.

2.5 Simulation of the Radar Cross Section (RCS)

RCS simulation is used to study the effects of different samples on monostatic RCS to further verify the microwave absorption performance. The far-field electromagnetic absorption simulation of a 180 × 180 cm 2 coated metal plate (ideal conductive layer (PEC)) is obtained by RCS (− 55° ~ 55°, f  = 10.0 GHz). The sample/PEC dual-layer square specimen was positioned on the X-O-Y plane, with linearly polarized EMWs incident from the positive z -axis to the negative z -axis and polarization propagating along the x -axis.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 construction of sulfur vacancies-rich heterostructures in m-cas.

A schematic illustration of the facile bottom-up synthesis approach including a solgel transformation and pyrolysis process is shown in Fig.  1 a. Typically, here in the aqueous solution at a high temperature of 80 °C, the ι -carrageenan macromolecules chains can distribute randomly. After metal ions (M n+ ) are dipped into above solution and cooled to room temperature, the ι -carrageenan macromolecules will gelate with M n+ ions (such as Co 2+ and Ni 2+ ) leading to the formation of carrageenan-M hydrogels [ 28 ] (Fig. S1 a). In this step, the M n+ cations are capable of forming intra-molecular bridges between the sulfate groups of iota ( ι )-carrageenan, and meanwhile, the random coiled carrageenan macromolecules can convert into “double-helix” structures and the aggregation of them [ 29 ]. Finally, the obtained carrageenan-M hydrogels are subjected to freeze drying and subsequent pyrolysis. During the pyrolysis of carrageenan-M composites, the binding M n+ ions and sulfate groups transported into M x S y nanoparticles (NPs) and carrageenan converted to porous carbon, constructing the M x S y /carbon composites (M-CAs for short) [ 30 ] (Fig. S1 b–d). Further details of the experiments are provided in Experimental Section.

Schematic diagram of a preparation process and b construction of sulfur vacancies-rich heterointerfaces in M-CAs; c phase composition, d room temperature ESR spectra and e the calculated sulfur vacancies formation energy based on density functional theory (DFT) for M-CAs

A point emphasized is that in the earlier literatures, the most widely used method for synthesizing metal sulfides/carbon composites always involve temperature-programmed sulfides formation, subsequent loading of sulfides on carbon source and the followed carbonization process, which are complex and energy intensive, consequently limiting the scalable manufacturing and extensive applications [ 31 , 32 ]. Here we use water-soluble ι -carrageenan as both carbon matrix and a clean sulfur source instead of keeping them separate, making it possible to combine the stage of sulfides formation, loading and carbonization in one-pot pyrolysis process. This endows us with two advantages during pyrolysis process:

Diverse sulfides embedded on carbon matrix as detected by XRD in Fig.  1 c that can offer abundant heterointerfaces (Fig.  1 b) would be formed as a result of cations competitive reaction ability by tuning the tailored cations [ 9 ]; Herein, three different M n+ cations ( i.e. , Co 2+ or Ni 2+ or both Co 2+ and Ni 2+ ) are controlled to prepare M-CAs with sulfides heterointerfaces, while the CAs as comparison sample are also prepared by the absence of metal ions. For CAs, it is composed of CaS (PDF#08–0464) and carbon, and the former comes from the Ca 2+ in original ι -carrageenan. After introducing Co 2+ , Ni 2+ , or both Co 2+ and Ni 2+ , the diffraction peak intensity of CaS becomes inferior and a set of new peaks can be detected, corresponding to Co 9 S 8 (PDF#65–1765) and Ni 9 S 8 (PDF#22–1193) for Co-CAs, Ni-CAs, and Co/Ni-CAs, respectively (Fig.  1 c and Table S1 ), which favors to generate the enriched multiple-phases heterointerfaces.

Due to the different vacancy formation energies of sulfides (Fig.  1 e) resulting from electronegativity of the cations [ 33 , 34 ], the controlled sulfur vacancies in sulfides as revealed by electron spin resonance (ESR) (Fig.  1 d) could be constructed, contributing to the formation of dipoles for EMW dissipation. Notably, Co/Ni-CAs, followed by the Ni-CAs and Co-CAs, has a stronger ESR signal far more than that of CAs, which implies that multiple-phase sulfides heterostructures could benefit the creation of sulfur vacancies. To validate this conjecture, we have built Co 9 S 8 and Ni 9 S 8 with sulfur vacancy model (i.e., Co 9 S 8 -Vs and Ni 9 S 8 -Vs ), respectively. Meanwhile, Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces with sulfur vacancy model are also taken into consideration, in which sulfur vacancy obtained from Co 9 S 8 is labeled as Co 9 S 8 -Vs /Ni 9 S 8 and other one got from Ni 9 S 8 is named as Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 -Vs . The formation energies of sulfur vacancy structure are calculated as 6.73, 5.40, 5.32, and 4.51 eV for Co 9 S 8 , Ni 9 S 8 , Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 -Vs , and Co 9 S 8 -Vs /Ni 9 S 8 , respectively. Evidently, the values of both Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 -Vs and Co 9 S 8 -Vs /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces are smaller than individual Co 9 S 8 and Ni 9 S 8 , indicating that heterointerfaces is advantageous to the enrichment of defects, well corresponding to the ESR result in Fig.  1 d.

Overall, a series of M-CAs with sulfur vacancies-rich sulfides heterointerfaces are well designed and developed via a simple one-pot CACR strategy. This nanotechnology-based method involves using metal ions with different competitive reaction abilities and vacancy formation energies to finely tune the crystalline phases structure of sulfides, thereby achieving controllable generation of sulfides heterostructures and simultaneous formation of rich sulfur vacancies, which is anticipated to contribute to optimize electronic structure and the involved dielectric polarization loss.

3.2 Morphology, Heterointerfaces and Lattice Defect Analysis of M-CAs

Morphology, heterointerfaces, and lattice defects changes, as a function of metal ions, are analyzed by SEM and TEM. As delineated in (Fig. S2b–d), all M-CAs preserve the original porous configuration with pore structures and interconnecting channels, in contrast to the CAs (Fig. S2a). Figure  2 a–e shows the TEM images of CAs, Co-CAs, Ni-CAs, and Co/Ni-CAs M-CAs, as well as their particle size distributions, respectively (inset in Fig.  2 b, e). One can clearly see that the obtained M x S y NPs are in situ embedded on the carbon surface without visible agglomeration. These monodisperse particle distribution may benefit interfacial polarization. Among them, abundant singly dispersed M x S y NPs with smaller particle size are observed on M-CAs (Fig.  2 c–e) especially for Ni-CA and Co/Ni-CA relative to pure CAs (Fig.  2 b), which is robustly confirmed with SEM. These extensively dispersed metal particles are believed to induce local sulfides-carbon interfacial interaction and provide more active sites, which are potentially advantageous to facilitate heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancy formation [ 35 , 36 ]. The detailed lattice structure information is further revealed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). As shown in Fig.  2 b1, the interplanar spacing determined to be 0.28 and 0.32 nm can be separately indexed to the (200) and (111) planes of CaS for CAs, which is consistent with that of the XRD analysis. With respect to Co-CAs, contrastingly, an interfacial zone between Co 9 S 8 (0.24 nm, (400) plane) and CaS (0.20 nm, (220) plane) is presented in Fig.  2 c1, indicating the heterointerface formation due to the introduced Co 2+ . Likewise, an obvious heterointerface has successfully constructed for Ni-CAs in Fig.  2 d1. Noteworthy, benefiting from the simultaneous introduction of Co 2+ and Ni 2+ , more obvious heterointerfaces induced by the co-existence of multi-phases, associated with the selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern observations (Fig. S2), are created for Co/Ni-CAs (Fig.  2 e1). C, Ca, S, Co, and Ni elements are distributed throughout the Co/Ni-CAs nanosheets according to the EDS mapping results in Fig.  2 g, showing the successful synthesis of ternary sulfides heterointerfaces nanospheres embedded into the porous carbons. Thereinto, the distribution of Co and Ni are homogeneous while that of Ca shows obvious aggregation. It may be attributed that due to the Ca cation coming from the original ι -carrageenan itself, its sulfides (CaS) may tend to accumulate into the carrageenan-derived carbon matrix itself, compared to the introduced Co and Ni cations. Considering these heterointerfaces are helpful to promote interfacial polarization, the Co/Ni-CAs may harvest stronger interfacial polarization among these M-CAs samples.

Heterointerfaces and lattice defect as well as geometric phase analysis characterization of M-CAs. a–e TEM images and particle size distribution; b1–e1 HR-TEM showing the heterointerfaces in M-CAs and CAs, and f the corresponding schematic diagram showing heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies could be well control by subtly regulating the metal ions; g TEM mapping images of Co/Ni-CAs; h Lattice information taken from fig. e 1 , displaying lattice distortion, vacancy sites and strain distributions in i–i3 Co 9 S 8 lattice, k–k3 Ni 9 S 8 lattice and j–j2 and l Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces for Co/Ni-CAs

Generally, metal ions with different ionic radii, electronegativities and chemical activities inevitably bring about some structural defects and lattice mismatches during polycrystal phases structure formation in sulfuration pyrolysis process [ 37 ]. Taking the Co/Ni-CAs as example, we can see that marked mismatches (yellow dotted line) exist in the lattice stripes of local zone of heterointerfaces from Fig.  2 e1, indicating a large number of lattice distortions occur in Co 9 S 8 phase (Fig.  2 i1, i2) and Ni 9 S 8 phase (Fig.  2 k1, k2) as well as Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces (Fig.  2 j1, j2). Especially, large amounts of discontinuities vacancies sites as point defects (red dotted circle) are also significantly observed in (Figs. 2 j2 and S3) and around the Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces lattices (Fig.  2 i3, k3), once again confirms the highly vacancies characteristic of Co/Ni-CAs as found in the outstanding vacancy peaks in ESR (Fig.  1 d). The geometric phase analysis (GPA) is further performed to reveal the defect-induced strain distribution state near the heterointerfaces in detail based on the HR-TEM images [ 38 ]. In Fig.  2 l, the strain distributions of E xx and E yy are obtained by GPA from Fig.  2 h. The emergence of dramatic strain variations with more intense tensile and compressive strains near heterointerfaces firmly supports the fact that heterointerfaces is advantageous to the enrichment of defects (including lattice distortions and sulfur vacancies). Such defects contribute to alter charge transport and trigger charge aggregation, which lead to generating spatial dipole moments to boost polarization relaxation for EMW attenuation. These results consistently demonstrate heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies, and vacancies-rich heterointerfaces could be well controlled by subtly regulating the metal ions in this work based on CACR strategy as illustrated in Fig.  2 a, f. Thereinto, in comparing to pure CAs, Co/Ni-CAs has apparent heterointerface features accompanied with highly vacancies nature. Since these abundant heterointerfaces and enriched defects can disrupt the periodicity of the lattice and modify the charge carrier transport model, they are likely gainful to reinforce electron accumulation/consumption ability and intensify dielectric polarization loss, which will be discussed in the following content in detail.

3.3 Compositional and Interfacial Electron Interactions Information of M-CAs

XPS was employed to examine the chemical bond and chemical state of M-CAs. The survey spectra in Fig. S4a display peaks of the C, S, Ca, and metal ions (Co or/and Ni), consistent with the EDS observations and XRD analysis. The high-resolution C 1 s spectrum is given in Fig. S4b. Aside from C = C (284.6 eV), a characteristic peak of C–S/C–O (285.6 eV) bond manifests that the M x S y nanoparticles and carbon matrix are strongly combined, showing the active carbon support materials in this work, rather than inert surface of traditional support material. Such interfacial interactions between the supported sulfides nanoparticles and the carbon matrix materials are probably anticipated to expedite the construction of defects-rich sulfides heterostructures.

As a main elemental, the high-resolution XPS spectra of S are shown in Fig.  3 a. Three peaks at 161.4, 162.5, and 163.3 eV are assigned to S 2 p 3/2 , S 2 p 1/2 , and –C–S = C bond. Obviously, the binding energies of S 2 p 3/2 in Co-CAs and Ni-CAs exhibit negative shifts compared with CAs, while the co-introduction of both Ni and Co brings about a larger negative shift of S 2 p 3/2 for Co/Ni-CAs, demonstrating stronger electron acquisition of S due to the heterointerfaces construction between diverse sulfides. Meanwhile, the pronounced positive shifts indicating strong electron loss in metal atoms could also be apparently discernible for Co/Ni-CAs than other samples (Figs. 3 b, c and S1c), as calculated and depicted in Fig.  3 d and Table S2. These results manifest the stronger interface electron accumulation/consumption between S atom and metal atoms and indirectly prove that ample heterointerfaces construction of different sulfides NPs for Co/Ni-CAs, followed by Ni-CAs and Co-CAs than heterostructure-free CAs, which is good in line with the analysis of HR-TEM (Fig.  2 b, e) and XRD (Fig.  1 c). In addition, a XPS peak centered at 163.3 eV, belonging to –C–S = C bond, is related to carbon plane defects, which may arise from the strong interaction of carbon substrate and its loaded sulfides nanoparticles (NPs) during synthesis process [ 39 ]. As shown clearly in Table S3, the peak areas of –C–S = C bond are as follows: Co/Ni-CAs > Ni-CAs > Co-CAs > CAs, and this order is well consistent with I D /I G peak intensity ratios in Raman spectra (Fig.  3 e, f). These consequences suggest that more intense interfacial reaction between carbon substrate and its loaded sulfides NPs emerges for heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs compared to other samples, further straightly confirming successful formation of multiple-phases heterointerfaces as we expected. On the other hand, it was previously reported that these strong electron interactions between carbon substrate and its loaded sulfides NPs, as well as sulfides NPs themselves would like to easily trigger severe surface-disordered structures and promote the production of defect levels in the transition metal sulfides [ 24 , 25 ]. Compared with pure CAs (30.3%), a larger value of sulfur vacancy concentration ( Vs ) for Co/Ni-CAs (40.9%), followed by Co or Ni-CAs (32.0% or 39.6%, respectively) are detected in Table S3 and Fig.  3 a, which is in line with the tendency of ESR spectra (Fig.  1 d), and is analogous to the mentioned above results of I D /I G in Raman and -C-S = C bond in XPS spectra (Fig.  3 f), further confirming our speculation. Besides, when electrons pass through these defective regions, they will be hopped or captured, therefore, to contribute to the controlled conductivity. To investigate the electronic transfer resistance ( R ct ), electronic impedance spectra (EIS) was then conducted. As seen from the Nyquist plots (Fig. S4d), the value of R ct of Co/Ni-CAs show much lower than that of CAs, implying its enhanced electron conductivity (Fig.  3 f). Besides contributing to improving electrical conductivity, it is well accepted that these sulfur vacancies can perform as unsaturated coordination active sites that could induce dipoles, contributing to the enhanced conduction loss and dielectric polarization for EMW attenuation spontaneously. In this regard, Co/Ni-CAs is anticipated to harvest more intense dielectric loss (including interfacial polarization and defect-induced polarization, as well as the “Janus effect” related polarization coupling) than other samples. Collectively, these quantitative results confirm the co-existence of enriched heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies for heterostructured M-CAs, as well as the strongest interfacial electron interactions in vacancies-rich heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs compared to sulfur vacancies-free CAs (Fig.  3 g). Benefiting from these merits, the EM performance and dielectric properties could be finely tuned and well optimized.

High-resolution XPS spectra of a S 2 p , b Ni 2 p , and c Co 2 p ; d Histogram showing the shift in binding energy values for M-CAs in comparison with CAs; e Raman spectra; f comparisons in sulfur vacancy ( Vs ), I D /I G in Raman, –C–S = C bond in XPS spectra and charge transfer resistance ( R ct ), showing the structural advantage for M-CAs, especially for g Co/Ni-CAs relative to CAs in boosting heterointerfaces, sulfur vacancies, the resulting interfacial electron interactions and conductivity

3.4 Electromagnetic Parameters and EMW Absorption Performance of M-CAs

The as-synthesized M-CAs with controllable defective sulfides-based NPs anchored onto the 3D carbon skeletons can result in tunable heterostructures and sulfur vacancies. This make it advantageous to modulate polarization behaviors and EMW absorption, therefore, their EMW dissipation abilities are examined at 2–18 GHz. For pure CAs, its limited heterointerfaces and faint sulfur vacancies endow it with complete EMW transmission rather than intensive absorption performance in terms of both reflection loss values ( RL min ) and effective absorption band (EAB), as shown in Figs. 4 a and S5a. When Co 2+ or Ni 2+ is, respectively, introduced, profiting from the increased sulfur vacancy concentration and heterointerfaces via forming the multiple-phases sulfides, broader EABs of 4.40 and 3.90 GHz and higher RL min of − 29.4 and − 39.5 dB, are attained for Co-CAs (Figs. 4 b and S5b) and Ni-CAs (Figs. 4 c and S5c) relative to CAs. This result means the sulfur vacancy and heterointerfaces are both beneficial to provoke EMW attenuation. Noted that although Ni-CAs possesses slightly higher sulfur vacancy concentration than Co-CAs as characterized by ESR in Fig.  1 g and Table S3, contrastingly, it exhibits slightly smaller absorption bandwidth, proofing that individual sulfur vacancy or heterointerfaces is not sufficient on their own to bolster EMW consumption. Remarkably, owing to the synergistically improved sulfur vacancy concentration and promoted multiple-phases heterointerfaces by the co-introduction of Co 2+ and Ni 2+ , the optimal RL min further increases to − 48.3 dB for vacancies-rich heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs (Fig.  4 d), and the EAB spreads 6.76 GHz with a relatively thin thickness of only 1.80 mm (Figs. 4 e, f and S5d), conferring its strongest absorption intensity and widest bandwidth compared to other absorbers (Fig.  4 g). That is, only the synergistic enhancement of both sulfur vacancy concentration and multiple-phases heterointerfaces (i.e., “Janus effect”), rather than individual sulfur vacancy or heterointerfaces, that can contribute to achieve both superior absorption capacity and effective bandwidth. As is well known, strong EMW absorption intensity and broad bandwidth with a thin matching thickness are desirably pursued for practical application in military and civilian areas. To this end, a comprehensive comparison has been conducted between the developed M-CAs and previously reported sulfides/carbon composites for EMW absorption [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. It is distinct that both the strong RL values (Fig.  4 h) and broad EAB (Fig.  4 i and Table S4) could be comparable to those of other advanced absorbers. Remarkably, we can harvest such outstanding EMW absorption performance only with a low filler ratio (33 wt%) and thin matching thickness (1.80 mm), signifying its great potential for practical applications as a thin, broad and high-efficiency EMW absorber.

RL plots of a CAs, b Co-CAs, c Ni-CAs, and d Co/Ni-CAs; e 2D RL plots and f 3D RL plots for Co/Ni-CAs; g comparison of the EAB with the optimal thicknesses of the samples; comparison of the h RL min and i EAB of Co/Ni-CAs to other reported metal sulfides-based absorbers; j attenuation constant (α) for samples; k schematic diagram showing the improved impedance and boosted EMW attenuation ability of M-CAs, especially for Co/Ni-CAs, relative to CAs through the well control of heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies

To thoroughly exploit the EMW absorption performance variance of the heterostructured M-CAs, their EM parameters are measured and exhibited in Fig. S6a, b. One can see that the ε′ values can range from 3.2 to 3.1, 7.3 to 5.6, 9.2 to 6.3 for CAs, Co-CAs and Ni-CAs, respectively. And the highest ε′ value oscillating from 12.4 to 4.9 is obtained for Co/Ni-CAs, suggesting its stronger EM storage capability. Likewise, for the imaginary part of permittivity ( ε″ ) that reflects the dielectric loss ability, the Co/Ni-CAs also displays the highest ε″ value oscillating between 3.8 and 10.1, followed by Ni-CAs (2.1–5.8) and Co-CAs (1.3–1.7), while the CAs roughly maintains a constant of about 0.1 as the frequency evenly increases. Both values of highest ε′ and ε″ suggest there exist strongest abilities of dielectric energy storage and loss in M-CAs, especially for Co/Ni-CAs, in comparison with CAs. The variation tendency of the permittivity is in line with the defects/heterostructures characteristic (Figs. 1 d and 2 ) and confirms that the metal ions in our proposed carrageenan-assistant cations-regulated (CACR) strategy could indeed be used to adjust and optimize the EM parameters and dielectric properties. As for permeability, Fig. S6d, e displays curves for real part ( μ′ ) and imaginary part ( μ′′ ), where the former presents magnetic energy storage and the latter signifies magnetic energy loss capacity. Across the 2–18 GHz frequency range, μʹ values almost range from 0.8 to 1.3 and scarcely vary for M-CAs. This result means the introduction of metal ions shows a little effect on the μ′ values. Besides, no apparent resonance peaks are visible in the imaginary permeability map, indicating inferior magnetic response for these samples. Additionally, the higher tan δε values rather than tan δ μ of M-CAs, especially for Co/Ni-CAs, suggest the magnetic loss does not play a dominant role in EMW absorption process (Fig. S6c-f) as compared to CAs.

Cole–Cole plots are analyzed to dissect the origin of the dielectric losses based on Debye theory. Theoretically, a semicircle is assigned to the one polarization relaxation process (including interfacial/dipole polarization) in an ε″ versus ε′ plot while the long smooth line is linked to the conduction loss. Clearly, no visible long lines in M-CAs and CAs excludes the contribution of conduction loss for these four samples. This phenomenon can be attributed to the disordered structure of carrageenan-derived carbon matrix under the low synthetic temperature (600 °C in this work) that would reduce conductivity. Besides, the strong interaction between carbon matrix and its loaded sulfides NP further aggravates the disordered degree to reduce conductivity. This speculation can be confirmed by the very low ε″ value and the poor EMW absorption performance in pure CAs. For CAs, we hardly find any observable semicircles in Fig. S7a, b although there exist some carbon/CaS heterointerfaces in its crystal lattices (Fig.  2 b1), suggesting the limited carbon/CaS heterointerfaces are not enough induce apparent interfacial polarization/dipole polarization. on the contrary, a few distorted semicircles are emerged for Co-CAs (Fig. S7c), and the introduced heterointerfaces (Fig.  2 c1) and sulfur vacancies (Fig.  1 d) can account for such generations of interfacial polarization and defect-induced dipole polarization. Moreover, much distorted Cole–Cole trajectories in Fig. S7d suggest the improved Debye polarization relaxation processes for vacancies-rich Ni-CAs compared to Co-CAs. On the one hand, the smaller sizes distribution of sulfides NPs (95.7 nm of Co-CAs (Fig.  2 c) vs 23.4 nm of Ni-CAs (Fig.  2 d) may provide larger interfacial contact area between CaS and Ni 9 S 8 , as well as between these sulfides NPs and carbon matrix, thereby boosting interfacial polarization. On the other hand, the lower sulfur vacancies formation energy of Ni 9 S 8 (i.e., 5.32 eV) means its higher sulfur vacancies concentration for Ni-CAs in comparison with that of Co 9 S 8 (i.e., 6.73 eV) for Co-CAs (Fig.  1 d, e), which benefits defect-induced dipole polarization. Notably, continuing to introduce simultaneously Ni and Co ions for Co/Ni-CAs, the rich polarization relaxation processes are signally revealed by the much more Cole–Cole semicircle with larger diameter (Fig. S7a, d) compared to Ni-CAs, Co-CAs, let alone to sulfur vacancies-free CAs. This finding indicates stronger interfacial/dipole polarization occur stimulated by both enhancements of the enriched heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies as we found in HR-TEM (Fig.  2 h–k3) and ESR (Fig.  1 d). Of note, the multiple fluctuation peaks in ε,″ which are relevant to the presence of polarization relaxation, are also obtained for vacancies-rich heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs than other samples (Fig. S6b), further proving our analysis.

It is well accepted that these polarization relaxations will reinforce the overall dissipation capabilities estimated by an attenuation constant ( α ) [ 48 ]. In Fig.  4 j, the values of three M-CAs far away exceed that of CAs (from 6 to 29), suggesting the introduced metal ions implement a positive role in boosting EMW dissipation. It is worth mentioning that the Co-CAs (from 43 to 165) has a comparable value to Ni-CAs (from 29 to 161) in spite of the latter showing the higher sulfur vacancies. Once again, it confirms the individual sulfur vacancy or heterointerface is not enough on their own to strengthen attenuation capability. Encouragingly, thanks to the synergetic improvement in heterointerface and sulfur vacancies, the largest value from 52 to 239 for vacancies-rich heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs implies its superior attenuation capacity among these M-CAs. The impedance matching, as another key factor, is also taken into consideration as shown in Fig. S8. The larger area between Z  = 0.8 (black solid lines) and Z  = 1.2 (red solid lines) indicates the better impedance matching characteristic of M-CAs than CAs, especially for Co/Ni-CAs, being good accord with the Cole–Cole plots and attenuation constant ( α ). The aforementioned analysis validates the strengths of metal ions in simultaneously modulating heterostructures and defect level, which is conductive to substantial enhancement of dielectric parameters, attenuation ability and impedance matching for EMW absorption performance, as presented in Fig.  4 k.

3.5 Theoretical Calculation Analysis and EMW Loss Mechanism

To gain in-depth insight into the vital role of constructed heterostructures and sulfur vacancies in improving dielectric loss, the charge distribution structure and the corresponding DOS were plotted based on DFT calculations (Figs. S9 and 5 ). The associated EMW loss mechanism in the Co/Ni-CAs is elucidated based on the aforementioned discussion in Fig.  6 a–c.

3.5.1 Heterointerfaces and the Related Interfacial Polarization

As illustrated in Fig.  5 b, the electron DOS indicates the targeted Co 9 S 8 , Ni 9 S 8 and Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces all show the nature of the conductor, which helps the transfer of electrons due to the introduction of metal ions. Thereinto, in comparison with Co 9 S 8 (Fig.  5 a) and Ni 9 S 8 (Fig.  5 b), the electronic states of Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces at the Fermi energy level are noticeably much higher (Fig.  5 c). It implies that the abundant Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces in the Co/Ni-CAs can greatly make the energy band denser, and further boost the charge transfer than those of Co-CAs and Ni-CAs [ 49 ]. Consequently, an increase in the accelerated interfacial charge transport improves its electrical conductivity and benefits the modulation and optimization of EM parameters, which coincides with the results shown in Figs. 3 f and S6b, respectively.

Calculated DOS of the a Co 9 S 8 , b Ni 9 S 8 , and c Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerface; front and top view as well as the charge density difference of d–d2 Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 and e-e2 Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs models; the planar-averaged charge density difference along the Z direction Δρ (z) of f Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 and g Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs heterointerfaces, and h their comparison; i Bader charge of interfacial atoms; electrostatic potential of j Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 and k Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs heterointerfaces; comparisons in l electrostatic potential and m calculated dipole moment, showing the improved dielectric polarization stemmed from the sulfur vacancies and heterointerfaces

To more intuitively analyze the interface effect of the Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterointerfaces, we hence simulate the charge density difference of the heterointerface between (220) of Co 9 S 8 and (114) of Ni 9 S 8 as shown in Fig.  5 d–d2. The calculated results reveal there is obvious imbalanced charge density distribution in the Co 9 S 8 (220)/Ni 9 S 8 (114) heterostructure (Fig.  5 d2), and significant charge migration happens from Ni 9 S 8 (114) with negative charge in blue to Co 9 S 8 (220) with positive charge in yellow (where irregular yellow and blue regions correspond to the aggregation and dispersion of electrons, respectively). Theoretically, these uneven distributions of positive and negative charges will result in a large number of electric dipoles at the heterointerfaces to promote interfacial polarization under the action of alternating electric field (as shown in Fig.  6 c), accompanied by EMW energy dissipation. In this regard, the interfacial polarization loss of Co/Ni-CAs is greatly enhanced due to its ample heterointerfaces compared to Ni-CAs and Co-CAs, let alone to CAs.

Schematic illustration of EMW absorption mechanisms of defects-type interfacial polarization (i.e., polarization coupling). a Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 with different heterointerfaces and vacancies; b interfacial vacancies-induced more dipoles and responding dipole polarization for Co/Ni-CAs with sulfur vacancies-rich heterointerfaces. c Fast electrotransfer/aggregation at heterointerfaces and responding interfacial polarization; RCS results: d RCS mode, e RCS values of PEC and PEC coated with M-CAs (insets are the responding 3D radar wave scattering signals), f RCS reduction values of CAs, Co-CAs, Ni-CAs, and Co/Ni-CAs

3.5.2 Sulfur Vacancies and the Related Defect-Induced Polarization

Furthermore, as previously mentioned, the strong electron interactions between carbon substrate and its loaded sulfides NPs, as well as the lattice deficiencies and heterogeneous interfaces derived from the competition growth of these loaded sulfides NPs themselves, will inevitably bring about the flourishing sulfur vacancies sites. To verify the contribution of sulfur vacancies to electronic structure and charge distribution of sulfides, DFT calculation is implemented. First, the tendency of sulfur vacancy formation is previously discussed (Fig.  1 e), which demonstrates that the sulfur vacancies surrounding Co 9 S 8 (220)/Ni 9 S 8 (114) heterointerfaces have a lower formation energy than those surrounding individual Co 9 S 8 (220) or Ni 9 S 8 (114), confirming the crystal structure of Co 9 S 8 (220)/Ni 9 S 8 (114)- Vs and Co 9 S 8 (220) -Vs /Ni 9 S 8 (114) which are preferable in this research.

For perfect Co 9 S 8 or Ni 9 S 8 , the charge distribution is relatively uniformly distributed (Fig.  5 d1, e1). However, taking Co 9 S 8 (220)/Ni 9 S 8 (114)- Vs for instance, the introduction of one sulfur vacancy in Ni 9 S 8 makes electrons delocalize at the vacancy sites and flow into nearby atomic region (the dash red circle in Fig.  5 e2), which will result in the symmetry breaking of negative/positive charge centers [ 50 ]. As a result, a local electric field could be established to form a permanent dipole at the vacancy sites (as illustrated in Fig.  6 b). It is well known that these dipoles will oscillate under the external EM field to enhance the defect-induced polarization loss [ 51 ]. In consideration of the difference in sulfur vacancies (Fig.  1 d), these introduced sulfur vacancies of Co-CAs and Ni-CAs are salutary to enhance their defect-induced polarization losses than that of CAs [ 52 ].

3.5.3 Sulfur Vacancy-Rich Heterointerfaces Improve Polarization Coupling

Firstly, differing from sulfur vacancies-free heterointerfaces, vacancy-rich heterointerfaces can enable stronger interfacial electron accumulation/consumption by the enhanced build-in electric field (Fig.  6 a). As shown in Fig.  5 e2, Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterostructure with sulfur vacancy (labeled as Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs ) possesses more obvious difference of charge distribution at the interfaces, compared to the Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 heterostructure Fig.  5 d2. Such stronger interfacial electron accumulation/consumption of Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs than Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 is further revealed by the relevant planar-averaged electron density difference along the Z direction (Fig.  5 f–h), signifying that sulfur vacancies can bring about a strong interfacial interaction [ 53 ], which is good line with XPS analysis (Fig.  3 d). To obtain further understanding on this phenomenon, the Bader charge of interfacial S atoms in Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs is then analyzed (Fig.  5 i). It is clear that a decreasing trend of Bader charges of all interfacial S atoms occurs at the Ni 9 S 8 (114) side (labeled as S1-S6), whereas an increasing inclination is observed for those of all the S atoms at the Co 9 S 8 (220) side (labeled as s1-s6). Such result will demonstrate that the presence of S vacancies can enhance electron accumulation/consumption ability of interfacial S atoms. This process of self-driven charge redistribution at heterointerface will induce a built-in E-field, which is beneficial to facilitate improvement of interfacial polarization [ 54 ] (Fig.  6 c). To gain a clearer insight into the strong interface effect induced by sulfur vacancy, we calculate the electrostatic potential of Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 and Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs . As illustrated in (Fig.  5 j), the difference of electrostatic potential between Co 9 S 8 and Ni 9 S 8 is largely heightened from 0.33 to 2.13 eV due to the introduced sulfur vacancy (Fig.  5 k, l and Table S5). Consequently, the larger number of electron transfer, indicated by Bader charge with a semi-quantitative analysis [ 55 ], is harvested for Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs (1.08 eV) compared to Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 (0.64 eV) (Fig.  5 f, g), setting a fast electron transfer path and boosting interfacial polarization.

Secondly, apart from improving the migration rate of charges, these sulfur vacancies-rich heterointerfaces are able to induct local asymmetry of electronic structure to evoke much larger dipole moment, in comparison with sulfur vacancy with inferior heterointerfaces. To better understand the polarization effect arising from sulfur vacancies-rich heterointerfaces, the dipole moment is then calculated. Through Fig.  5 m, it can be observed that the dipole moment of Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 - Vs system is calculated as 39.64 e Å, which is three and ten time higher than those of sulfur vacancies-free heterointerfaces (i.e., Co 9 S 8 /Ni 9 S 8 , 13.02 e Å) and heterointerfaces-free sulfur vacancies (i.e., 2.49 e Å of Co 9 S 8 - Vs and 3.97 e Å of Ni 9 S 8 - Vs ), respectively. Normally, the larger dipole moment can induce the stronger polarization loss and vice versa. This result means that the interfacial sulfur vacancies, rather than heterointerfaces-free sulfur vacancies or sulfur vacancies-free heterointerfaces, play more significant role in yielding dipoles, leading to an intense defect-induced polarization (Fig.  6 b). Such improved performances are also found in the Co 9 S 8 - Vs /Ni 9 S 8 (Fig. S10) heterointerfaces, once again confirming our above analysis.

Ultimately, polarization coupling of both interfacial and defect-induced polarization is effectively achieved via synergize heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies in “Janus effect” of interfacial sulfur vacancies. That is, sulfur vacancy-rich heterointerfaces trigger strong defect-type interfacial polarization to enhance the EM energy consumption.

It should be emphasized that there is obvious difference among interfacial polarization, defect-induced polarization and defects-type interfacial polarization (i.e., polarization coupling), as shown in Fig.  6 a–c. Normally, interfacial polarization comes from electrons aggregation at heterointerfaces, whereas defect-induced polarization is related to unbalanced distribution of local charge centers induced by the defects (such as sulfur vacancies). However, unlike these two polarizations, defects-type interfacial polarization closely depends on both heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies, especially for the interfacial sulfur vacancies based on the strong coupling of heterointerfaces–vacancies interaction in “Janus effect” of sulfur vacancy-rich heterointerfaces (Fig.  6 b, c). In other words, defects-type interfacial polarization is the effective coupling of interfacial polarization and defect-induced polarization due to the emergence of defect-rich heterostructures, which unfortunately has yet been explored based on both experimental design and theoretical calculations rather than semiempirical rules so far.

3.6 Radar Cross-Section Simulation Results

To simulate the EMW absorption situation in the actual far-field environment, radar cross-section (RCS) distributions of the perfect conductive plate (PEC), as well as PEC covered with M-CAs, were attained using the simulation software CST and the RCS simulated model (Fig.  6 d). In the incident angle-dependent RCS curves shown in Fig.  6 e, Co/Ni-CAs coating displays the minimum RCS values, with RCS values below − 10 dB m 2 as the angle changes from − 55° to 55°, and reaches − 51.89 dB m 2 at 12°. The inset images of Fig.  6 e exhibit the 3D reflected signals of samples-coated PEC, where all absorbers have similar shapes of 3D radar wave scattering signals but different intensities. In particular, the Co/Ni-CAs coating shows weaker scattering signals compared with other samples, meaning Co/Ni-CAs is well suited for EM energy dissipation. Moreover, the RCS reduction values, gained by subtracting the RCS values of the PEC from those of absorbers-coated PEC, are illustrated in Fig.  6 f. As can be seen, the Co/Ni-CAs almost possess the strongest RCS reduction ability. This indicates defects-rich heterostructured Co/Ni-CAs coating has excellent inbuilt EM energy dissipation property than sulfur vacancies-free CAs even without a PEC layer, consistent with the experimental RL performance (Fig.  4 g, h) and RCS result (Fig.  6 e).

4 Conclusions

In this work, carrageenan-assistant cations-regulated strategy is proposed for the first time, to induct serial monodisperse sulfides nanoparticles rooted into carbon matrix with adjustable polycrystalline phases heterointerfaces and atom vacancies, thereby achieving the delicate construction of defects-rich heterostructures. These produced vacancies are innovatively disclosed to reinforce electron accumulation/consumption ability by the build-in electric field and, more importantly, evoke simultaneously large dipole moment by breaking local symmetry of the electronic structure, ultimately leading to strong polarization coupling. Noted that such above finding of “Janus effect” in interfacial sulfur vacancies and the corresponding defects-type interfacial polarization are firstly revealed as far as we known. More significantly, the in-depth underlying mechanism for the enhanced polarization coupling in the M-CAs is clearly deciphered by the density functional theory in terms of heterointerfaces, sulfur vacancies and sulfur vacancies-rich heterostructures. As a result, the optimized Co/Ni-CAs imbued with sulfur vacancies-rich sulfides heterointerfaces display a broad absorption bandwidth of 6.76 GHz at only 1.8 mm. This comprehensive investigation of the relationships between heterointerfaces and sulfur vacancies as well as defects-rich heterostructures on synergistically elevating dielectric response opens up new prospects for developing high-efficiency EMW absorbing materials from atom-scale view, offering a generic nanotechnology-based approach to achieving controllable heterostructures design in sulfides for the targeted applications.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants nos. 62201411, 62371378, 22205168, 52302150 and 62304171), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M722500), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grants nos. ZYTS2308 and 20103237929), and Startup Foundation of Xidian University (10251220001).

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School of Physics, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, People’s Republic of China

Jiaolong Liu, Siyu Zhang, Dan Qu, Peijun Zhang, Yuqi Zhou, Mengyang Li, Bing Wei, Mengyang Li & Bing Wei

School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, State Key Discipline Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, People’s Republic of China

Xuejiao Zhou & Sichen Li

School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, People’s Republic of China

Moxuan Yin & Chenxuan Wang

School of Telecommunication Engineering, Xidian University, Xi’an, 710071, People’s Republic of China

Xuelin Zhang

MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry Under Extraordinary, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, People’s Republic of China

Hongjing Wu & Hongjing Wu

The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, 710072, People’s Republic of China

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Jiaolong Liu contributed to investigation and original draft writing. Si Yu Zhang, Mengyang Li and Yuqi Zhou contributed to DFT calculations. Dan Qu, Xuejiao Zhou, Moxuan Yin, and Chenxuan Wang contributed to investigation and review. Xuelin Zhang, Sichen Li, Peijun Zhang contributed to conceptualization. Bing Wei and Hongjing Wu contributed to funding acquisition and supervision.

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Correspondence to Mengyang Li , Bing Wei or Hongjing Wu .

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Liu, J., Zhang, S., Qu, D. et al. Defects-Rich Heterostructures Trigger Strong Polarization Coupling in Sulfides/Carbon Composites with Robust Electromagnetic Wave Absorption. Nano-Micro Lett. 17 , 24 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01515-0

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Received : 21 June 2024

Accepted : 16 August 2024

Published : 27 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-024-01515-0

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