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Vancouver referencing style

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Conference paper published

Conference paper online, conference paper unpublished, conference proceedings, conference proceedings online.

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Details to Note

Author names are listed as Last Name Initial without a common in between. Use a common to separate author names.

If you are citing a conference paper that was published online, include [Internet] after the title of the conference proceedings. You also need to include the date you cited the material in brackets after the publication date.

If you are citing an abstract, include [abstract] after the title of the abstract in your citation.

Conference Paper, Online

Author Last Name Initial(s), Author Last Name Initial(s), ..., Author Last Name Initial(s). Title of conference paper. In: Title of Proceedings [Internet]. Title of Conference: Conference Date; Conference Location. Publication Location: Publisher; Publication Date [cited Year Month Day]. Page range. Available from: URL or doi

Khan MK, Zhang J, Tian L. Protecting biometric data for personal identification. In: Advances in biometric person authentication [Internet]. SINOBIOMETRICS 2004: 5th Chinese Conference on Biometric Recognition; 2004 Dec 13-14; Guangzhou, China. Berlin: Springer; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Available from: http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/mcu60u211xf6w90w/?p=8031e82410a44d8d867641ae718de705&pi=71

Conference Paper, Print

Author Last Name Initial(s), Author Last Name Initial(s), ..., Author Last Name Initial(s). Title of conference paper. In: Editor Last Name, Initials, editor. Conference Title; Conference Date; Conference Location. Place of Publication: Publisher; Publication Date. Page range.

Rice AS, Farquhar-Smith WP, Bridges D, Brooks JW. Canabinoids and pain. In: Dostorovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; c2003. p. 437-68.

Conference Abstract, Online

Author Last Name Initial(s), Author Last Name Initial(s), ..., Author Last Name Initial(s). Title of conference paper [abstract]. In: Title of Proceedings [Internet]. Title of Conference: Conference Date; Conference Location. Publication Location: Publisher; Publication Date [cited Year Month Day]. Page range. Available from: URL or doi

Gifu D, Trandabat D, Cohen KB, Xia J. The curative power of medical data [abstract]. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM/IEEE on Joint Conference on Digital Libraries [Internet]. JCDL: 2018 Jun 3-7; Fort Worth (TX). New York (NY): Association for Computing Machinery; 2018 May 23 [cited 2021 Aug 9]. p. 431-432. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1145/3197026.3200210

Conference Abstract, Print

Author Last Name Initial(s), Author Last Name Initial(s), ..., Author Last Name Initial(s). Title of conference paper [abstract]. In: Title of Proceedings. Title of Conference: Conference Date; Conference Location. Publication Location: Publisher; Publication Date. Page range.

Berger H, Klemm M. Clinical signs of gastric ulcers and its relation to incidence [abstract]. In: Chuit P, Kuffer A, Montavon S, editors. 8th Congress on Equine Medicine and Surgery; 2003 Dec 16-18; Geneva, Switzerland. Ithaca (NY): International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS); 2003. p. 45.

Conference Presentation or Poster Session

Author Last Name Initial(s), Author Last Name Initial(s), ..., Author Last Name Initial(s). Poster session presented at: Conference Title; Conference Date; Conference Location.

Thabet A. Clinical value of two serial pulmonary embolism-protocol CT studies performed within ten days. Paper presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.

Charles L, Gordner R. Analysis of MedlinePlus en Espanol customer service requests. Poster session presented at: Futuro magnifico! Celebrating our diversity. MLA `05: Medical Library Association Annual Meeting; 2005 May 14-19; San Antonio, TX.

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• General Rules - Conference papers

Conference papers - unpublished

Conference papers - published, conference papers, general rules:.

The exact format of references to conference papers is dependent upon whether the conference paper is published or unpublished, if it has a DOI, and how it is available (on the internet, or in print). A paper included in the published conference proceedings is treated like a chapter in a book. If published in a journal, it is treated as a journal article.

For a conference paper located online, add the DOI if available, or the URL at the end of the reference.

The following is the general format of a reference to an unpublished freestanding conference paper and a poster session. Include the DOI if available, or a URL for a conference paper/poster session located online. 

See the  general rules for conference papers  for more details. 

Reference list entry: format and example

Citation No.  Author.   Title : subtitle .   Paper/Poster session presented  at:  Conference Name; Date; Location.  DOI  or URL.

1.           Patrias K. Computer-compatible writing and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with the digital environment: modern scientific publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May 3-6; Pittsburgh, PA.

2.           Rao RM, Lord GM, Choe H, Lichtman AH, Luscinskas FW, Glimcher LH. The transcription T-bet is required for optimal proinflammatory trafficking of CD4+ T cells. Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.

A paper included in the published conference proceedings is treated like a chapter in a book. If published in a journal, it is treated as a journal article.

The following is the general format of a reference to a conference paper  in a published conference proceedings . 

Citation No.  Author of paper.   Title of paper .   In: Editor of proceedings, editors.   Title of proceedings covering   Conference Name; Date; Location.  Place of publication:  Publisher; Date of publication. Page range of paper. DOI or URL

1.           Anderson JC. Current status of chorion villus biopsy. In: Tudenhope D, Chenoweth J, editors. Proceedings of the 4th Congress of the Australian Perinatal Society; 1986. Brisbane, Queensland: Australian Perinatal Society; 1987. p. 190-6.

2.           Rice AS, Farquhar-Smith WP, Bridges D, Brooks JW. Canabinoids and pain. In: Dostorovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; 2003. p. 437-68.

3.           Proctor J, Marciano R. An AI-Assisted framework for rapid conversion of descriptive photo metadata into linked data. In: 2021 IEEE International Conference on Big Data (Big Data); 2021 Dec 15-18; Orlando, FL, USA. Piscataway, NJ: IEEE; 2021. p. 2255-61. doi: 10.1109/BigData52589.2021.9671715.

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In-text citation:

This is well documented in the literature. 2

More information about  in-text citations

Reference list:

Author(s) of paper – Family name and initials. Title of paper. In: Editor(s) Family name and initials, editor(s). Title of conference; Date of conference; Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher’s name; Publication year. p. Page numbers.

• Bengtsson S, Solheim BG. Enforcement of data protection, privacy and security in medical informatics. In: Lun KC, Degoulet P, Piemme TE, Reinhoff O, editors. MEDINFO 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics. 1992 Sep 6‐10; Geneva (CH). Amsterdam (NL): North Holland; 1992. p. 1561‐5.

• Citing medicine. Appendix E Two-Letter Abbreviations for Canadian Provinces and Territories and U.S. States and Territories
• Citing medicine. Appendix D ISO Country Codes for Selected Countries

.... as seen with gender roles. 2

Author(s) of paper - Family name and initials. Title of paper. In: Editor(s) - Family name and initials, editor(s). Title of conference [Internet]; Date of conference; Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher's name; Publication year. p. Page numbers. Available from: URL

• Fallon BJ, Bowles T, Aristeguli I. The effect of gender-role self-stereotypes and social on the relationship between equity and satisfaction. In: Hazelwood ZJ, editor. Connecting research and comparison practice in relationships: conference proceedings [Internet]; 2009 Nov 7-8; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Melbourne (AU): Australian Psychological Society, 2009 [cited 2017 Nov 16]. p. 22-7. Available from: http://search.informit.com.au/fullText;dn=203379862897273; res=IELHEA

It has been found that endemic STD’s are endemic in the Northern Territory. 3

Author(s) of paper – Family name and initials. Title of paper. Paper presented at: Title of conference; Date of conference - year month date(s); Place of conference.

• Bowden FJ, Fairley CK. Endemic STDs in the Northern Territory: estimations of effective rates of partner exchange. Paper presented at: The Scientific Meeting of the Royal Australian College of Physicians; 1996 Jun 24‐25; Darwin, Australia.

Kimura 4  found that research supports ...

Editor(s) - Family name and initials. Title of book. Title of conference proceedings; Date of conference - year month day(s); Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication year. 

• Kimura J, Shibasaki H, editors. Recent advances in clinical neurophysiology. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of EMG and Clinical Neurophysiology; 1995 Oct 15‐19; Kyoto, Japan. Amsterdam (NL): Elsevier; 1996.

... grammar. 5

Editor(s) - Family name and initials. Title of conference [Internet]; Date of conference - year month day(s); Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher; Publication year [cited date - year month day]. Available from: URL

• Muller S, editor. Proceedings of the 10th international conference on head-driven phrase structure grammar [Internet]; 2003 Jul 18-20; East Lansing (MI); Stanford (CA): CSLI Publications; 2003 [cited 2017 Nov 16]. Available from: http://web.stanford.edu/group/cslipublicationsSta/ cslipublications/HPSG/2003/toc.shtml

Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers (2nd edition) and AMA manual of style provide detailed guidance in formatting bibliographic citations in Vancouver referencing style.

• Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers (2nd edition)
• AMA manual of style: a guide for authors and editors (11th edition)
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Reference: #. Author(s) Last name Initials. Title of paper. In: Title of conference proceedings; Year Month Day(s) of conference; Location City, Country. Place of publication: Publisher; cYear of publication. Page numbers.  

20. O'Connor J. Towards a greener Ireland. In: Discovering our natural sustainable resources: future proofing; 2009 March 15-16; Dublin, Ireland. Dublin: Environmental Institute; c2010. p. 65-69.

In-Text-Citation: at the place where you are indicating that you are citing from a source.

O'Connor outlines her vision for using renewable energy sources. 20

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here . 

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here .

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• Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples

Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples

Published on 18 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 19 August 2022.

Vancouver is a system of referencing commonly used in biomedicine, among other scientific disciplines. In Vancouver style, you place a reference number in the text wherever a source is cited:

This number corresponds to an entry in your reference list – a numbered list of all the sources cited in your text, giving complete information on each:

This quick guide presents the most common rules for Vancouver style referencing. Note that some universities and journals have their own guidelines for the formatting of Vancouver references.

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Table of contents

Vancouver in-text citations, creating a vancouver reference list, vancouver reference examples, missing information in vancouver references, frequently asked questions about vancouver referencing.

In Vancouver style, citations are marked in your text with numbers. These numbers appear either in parentheses or in superscript – choose one option and stick to it consistently:

The numbers usually appear after the name of the author or after a direct quote. They may also appear at the end of the sentence:

Naming authors

You will often need to mention the author when referring to a work or introducing a quote. Only use the author’s last name in your text. If a source has multiple authors, name only the first author followed by ‘et al.’:

It’s not always necessary to mention the author’s name in your text – but always include the reference number when you refer to a source:

Numbering references

Sources are numbered based on the order in which they are cited in the text: the first source you cite is 1, the second 2, and so on.

If the same source is cited again, use the same number to refer to it throughout your paper. This means that the numbers might not appear in consecutive order in your text:

Citing multiple sources

You can also cite multiple sources in the same place:

To cite several sources that appear consecutively in your numbered list, you can use an en dash to mark the range.

In this case, the citation refers the reader to sources 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7.

Citing page numbers

You must specify a page number or range when you directly quote a text, and it can be helpful to do so when you are paraphrasing a particular passage.

Place the page number after the reference number inside the same parentheses, preceded by ‘p.’:

If you’re using superscript numbers, the page number also appears in superscript, in parentheses after the reference number:

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Your reference list is where you provide the information your readers will need in order to look up the sources cited in your text. It consists of a numbered list of all your sources, providing key information including the author, title and publication date of each source.

The list appears in numerical order at the end of your paper. Each entry ends with a full stop, unless the last element is a DOI or URL.

Vancouver reference list example

Author names

Each entry starts with the author’s last name and initials.

When a source has more than one author, their names are separated by commas. If a source has more than six authors, list the first six followed by ‘et al.’

Source titles

Only the first word of the title and subtitle, along with any proper nouns, are capitalised:

Titles in Vancouver referencing are consistently written in plain text. Do not use italics or quotation marks.

The information you provide differs according to the type of source you’re citing, since different details are relevant in different cases. Formats and examples for the most commonly cited source types are given below.

• Book chapter
• Journal article

Some sources will be missing some of the information needed for a complete reference. See below for how to handle missing elements.

As shown in the website example above, when no individual author is named, you can usually name the organisation that produced the source as the author.

If there is no clear corporate author – for example, a wiki that is created and updated collaboratively by users – you can begin your reference with the title instead:

Sources such as websites may lack a clear publication date. In these cases you can omit the year in your reference and just include the date of your citation:

No page numbers

You may want to show the location of a direct quote from a source without page numbers, such as a website. When the source is short, you can often just omit this, but where you feel it’s necessary you can use an alternate locator like a heading or paragraph number:

Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A citation should appear wherever you use information or ideas from a source, whether by quoting or paraphrasing its content.

In Vancouver style , you have some flexibility about where the citation number appears in the sentence – usually directly after mentioning the author’s name is best, but simply placing it at the end of the sentence is an acceptable alternative, as long as it’s clear what it relates to.

In Vancouver style , when you refer to a source with multiple authors in your text, you should only name the first author followed by ‘et al.’. This applies even when there are only two authors.

In your reference list, include up to six authors. For sources with seven or more authors, list the first six followed by ‘et al.’.

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2022, August 19). Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 3 September 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/vancouver-style/

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• Writing Tips

Vancouver Referencing – Citing a Conference Paper

• 3-minute read
• 11th September 2018

After an academic conference, the organisers often publish papers in a collection known as the conference proceedings . These can be a great source when writing an essay , so in this blog post we’re looking at how to cite a conference paper when using the Vancouver referencing style.

In-Text Citations

Vancouver referencing is a number–endnote system. This means that citations are given as a number in the text, with each number indicating an entry in the reference list. For instance:

Pollution has heavily affected ocean life (1).

Here, the bracketed number is the citation. Sources are numbered in the order you first cite them in your writing, so this would be the first source listed at the end of the document. If you need to cite a conference paper more than once, simply use the same number as in the first citation.

If the paper’s author is named in the text, however, give the citation immediately afterwards instead of at the end of the sentence. And when quoting a conference paper directly, make sure to include a page number in the citation so that the reader can find the quoted passage.

Reference List

At the end of your document, you will need to create a list of every source cited in your work. Sources here should be listed in the order they are first cited. The basic format for a conference paper is:

(#) Author Surname and Initial. Title of Paper. In: Editor Name(s), ed(s). Title of Conference Proceedings : Proceedings of Conference Name (if different from title); date of conference; location of conference. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of Publication. Page range.

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In practice, then, the reference list entry for a published conference paper would look like this:

(1) Smith, M. A Floating Disaster: Plastic Pollution and Ocean Biodiversity. In: J. Jones and L. Cage, eds. Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Ocean Conservation ; 24 May 2015; University of Manchester, Manchester, England.  Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2015. p. 24-38.

This provides all the information your reader will need to find the paper you’ve cited.

A Note on Vancouver Referencing

The exact format used for a conference paper in Vancouver referencing may depend on the style guide you are using. The same is true for how citations are presented in the text.

Consequently, we recommend checking your style guide for advice if you have one available. If not, then use the style suggested here. Just remember that references should be clear and consistent!

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Standard format for citation

Conference paper in print proceedings:

Conference paper fom the internet:

Conference proceedings:

Conference paper in print proceedings

1. Rowling, L. Schools and grief: how does Australia compare to the United States. In: Wandarna coowar: hidden grief: Proceedings of the 8th National Conference of the National Association for Loss and Grief (Australia); 1993 Sep; Yeppoon, Queensland. Turramurra, NSW: National Association for Loss and Grief; 1993. p. 196-201.

2. Khalifa ME, Elmessiry HM, ElBahnasy KM, Ramadan HMM. Medical image registration using mutual information similarity measure. In: Lim CT, Goh JCH, editors. Icbme2008: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering; 2008 Dec 3-6; Singapore. Dordrecht: Springer; 2009. p. 151-5.

3. Christensen S, Oppacher F. An analysis of Koza's computational effort statistic for genetic programming. In: Foster JA, Lutton E, Miller J, Ryan C, Tettamanzi AG, editors. Genetic programming: EuroGP 2002: Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Genetic Programming; 2002 Apr 3-5; Kinsdale, Ireland. Berlin: Springer; 2002. p. 182-91.

Conference paper from the internet

4. Cloherty SL, Dokos S, Lovell NH. Qualitative support for the gradient model of cardiac pacemaker heterogeneity. In: Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27 Annual Conference; 2005 Sep 1-4; Shanghai, China. New York: IEEE; 2005 [cited 2010 Sep 2]. p. 133-6. Available from: http://www.ieee.org.

Unpublished conference paper

5. Waterkeyn J, Matimati R, Muringanzia A. ZOD for all: scaling up the community health club model to meet the MDGs for sanitation in rural and urban areas: case studies from Zimbabwe and Uganda. Paper presented at International Water Association Development Congress; Mexico; 2009 Nov 15-9.

Conference proceedings

6. Harnden P, Joffe JK, Jones WG, editors. Germ cell tumours V: Proceedings of the 5th Germ Cell Tumour conference; 2001 Sep 13-15; Leeds, UK. New York: Springer; 2002.

See the  All Examples  page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as conference papers, articles, books, and web pages.

Reference list entries.

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• How to format in-text citations in your document.
• Author/editor names:  Last name + First name initial + Middle name initial (if available). e.g., Armand Peter Smith = Smith AP.
• The names of all authors and editors should be given.  See Reference List General Rules for the use of "et al."
• No authors, organization, or editors listed?  Contact  [email protected]  to ask a librarian.
• Titles:   Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms.  Do not use quotation marks or italics for titles.
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• Dates:   Whenever possible use the date format [YYYY Mon DD].
• Proper nouns:  Always capitalize the first initial of country/city, person, clinical tool, organization, and/or association names.
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References, citations and avoiding plagiarism

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Vancouver referencing conventions

Vancouver uses numbers in the text and a references list.

In-text citation

At every point in the text where a particular work is referred to by quoting or paraphrasing, include the number which identifies the reference used, in brackets. References are numbered consecutively in the order in which they are first cited in the text. 

References list

References are presented in numerical order by the order in which they appear in the document.

You should only include sources that you have referenced in your work. 

If you are asked to include a bibliography (in addition to, or in place of, a references list) you can include further items that were read that informed your research and thinking for the assignment, in addition to those that you directly referenced . 

How to reference using Vancouver style

Examples on how to reference particular sources using Vancouver style:

Act of Parliament

Book chapter from an edited book.

• Conference proceeding

Journal article

Newspaper article, radio broadcast, television broadcast, thesis or dissertation.

• Website / webpage

Country. Title of Act and year. Chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher.

Great Britain. Environment Act 1995. Chapter 25. London: The Stationery Office.

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of blog entry. Date blog entry written. Title of blog [online]. Year. [Accessed date]. Available from: URL.

Welle K. Impressions from the Stockholm World Water Week. 25 August. ODI blog: commentary from leading development experts [online]. 2006. [Accessed 9 July 2007]. Available from:  http://blogs.odi.org.uk/blogs/main/archive/category/1020.aspx

Author surname Initial(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Cooke A. A guide to finding quality information on the Internet: selection and evaluation strategies. 2nd ed. London: Library Association Publishing; 2001.

Two to six authors:

First author surname Initial(s), second author surname Initial(s), third author surname Initials. Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Feldman RS, Meyer JS, Quenzer LF. The American Psychiatric Press textbook of psychopharmacology. 2nd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1998.

Seven or more authors/editors:

If there are 7 or more authors/editors, only the first 6 are listed followed by et al.

First author surname Initial(s), second author surname Initial(s), third author surname Initial(s), fourth author surname Initial(s), fifth author surname Initial(s), sixth author surname Initial(s), et al., editors.  Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ, Wilson JD, Martin JB, Kasper DL, et al., editors. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 14th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1998.

Book with organisation as author:

SCONUL Advisory Committee on Information Literacy.   Learning outcomes and information literacy. London: SCONUL; 2004.

Edited book:

Editor(s) surname Initial(s), editor(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if it is not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Ennis F, editor. Infrastructure provision and the negotiating process. Aldershot: Ashgate; 2003.

Editors should have editor or editors after their name or list of names. If there are no authors or editors given, the title should be listed first, followed by place of publication.

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of chapter: subtitle. In: Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. p. page numbers.

Haefner H. Negative symptoms and the assessment of neurocognitive treatment response. In: Keefe RSE, McEvoy JP, editors. Negative symptom and cognitive deficit treatment response in schizophrenia. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2004. p. 85-110.

When the author's name is the same for the chapter as for the book it does not need to be repeated.

Greenhalgh T. Checklists for finding, appraising, and implementing evidence. In:   How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2000. p. 177-9.

Page numbers should be preceded by p.

Conference proceedings

Individual conference paper.

Author(s) Initial(s). Title of contribution. In: Editor(s) surname Initial(s). editor(s). Title of conference proceedings, date, place of conference. Place of publication: publisher; Year. p. page numbers.

Nelmes G. Container port automation. In : Corke P., Sukkarieh S. editors. Field and service robotics: results of the 5th international conference, 29-31 July 2005, Port Douglas. Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 3-8.

If conference proceedings are published in a journal, the article/contribution should be cited as for a journal article.

If the proceedings have been published as chapters in a book, treat the entire proceedings as a book, and individual presentations as a book chapter. Add details of the conference to the book title.

Conference proceedings as a whole

Editor(s) surname Initial(s). editor(s). Title of conference proceedings, date, place of conference. Place of publication: publisher; Year.

Corke P., Sukkarieh S. editors. Field and service robotics: results of the 5th international conference, 29-31 July 2005, Port Douglas. Berlin: Springer; 2006

Title. [DVD]. Place of production: Production company; year.

Acland's DVD atlas of human anatomy: the lower extremity. [DVD]. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title: subtitle [online]. Edition (if not the first edition). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication [Accessed Date]. Available from: URL of database / location in which the book is held

Greenhalgh T. How to read a paper: the basics of evidence based medicine [online]. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2000 [Accessed 8 September 2008]. Available from:  http://www.netlibrary.com/AccessProduct.aspx?ProductId=66703

e-book reader format, e.g. Kindle

Author(s)/Editor(s) surname Initials(s). Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first edition). [Name of e-book reader]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

Llewelyn H, Ang HA, Lewis KE, Al-Abdullah A. Oxford handbook of clinical diagnosis. 2nd ed. [Kindle DX e-book]. Oxford: OUP; 2009.

Title of film. [film]. Directed by: Full name of director. Place of production: Production company; year.

An inconvenient truth. [film]. Directed by: Davis Guggenheim. USA: Paramount; 2006.

If the film is a video recording (on DVD or VHS) use the same format but change [film] to the relevant media.  This is because video recording may contain extra footage not shown in the film.

Journal article (print)

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal. Year of publication;volume number(issue number):page numbers.

Meric F, Bernstam EV, Mirza NQ, Hunt KK, Ames FC, Ross M I, et al. Breast cancer on the world wide web: cross sectional survey of quality of information and popularity of websites. BMJ. 2002;324(7337):577-81.

Journal article (electronic)

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article. Abbreviated title of journal [online]. Year of publication;volume number(issue number):page numbers. [Accessed date]. Available from: URL

Ross CTF. A conceptual design of an underwater vehicle. Ocean engineering [online]. 2006;33(16):2087-2104. [Accessed 6 July 2007]. Available from:  http://www.sciencedirect.com/

When citing online journal articles, it is now widely preferred to include a DOI (Direct Object Identifier) where available rather than a URL.

De Pinto M, Jelacic J, Edwards WT. Very-low-dose ketamine for the management of pain and sedation in the ICU. Acute Pain [online]. 2008;10(2):100. [Accessed 8 September 2008]. Available from:<doi:10.1016/j.acpain.2008.05.023>

Author(s) surname Initial(s). Title of article: subtitle of article. Newspaper title (in full) Year Month and date of publication; section name (if applicable):page numbers of contribution.

Rowbottom M. The Big Question: how prevalent is the use of drugs in sport, and can it be defeated? The Independent 2006 Aug 1;Sect. Sport:5

Title of programme/Series title, Episode number, Episode title. Transmitting organisation/channel. Date and year, Time of transmission.

Desert island discs, Lily Allen. BBC Radio 4. 29 June 2014, 11:15.

Yes, Prime Minister, Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. BBC2. 16 January 1986, 20:30.

News at ten. ITV. 27 January 2001. 22:00.

Author's surname Initial(s). Title: subtitle. Award level of thesis, Awarding institution; Year of publication.

Deb S. Psychopathology of adults with a mental handicap and epilepsy. MA thesis, University of Leicester; 1991.

Croser C. Biochemical restriction of root extension under mechanical impedance. PhD thesis, University of Birmingham; 1997.

Surname(s), Initial(s) (or organisation). Full text of tweet. [Twitter]. Date and year tweet posted [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Cruciform Library. MedTech Week 2014 at UCL Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME)16-20 June via @UCL_IBME  http://bit.ly/1pbWe53   pic.twitter.com/pzXx3P4DlP [Twitter]. 9 June 2014 [Accessed 2 July 2014]. Available from:  https://twitter.com/ucl_crucitwit

Website or webpage

Author(s)/Editor(s) surname Initial(s). Title. [online]. Publisher: place of publication; Year [Accessed date]. Available from: URL

SukYin A. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) gene and breast cancer. [online]. Human Genome Epidemiology Network, National Office of Public Health Genomics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta GA; 2002 Jun [Accessed 8 September 2008]. Available from:  http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/factsheets/FS_COMT.htm

Year can include month if preferred.

If a specific author cannot be found, attribute to the organisation or corporation.

Overseas Development Institute, Humanitarian Policy Group. Welcome to HPG. [online]. ODI: London; 2007 [Accessed 9 July 2007]. Available from:  http://odi.org.uk/hpg/index.html

Wiki name. Title of article .  [online]. Year [Date accessed]. Available from: URL

Wikipedia. Jeremy Bentham .  [online]. 2014 [Accessed 2 July 2014]. Available from:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_bentham

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Vancouver Style Guide: Home

Introduction to vancouver.

The Vancouver Style is formally known as  Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals  (ICMJE Recommendations). It was developed in Vancouver in 1978 by editors of medical journals and well over 1,000 medical journals (including ICMJE members BMJ, CMAJ, JAMA & NEJM) use this style. This user guide explains how to cite references in Vancouver Style, both within the text of a paper and in a reference list, and gives examples of commonly used types of references.

Refer to the left hand column for written directions about how to cite Vancouver and refer to the right hand column for examples and formatting.

ICMJE Recommendations has many optional areas. This guide has been created for The Michener Institute and may differ from styles at other educational institutes and those required by individual journals.

• APA Citation Guide While Vancouver is one citation style, your professor may request that you use APA style for citations instead. Please see the Michener LRC APA Citation guide for information about using this citation style.
• Zotero A helpful tool for collecting resources and creating citations is Zotero software. Please see the Michener LRC Zetero guide to learn more.
• Plagiarism: How to Avoid it For more information on avoiding plagiarism and using other sources in your work, please visit the LRC's Plagiarism guide.

In-Text Citations

• Placement of citations:  In-text citation numbers should be placed after the relevant part of a sentence. The original Vancouver Style documents do not discuss placement of the in-text citation in regards to punctuation, so it is acceptable to place it before or after the period. Be consistent.
• References are numbered  consecutively in the order they are first mentioned. Place each reference number in parentheses or square brackets throughout the text, tables, and legends. Superscripts may also be used instead of square brackets or parentheses. Be consistent. If the same reference is used again, re-use the original number. To cite multiple references in one sentence, separate the numbers using a comma, eg. (2, 7), for non-consecutive reference numbers, and a hyphen, eg. (3-5), for consecutive reference numbers.
• Tables are numbered  consecutively. Supply a brief title for each table and give each column a short heading. Be sure that the table is mentioned in the text. If the data is taken from another source, include the source in the list of references at the end of the paper. Place explanatory matter in a note, not in the heading.
• Personal communication  used as a reference should be avoided, unless it provides essential information not available from a public source. These can be emails, personal interviews, telephone conversations, class notes, class handouts that are not posted, etc. Do not include them in the reference list as they are not recoverable by others; instead cite the name of the person, the type of communication, and the date of communication in parentheses in the text, eg. "In a conversation with A. Jones (January 2020)..."
• Internet sources  may, in time, be deleted, changed, or moved, so it is a good idea to keep a hard copy for your records. Also, take care to critically evaluate the reliability of the information.

Reference Page

• The last page  of your paper is entitled References. References are single spaced, with double-spacing between references.
• Numbering : List all references in order by number, not alphabetically. Each reference is listed once only, since the same number is used throughout the paper.
• Authors : In the order they appear on the resource, list each author’s last name followed by a space and then initials without any periods; there is a comma and space between authors and a period at the end of the last author. If the number of authors exceeds six, give the first six followed by “et al.” For edited books, place the editors’ names in the author position and follow the last editor with a comma and the word editor (or editors). For edited books with chapters written by individual authors, list the authors of the chapter first, then the chapter title, followed by “In:”, the editors’ names, and the book title.
• Title : Capitalize the first letter of the first word in the title. The rest of the title is in lower-case, with the exception of proper names. Do not underline the title; do not use italics. If there is an edition for a book, it appears after the title, abbreviated and followed by a period, for example: 3rd ed.
• Publication information: Books:  After the title (and edition if applicable), place a period and space, then enter the cit y. If the city is not well known or there could be confusion,  enter the postal abbreviation for the state (U.S.) or province (Canada), or enter the country (elsewhere) of publication, followed by a colon. Give the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication followed by a semicolon. If the author is also the publisher, it is acceptable to use part of the name as the publisher, e.g., The Association for publisher if the author is Canadian Medical Association. Give the year of publication followed by a period. If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter “c”, e.g. c2015.
• Publication information: Journals : List the abbreviated journal title, place a period and a space, year, (and abbreviated month and day if applicable), semi-colon, volume, issue number in parentheses, colon, page range, and a period. For example, Brain Res. 2002;935(1-2):40-6. (The issue number may be omitted if the journal is paginated continuously through the volume.) To find the journal title abbreviation, go to  Medline’s Journals Database  and search by journal title. If the title is not found, abbreviate according to the style used for similar titles in Medline.
• Pages : For journals, the entire page range of an article is given,  not  the specific page on which the information was found; usage is 124-7 (pages 124 to 127) or 215-22 (pages 215 to 222). For books, no page numbers are given, with two exceptions: the page number of a dictionary entry is included, as well as the page range of a chapter with its own author.
• Place the word Internet in square brackets after the book title or abbreviated journal title.
• Indicate date of retrieval, preceded by the word “cited”, in square brackets after the date of publication. When possible, include the most recent update date before the date of retrieval within the square brackets, followed by a semicolon and a space.
• Add retrieval information at the end of the citation using the full URL. There is no punctuation at the end of the URL unless it ends with a slash or if additional information such as a DOI follows it in the entry, in which case a period is added.
• If a DOI exists, it is optional to add it after the retrieval information.
• Include a short note after the URL if special access information is required.

Citation Examples

Journal article, up to 6 personal author(s):

1. Al-Habian A, Harikumar PE, Stocker CJ, Langlands K, Selway JL. Histochemical and immunohistochemical evaluation of mouse skin histology: comparison of fixation with neutral buffered formalin and alcoholic formalin. J Histotechnol. 2014 Dec;37(4):115-24.

Electronic journal article:

2. Poling J, Kelly L, Chan C, Fisman D, Ulanova M. Hospital admission for community-acquired pneumonia in a First Nations population. Can J Rural Med [Internet]. 2014 Fall [cited 2015 Apr 27];19(4):135-41. Available from: http://www.srpc.ca/14fal.html by selecting PDF link in table of contents.

Electronic journal article, 7 or more personal authors, optional DOI information:

3. Aho M, Irshad B, Ackerman SJ, Lewis M, Leddy R, Pope T, et al. Correlation of sonographic features of invasive ductal mammary carcinoma with age, tumor grade, and hormone-receptor status. J Clin Ultrasound [Internet]. 2013 Jan [cited 2015 Apr 27];41(1):10-7. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jcu.21990/full. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.21990

Book, personal author(s):

4. Buckingham L. Molecular diagnostics: fundamentals, methods and clinical applications. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; c2012.

Book or pamphlet, organization as both author and publisher:

5. College of Medical Radiation Technologists of Ontario. Standards of practice. Toronto: The College; 2011.

Book, editor(s):

6. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Aster JC, editors. Robbins basic pathology. 16th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; c2013.

Book,editor(s), specific chapter with individual author(s) :

7. Altobelli N. Airway management. In: Kacmarek R, Stoller JK, Heuer AJ, editors. Egan’s fundamentals of respiratory care. 10th ed. St. Louis: Saunders Mosby; c2013. p. 732-86.

Electronic book, personal author(s), requiring password :

8. Martin A, Harbison S, Beach K, Cole P. An introduction to radiation protection [Internet]. 6th ed. London: Hodder Arnold; 2012 [cited 2015 May 28]. Available from: http://lrc.michener.ca:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=466903&site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_iii with authorized username and password.

Electronic book, organization as author, freely available:

9. OpenStax College. Anatomy & physiology [Internet]. Version 7.28. Houston: The College; 2013 Apr 25 [Updated 2015 May 27; cited 2015 May 28]. Available from: http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/.

Dictionary entry:

10. Stedman’s medical dictionary for the health professions and nursing. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2012. Hematoma; p. 756.

Entry in a print reference work:

11. Canadian Pharmacists Association. CPS 2013: compendium of pharmaceuticals and specialties. 48th ed. Ottawa: The Association; c2013. Atropine: Systemic; p. 297-9.

Entry in an online reference work:

12. Canadian Pharmacists Association. eCPS. [Internet]. Ottawa: The Association; 2015. Methimazole; [revised 2012 Mar; cited 2015 May 28]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: http://lrc.michener.ca:2048/login/ecps with authorized username and password.

Wiki entry:

13. Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 –   Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa; [modified 2015 May 28; cited 2015 May 28]; [about 34 screens]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebola_virus_epidemic_in_West_Africa

Newspaper article:

14. Carville O. Health ‘snooping’ cases on the rise. Toronto Star. 2015 May 27;Sect. GT:1 (col. 3).

Electronic newspaper article:

15. Wisniewski M. Five babies at Chicago daycare diagnosed with measles. Globe and Mail [Internet]. 2015 Feb 5 [cited 2015 Feb 6];Life:[about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health/five-babies-at-chicago-daycare-diagnosed-with-measles-report/article22805944/.

Legal material (note: this is not addressed in Vancouver Style):

16. Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, S.O. 2005, c.11 [Internet]. 2009 Dec 15 [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from: http://www.e-laws.gov.on.ca/html/statutes/english/elaws_statutes_05a11_e.htm

Report available on a web page:

17. Canadian Institute for Health Information. Depression among seniors in residential care [Analysis in brief on the Internet]. Ottawa: The Institute; 2010 [cited 2015 May 29]. 18 p. Available from: https://secure.cihi.ca/free_products/ccrs_depression_among_seniors_e.pdf

Page on a website:

18. Alzheimer Society of Canada [Internet]. Toronto: The Society; c2015. Benefits of staying active; 2013 Jan 28 [cited 2015 May 29];[about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.alzheimer.ca/en/kfla/Living-with-dementia/Day-to-day-living/Staying-active/Benefits-of-staying-active

Streaming video:

19. Allen S, Waerlop I. The Gait Guys talk about great toe dorsiflexion [video on the Internet]. [place unknown]: The Gait Guys; 2014 May 11 [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8O8TLtunUQ

Electronic image:

20. Bickle I. Swallowed foreign body [radiograph]. 2014 Jul 14 [cited 2015 May 29]. Available from: http://radiopaedia.org/cases/swallowed-foreign-body-1

Blog post (no given name, so screen name used as author):

21.  Munkee. In-111 pentetreotide imaging. 2013 Mar 19 [cited 2015 May 29]. In: Nuclear Munkee [Internet]. [place unknown]:[Munkee]; [date unknown] [about 3 screens]. Available from:  http://nuclearmunkee.blogs pot.ca/2013/03/in-111-p entetreotide-imaging.html

Poster presentation/session presented at a meeting or conference:

22. Chasman J, Kaplan RF. The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in dementia. Poster session presented at: Excellence in clinical practice. 4th Annual Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology; 2006 Jun 15-17; Philadelphia, PA.

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• Last Updated: Aug 23, 2022 9:19 AM
• URL: https://guides.hsict.library.utoronto.ca/vancouver-style

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Vancouver: Reference List and Bibliography

Below you can find examples of a reference list and a bibliography for the Vancouver referencing system. Vancouver is commonly used in the medical and scientific disciplines - please see the main Vancouver index page for more information. 

How to list your references

In the Vancouver System the list of references is arranged in numerical order and is placed at the end of the work. For detailed guides on how to reference and cite different sources see the right-hand side panel.

Example of a reference list

• British Telecom. Office relocation gremlins [advertisement on ITV3 Television] (2012 Nov 19).
• Dym CL, Little P, Orwin EJ, Spjut RE. Engineering design: a project-based introduction. 3 rd ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2009.
• Institute for Large Businesses. Large firms policy and research conference (University of Birmingham, 1999 Dec 18-19). Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses; 1999.
• James J. ‘Some functional equations’, Advances in Algebra, 315(8), p1880-1899 [cited 2015 Jan 19). Available from:  http://www.mathematicjournals.co.uk/James
• Lord Chancellor’s Department. Government policy on referencing (Cm 4517). London: The Stationery Office; 2000.
• Ordnance survey. York (sheet 56, 1:50 000). Southampton: Ordnance Survey (Landranger series); 2002.
• Paintings of John Doe [display board] (2012) [cited 2015 Apr 28]. Pontefract, UK: Alex Davids Art Gallery exhibition.

Example of a bibliography

Crime Commission. Prosecution appeals (Law Com No 567, Cm 8906). London: The Stationery Office; 2012.

Lucas G. The wonders of the Universe. 2 nd ed. Jones F, Smith J, Bradley, T (editors). London: Smiths; 2004.

Jameson A. ‘International queries’, British business schools librarians group discussion list (2014 Mar 13). Available email: [email protected]

Jones D. ‘Developing big business’, Large firms policy and research conference (University of Birmingham, 1999 Dec 18-19). Leeds: Institute for Large Businesses; 1999.

Whittingham D. Zulu Warriors. University of Birmingham: unpublished handout; 2015.

Style notes

• The name of the journal is abbreviated according to the style used in Medline. Journal abbreviations can be found by looking at the complete reference (on Medline) and then looking under the heading abbreviated source. They can also be found listed on the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website. 
• The Vancouver system adopts a specific sequence for presentation of the elements of the reference.
• Pay particular attention to the punctuation as shown above.
• When referencing sources which have more than six authors, list the first six authors followed by 'et al.'
• If submitting a manuscript for publication formatting conventions may be stipulated by the publisher. Always check with the publisher before submitting your work.

Further help

• Curtin University of Technology have developed a useful list of references using the Vancouver System. 
• National Library of Medicine (NLM) give a list of sample references using the Vancouver system.
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Conference paper: how to cite in Vancouver Style?

Create a spot-on reference in vancouver, general rules.

A conference paper published in conference proceedings is similar to a chapter in an edited book. Taking into account this fact, the requirements of Vancouver Style as regards bibliographic references to conference papers are similar to the ones applied to  book chapters . Thus, for a conference paper in print form, use the following reference template:

Author(s) . Paper title . In: Editor(s) , editor(s).  Proceedings title . Conference title ; conference date ; Conference location . City of publication : Publisher ; year of publication . p.   pages .

• The conference proceedings often bear the same title as the conference itself. If this is the case, give the title only once in the reference.
• The Conference location element is optional. Indicate the conference city in it; if the city is not commonly known, add the country separated by a comma.
• See this article for the instructions on indicating the page range in the reference.

For a conference paper available online, use the following template:

Author(s) . Paper title . In: Editor(s) , editor(s). Proceedings title [Internet]. Conference title ; conference date ; Conference location . City of publication : Publisher ; year of publication [cited date cited ]. p.   pages . Available from: URL

Examples in a list of references

Serrat   N, Camps   A. Improving teaching skills of the facilitators in clinical simulation. In: Carmo   M, editor. END 2016: International Conference on Education and New Development [Internet]; 2016 Jun 12-14; Ljubljana, Slovenia. Lisbon: W.I.A.R.S.; 2016 [cited 2021 Jun 27]. p. 319-23. Available from: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED578322.pdf

Dall'Alba   D, Tagliabue   E, Magnabosco   E, Tenga   C, Fiorini   P. Real-time prediction of breast lesions displacement during ultrasound scanning using a position-based dynamics approach. In: Deligianni   F, Dagnino   G, Yang   GZ, editors. Proceedings of the 12th Hamlyn Symposium on Medical Robotics 2019 [Internet]; 2019 Jun 23-26; London. London: Imperial College London, The Hamlyn Centre; 2019 [cited 2021 Jun 27]. p.   27-8. Available from: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/hamlyn-centre/public/Proceedings_HSMR19.pdf

Referencing style - Vancouver (based on Citing Medicine): Conference papers & proceedings

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• Databases & EBP resources
• Indirect citations/secondary sources
• Journal article
• Lecture notes
• Personal communications
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• Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• Quotes and page numbers
• Example text
• Last Updated: Jul 10, 2024 9:30 AM
• URL: https://guides.library.uwa.edu.au/vancouver

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How to Cite a Conference Paper in Vancouver Referencing

• 3-minute read
• 16th December 2018

After an academic conference, the papers delivered may be published as conference proceedings . So even if you’ve not attended in person, you can still cite a conference paper in your work . Here, for instance, is how to cite a conference paper in Vancouver referencing.

In-Text Citations

To cite a source in Vancouver referencing, give a bracketed number in the text. To do this, keep the following rules in mind:

• Use one number per source, each indicating an entry in the reference list
• Number sources in the order you first cite them in your work
• If you use a source more than once, use the same number each time
• Include page numbers when quoting a source directly
• Place bracketed numbers at the end of the relevant clause, after the name of the author is mentioned in the text, or directly after a quotation

We can see how this works in the following passage:

According to Andersen (1), a signet may be mistaken for an ugly duckling. He even claims that ‘perceptions of beauty in waterfowl are such that there is no essential difference between them’ (1:  p. 34). However, recent research suggests that ducks and swans are more distinct than Andersen claims (2). We should therefore take care about conflating the two.

Here, we cite the first two sources in the paper, as well as quoting one of them. We would then provide full publication details in a reference list, including information about both the paper and the conference.

Reference List

If you have cited a conference paper in your work, you will need to list it in a reference list at the end of your document. The format to use here is:

(Citation Number) Author Surname, Initial(s). Paper Title .  In: Editor Name, Initial(s), editor. Published Proceedings and Conference Title; Date of Conference; Location . Place of Publication: Publisher; Year. Page Range.

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In practice, then, the entry for a conference paper would look like this:

(1) Anderson, H C. Juvenile Avian Recognition in the Modern Age. In: Aarne, A, Thompson, S, editors. Published Proceedings of the Third Annual Bird and Fairy Tale Conference; 24-27 May 2003, University of Copenhagen . Copenhagen: USPH Press, 2003. p. 30-41.

If you access conference proceedings online rather than in print, make sure to include a database, DOI or URL for where the paper can be found, too.

Vancouver Conference Paper Variations

The examples above provide a simple way to cite conference papers in Vancouver referencing. However, there are many versions of Vancouver referencing. As such, you may want to compare our instructions with those in your style guide (if available) to check for consistency.

And if you’d like help checking your referencing, feel free to get in touch .

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Vancouver referencing

Reference list vs. Bibliography

In the Vancouver style, references are listed at the end of your work, and are organised numerically in order of reference.

A reference list includes all works that have been referred to in the assignment.

A bibliography includes all the material consulted in writing your assignment even if you have not cited them within it.

Many people use these terms interchangeably so, if you are unsure about whether you need to include a bibliography as well as a reference list, ask your tutor.

View this guide as a Word doc .

Vancouver is a numerical style of referencing designed by the National Library of Medicine's (NLM) International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). It is widely used in medicine and the clinical sciences. Further details of Vancouver referencing can be found from the NLM's Citing Medicine Style Guide . Some elements of the standard offer a choice of approaches; ensure that you use a consistent standard in your own work. The examples given in this tutorial are based on the University Library's interpretation of the standard.

Referencing in the Vancouver style is a two-part process:

• A number in the text : this is a numerical reference in the text of your work, relating to a numbered reference in the reference list. The number should immediately follow the use of the material whether quoted or paraphrased.
• Reference list : a complete numbered list of all the cited references used in your work with full bibliographic details, to allow the reader to follow up these references and find the original text.

Creating a citation and reference list

Creating a citation.

When using a theory or an idea in your work, a reference number will need to be added in parentheses, e.g. (1), (2). Alternatively, numbers can be added in superscript, e.g. 1 . Numbers are added sequentially for each new citation, and the number should be included in the punctuation of the sentence.

If you are referring to an author's work and are using their name then you would add the number after the name, e.g. Smith (1) recommends the use of... or Smith 1 recommends the use of...

If you use more than one source at the same time, you can cite them in the same set of parentheses and separate them with a comma, e.g. (1,2). or 1, 2

If using three or more sources that have consecutive citation numbers, then a dash can be used to abbreviate, e.g. (1-3, 5, 7-9), or 1-3, 5, 7-9 .

If you are using the same reference more than once in your work, it will keep the same number all the way through, e.g. Smith (1) will be (1) all the way through your work.

Quoting is when you use the exact phrase or wording of the original author. Try not to be over reliant on quotations, as this may show a lack of understanding of the subject area being studied.

The use of quotations varies considerably from discipline to discipline. If in doubt, check with your tutor or in your course handbook for further guidance.

Short Quotations

A short quotation is up to 40-50 words in length, this can be included in the body of the text:

Galley suggests that "the art of fluid administration and haemodynamic support is one of the most challenging aspects of current critical care practice". 1(p. vii) What this means is...

Long Quotations

A long quotation is a quotation which is longer than 50 words. Long quotations should be presented as follows:

• Presented as a new paragraph with a clear line above and below.
• Indented from the left margin.
• Do not use quotation marks.
• At the end of the quotation, include the citation number and the page number, e.g. 2 (p. 68) or (2, p. 68).

For example:

Young and Boulton argue that in neuropathic diabetic patients:

the absence of symptoms must never be equated with absence of risk of ulceration. Patients may also have a curious indifference to the condition of their feet, which can be likened to sensory inattention, and this can make the importance of education about foot care difficult to impress upon them. 3 (p. 68)

This can mean that...

Omitting parts of a quotation

You can also omit parts of the quotation; this is indicated by using three dots inside a square bracket [...]. It is not necessary to use this at the beginning or end of a quotation, as almost all quotes are taken from a larger context, and this will be presumed, e.g.

Durrington states that "women have fewer heart attacks than men [...] similar death rates occur in women about 10 years later than in men". 3 (p. 5) This argument...

In the bibliography / reference list:

1. Galley HF. Blood and blood transfusions. London: BMJ Books; 2002.

2. Young MJ, Boulton AJ. The diabetic foot. In: Sinclair A, Finucane P, editors. Diabetes in old age. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2001. p. 67-87.

3. Durrington PN. Preventative cardiology. London: Taylor & Francis: 2003.

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing means putting someone else's ideas into your own words. It does not mean just changing a word here or there, or even a sentence or two if the phrasing of the original is still evident. The paraphrase should clearly be a restatement of the meaning of the original text in your own words.

When you are paraphrasing, or referring indirectly to a secondary source without making a direct quotation, the statements will need to be referenced, and the page numbers should be given. For example:

Patients with neuropathic diabetes may not see the need for taking extra care of their feet, and can be prone to ulceration without any symptoms preceding to warn of this risk. 1(p. 68)

Reference list

1. Young MJ, Boulton AJ. The diabetic foot. In: Sinclair A, Finucane P, editors. Diabetes in old age. 2nd ed. Chichester: Wiley; 2001. p. 67-87.

Secondary Referencing

Secondary referencing is when one author is referring to the work of another and the primary source is not available. You should always try to follow up the original reference and read the work for yourself. However, if the primary source is not available, you can make use of the phrase 'cited in' to acknowledge that the reference is a secondary reference.

Secondary referencing should be avoided where possible.

If you have only read the later publication, you are accepting someone else's opinion and interpretation of the author's original intention. You cannot have formed your own view or critically appraised whether the second author has adequately presented the original material. You must make it clear to your reader which author you have read whilst giving the details of the original:

Date and Cornwall, cited in Faltermeyer, stated that... . 5

In the Reference list , you should only give the full reference for the source you read.

5. Faltermeyer TS. Working towards quality: developing an approved course. Complimentary Therapies in Nursing and Midwifery. 1995; 1(5)138-142.

Creating a reference list

A reference list of items cited is located at the end of the document, starting on a new page.

The general rules for creating a list are:

• The references are arranged in numerical order rather than alphabetical.
• Include a maximum of six authors in a reference. If the item has more than six authors, list the first six names followed by a comma and et al. For example: Smith GA, Johnson T, Turner PW, Robinson H, Francis BN, Chapman A, et al.
• List contributors as they appear in the text.
• Author/Editor surnames should be given first, followed by a space and then a maximum of two initials given without a space. Commas are used to separate author names, e.g. Smith GA, Johnson T, Turner PW.
• Anonymous works should start with a title.
• Capitalise only the first word, acronyms, proper nouns, and proper adjectives.
• Each reference should end with a full stop unless it ends with a URL or DOI.
• For journals and online references, the month should be abbreviated to three letters, e.g. Jan, Feb, Mar, Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Aug, Sep, Oct, Nov, Dec.
• For journals, the journal title should be abbreviated; sources for this are available from NLM's Citing Medicine Style Guide: Abbreviation rules for journal titles.

Referencing materials from non-roman script, e.g. Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean

General guidance.

• Romanise the names of authors.
• Romanise book titles, journal article titles, journal titles, chapter titles, etc. If possible, include a translation after the romanised title.
• If a translation of a title is provided, enclose it in square brackets after the romanised title.
• When including city of publication use the English form of the name if possible, if not possible then romanise it.
• Romanise the name of the publisher. If possible, include a translation and enclose in square brackets after the romanised publisher, unless the translation is given in the book.
• State the original language at the end of the reference, followed by a full stop.
• Romanise the name of all government agencies. If possible, follow a non-English name with a translation and enclose in square brackets.
• If a title starts with a Greek letter, or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced with the fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol, e.g. Ω becomes Omega.
• If the translated title has punctuation other than a full-stop at the end, include this within the square brackets, and a full stop outside of the square brackets, e.g. ?].

Referencing materials from character based non-roman script, e.g. Chinese and Japanese

• Romanise or translate book titles, journal article titles, journal titles, chapter titles, etc.
• If you only provide a translation, this should be enclosed in square brackets.
• If possible, romanise and provide a translation of book titles, journal article titles, journal titles, chapter titles, etc.
• If you provide a translation after romanisation, enclose the translation in square brackets after the romanised title.
• When including city of publication, use the English form of the name if possible, if not possible then romanise it.

Referencing materials in languages other than English which use the roman alphabet

• Provide the title in the original language, if possible, include a translation and enclose in square brackets after the original title.
• Use the English form for names of cities and countries when possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
• You may follow the publisher's name with a translation; add this in square brackets unless the name is given in the publication.
• State the original language at the end of the reference followed by a full-stop.
• Give names of Government Agencies as they appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets after the original name.

Referencing materials published in more than one language

For items presented in two equal languages, such as canadian materials which may be printed in both official languages of english and french in the same publication.

• For items printed in two equal languages give all titles in the order that they appear in the text. Separate the titles with an equals (=) sign. Put the languages at the end of the reference followed by a full-stop.

Items printed in more than one language

• If the article is written in English and another language, give the English version of the title.
• If none of the published languages are English, translate the title which appears first and place the translation in square brackets.
• List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the pagination/DOI/URL.

Frequently referenced items

For a full list of items see Alphabetical list of items

Book with a single author

In the reference list.

Number of reference. Author(s). Title. Edition (if not first edition). Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

1. Bryman A. Social research methods. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008.

• If adding a secondary author, such as a translator, they should follow the same format as the author, e.g. Smith A, translator.
• For more information about in-text citation, and creating a reference list see Creating a citation and reference list and click on the relevant section.

Book with two or more authors

Two to six authors.

2. Martini F, Bartholomew EF. Essentials of anatomy and physiology. 6th ed. Harlow: Pearson; 2014.

More than six authors

If a book has more than six authors, the first six authors should be listed in the Author(s) section of the reference followed by a comma and et al, for example: Smith GA, Johnson T, Turner PW, Robinson H, Francis BN, Chapman A, et al.

Book – Chapter

Chapter in a book.

Number of reference. Author(s). Title. Edition (if not first edition). Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. Chapter number, Chapter title; Page range.

5. Field A. Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics: and sex and drugs and rock 'n' roll. 4th ed. London: Sage; 2013. Chapter 5, The beast of bias; p. 163-213.

Chapter in an edited book

Number of reference. Chapter author(s). Chapter title. In: Editor(s). Title. Edition (if not first edition). Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. Page range.

6. Eberle TS, Maeder C. Organizational ethnography. In: Silverman D, editor. Qualitative research: issues of theory, method and practice. 3rd ed. London: SAGE; 2011. p. 53-73.

Images and Figures

This guidance is for citing and referencing images and figures that you are referring to in your work. If you have inserted an image or figure into your work please see the "Guidance for taught course students inserting images and figures into university work."

From an online collection/social media site, e.g. Flickr, Instagram, etc.

Number of reference. Artist/Creator Surname, Initials OR Screen name. Title of image/figure [description]. Name of site/collection; date published [Date cited]. Available from: URL

46. voxel123. Bullous emphysema (In 3D) [online image]. Flickr; 2017 Jul 11 [cited 2022 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/voxel123/35806298356/in/pool-medimg/

47. Cancer Research Campaign. The ultrastructural anatomy of the cell [poster, 71 x 100cm]. U.S National Library of Medicine Digital Collections; 1980. [cited 2022 Jan 10]. Available from: https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101452841-img

From a museum/gallery (either viewed in person or online)

Number of reference. Artist/Creator Surname, Initials. Title of image/figure [description], date created. Name of museum/gallery, City [Date viewed if seen in person OR Date cited if seen online]. [If online] Available from: URL

48. Matania U. World War I: a French underground hospital at Verdun [oil painting]; 1917. Wellcome Collection, London [viewed 2022 Jan 25].

From a journal

Number of reference. Artist/Creator Surname, Initial(s). Title of journal article. Title of Journal Year Month Volume(Issue):page range of article. Title of image/figure [description]; page number of image/figure. [If online] [Date cited]. Available from: URL or doi:

49. Birnbaum AD, French DD, Mirsaeidi M, Wehrli S. Sarcoidosis in the national veteran population: association of ocular inflammation and mortality. Ophthalmology 2015 May; 122(5):934-8. Table 2. Distribution of diagnostic codes for ocular inflammation in patients with sarcoidosis [table]; p. 936. [cited 2022 Jan 13]. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.01.003

From a book/ebook

Number of reference. Artist/Creator Surname, Initial(s). Title of image/figure [description]. In: Author of book (if different to Artist/Creator) Surname, Initial(s). Title of book, Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. Page number. [If online] Available from: URL or doi:

50. Crossman B. 5.1. Floor of the skull showing the three cranial fossae and principal foramina [illustration]. In: Crossman AR, Neary D. Neuroanatomy: An illustrated colour text. 5th ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2015. p. 51.

• In some cases you may need to use the screen name of the creator if their real name is not available, which may be the case with image sharing or social media websites.
• If a person or corporation cannot be identified as the artist/creator, omit the artist/creator and start the reference with the title.
• If a title cannot be identified, add a description with enough details to make a meaningful title and enclose in square brackets, e.g. [Left foot with scarring].
• Some online journal articles group multiple figures together as one downloadable image. If you are only referring to one of the figures within the image, make this clear by using the title of that particular figure in your citation/reference.
• Include a description of the image/figure, e.g. [poster], [photograph], [print], [diagram], [table], etc.
• If you are referencing an image or figure from a source other than those listed above, include the details of the source in the usual format for that item type after the details of the image.
• You don't need to include a citation and reference for any images or figures that you have created yourself. Everything in your work is assumed to be your own work unless you state otherwise, i.e. by citing someone else's work.

Journal Article – Print

Number of reference. Author(s). Article title. Journal title. Date of publication; Volume(Issue):Page number.

10. Longo DL, Armitage JO. Controversies in the treatments of early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 23; 372(17):1667-9.

• Cite the version you saw, if you looked at the print version then do not cite the electronic version.
• Cite the journal name used at the time of publication.
• Do not include the header, e.g. News, Case Report, etc.
• Include a maximum of six authors. If there are more than six, list the first six names followed by a comma and et al.
• Abbreviate the journal title; sources for this are available from NLM's Citing Medicine Style Guide: Abbreviation rules for journal titles.
• If an issue number is not available, use the volume number and follow with a colon and the page numbers.
• Supplement, e.g. 2015 Apr 23; 372(17 Suppl):1667-9.
• Part, e.g. 2015 Apr 23; 372(17 Pt A):1667-9.
• Special Number, e.g. 2015 Apr 23; 372(17 Spec No):1667-9.

Journal with a DOI (Electronic)

Number of reference. Author(s). Article title. Journal title [Source e.g. Internet]. Date of publication [Date of citation]; Volume(Issue):Page numbers. doi:

11. Birnbaum AD, French DD, Miraeidi M, Wehrli S. Sarcoidosis in the national veteran population: association of ocular inflammation and mortality. Ophthalmology [Internet]. 2015 May [cited 2015 May 20]; 122(5):934-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.01.003

• Cite the version you looked at; if you looked at the electronic version then do not cite the paper version.
• If an issue number is not available, use the volume number followed by a colon and the page numbers.
• Supplement, e.g. 2015 May [cited 2015 May 20]; 122(5 Suppl):934-98.
• Part, e.g. 2015 May [cited 2015 May 20]; 122(5 Pt A):934-38.
• Special Number, e.g. 2015 May [cited 2015 May 20]; 122(5 Spec No):934-8.
• Pagination is not always available on ejournals.
• If the article is in PDF format, count the total number of pages in the PDF. Place the amount of pages in square brackets followed by p where you would put the pagination, use a full stop after the closed bracket, e.g. 122(5):[4 p.].
• 122(5):[about 3 screens].
• 122(5):[about 3 pages].
• 122(5):[20 paragraphs].

Number of Reference. Author(s). Title of report. Edition (If not first). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication. Report No.:

49. Wilkinson K, Martin IC, Gough MJ, et al. An age old problem: A review of the care received by elderly patients undergoing surgery. London: National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death; 2010.

Number of Reference. Author(s). Title of report [Medium]. Edition (If not first). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication. Report No.: [Date of Update/Revision (if needed)]. [Date of citation]. Available from: URL or doi:

43. Rooney C. An independent investigation into the care and treatment of mental health users (Miss B) in Rotherham [Internet]. Manchester: Niche Health and Social Care Consulting Ltd.; 2017 Oct. [cited 2018 Jul 17]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/north/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/10/independent-investigation-miss-b-new.pdf

• Enter the title of the report as it appears, following the guidance regarding translation and transliteration as necessary.
• It is common for reports to have an organisation as author, if this is the case, use the organisation name as author.

Whole website

Number of reference. Author (if available). Title [Type of medium]. Edition (if available, e.g. American ed.) Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of update; date of revision]. Available from: (e.g. URL)

20. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP): Making sense of evidence [Internet]. Oxford: CASP; 2013 [cited 2015 Aug 1]. Available from: http://www.casp-uk.net

Part of a website

Number of reference. Title of homepage [Medium e.g. Internet]. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication. Title of part of website; Date of publication if different to homepage [Date of Update/Revision; Date of citation]; [Number of screens/pages]: Available from:

21. NHS Choices [Internet]. Leeds (UK): Health and Social Care Information Centre; c2006. Behind the Headlines [Updated 2015 Aug 12; cited 2015 Aug 12]; [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/news/Pages/NewsIndex.aspx

• If you are unable to find the author of the webpage, start the reference with the name of the homepage.
• Sometimes an organisation can be the author of the webpage; if the organisation begins with 'The' do not include this in the organisation name.
• Use the same spellings, punctuation, grammar, and capitalisation as the homepage.
• If you know where the organisation is based, you may assume the place of publication in square brackets.
• If you are unable to reasonably assume place of publication and cannot find place of publication, use [place unknown]
• If you are having problems locating the publisher, look at the copyright statement, or the 'contact us' link.
• If you cannot identify the publisher you can use 'publisher unknown' in square brackets, e.g. [place unknown: publisher unknown];
• Date of publication can be difficult to find, firstly look in the 'about the site' section. If you are still unable to find this you can use the copyright date, e.g. c2006.
• If no date of publication or copyright can be found, use the date of update/revision or citation, e.g. [Updated 2015 Aug 12; Cited 2015 Aug 12];
• If the page range is not available, replace with extent in square brackets, e.g. ; [about 10 p.]. or ; [about 10 screens]. or ; [10 paragraphs].

Alphabetical list of items

Jump to: A, B | C, D, E | F, G, H, I, J, K | L, M, N, O, P, Q | R, S, T, U | V, W, X, Y, Z |

Number of reference. Developer's name or Rightsholder. Title of App [Medium]. Version. Location: Publisher; Year of publication (if available); [Date updated (if year of publication unavailable)]; [date of citation]. Available App Store or URL

14. Campus M. iSheffield [app]. 5.2.3. London: Ex Libris; [updated 2017 Feb 27; cited 2018 Jun 6]. Available: Google Play.

• If the date of publication is not available, use the date the app was updated and date cited. If using date updated and date cited they should be presented as such [updated 2017 Feb 27; cited 2018 Jun 6].
• If the date of publication and date of update are not available, use date cited.
• No official guidance is available from the National Library of Medicine for apps.

Number of reference. Author(s) of post. Title. Date of post [Date of citation]. In: Author(s) or editor(s) of blog (if available). Title of blog [Medium e.g. Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher. Date of publication. [Number of screens]. Available from: URL

15. Thapa S. FIFA's anti-love LGBTQ+ rights armband policy in the World Cup Qatar 2022: what could this mean to Global Health? 2022 Dec 24 [cited 2023 Feb 23]: In: Blog: BMJ Global Health [Internet]. London: BMJ Publishing Group. [2016 Sep 2] - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjgh/2022/12/24/fifas-anti-one-love-lgbtq-rights-armband-policy-in-the-world-cup-qatar-2022-what-could-this-mean-to-global-health//

Complete blog

Number of reference. Author(s) or Editor(s). Title [Medium e.g. Internet]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Date of publication [date of citation]. Available from: URL

16. Bhaumik S, editor. Blog: BMJ Global Health [Internet]. London: BMJ Publishing Group. [2016 Sep 2] - . Available from: https://blogs.bmj.com/bmjgh/

• If the author is not apparent, try looking at the 'About' or 'Contact Us' links.
• If no author can be found, you may use the name of the editors. If no editors are given, you can start the reference with the blog title.
• If the title of the blog does not contain the word blog, enter it in the medium, e.g. [Blog on internet].
• Copy the title of the blog and blog post as closely as possible, including spelling, punctuation, grammar and capitalisation.
• Blogs do not always make clear the date the blog began, if this is the case use the date of the first post and place in square brackets.
• Dates are open ended unless the blog is no longer being updated, e.g, 2006 - , or 2006 - 2009
• If place of publication can't be found or is not available, use the author's city as place of publication.

For Video see Video - Physical Format .

Book – Chapter/Section (in an electronic book)

Section in an ebook.

Number of reference. Author(s). Title [Medium e.g. Internet]. Edition (if not first edition). Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. Chapter number, Chapter title; [Date of update/Date of revision/Date of citation]; Page Range or extent. Available from: URL or doi:

8. Bourgeault I, Dingwall R, de Vries R. The SAGE handbook of qualitative methods in health research [Internet]. London: SAGE; 2010. Chapter 7. Theory matters in qualitative health research; [cited 2015 Jun 1]; p.125-57. doi: 10.4135/9781446268247

Section in an edited ebook

Number of reference. Author(s) of section. Title of section. In: Editor(s). Title of book [Medium e.g. Internet]. Edition (if not first edition). Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of update/Date of revision/Date of citation]. Page range or extent. Available from: URL or doi:

9. Boxall P. The goals of HRM. In: Boxall P, Purcell J, Wright PM, editors. The Oxford handbook of human resource management. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008 [updated 2009 Sep; cited 2015 Jun 1]. [about 15 p.]. doi: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199547029.001.0001

• If the page range is not available, replace with extent in square brackets, e.g. [about 10 p.]. or [about 10 screens].
• Only add date of update if available, e.g. ; [updated 2014 May 1; cited 2015 Jun 1].
• The format of the date for citation is Year/Month/Day. Use the three letter abbreviations for the month.
• Convert Roman numerals to numbers, e.g. MMXV will become 2015.
• Do not add a full stop to the end of the URL.
• If a DOI is available, use a DOI and reference as follows: doi:
• If a DOI is not available, use a stable URL.

Book – Edited

Number of reference. Editor(s). Title. Edition (if not first edition). Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

4. Silverman D, editor. Qualitative research: issues of theory, method and practice. 3rd ed. London: SAGE; 2011.

• Follow the name of the last editor with a comma and the word 'editor(s)', followed by a full stop.
• Include a maximum of six editors. If the item has more than six editors, list the first six names followed by a comma and then 'et al. editors.'

Book – Electronic

Number of reference. Author(s)/Editor(s). Title [Medium e.g. Internet]. Edition (if not first edition). Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of update/Date of citation]. Available from: URL or doi:

7. Pallant J. SPSS survival manual: a step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS [Internet]. 4th ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press; 2010 [cited 2015 May 22]. Available from: http://www.vlebooks.com with institutional login.

• Only add date of update if available, e.g. [updated 2014 May 1; cited 2015 Jun 1].
• If the URL is for a resource that is not publicly available, e.g. it requires a login, use the home page URL of the provider and instruction of how it is accessed.

For Chapter in a book see Book – Chapter or Chapter/Section (in an electronic book) .

It’s important to acknowledge the source of code just like you would acknowledge the source of any work that is not your own. Referencing correctly will help to distinguish your work from others, give credit to the original author and allow anyone to identify the source.

See Referencing Code for guidance. You will need to adapt the guidance to your referencing style.

Conference Papers

Conference paper in proceedings with a book title.

Number of reference. Author(s) of paper. Title of paper. In: Editor(s). Title of book. Conference title; Date of conference; Place of conference. Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication. Page range.

28. Yanagisawa K, Saido TC. Amyloidogenesis and cholesterol. In: Mapping the progress of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases; 2001 Mar 31-Apr 5; Kyoto, Japan. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2002. p. 13-18.

Conference paper in proceedings without a book title

Number of reference. Author(s) of paper. Title of paper. In: Editor(s). Conference title; Date of conference; Place of conference. Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication. Page range.

29. Turner S, Bryans M. Dementia: Diagnosis & management in primary care. A primary care based education/research project. In: Dickinson A, Bartlett H, Wade S, editors. Proceedings of the British Society of Gerontology Annual Conference; 2000 Sep 8-10; Keble College, Oxford. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University; 2000. p. 137-142.

Online conference paper in proceedings with a book title

Number of reference. Author(s) of paper. Title of paper. In: Editor(s). Title of book [Medium e.g. Internet]. Conference title; Date of conference; Place of conference. Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of revision; Date of citation]. Page range. Available from: URL or doi:

32. Bingham R, Tsytovich VN. Dust growth in astrophysical plasmas. In: Bharuthram R, Hellberg MA, Shukla PK, Verheest F, editors. Dusty plasmas in the new millennium [Internet]. Proceedings of the 3rd conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas; 2002 May 20-24; Durban, South Africa. New York: American Institute of Physics; 2002 [cited 2015 Jul 23]. p. 126-134. doi: 10.1063/1.1527744/1.1527744

Online conference paper in proceedings without a book title

Number of reference. Author(s) of paper. Title of paper. In: Editor(s)[Medium e.g. Internet]. Conference title; Date of conference; Place of conference. Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of revision; Date of citation]. Page range. Available from: URL or doi:

33. Duff CA, Bradnum C. Design of a domestic water heating system to save water and electricity. In: Beute N, Krueger D, Sakulin M, Anderson G, Prasad G, Green M, et al. editors [Internet]. Proceedings of the 21st conference on Domestic Use of Energy (DUE); 2013 Apr 3-4; Cape Town (ZA). Cape Town (ZA): Cape Peninsula University of Technology; 2013 [cited 2015 Jan 12]. p. 19-24. Available from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/icp.jsp?arnumber=6524781

• Some conference proceedings have a separate title for the book, whilst others are just called 'Proceedings of...'. If your proceedings have a separate title, use the example for conference proceedings with a book title.
• Proceedings of the [insert number of conference e.g. 9th] [Name of conference];

Conference Poster

From a poster session.

Number of reference. Author(s) of poster. Title of poster. Poster session presented at: Name of conference. Number of conference Title of conference; Date of conference; Place of conference.

38. Bazela C, Grant V, Tucker A. History of medicine 2.0: using creative media to enhance information literacy teaching for 1st year medical students. Poster session presented at: LILAC. 10th Annual Librarians Information Literacy Annual Conference; 2014 Apr 23-25; Sheffield, UK.

• Poster sessions at conferences may include items that have never been published. If the item has been published, cite the item from a publication (e.g. poster published in a journal should be referenced as a journal article), rather than an untraceable source.

Conference Proceedings

Conference proceedings with a book title.

Number of reference. Editor(s). Title of book. Conference title; Date of conference; Place of conference. Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication.

26. Mizuno Y, Fisher A, Hanin I, editors. Mapping the progress of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases; 2001 Mar 31-Apr 5; Kyoto, Japan. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum; 2002.

Conference proceedings without a book title

Number of reference. Editor(s). Conference title; Date of conference; Place of conference. Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication.

27. Dickinson A, Bartlett H, Wade S, editors. Proceedings of the British Society of Gerontology Annual Conference; 2000 Sep 8-10; Keble College, Oxford. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University; 2000.

Online conference proceedings with a book title

Number of reference. Editor(s). Title of book [Medium e.g. Internet]. Conference title; Date of conference; Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of conference. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of revision; date of citation]. Available from:

30. Bharuthram R, Hellberg MA, Shukla PK, Verheest F, editors. Dusty plasmas in the new millennium [Internet]. Proceedings of the 3rd conference on the Physics of Dusty Plasmas; 2002 May 20-24; Durban, South Africa. New York: American Institute of Physics; 2002 [cited 2015 Jul 23]. Available from: http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/proceeding/aipcp/649

Online conference proceedings without a book title

Number of reference. Editor(s) [Medium e.g. Internet]. Conference title; Date of conference; Place of conference. Secondary author (if needed, e.g. translator). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of revision; date of citation]. Available from:

31. Beute N, Krueger D, Sakulin M, Anderson G, Prasad G, Green M, et al. editors [Internet]. Proceedings of the 21st conference on Domestic Use of Energy (DUE); 2013 Apr 3-4; Cape Town (ZA). Cape Town (ZA): Cape Peninsula University of Technology; 2013 [cited 2015 Jan 12]. Available from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?asf_pun=6520972

• If the page range is not available, replace with extent in square brackets, e.g. ; [about 10 p.]. or ; [about 10 screens]. or ; [1 paragraph].

Full Dataset

Number of reference. Name of Dataset [Medium]. Version. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date of Publication [Date of update/modiication; Date of citation. Available from: URL

50. Critical Care Minimum Dataset [Dataset on the Internet]. Release CR1533. Leeds: NHS Digital; 2005 May [modified 2015 Jul 28; cited 2018 Aug 31]. Available from: https://www.datadictionary.nhs.uk/data_dictionary/messages/supporting_data_sets/data_sets/critical_care_minimum_data_set_fr.asp

Dataset deposited in database

Number of reference. Author(s). Title [medium]. Date of publication of dataset [Date of citation]. In: Name of database/repository [medium]. Place of publication: Publisher. Date of publication. Extent of database (size). Available from: URL Notes (such as doi of related article in journal)

51. Foulkes M, Henry K, Rougeot J, Hooper-Greenhill E, Loynes CA, Jeffrey P, et al. Data relating to the publication "Expression and regulation of drug transporters in vertebate neutrophils" [dataset]. 2017 Jun 23 [cited 2018 Aug 31]. In: figshare [Internet]. London: Digital Science. 2011 Jan - . 755.85kB. Available from https://doi.org/10.15131/shef.data.4834217.v1 Related article doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-04785-4

• Some datasets often have a related article in which the data was used, if this is the case use the notes field to provide a DOI for the article, e.g. Related article doi:
• Include full dates if possible for datasets

Dictionary entry - In print

Number of reference. Dictionary title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. Title of dictionary entry; Page number.

34. Concise Oxford English dictionary. 11th rev. ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2009. Research; p. 1222.

Dictionary Entry - Online

Number of reference. Dictionary title [Medium e.g. Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. Title of entry; [Date of citation]; Page range or extent. Available from: URL or doi:

35. OED Online [Internet]. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015. Research; [cited 2015 May 27]; [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/163432

Full dictionary - In print

Number of reference. Dictionary title. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication.

39. Concise colour medical dictionary. 6th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.

Full dictionary - Online

Number of reference. Dictionary title [Medium e.g. Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Year of publication. [Date of citation]; Available from: URL or doi:

40. Mosby's dictionary of medicine, nursing & health professions [Internet]. St. Louis (MO): Mosby Elsevier; 2017. [2018 Jul 3]; Available from: http://www.vlebooks.com/Vleweb/Product/Index/848717?page=0

• If the page range is not available for the online version, replace with extent in square brackets, e.g. ; [about 10 p.]. or ; [about 10 screens]. or ; [1 paragraph].

Dissertation

Number of reference. Author. Title [Medium]. [Place of publication]: Publisher; Date.

22. Vickers S. An oral history examination of how technology has impacted on library space using the University of Sheffield Library as a case study [master's dissertation]. [Sheffield]: University of Sheffield; 2008.

23. Moore J. Effect of short chain fatty acids in breast epithelium [master's dissertation]. [Sheffield]: University of Sheffield; 2012.

• N.B. Thesis is used in American English to denote work undertaken as part of a master's degree. In this guide, dissertation denotes work undertaken at master's level, whilst thesis denotes work undertaken for a doctorate.

For DVD see Video - Physical Format .

Electronic Book

For Electronic Book see Book – Electronic or Book – Chapter/Section (in an electronic book) .

Electronic Journal

For Electronic Journal see Journal Article with a DOI (Electronic) or Journal Article without a DOI (Electronic) .

F, G, H, I, J, K

For Film see Video sections.

For Graphs see Images and Figures .

46. voxel123. Bullous emphysema (In 3D) [online image]. Flickr; 2017 Jul 11. [cited 2022 Jan 10]. Available from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/voxel123/35806298356/in/pool-medimg/

• If the volume and issue number are unavailable, follow the date of publication with the page number, e.g. 2018: 20-4

Journal without a DOI (Electronic)

Number of reference. Author(s). Article title. Journal title [Source e.g. Internet]. Date of publication [Date of citation]; Volume(Issue):Page numbers. Available from:

12. Carling PC, Perkins J, Ferguson JA, Thomasser A. Evaluating a new paradigm for comparing surface disinfection in clinical practice. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2014 Nov [cited 2015 May 22]; 35(11):1349-55. Available from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/678424

• Use a stable URL which will always work, rather than a session URL which stops working when you log off, and are often very long.

Journal Article – Preprint (Ahead of publication)

Number of reference. Author(s). Title of article. Title of journal [source e.g. Internet]. Forthcoming Date of publication. [Date of citation]. Available from: URL or doi:

13. West LR. Strave: challenge yourself to greater heights in physical activity/cycling and running. British Journal of Sports Medicine [Internet]. Forthcoming 2015. [cited 2015 May 22]. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094899

• If an issue number is not available, use the volume number followed by colon and the page numbers.
• If the article is in XML, HTML, or another format, you should count the screens, paragraphs, or how many pages it would print out on, e.g.

L, M, N, O, P, Q

Lecture notes, lecture recordings, handouts and other unpublished teaching materials.

Citing informal or unpublished materials, such as handouts, lecture recordings and lecture notes is not generally recommended. Instead you should look to cite a primary source (such as a textbook or journal article) which describes or summarises the idea you are referring to. You may wish to ask your lecturer for recommended reading.

To reference an article from a magazine see Journal Article .

Most magazines do have an issue and volume number, but it is normally hidden away so as not to interfere with the content. You can check the front, back, and spine of the magazine for this information. You may also need to check the publication information, which is normally printed in the first or last few pages of a magazine. This information is normally in very small text.

Masters Dissertation

For Masters Dissertation see Dissertation .

Newspaper Article

Print newspaper article.

Number of reference. Author. Article title. Newspaper title. Date of publication. Section letter, number or name (if available). Page number(s)(column number).

36. Sample I. Why an octopus never gets itself tied in knots. The Guardian. 2014 May 16. 17 (col.1).

Online newspaper article

Number of reference. Author. Article title. Newspaper title [Medium e.g. Internet]. Date of publication [Date of update; Date of citation]. Section letter, number or name (if available). Location/page number if available. Available from:

37. Sample I. Why an octopus's suckers don't stick its arms together. The Guardian [Internet]. 2015 May 15 [updated 2015 May 16; cited 2015 May 22]. [about 2 p.]. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/may/15/octopus-suckers-arms-chemical-skin

• Some online articles are modified after initial publication; add the date of update before the date of citation (as above).
• If you are referencing a local newspaper and the title does not indicate the city or town it is published in, add the city/town in round brackets either after the title or in the title, e.g. The (Sheffield) Star.

NICE Guidelines

For NICE Guidelines see Reports .

42. Wilkinson K, Martin IC, Gough MJ, Stewart JA, Lucas SB, Freeth H, et al. An age old problem: A review of the care received by elderly patients undergoing surgery. London: National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death; 2010.

43. Rooney C. An independent investigation into the care and treatment of mental health users (Miss B) in Rotherham [Internet]. Manchester: Niche Health and Social Care Consulting Ltd.; 2017 Oct [cited 2018 Jul 17]. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/north/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/10/independent-investigation-miss-b-new.pdf

41. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (GB). Lyme Disease. London: NICE; 2018. Report No.: NG95.

42. Tissue-engineered medical products. Quantification of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) for evaluation of chondrogenesis. London: British Standards Institution; 2018. Report No.: BS ISO 13019:2018.

• Add a country designation if an organisation has authored a report and does not have the country in the name.

For Tables see Images and Figures .

Thesis - In print

Number of reference. Author. Title [Medium]. [Place of publication]: Publisher; Date. Notes (e.g. volumes).

24. Finnegan KS, Linguistic variation, stability and change in middle-class Sheffield English [PhD thesis]. [Sheffield]: University of Sheffield; 2011. 2 vol.

Thesis - Online

Number of reference. Author. Title [medium and where available]. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication [Date of citation]. Notes (e.g. volumes). Available from: (e.g. URL)

25. Osler J. Studies towards the total synthesis of pyxidatol C; new insights into the Cope rearrangement [PhD thesis on the Internet]. [York]: University of York; 2014 [cited 2015 Jun 1]. Available from: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8615

Translation/Transliteration

For translation and transliteration of items see the relevant section in Creating a citation and reference list .

V, W, X, Y, Z

Video - physical format.

Number of reference. Author. Title [Type of medium e.g. Film, DVD]. Secondary Author (e.g. producer/director). Place of publication: Publisher; Date of production. Extent: Physical Description.

42. Howe A. Talking to patients: and helping them to talk to you [DVD]. Sheffield: University of Sheffield; 2014. 1 videodisc: 30 min., sound, colour, 4 3/4 in.

• The role of secondary author, in the case of audio visual materials, will be the director or producer.

Video - Website

Number of reference. Homepage [medium e.g. Internet]. Place of publication: Publisher; Date of publication of homepage [Date homepage updated]. [Video], Title; Date published [Date reviewed; Date of citation]; [Length e.g. 2min., 31sec]. Available from:

17. YouTube [Internet]. San Bruno, CA: YouTube (US); 2005 May [updated 2018]. [Video], Specialising in infectious diseases; 2017 Apr 10 [cited 2018 Jul 3]; [1 min., 2 sec]. Available from: https://youtu.be/gjsxGPGl_as

18. British Film Council [Internet]. London: British Council (UK); 2015. [Video], Steel; 1945 [cited 2015 Jun 1]; [31 min., 11 sec]. Available from: http://film.britishcouncil.org/steel

• If no date of publication or copyright can be found, use the date of update/revision or citation, e.g. [Updated 2015 Aug 12; cited 2015 Aug 12];

For YouTube see Video – Website .

Vancouver Referencing Generator

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• Select style:
• Archive material
• Chapter of an edited book
• Conference proceedings
• Dictionary entry
• Dissertation
• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
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• Encyclopedia article
• Government publication
• Music or recording
• Online image or video
• Presentation
• Press release
• Religious text

What is Vancouver referencing?

Vancouver referencing is an author-number citation style used widely in the scientific and medical disciplines. The Vancouver system was created in 1978 as a way of standardising and clarifying the formatting in its related fields, to make things as clear as possible for the reader.

How to Vancouver reference

There are many variations within the Vancouver style, so it’s important to find out exactly which version your academic institution expects. In Vancouver citation, a number is assigned to each reference as it is used. The original number assigned to the reference is used each time that reference is cited in the text.

References are also listed in numerical order in a bibliography at the end of the essay. The number can be placed either outside or inside the text punctuation and you’ll need to check with your academic institution to find out which style they prefer.

When it’s time to complete your Vancouver referencing, why not give Cite This For Me a try? We’ll have the whole thing done for you in moments using our mobile app or web tool. Free yourself up to work on other things and save yourself the worry of incorrect referencing with Cite This For Me.

Vancouver referencing example

Popular vancouver style citation examples, how to cite a book in vancouver style.

Use the following template to cite a book using the Vancouver citation style.

Reference List

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

How to cite a Journal in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a journal using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite Film or Movie in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a film or movie using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Online image or video in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an online image or video using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Website in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a website using the Vancouver citation style.

Additional Vancouver style Citation Examples

How to cite a blog in vancouver style.

Use the following template to cite a blog using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Court case in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a court case using the Vancouver citation style.

” “

How to cite a Dictionary entry in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a dictionary entry using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an E-book or PDF in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an e-book or pdf using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Edited book in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an edited book using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Email in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an email using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Encyclopedia article in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an encyclopedia article using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite an Interview in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite an interview using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Magazine in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a magazine using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Newspaper in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a newspaper using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Podcast in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a podcast using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a Song in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a song using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite The Bible in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite The Bible using the Vancouver citation style.

How to cite a TV Show in Vancouver style

Use the following template to cite a TV Show using the Vancouver citation style.

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• Vancouver Citation Generator

Free Vancouver Citation Generator

Generate citations in the Vancouver format quickly and automatically, with MyBib!

🤔 What is a Vancouver Citation Generator?

A Vancouver citation generator is an online tool that creates citations in the Vancouver citation style. It does this automatically by taking in an identifier for a document, such as a website URL, book ISBN, or journal DOI, and then locating the remaining details to format the full citation.

🤓 What is the Vancouver citation style?

The Vancouver citation style is a citation style used in the fields of biomedicine, health, and physical sciences. It is used to correctly attribute the authors of work cited within your paper.

The Vancouver style uses numbers within the article body that refer to formatted citations in the reference list at the end of the paper. The complete collection of rules for citing in Vancouver style are documented in the official handbook: Citing Medicine , by authors Karen Patrias and Dan Wendling.

👩‍🎓 Who uses a Vancouver Citation Generator?

The Vancouver style is used broadly across the physical sciences--especially health and medicine. If you are studying health or medicine, or you are writing to be published in a journal that uses the Vancouver style (such as The Lancet and Revista MÉDICA de Chile ), then you will need to cite your sources using the Vancouver style.

🙌 Why should I use a Vancouver Citation Generator?

Every academic field, not just the sciences, will recommend using a tool to record references to others' work in your writing. A citation generator like MyBib can record this data, and can also automatically create an accurate reference list from it.

A referencing tool can also keep a list of the sources you have used as you are writing your paper, so is great for organization too.

⚙️ How do I use MyBib's Vancouver Citation Generator?

MyBib's Vancouver citation generator was designed to be accurate and easy to use (also it's FREE!). Follow these steps:

• Search for the article, website, or document you want to cite using the search box at the top of the page.
• Look through the list of results found and choose the one that you referenced in your work.
• Make sure the details are all correct, and correct any that aren't. Then click Generate!

The generator will produce a formatted Vancouver citation that can be copied and pasted directly into your document, or saved to MyBib as part of your overall reference list (which can be downloaded fully later!).

MyBib supports the following for Vancouver style:

Daniel is a qualified librarian, former teacher, and citation expert. He has been contributing to MyBib since 2018.