purpose of internet essay

Essay On Internet for Students and Children

500+ words essay on internet.

We live in the age of the internet. Also, it has become an important part of our life that we can’t live without it. Besides, the internet is an invention of high-end science and modern technology . Apart from that, we are connected to internet 24×7. Also, we can send big and small messages and information faster than ever. In this essay on the Internet, we are going to discuss various things related to the internet.

Reach of Internet

It is very difficult to estimate the area that the internet cover. Also, every second million people remain connected to it with any problem or issue. Apart from that, just like all the things the internet also has some good and bad effect on the life of people. So the first thing which we have to do is learn about the good and bad effect of the internet.

Good effects of the internet mean all those things that the internet make possible. Also, these things make our life easier and safer.

Bad effects of the internet mean all those things that we can no longer do because of the internet. Also, these things cause trouble for oneself and others too.

You can access in any corner of the world. Also, it is very easy to use and manage. In today’s world, we cannot imagine our life without it.

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Uses Of Internet

From the time it first came into existence until now the internet has completed a long journey. Also, during this journey, the internet has adopted many things and became more user-friendly and interactive. Besides, every big and small things are available on internet and article or material that you require can be obtainable from internet.

Tim Berners-Lee can be called one of the main father of internet as he invented/discovered the WWW (World Wide Web) which is used on every website. Also, there are millions of pages and website on the internet that it will take you years to go through all of them.

The Internet can be used to do different things like you can learn, teach, research, write, share, receive, e-mail , explore, and surf the internet.

Read Essay on Technology here

Convenience Due To Internet

Because of internet, our lives have become more convenient as compared to the times when we don’t have internet. Earlier, we have to stand in queues to send mails (letters), for withdrawing or depositing money, to book tickets, etc. but after the dawn of the internet, all these things become quite easy. Also, we do not have to waste our precious time standing in queues.

Also, the internet has contributed a lot to the environment as much of the offices (government and private), school and colleges have become digital that saves countless paper.

Although, there is no doubt that the internet had made our life easier and convenient but we can’t leave the fact that it has caused many bigger problems in the past. And with the speed, we are becoming addict to it a day in will come when it will become our basic necessity.

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Early networks

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Who controls the Internet?

Is the internet “making us stupid”, is cancel culture (or “callout culture”) good for society.

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What is the Internet?

The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet connection.

Who invented the Internet?

The Internet consists of technologies developed by different individuals and organizations. Important figures include Robert W. Taylor, who led the development of the ARPANET (an early prototype of the Internet), and Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn , who developed the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) technologies.

How does the Internet work?

The Internet works through a series of networks that connect devices around the world through telephone lines. Users are provided access to the Internet by Internet service providers . The widespread use of mobile broadband and Wi-Fi in the 21st century has allowed this connection to be wireless.

Is the Internet dangerous?

The advent of the Internet has brought into existence new forms of exploitation, such as spam e-mail and malware , and harmful social behaviour, such as cyberbullying and doxxing. Many companies collect extensive information from users, which some deem a violation of privacy.

What is the Dark Web?

The Dark Web refers to a series of Web sites that require special decryption and configuration tools to access. It is most commonly used for purposes that require strict anonymity, including illegal sales (e.g., of weapons and drugs), political dissent in countries with heavy censorship , and whistleblowing .

While the Internet is theoretically decentralized and thus controlled by no single entity, many argue that tech companies such as Amazon , Facebook , and Google represent a small concentration of organizations that have unprecedented influence over the information and money on the Internet. In some countries, certain parts of the Internet are blocked via censorship .

Whether the Internet is "making us stupid" is widely debated. Some argue the Internet is reprogramming our brains for the worse, as seen by diminishing IQ scores, and that new technologies and platforms like the Internet are harming attention spams, the ability to concentrate, and perform simple tasks. Others argue that virtually all new technologies throughout history have been initially feared, that the Internet gives voice to diverse populations and equal access to information for the benefit of social advancement, and that changing how the brain works and how we access and process information is not necessarily bad. For more on the debate about whether the Internet is "making us stupid," visit ProCon.org .

Whether cancel culture is good for society is widely debated. Some argue it allows the public and marginalized people to seek accountability in their leaders, gives a voice to disenfranchised or less powerful people, and is simply a new form of boycott. Others see cancel culture as a dangerous form of bullying, a suppression of free speech, and a form of intolerance that harms democratic societies by excluding and ostracizing anyone with contrary views. For more on the cancel culture debate, visit ProCon.org .

Recent News

Internet , a system architecture that has revolutionized mass communication , mass media , and commerce by allowing various computer networks around the world to interconnect. Sometimes referred to as a “network of networks,” the Internet emerged in the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until the early 1990s. By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion people, or more than half of the world’s population, were estimated to have access to the Internet. And that number is growing, largely due to the prevalence of “smart” technology and the " Internet of Things ," where computer-like devices connect with the Internet or interact via wireless networks . These “things” include smartphones , appliances, thermostats, lighting systems, irrigation systems, security cameras. vehicles, even cities.

The Internet provides a capability so powerful and general that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on information, and it is accessible by every individual who connects to one of its constituent networks. It supports human communication via social media , electronic mail (e-mail), “chat rooms,” newsgroups, and audio and video transmission and allows people to work collaboratively at many different locations. It supports access to digital information by many applications, including the World Wide Web . The Internet has proved to be a spawning ground for a large and growing number of “e-businesses” (including subsidiaries of traditional “brick-and-mortar” companies) that carry out most of their sales and services over the Internet. ( See electronic commerce .)

Origin and development

The first computer networks were dedicated special-purpose systems such as SABRE (an airline reservation system) and AUTODIN I (a defense command-and-control system), both designed and implemented in the late 1950s and early 1960s. By the early 1960s computer manufacturers had begun to use semiconductor technology in commercial products, and both conventional batch-processing and time-sharing systems were in place in many large, technologically advanced companies. Time-sharing systems allowed a computer’s resources to be shared in rapid succession with multiple users, cycling through the queue of users so quickly that the computer appeared dedicated to each user’s tasks despite the existence of many others accessing the system “simultaneously.” This led to the notion of sharing computer resources (called host computers or simply hosts) over an entire network. Host-to-host interactions were envisioned , along with access to specialized resources (such as supercomputers and mass storage systems) and interactive access by remote users to the computational powers of time-sharing systems located elsewhere. These ideas were first realized in ARPANET , which established the first host-to-host network connection on October 29, 1969. It was created by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. Department of Defense . ARPANET was one of the first general-purpose computer networks. It connected time-sharing computers at government-supported research sites, principally universities in the United States , and it soon became a critical piece of infrastructure for the computer science research community in the United States. Tools and applications—such as the simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP, commonly referred to as e-mail), for sending short messages, and the file transfer protocol ( FTP ), for longer transmissions—quickly emerged. In order to achieve cost-effective interactive communications between computers, which typically communicate in short bursts of data, ARPANET employed the new technology of packet switching . Packet switching takes large messages (or chunks of computer data) and breaks them into smaller, manageable pieces (known as packets) that can travel independently over any available circuit to the target destination, where the pieces are reassembled. Thus, unlike traditional voice communications, packet switching does not require a single dedicated circuit between each pair of users.

Commercial packet networks were introduced in the 1970s, but these were designed principally to provide efficient access to remote computers by dedicated terminals. Briefly, they replaced long-distance modem connections by less-expensive “virtual” circuits over packet networks. In the United States, Telenet and Tymnet were two such packet networks. Neither supported host-to-host communications; in the 1970s this was still the province of the research networks, and it would remain so for many years.

DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency; formerly ARPA) supported initiatives for ground-based and satellite-based packet networks. The ground-based packet radio system provided mobile access to computing resources, while the packet satellite network connected the United States with several European countries and enabled connections with widely dispersed and remote regions. With the introduction of packet radio, connecting a mobile terminal to a computer network became feasible . However, time-sharing systems were then still too large, unwieldy, and costly to be mobile or even to exist outside a climate-controlled computing environment . A strong motivation thus existed to connect the packet radio network to ARPANET in order to allow mobile users with simple terminals to access the time-sharing systems for which they had authorization. Similarly, the packet satellite network was used by DARPA to link the United States with satellite terminals serving the United Kingdom, Norway, Germany, and Italy. These terminals, however, had to be connected to other networks in European countries in order to reach the end users. Thus arose the need to connect the packet satellite net, as well as the packet radio net, with other networks.

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800 Words Essay On Internet in English for Students

The internet has transformed the world in ways that were unimaginable just a few decades ago. It has revolutionized how we communicate, access information, conduct business, and even how we entertain ourselves. The internet has become an integral part of our daily lives, and it’s hard to imagine a world without it.

At its core, the Internet is a vast network of interconnected computers and servers that allows for the exchange of information and data across the globe. It was originally conceived as a way for researchers and scientists to share information and collaborate on projects, but it has since evolved into a ubiquitous platform that has permeated every aspect of modern life.

One of the most significant impacts of the internet has been on communication. Before the internet, communication was limited by geography and time zones. People had to rely on physical mail, telephone calls, or face-to-face meetings to communicate with one another. The internet has made communication instantaneous and borderless. With the rise of email, instant messaging, video conferencing, and social media platforms, people can communicate with each other from anywhere in the world, at any time.

The internet has also revolutionized the way we access information. In the past, people had to rely on physical libraries, books, and other printed materials to access information. Today, with the internet, a wealth of information is available at our fingertips. From online encyclopedias to news websites, academic journals, and online databases, the internet has made it possible to access information on virtually any topic imaginable.

Another significant impact of the internet has been on the economy and the way we conduct business. The rise of e-commerce has made it possible for businesses to reach a global market and sell their products and services online. Online shopping has become increasingly popular, and many traditional brick-and-mortar stores have had to adapt to this new reality by establishing an online presence.

Furthermore, the internet has enabled the rise of the gig economy, where people can work as freelancers or contractors for multiple clients and projects simultaneously. This has created new opportunities for individuals to earn a living and has allowed businesses to access a global talent pool.

The internet has also had a profound impact on education. Online learning platforms and distance education programs have made it possible for students to access educational resources and attend classes from anywhere in the world. This has opened up new opportunities for people who may not have had access to traditional educational institutions due to geographical or financial constraints.

However, the internet has also brought with it a number of challenges and concerns. One of the biggest concerns is privacy and security. With so much personal information being shared online, there is a risk of data breaches and cyber attacks. Companies and individuals need to be vigilant about protecting their personal information and implementing strong cybersecurity measures.

Another concern is the spread of misinformation and fake news. The internet has made it easier for anyone to publish and share information, regardless of its accuracy or credibility. This has led to the proliferation of fake news and conspiracy theories, which can have serious consequences for individuals and society as a whole.

There is also concern about the impact of the internet on mental health and well-being. The constant exposure to social media and the pressure to curate a perfect online persona can lead to feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Additionally, the addictive nature of the internet and the constant stream of information can contribute to decreased attention spans and difficulty focusing on tasks.

Despite these challenges, the internet has proven to be an invaluable tool that has transformed the way we live, work, and interact with the world around us. It has opened up new opportunities for communication, education, and economic growth, and has made it possible for people to connect and collaborate in ways that were previously unimaginable.

As we move forward, it is important to address the challenges and concerns surrounding the internet while also embracing its potential for innovation and progress. This may involve implementing stronger cybersecurity measures, promoting digital literacy and critical thinking skills, and encouraging responsible and ethical use of the internet.

In conclusion, the internet has had a profound impact on virtually every aspect of modern life. It has revolutionized communication, education, business, and access to information. While it has brought with it a number of challenges and concerns, the internet has proven to be an invaluable tool that has transformed the way we live and interact with the world around us. As we continue to navigate the digital age, it is important to embrace the opportunities that the internet provides while also addressing its challenges and promoting responsible and ethical use.

Uses of Internet

In the 21st century, the internet has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we connect, learn, work, and entertain ourselves. Its multifaceted uses have permeated every aspect of society, bringing about unprecedented convenience and opportunities.

Communication stands out as one of the internet’s most significant uses. Instant messaging, video calls, and social media platforms have transcended geographical barriers, allowing people to stay connected with friends and family across the globe. The internet has turned the world into a global village, fostering a sense of unity and understanding among diverse cultures.

Education has undergone a remarkable transformation due to the internet. Online courses, tutorials, and educational resources have made learning accessible to anyone with an internet connection. Students can pursue degrees, acquire new skills, and access a wealth of information at their fingertips, democratizing education and breaking down traditional barriers to learning.

The internet has also redefined the way we work. Remote collaboration tools, cloud computing, and virtual offices have become essential components of the modern workplace. This shift has not only increased efficiency but has also opened up new opportunities for freelancers and remote workers, contributing to the rise of the gig economy.

In the realm of information, the internet has become an unparalleled resource. Search engines allow us to access vast amounts of information on any topic imaginable. This democratization of information has empowered individuals, encouraging critical thinking and facilitating informed decision-making.

Entertainment has undergone a digital revolution, with streaming services, online gaming, and social media platforms providing endless avenues for amusement. The internet has not only transformed how we consume content but has also given rise to new forms of artistic expression and creativity.

In conclusion, the internet’s uses are multifaceted and far-reaching, impacting every facet of our lives. From connecting people across the globe to revolutionizing education, work, and entertainment, the internet continues to be a transformative force, shaping the present and influencing the future. As we navigate the digital landscape, it is essential to harness the potential of the internet responsibly, ensuring that it remains a force for positive change in the years to come.

Convenience Due to Internet

The advent of the internet has ushered in an era of unprecedented convenience, transforming the way we live, work, and interact with the world. In our fast-paced lives, the internet has become a cornerstone of efficiency and ease, offering a multitude of conveniences that have reshaped our daily routines.

Communication is perhaps the most obvious and impactful convenience brought about by the internet. Instant messaging, email, and social media platforms have revolutionized the way we connect with others. Whether it’s staying in touch with loved ones, collaborating with colleagues, or reaching out to friends across the globe, the internet has made communication instantaneous and seamless.

The convenience of online shopping has fundamentally altered the retail landscape. With just a few clicks, consumers can browse, compare prices, and purchase a vast array of products from the comfort of their homes. The rise of e-commerce platforms has not only made shopping more convenient but has also introduced the concept of doorstep delivery, saving time and eliminating the need for physical store visits.

Information retrieval has been transformed by the internet’s vast repository of knowledge. Search engines provide instant access to information on any conceivable topic, enabling users to quickly find answers, conduct research, and stay informed. This ease of information retrieval has empowered individuals, making knowledge more accessible than ever before.

The workplace has undergone a paradigm shift with the internet, enabling remote work and flexible schedules. Online collaboration tools, cloud computing, and virtual communication platforms have made it possible for individuals to work from virtually anywhere, reducing the constraints of traditional office settings and commuting.

Entertainment has also become infinitely more convenient through streaming services, online gaming, and digital media platforms. The ability to access a diverse range of content on-demand has given consumers unprecedented control over their entertainment choices, eliminating the need to adhere to fixed schedules or physical media.

In conclusion, the internet has woven a tapestry of convenience into the fabric of our lives. From streamlined communication and effortless online shopping to boundless information access and flexible work arrangements, the conveniences offered by the internet have become integral to our modern existence. As we navigate this digital landscape, the ongoing evolution of internet technologies continues to enhance and redefine the meaning of convenience in our interconnected world.

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Essay On Internet- FAQs

What is internet short essay.

In the modern time, internet has become is one of the most powerful and interesting tools all across the world. The Internet is a network of networks and collection of many services and resources which benefits us in various ways. Using internet we can access World Wide Web from any place.

What is Internet in 150 words?

The internet is the most recent man-made creation that connects the world. The world has narrowed down after the invention of the internet. It has demolished all boundaries, which were the barriers between people and has made everything accessible. The internet is helpful to us in different ways.

What is internet 100 words?

A. The internet, a recent man-made marvel, has brought the world closer. It has shattered all barriers and made everything accessible. The internet serves us in countless ways, from sharing information with people across the world to staying connected with our loved ones.

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What Are the Benefits of the Internet? Argumentative Essay

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The Internet has been one of the biggest inventions that have made a great difference in the lives of many people in the world. Its introduction has come with an assortment of benefits which in one way or another has made life to be so easy. Many people say that the Internet has reduced the world into easily accessible global village since it helps people to access information from every part of the world with just some simple clicks on the keyboards and keypads of computers and related gadgets.

Internet use allows people who are interested and have the knowledge about it access a lot of information which range from different subjects hence it is able to meet the needs of diversified population that use the Internet. In this light, the invention of the Internet has been accompanied by many benefits that has turned the world into a global village, thus people can easily access any information at the click of a button.

To begin with, the Internet has come up with ways that enable man to undertake many tasks that were in the past deemed as cumbersome since it has almost every material that is needed to tackle all sorts of problems in various fields of life. For instance, scholars and research organizations had difficult time perusing through piles of books to do their research work. These have been made so easy with the introduction of the Internet since it has all the relevant materials that are needed to carry any kind of research work.

Likewise, in the past years, people suffered greatly due to congestion that occurred in processing transactions in the banking halls. Queuing was the only way through which people received banking services. With the invention of the Internet banking was made so easy due to the fact most of the operations of the financial institutions have been made accessible through the Internet, therefore making it possible for people to conduct all their bank transactions without any difficulty.

Through the Internet people can be able to transfer money electronically, check their bank account balances and withdraw and deposit money via the Internet; this is also referred to as Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). This has also been accessible unlimitedly since the Internet is operational all the time.

Another important aspect is that the Internet has made it easy for people to do business via telecommunication media, thus having an opportunity to explore the international market.

This was a hard nut to crack before the introduction of the Internet because someone wishing to purchase goods in international markets had to use traditional means of communication such as television, phones, and newspaper. But with the coming of the Internet this has become very simple. People nowadays can easily buy goods online and at the same companies can display their commodities on the Internet. All transactions are made online hence making international trade very convenient.

Consequently, online trading has also led to great revolution in the innovativeness due to the fact that companies are able to share ideas with others which trigger them to become dynamic in the way they perform their business operations so as to be able to meet the demands of the international market. Advertisement of goods is also very easy since companies need to launch their websites where they post their commodities and prices.

This was very difficult in the past since advertisement was only limited to television, radio and print media which are relatively expensive and do not advertise the products of each company that has subscribed with them throughout. But the Internet is at all times advertising all the commodities that have been posted on it.

More importantly, the Internet has acted as a channel through which people access employment opportunities since most employers advertise jobs through agents that are online. At the same the invention of the Internet has created many job opportunities that are associated with its existence. For instance, jobs such as creation of web pages and programs have come up due to the Internet.

Internet has also led to the establishment of businesses that deal with Internet such as cyber cafés, online research agencies, search engines such as Google and social networks that are private businesses. In addition to these, individuals have also started Internet service providing firms where people subscribe at a fee to get connected to the Internet. All these cases give a clear implication of the Internet as far as availability of employment is concerned.

In the education field, the Internet has made scholarly work to be so easy since it provides all the materials that student require in doing their research and answering assignments given to them. Learners can also use the Internet to undertake their normal studies since it contains all the academic resources that are needed.

Research work has also been streamlined by the invention of the Internet since researchers from different institutes around the world can share ideas and facts. The Internet has also made learning so easy due to the fact that tutors in learning institutes can send and receive learning materials to or from their students. People can also undertake online courses which they can pursue at the comfort of their homes or offices.

Furthermore, people get entertained in various ways by the ever increasing number of entertainment sites. There are sites that are purposely created to offer recreation to Internet users such as youtube.com which is used by entertainers or even ordinary people to post music, movies or funny comedies and events which are then accessed by people, hence entertaining them.

There are also social networks that are developed in the Internet which are used by people to interact by communicating, sharing photos and finding friends all over the world. Such sites include Facebook and Twitter.

Therefore, from the above benefits, it can be articulated that the invention of the Internet has really changed the lives of many people. Internet has also altered the mode in which various activities are done. It has also led to the development of so many other things related to the technology and at the same time things that seem to be inaccessible to easily reached. In essence, this invention has really affected people’s lives positively.

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• Internet Essay

Essay on Internet

Introduction The Internet is a system of interconnection of computer networks that link several billion devices worldwide. It is a global network of networks that consists of millions of non-public, public, academic, business and government packet switched networks, joined by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an intensive variety of information resources and services, like applications of world wide web (www), the infrastructure to support email, peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony. It has become an important part of our life and we cannot live without it. Internet can be called as the discovery of man that has revolutionized his style of working and living.

The Internet was started as the creation of a small band of dedicated researchers and has grown to be a commercial success with billions of dollars of annual investments. It has completely reduced distance, minimized all limitations and made our world relatively a smaller place. The Internet has brought information at our doorstep at the click of a button. The Internet revolutionized the computer and world of communication like never before. 

The Internet is replete with countless advantages. It has made possible man’s access to countless websites, information programs, scientific discoveries, global political, social, economic and cultural developments and happenings, libraries, entertainment and much more. 

The Internet boom in India has become one of the major contributors towards the economic growth of the country. It has revolutionized the metros, the towns and the villages. The Internet has contributed massively to the employment sector across the country. The need for professionals has increased who would feed the information into the web. Content writing and management, web page designing, Internet advertisements have become booming sectors within the IT industry.

In the education field, learners can coordinate projects with classrooms all over the globe. Students across the globe do research works online and all information related to research is accessible on the web at the touch of a button. Not only for the students, the Internet has become an incredible tool for the job seekers. 

The Internet is being used for finding people, place or information on any subject. One can use the directory services to search phone books of any country together with zip codes. People are connecting with friends and families by exchanging emails to facilitate letter writing, keeping down the cost of phone calls.

In the field of travel, cities, towns, states and countries are using the web to post detailed tourist and event information. Travelers can easily find information on weather, maps, timings for events and transportation schedules and buy tickets to various tourists’ spots.

Today the Internet is used for shopping, paying utility bills, credit card bills, admission fees, E-commerce, online banking facility. In the world of marketing and sales, companies are marketing and selling their products and creating brands over the net. 

Patients and doctors keep up-to-date with the latest medical findings, share treatment information and give one another support in medical problems. 

Furthermore, people are also finding partners through matchmaking sites. 

Today, people are doing financial research; trading like buying and selling stock and investing money. 

However, the Internet has some setbacks too, which is a threat to the entire mankind. People, especially youngsters are getting addicted to the Internet and thus causing problems to their health. It is making this generation lazy. Internet hackers are on the rise, creating nuisance in the world of business and communication. There are a lot of thefts, frauds and unscrupulous businesses cropping up that are taking undue advantage of innocent people. Anti-social elements of society and cyber crime are also using the Internet against humanity. 

Internet is a great tool that man has discovered but its wrong use and negative impact must be minimized. 

FAQs on Internet Essay

1. What is the Internet?

The Internet is a computerized network of information. It is a system of interconnection of computer networks that link several billions of devices.

2. What are the Advantages of the Internet?

The Internet has brought information to our doorstep. It has made possible man’s access to countless websites, information programs, scientific discoveries, global political, social, economic and cultural developments and happenings, libraries, entertainment and much more.

3. What are the Disadvantages of the Internet?

Some of the disadvantages of the Internet: people especially, the youngsters are getting highly addicted to the Internet. There are a lot of thefts, fraudulent activities and unscrupulous business happening, which have become a threat to humankind.

4. How has the Internet has Become a Boon to India?

The Internet in India has made revolutionary changes in the metros, small towns and villages. It has created a plethora of job opportunities. The rise in the use of the Internet has led to the growth of cyber cities, cyber cafes and Internet parlors across the country.

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The Impact of the Internet on Society: A Global Perspective

• Manuel Castells archive page

Provided by BBVA

The Internet is the decisive technology of the Information Age, and with the explosion of wireless communication in the early twenty-first century, we can say that humankind is now almost entirely connected, albeit with great levels of inequality in bandwidth, efficiency, and price.

People, companies, and institutions feel the depth of this technological change, but the speed and scope of the transformation has triggered all manner of utopian and dystopian perceptions that, when examined closely through methodologically rigorous empirical research, turn out not to be accurate. For instance, media often report that intense use of the Internet increases the risk of isolation, alienation, and withdrawal from society, but available evidence shows that the Internet neither isolates people nor reduces their sociability; it actually increases sociability, civic engagement, and the intensity of family and friendship relationships, in all cultures.

Our current “network society” is a product of the digital revolution and some major sociocultural changes. One of these is the rise of the “Me-centered society,” marked by an increased focus on individual growth and a decline in community understood in terms of space, work, family, and ascription in general. But individuation does not mean isolation, or the end of community. Instead, social relationships are being reconstructed on the basis of individual interests, values, and projects. Community is formed through individuals’ quests for like-minded people in a process that combines online interaction with offline interaction, cyberspace, and the local space.

View other articles provided by BBVA OpenMind:

• the way of the dodo.

• A Revolution in Business • Banking, Information, and Technology: Toward Knowledge Banking • Cyber Attacks

Globally, time spent on social networking sites surpassed time spent on e-mail in November 2007, and the number of social networking users surpassed the number of e-mail users in July 2009. Today, social networking sites are the preferred platforms for all kinds of activities, both business and personal, and sociability has dramatically increased — but it is a different kind of sociability. Most Facebook users visit the site daily, and they connect on multiple dimensions, but only on the dimensions they choose. The virtual life is becoming more social than the physical life, but it is less a virtual reality than a real virtuality, facilitating real-life work and urban living.

Because people are increasingly at ease in the Web’s multidimensionality, marketers, government, and civil society are migrating massively to the networks people construct by themselves and for themselves. At root, social-networking entrepreneurs are really selling spaces in which people can freely and autonomously construct their lives. Sites that attempt to impede free communication are soon abandoned by many users in favor of friendlier and less restricted spaces.

Perhaps the most telling expression of this new freedom is the Internet’s transformation of sociopolitical practices. Messages no longer flow solely from the few to the many, with little interactivity. Now, messages also flow from the many to the many, multimodally and interactively. By disintermediating government and corporate control of communication, horizontal communication networks have created a new landscape of social and political change.

Networked social movements have been particularly active since 2010, notably in the Arab revolutions against dictatorships and the protests against the management of the financial crisis. Online and particularly wireless communication has helped social movements pose more of a challenge to state power.

The Internet and the Web constitute the technological infrastructure of the global network society, and the understanding of their logic is a key field of research. It is only scholarly research that will enable us to cut through the myths surrounding this digital communication technology that is already a second skin for young people, yet continues to feed the fears and the fantasies of those who are still in charge of a society that they barely understand.

Read the full article here.

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Essay on Internet

• Updated on  
• Oct 1, 2021

With throat-cutting competition, the difficulty level of various competitive exams has increased. Apart from domain-specific knowledge, questions framed in various exams evaluate critical thinking and decision-making ability, reading and writing skills, and  Logical and Analytical Reasoning . It thus has become important to focus on all the components equally. Just like the aforementioned topics, Essay writing is another crucial element of a wide range of entrance tests like IELTS , TOEFL , UPSC exams , etc. The topics for essays can range from Digital India and Economic issues to the role of Education and Women Empowerment . In this blog, we will share some samples of essays on the internet with you!

Uses of Internet Essay

Essay on Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet

Tips to Write an Essay on the Internet 

Here are some of the tips which you can follow in order to write an impressive essay on the internet. 

• Your essay on the internet should be clear and concise with appropriate information. 
• Research meticulously before you start writing an essay on the internet.
• Add both, advantages and disadvantages of using it.  
• Write the content in paragraphs. 
• Avoid the use of jargons and slangs. 
• Keep the tone formal. 
• You can also add statistical data.

The internet is a worldwide network of computer networks that connects millions of people in over 150 countries. Using the internet, you can send emails, chat with people, and obtain information on different variety of subjects. 

Internet can be used for multiple purposes including finding information, communicate with people, shop online, manage your finances, etc.

The first workable prototype of internet came in the late 1960s with creation of ARPANET or the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network.

In order to complete your application process for studying abroad, apart from the basic documents, you also need to submit a personal essay / statement of purpose as it elucidates your motive to take admission in a particular course and university and also shed light on your career goals. It thus needs to be impressive! Take the assistance from the experts at Leverage Edu who will help you write an SOP that will highlight your achievements, purpose and future goals in a very lucid yet impeccable way!

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Essay on Benefits of Internet

Students are often asked to write an essay on Benefits of Internet in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Benefits of Internet

Introduction.

The internet is an amazing tool that has transformed our world. It has made information easily accessible and has connected people globally.

The internet has revolutionized education. It provides endless resources for learning, making education more accessible to everyone, regardless of location.

Communication

The internet has made communication faster and easier. With email, video calls, and social media, we can connect with anyone, anywhere, anytime.

Entertainment

The internet offers countless entertainment options, from movies and music to games and social media, keeping us engaged and entertained.

250 Words Essay on Benefits of Internet

The internet, a global network of interconnected computers, has revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. It has opened up a world of possibilities and opportunities that were previously unimaginable.

Access to Information

One of the primary benefits of the internet is the unprecedented access to information. It has become a vast repository of knowledge, with millions of websites, blogs, and forums that provide information on every conceivable topic. This allows us to learn new skills, stay updated with world news, research complex topics, and access educational resources that enhance our knowledge and understanding.

Communication and Collaboration

The internet has also transformed the way we communicate and collaborate. Email, social media, video conferencing, and instant messaging have made it possible to connect with people anywhere in the world in real-time. This has not only made communication more efficient but also fostered global collaboration and cultural exchange.

Online Services

The internet has led to the emergence of many online services that have made our lives easier. We can shop online, book tickets, pay bills, and access banking services from the comfort of our homes. Additionally, the rise of telemedicine and e-learning has made healthcare and education more accessible.

In conclusion, the internet has numerous benefits that have significantly improved our lives. It has democratized access to information, facilitated global communication, and made a multitude of services accessible online. As we continue to innovate and evolve, the internet’s role in our lives will only continue to grow.

500 Words Essay on Benefits of Internet

Information access.

One of the most profound benefits of the Internet is the accessibility to an infinite amount of information. Search engines like Google make it possible for individuals to find information on virtually any topic in seconds. This has not only enhanced our knowledge but also allowed us to make more informed decisions. Moreover, the Internet provides a platform for the sharing of ideas, fostering global awareness and understanding.

The Internet has transformed the way we communicate. Email, social media platforms, and instant messaging apps have made it possible to interact with anyone, anywhere, anytime. The speed and ease of online communication have facilitated international collaboration and made the world seem smaller. Furthermore, the rise of video conferencing technologies has enabled remote work and learning, breaking down geographical barriers.

The advent of e-commerce is another significant benefit of the Internet. Online shopping offers convenience and a wider range of products than traditional retail stores. Consumers can compare prices and read reviews before making a purchase, ensuring they get the best value for their money. Moreover, e-commerce has opened up new opportunities for businesses, allowing them to reach a global customer base.

In conclusion, the Internet offers numerous benefits, from easy access to information and enhanced communication to improved education and e-commerce opportunities. It is a powerful tool that has transformed every aspect of our lives, making the world more interconnected and information more accessible. As we continue to navigate the digital age, it is crucial to harness the potential of the Internet while being mindful of the challenges it presents. Its benefits are a testament to human innovation and the limitless possibilities of technology.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

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The internet: History, evolution and how it works

The Internet is a massive computer network that has revolutionized communication and changed the world forever.

What is the internet?

• Internet invention
• How it works

How do websites work?

• Speed and bandwidth

Additional resources

Bibliography.

The internet is a vast network that connects computers across the world via more than 750,000 miles (1,200,000 kilometres) of cable running under land and sea, according to the University of Colorado Boulder. 

It is the world's fastest method of communication, making it possible to send data from London, U.K. to Sydney, Australia in just 250 milliseconds, for example. Constructing and maintaining the internet has been a monumental feat of ingenuity.

The internet is a giant computer network, linking billions of machines together by underground and underwater fibre-optic cables.These cables run connect continents and islands , everywhere except Antarctica

Each cable contains strands of glass that transmit data as pulses of light, according to the journal Science . Those strands are wrapped in layers of insulation and buried beneath the sea floor by ships carrying specialist ploughs. This helps to protect them from everything from corrosion to shark bites.

When you use it, your computer or device sends messages via these cables asking to access data stored on other machines. When accessing the internet, most people will be using the world wide web. 

When was the internet invented?

It was originally created by the U.S. government during the Cold War . In 1958, President Eisenhower founded the Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA ) to give a boost to the country’s military technology, according to the Journal of Cyber Policy . Scientists and engineers developed a network of linked computers called ARPANET. 

- The Internet of Things: A seamless network of everyday objects

- What is cyberwarfare?

- Internet history timeline: ARPANET to the World Wide Web

ARPANET's original aim was to link two computers in different places, enabling them to share data. That dream became a reality in 1969, according to Historian Jeremy Norman . In the years that followed, the team linked dozens of computers together and, by the end of the 1980s, the network contained more than 30,000 machines, according to the U.K.'s Science and Media Museum .

How the onternet works

Most computers connect to the internet without the use of wires, using   Wi-Fi , via a physical modem. It connects via a wire to a socket in the wall, which links to a box outside. That box connects via still more wires to a network of cables under the ground. Together, they convert radio waves to electrical signals to fibre optic pulses, and back again. 

At every connection point in the underground network, there are junction boxes called routers. Their job is to work out the best way to pass data from your computer to the computer with which you’re trying to connect. According to the IEEE International Conference on Communications , they use your IP addresses to work out where the data should go. Latency is the technical word that describes how long it takes data to get from one place to another, according to Frontier . 

Each router is only connected to its local network. If a message arrives for a computer that the router doesn’t recognizse, it passes it on to a router higher up in the local network. They each maintain an address book called a routing table . According to the Internet Protocol Journal , it shows the paths through the network to all the local IP addresses. 

The internet sends data around the world, across land and sea, as displayed on the Submarine Cable Map . The data passes between networks until it reaches the one closest to its destination. Then, it passes through local routers until it arrives at the computer with the matching IP address.

The internet relies upon the two connecting computers  speaking the same digital language. To achieve this, there is a set of rules called the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), according to the web infrastructure and website security company Cloudflare . 

TCP/IP makes the internet work a bit like a postal system. There is an address book that contains the identity of every device on the network, and a set of standard envelopes for packaging up data. The envelopes must carry the address of the sender, the address of the recipient, and details about the information packed inside. The IP, explains how the address system works, whileTCP, how to package and send the data.

Click the numbers on the following interactive image to find out what happens when you type www.livescience.com into your browser:

Internet speed and bandwidth

When it comes to internet speed how much data you can download in one second: bandwidth. According to Tom’s Guide , to surf the web, check your email, and update your social media, 25 megabits per second is enough. But, if you want to watch 4K movies, live stream video, or play online multiplayer games, you might need speeds of up to 100-200 megabits per second.

Your download speed depends on one main factor: the quality of the underground cables that link you to the rest of the world. Fibre optic cables send data much faster than their copper counterparts, according to the cable testing company BASEC , and your home internet is limited by the infrastructure available in your area.

Jersey has the highest average bandwidth in the world, according to Cable.co.uk . The little British island off the coast of France boasts average download speeds of over 274 megabits per second. Turkmenistan has the lowest, with download speeds barely reaching 0.5 megabits per second.

You can read more about the history of the internet at the Internet Society website . To discover how the Internet has changed our daily lives, read this article by Computing Australia .

• " Getting to the bottom of the internet’s carbon footprint ". University of Colorado Boulder, College of Media, Communication and Information (2021).
• " The evolution of the Internet: from military experiment to General Purpose Technology ". Journal of Cyber Policy (2016). 
• " The Internet: Past, Present, and Future ". Educational Technology (1997). 
• " Three-Way Handshake ". CISSP Study Guide (Second Edition) (2012).
• " Content Routers: Fetching Data on Network Path ". IEEE International Conference on Communications (2011).
• " Analyzing the Internet's BGP Routing Table ". The Internet Protocol Journal (2001). 
• " The Internet of Tomorrow ". Science (1999).

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Laura Mears is a biologist who left the confines of the lab for the rigours of an office desk as a keen science writer and a full-time software engineer. Laura has previously written for the magazines How It Works and T3 .  Laura's main interests include science, technology and video games.

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Internet Essay | Essay on Internet Internet Essay for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Internet Essay in English: The essay on Internet is a useful tool to educate students about the benefits and dangers of the Internet. The Internet is also a tool that we cannot avoid in this day and age. Nearly every aspect of our lives, from social interaction to learning and education, is performed through the Internet.

Hence, the best way for students to learn about the Internet is by writing an essay on the Internet. Doing so will ensure that the technology will not be taken for granted. The perfect analogy for the Internet is the ocean; it is vast, expansive, and very easy to get lost in. However, with the right knowledge, this will not be an issue. Read on to find more about Write an essay about English, essay writing on internet.

You can also find more  Essay Writing  articles on events, persons, sports, technology and many more.

Short Essay on Internet – Important Points to Note

Following are a few things to keep in mind before writing an essay on the Internet:

• Perform a thorough research on the topic before starting.
• Always write an introductory paragraph
• Reduce the usage of jargons
• Present the content in points wherever necessary
• Break up large sections of monotonous texts into digestible chunks
• Use dates, figures, names, and other specifics
• Always provide a concluding paragraph
• Read through the essay once to eliminate grammar and spelling mistakes.

“The Internet is becoming the town square for the Global village of tomorrow – Internet Essay”

Essay on Internet in English for Class 10 – Sample 1 (250 Words)

Life in today’s day and age is entirely dependent on the Internet. Without this crucial tool, life would probably come to a standstill. In many countries, financial transactions are done entirely online. So if the Internet were to stop working, it could cause many hassles for the users.

People all over the world are connected through the Internet. News or any information for that matter travels through the Internet. This is how we keep ourselves updated with information. However, there are some downsides to this as well. Due to the Internet’s worldwide reach, crucial data, such as credit card numbers can be stolen. News or other information can be manipulated or distorted.

Essay About Internet – Problems of Internet

On an individual level, the Internet can cause a lot of problems – one of the most significant being procrastination. Procrastination is the habit of postponing a task indefinitely. Social media platforms, such as Facebook and other similar sites, are to be blamed as it is easy to get sucked into them. Countless hours could disappear if the user does not keep track of time.

However, the Internet is not all bad. There are many other things that you can learn. For instance, a technical subject such as physics can be better understood through the help of videos. Abstract subjects such as mathematics are understood better through the help of websites and forums dedicated to explaining the concepts better.

In conclusion, the Internet is like a double-edged sword. It can be a great boon if used in the right way. It provides valuable knowledge and resources to better yourself. However, it can also be easy to distract yourself and waste countless hours of your time.

Sample 2 – Essay on Internet 500+ Words

The United States is responsible for inventing the Internet in the 1960s; however, it was initially known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), a project funded by the United States Department of Defence. It was quite primitive and transferred data through “packet switching,” which would later go on to become a fundamental aspect of the Internet.

It took a few more decades before the Internet became widely accessible. By the 1970s and 80, the technology grew to a more recognizable form. And by the late 1990s, most households were connected to the Internet. Though it was very primitive, it set the stage for future events that would change the world.

The first-ever website went live on the 6th of August, 1991. It was dedicated to the World Wide Web project and provided relevant details about the same. The original address still exists – http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html . However, there are no instances of the original page instead, the link leads to the version taken in 1992. Ever since then, countless websites came into existence on the world wide web. Today, as of January 2019, there are over 1.94 billion websites. This number is only expected to grow in the coming years.

Essay on Internet and Its Uses

The Internet is one of the best tools for productivity today. A student can learn any subject from vast online resources. Technical subjects can be explained better through videos or online guides. Abstract subjects like mathematics can be better understood through online practice pages and forums. Writers can find inspiration online. Musicians have access to countless tools to create their next masterpiece. In short, the Internet is a fantastic place to help and guide individuals to do amazing things. Disadvantages of Internet Essay  is primarily written for students and children to know about the internet misuses.

However, we need to know that the Internet is like a double-edged sword. It has the potential to be beneficial to us, but at the same time, it can negatively affect us if we are not careful. Social media sites are invaluable, but they can cause many negative repercussions, such as procrastination and internet addiction. Moreover, the Internet can host many distractions and illegal activities; hence, one should be careful not to get entangled in it.

Another essential concept readers should know about the Internet is the dark web. To understand the dark web better, consider this analogy: An iceberg floats on water, but only 10-15 percent of the entire structure is visible above the waterline. The dark web is the part of the iceberg present below the waterline. So why does this part of the Internet exist?

Conclusion on Internet Essay in English

Important information, such as credit card numbers, online banking details exist on the dark web, and it is heavily encrypted. Similarly, every private and unlisted YouTube video exists on the dark web. Moreover, an individual cannot reach the dark web through a regular browser. Select software or specific configurations that are required to access the dark web. In short, the dark web helps individuals to stay anonymous over the Internet. Essay on Internet in Hindi, English, Punjabi language for kids will update soon.

In conclusion, the Internet can be thought of as a massive ocean; if used in the right way, it can be very productive and helpful.

FAQ’s on Essay on Internet

Question 1. What is the Internet?

Answer: The Internet is a global network of computers that provide information and facilitate communication over a series of interconnected networks.

Question 2. What is the importance of the Internet?

Answer: The Internet is a part of our daily life. It provides information, resources and a platform for interaction.

Question 3. How was the Internet created?

Answer: The Internet was the result of a project funded by the U.S Department of Defence. It was initially called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network).

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Essay on Internet

List of essays on internet, essay on internet – short essay for kids and children (essay 1 – 250 words).

• Essay on Internet – 10 Lines on the Internet Written in English (Essay 2 – 250 Words)

Essay on Internet – With Disadvantages (Essay 3 – 400 Words)

Essay on internet – for school students (class 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 standard) (essay 4 – 500 words), essay on internet (essay 5 – 500 words), essay on internet – blessing or curse (essay 6 – 500 words), essay on internet – history, impacts, benefits and disadvantages (essay 7 – 750 words), essay on internet – long essay on the internet (essay 8 – 1000 words).

The internet is an advancement of modern technology that has swept the world off its feet with its vast usage. Internet is defined as a global network of computers that provides information and communication platforms. People all over the world are now using internet daily. The internet has enabled the growth of society both positively and negatively.

Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for kids, children and school students (Class 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 Standard).

Introduction:

Sending a message to a friend, buying a commodity, finding directions to your destination or simply keeping in touch with friends can all be challenging endeavors. However, the internet has changed the way we relate with our environment and our world in general. You can simply find places on Google maps or stay in touch on Facebook, all have been made possible because of the revolutionary capabilities of the internet.

How it works:

To understand how the internet works, we can simply start from connecting two computers. Two computers can share files and information if they are connected with something known as the Local Area Network (LAN). This connection is usually done by physically attaching a cable to both computers.

However, since the advent of satellite technology, it is now possible to connect two computers without any physical cable. The connection could be made by simply sending signals from one computer to the satellite network. The network in-turn transfers the same message to the second computer. Thus, the internet is a web of computers connected together by satellite.

Uses of the Internet:

Aside from the obvious uses of the internet which includes file sharing, electronic mails, chatting etc., the internet also serves a lot more functions that cannot be exhausted in this article. Below are a few of those functions:

i. Researching

ii. Electronic news

iii. Education and self-help

iv. Interactive games

v. Job hunting

vi. Shopping

Conclusion:

As the days go by new fields and application of the internet keeps emerging. Recently, people have found that the internet can learn from itself while others have explored the financial applications of the internet. The opportunities are definitely endless.

Essay on Internet – 10 Lines on the Internet Written in English ( Essay 2 – 250 Words)

The development of internet can be traced back to the 1960s. It mainly refers to the system made by interconnecting the different computer network which follows a common protocol so that devices all over the world can stay connected.

Ever since the popularity of the internet, it has managed to yield widespread use. When we talk of the uses of internet, we would really have a massive list. Let us shed light on some of them.

The Uses of Internet at a Glance:

When we are talking about the uses of internet, first of all we have to talk about how easy it is for people to stay connected despite being miles apart. Thanks to the internet, regardless of where you are, you can chat and even video call your friends and it feels like you are a part of their life.

Another important point as far as the uses of internet are concerned has to be the ease with which we have access to information. Even the details of what is happening in another continent can be accessed on the go without any fuss.

Better Knowledge Repository:

When people started capitalizing on the varied uses of internet, they understood the immense power it had. Regardless of what topic you want to know about, the internet is a knowledge hub with all kinds of details in it. You can research about absolutely any topic and even contribute to the knowledge repository too.

So, with these many endless uses of internet, are you making the most out of it? Technology should always be put to constructive use for the best results!

The advancements in technology have changed our lives in several ways, including how we communicate, how we do business, how we run our social and personal lives, etc. Thanks to the internet and the World Wide Web, the earth is now a global village. However, like the two sides of the coin, there are always some disadvantages of the internet and the technology.

Let’s see the disadvantages of the internet in the following paragraphs:

Spamming is the dumping of bulk e-mails which are not solicited by the users. These e-mails can clog the whole system and serve no purpose. The spam e-mails can also contain potential threats like viruses, details of illegal activities, or soliciting money from the users.

Information theft:

The internet contains everything and anything freely available. These opportunities pave way for misuse of information. We may also have come across situations where people steal information from someone’s research and share it as their own.

Identity theft and security breach:

This is one of the scariest disadvantages of internet. People’s identities are stolen and misused and at times, their privacy and security are breached to an extent that many people lose their lives or money because of this terrifying loophole on the internet.

Impact on children:

Continuous surfing and the variety of games found on the internet make the children addicted to the internet. Children tend to constantly use the system and thereby, their communication potential and attitude changes, are hampered to a great extent. This is another major disadvantage of the internet that is a sure shot possibility of spoiling the next generation. The violence in the games also affects the psychology of the children. Additionally, the adult contents that are freely available on the internet share unwanted and wrong information about sexuality and related things.

Impact on the health:

Apart from these, the continuous use of the internet can cause lifestyle disorders not only for the children but also for adults. Sitting in front of the computer for a prolonged time can affect your eyesight, cause obesity and related disorders. People tend to lose their productive time and get addicted to internet surfing. Such usage is considered as another major disadvantage of the internet because it hampers the productive time and quality time in the workplace and at home.

Depression:

Although the internet is extensively used in the workplace, it can cause depression in human minds. Considering the availability of internet and VPN with which you can access your office materials from anywhere, a working person is expected to be available for the job throughout the day and night. These facilities, in the long run, can cause depression waves not only in the minds of those who work but also in the minds of those who are dependent on these working personnel. Spending quality time with our loved ones reduce to a greater extent. People tend to become more mechanical and there is a definite loss of emotions.

Although there are several advantages associated with the internet, we are also able to witness the horrendous disadvantages of the internet and its usage in all walks of life. It’s high time that we realize that technological advancements are like a double-edged sword and should be used wisely to live a quality life.

The internet has become a significant part of our lives today and has made our lives so much comfortable that it is really hard to live without it.

Internet can be technically defined as,

‘A large network of computer systems that are inter-connected through satellites, optical cables and telephone lines’.

Although the internet usage began in 1969, it got revolutionized during 1990s. This essay will talk about the key role played by internet today and at the same time how it is being misused.

Role of Internet in Today’s World:

Today internet is used by school students as well senior citizens. Users from different backgrounds get benefited with the help of internet in different ways.

i. The important advantage of using internet and why internet is so powerful today is because of the access it provides to information. The biggest search engines like Google and Yahoo helps us gather information from any part of the world within seconds.

ii. Internet is a boon to the student community . With the help of internet, students are able to save the time that they spend in a library to retrieve information for their projects.

iii. Business people are exploring internet in the maximum way possible. They use internet to build up their business through social media marketing and digital marketing .

iv. Just by the click of a mouse we are able to communicate face to face with a friend, relative or a business client even if they are thousand miles away.

v. What not? Today people order their favourite food and buy the latest fashion apparels sitting at home. This would not have been possible without internet.

Misusing Internet:

Man invented internet as a tool to make his life easier. But many are getting deviated from this concept and misusing it.

i. Data and information are the main benefits of having internet; since this can be obtained in large amount, some are using them in illegal ways .

ii. Over usage of internet is seen as a risk among children . The children who spend a huge amount of time using internet starts living in a virtual world and are losing their ability to communicate to others directly.

iii. There are endless games on the internet that make students lose their interest in studies .

iv. Many people misuse Facebook, Instagram and other social media websites to attract women and abuse them .

v. Internet hackers are growing day by day and this is a great threat to the business world as well as to common people.

There was a time when people felt that the internet was another world, but now people realize it’s a tool that we use in this world – Tim Berners-Lee.

It is good if people limit their internet usage for their own welfare instead of complicating it and experience its negative impact. Man should always own technology and never allow technology to overpower him.

Internet can be used as a boon as well as a curse. It is up to us to make the right choice.

Internet can simply be said to be a network that is global and connects a lot of computers from all around the world. The internet has evolved to become very easy and simple in the accomplishment of all our everyday activities that were extremely difficult to manage and time consuming in the past. Our lives would be totally unthinkable and unimaginable without the invention of the internet. Everything in life has a positive and negative side, so also the internet has its cons and pros. The internet has totally impacted our lives in both positive and negative ways and I will be discussing some of the effects the internet has had on us.

The internet has made online communication very simple and easy. A long time before the advent of the internet, the means of communication was through letters which took time to deliver because of the distance of travel and also cost of money. Nowadays, we can send messages and connect to someone on the other side of the world just by connecting our devices to the internet and opening one of the various social websites we have now and our messages will be delivered within a few seconds.

The invention of the internet has drastically reduced and cut down the consumption of paper and the use of paper works in schools, government offices, colleges, non-governmental offices, educational institutions, shops, industries, businesses, railways, training centres and universities to a very large extent through computerising almost everything. We can get informed about all of the happenings and news all over the world within seconds in one place.

The internet is a very efficient and effective tool for gathering large information that one might require on whatever topic within a very few seconds. The internet has helped the business, travel and education sector develop by putting all needed information out there. The access to public libraries can now be gotten online and there are tons of textbooks and other papers and resources on any and every topic on the internet.

Before the internet, people wasted a lot of time on various issues that might seem absurd today. There were no online stores so one had to the go to the mall personally if he/she needed something. People had to wait in long lines to get something as simple as a travel ticket. Nowadays, we can book a train or a plane ticket online with just a very few clicks without any stress and we can printout our travel ticket or just download a softcopy of the ticket on our mobile.

Meetings and conferences have been made easier by the internet as we don’t have to travel for business meetings or any other business related matter. Meetings can be organised, arranged and carried out from the comfort of our offices through conferencing, video calling, skype or any of the other brilliant tools available. The internet has helped improved many facets of our lives and the society and no matter what the negative effects of the internet are, the pros outweigh the cons.

The internet and cyberspace is one of the greatest inventions of modern times. We are able to accomplish a lot of things with the help of the internet. Lots of discoveries and inventions have come to place due to the ever helpful hand of the internet also referred to as the network of all networks. It curtails private, public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope. It is the system of interconnected computers.

The internet can be said to be one of the blessings to mankind, but can this blessing also be a curse? Many have praised the benefits that the internet has brought to mankind, some even refer to the internet as a god, but can this statement be attested due to the contrary belief some people have of the internet being a curse to humanity. This can be said to be either true or false because people would see it in various perspectives.

We try to dismiss the disadvantages of the internet based on the enormous catalogue of its benefits, some of us also try to cast out the merits of the internet due to the way its demerits have affected us in one way or the other.

Let’s try to look at some of the blessings the internet has brought to us and try to look at the curse aligned with it: 

1] Education – The internet has blessed the educational system due to the easiness it has brought to the teaching and learning situation. It has brought about an easy scope of the curriculum. Since the internet is a wide encyclopedia of information, students have found it easy in researching topics, assignments and projects. Teachers have benefitted from it because it has increased their knowledge base. Looking at these good benefits, we might want to dismiss the fact that the internet have served as a great factor of distractions. The internet contains a lot of things that can keep students away from their studies.

2] Business transactions have being made easy through online shopping sites, online banking and so on. Before the dawn of the internet, activities of such were strenuous and quite excruciating but the network of all networks has made everything within our fingertips. This medium has also created a black hole of internet scams and frauds. Through the availability of just a few details, a hacker can transfer all funds in a person’s account. This is a very disheartening case. Notwithstanding, the internet made these strenuous activities quite easy.

3] The internet has also made an easy way to access contacts of lost friends and families that you have not seen for a very long time. You can chat with them online and also pass along important information which can be sometimes life determining. This merit is life changing because it has brought together many lost ones and saved a lot of lives mentally, psychologically, socially and emotionally. This gave way for fraudsters to scam people pretending to be who they are not.

We cannot really say the internet is a blessing or a curse because it has its merits and its demerits and let us not forget the saying that goes thus ‘behind every blessing is a curse’.

Some of the moral values have become diluted through the use of internet while some have been built. Aspects of society including economy, culture, politics and religion have all been impacted by the use of internet. Internet use in the 21 st century has grown rapidly and more impacts have been realized.

Communication platforms provided by the internet consist of interconnected networks that use standardized communication protocols. The art of communication has greatly been influenced by the internet such that people can communicate across continents without much struggle.

The History of Internet:

The internet began with the idea of creating a wide area network in 1950s during the development of electronic computers. In 1960s, the use of internet was initiated through communication. Communication protocols were established and then a network of computers was developed using internetworking, which expanded because networks were joining one after the other. The standard networking protocol was therefore established.

Internet service providers were established in 1980s and that is when the journey of internet communication began. Networking started to grow through different means of communications e.g., telecommunications, electronic mail and social networking. Up to date, the progress made has been significant and advancements continue to be made in the communication aspect of networking.

Impacts of the Internet on Society:

The society has been impacted both positively and negatively by the internet. The intellect of the society has transformed through the use of internet because technological links have availed the networks and websites for learning. Through intellectual individuals, the society has become stronger over the years and more powerful due to the knowledge they possess.

Changes have taken place economically, socially and politically through the influence of the internet. Economic development has been influence by the internet because of the communication and interactions of people of different regions of the world.

The economy has greatly improved through the use of internet because trade and marketing is done over the internet, which enables a broader market to access goods and services. The political changes have been realized because through interaction of leaders from different regions and intellectual development due to the information provided on the websites and communication platforms, better leadership and politics have been realized.

Although the positive impacts of the internet include social development, social lives of individuals have been negatively affected. The use of internet to communicate has exposed individuals to culture, both desirable and undesirable culture. People tend to pick on the undesirable cultures thus social immorality has become a major social issue.

Benefits of Using Internet:

The internet provides communication platforms and information which has been of great benefit to the people in different ways. Education has been made easy because vast of information is provided on the internet in websites like google and it is accessible to whoever is interested. Communication has been simplified through the use of internet through the platforms provided including Facebook, WhatsApp among other platforms. Banking and paying bills services have been availed online and they are efficient and time saving.

Business has been simplified through online marketing and trade, which saves time and enables global participation. Working has become flexible and convenient because companies have structured online platforms for their employees to use instead of manual labor. The internet has enabled automation and complementation of human ability, which has enabled efficiency and reduced the workload.

Disadvantages of Using Internet:

Cyberbullying is one of the social problems that challenges the youth. Cyber-bullying lowers self-esteem of individual and affects their social interaction. Another challenge is cyber hacking. Since most companies and businesses have developed online platforms, the information is stored on the internet and there is risk of hacking and access of information by unauthorized personnel.

Cultural dilution is also a challenge because people tend to copy cultures from other people especially the western culture and they forget about their original culture. Culture has also been affected because immoral behaviour is being experienced due to disregard to moral culture.

To conclude, the internet has brought about a lot of changes in the society. These changes have impacted the society both negatively and positively. The internet challenges should be solved because the advantages outweigh the disadvantages.

The Internet has flipped around our reality. It has changed correspondences, to the degree that it is presently our favoured mode of regular correspondence. Today, we use the internet in almost every activity. Requesting a pizza, purchasing a TV, imparting a minute to a companion, sending an image over texting, all can be done using the internet.

Prior to the Internet, on the off chance that you needed to stay aware of the news, you needed to stroll down to the newspaper kiosk when it opened in the first part of the day and purchase a nearby release revealing what had happened the earlier day. Yet, today a click or two is sufficient to peruse your nearby paper and any news source from anyplace on the planet, refreshed up to the moment.

The Internet, or what we have commonly known as the Net is something which has become a part of our lives. The Internet is basically a global system which is constituted of the Internet Protocol (IP) networks. But how it all started and from where did Internet originate is something quite interesting to know.

Open business utilization of the Internet started in mid-1989 with the association of MCI Mail and Compuserve’s email abilities to the 500,000 clients of the Internet. Just months after the fact on 1 January 1990, PSInet propelled another Internet backbone for business use; one of the systems that would develop into the business Internet we know today. In March 1990, the main fast T1 (1.5 Mbit/s) connect between the NSFNET and Europe was introduced between Cornell University and CERN, permitting considerably more vigorous correspondences than were proficient with satellites.

A half year later Tim Berners-Lee would start composing World Wide Web, the primary internet browser following two years of campaigning CERN the board. By Christmas 1990, Berners-Lee had assembled every one of the instruments fundamental for a working Web, the Hyper-Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) 0.9.

In 1991 the Commercial Internet Exchange was established, permitting PSInet to speak with the other business systems CERFnet and Alternet. Since 1995 the Internet has hugely affected culture and trade, including the ascent of close moment correspondence by email, texting, communication (Voice over Internet Protocol or VoIP), two-way intelligent video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discourse discussions, sites, long-range informal communication, and web-based shopping destinations. Expanding measures of information are transmitted at ever more elevated speeds over fibre optic systems working at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more.

Social Impact:

The ascent of the Internet has started a discussion about how online correspondence influences social connections. The Internet liberates us from geographic shackles and unites us in theme-based networks that are not secured to an explicit place. Our society is globalised with new innovations taking place every day. The Internet is the device we use to collaborate with each other, and as needs be presents new difficulties for protection and security.

Data advances have fashioned crucial change all through society, driving it forward from the modern age to the arranged period. In our reality, worldwide data systems are a crucial framework, yet in what ways have these changed human relations? The Internet has changed business, training, government, medicinal services, and even the manners by which we cooperate with our friends and family, it has turned out to be one of the key drivers of social development. The Internet has expelled all correspondence hindrances.

On the web, the traditional imperatives of reality vanish and there is a surprisingly wide variety of open potential outcomes. Such is the impact of the internet that a person sitting in one corner of the world can befriend another person from the other corner of the world without having met even once.

Advantages of Internet:

The ability to connect to almost anyone at anyplace in the world is perhaps the biggest advantage of the internet. It has allowed us to remain connected to our peers, family and friends no matter which part of the Earth they live in. Another advantage of the internet is that it has made shopping so easy. India has in particular seen a drastic rise in the volumes of online shopping with people buying even electronic goods such as televisions online which was near impossible to even think of till some years ago.

The Banking sector has also been hugely benefitted from the internet. Earlier, you had long queues in banks which have now just vanished. Requesting a chequebook is now just a click away just like other banking services which are available on mobiles connected through the internet. Apart from this, there are several advantages of the internet in almost every part of our daily lives.

The Darker Side:

Every technology has two sides, the brighter side and the darker one. The Internet also has its share of disadvantages or rather the ill effects which its misuse can lead to. For instance, with the advancements in the internet, there have been advances in cybercrimes as well. The leakage of personal data from Facebook is one such recent example which shows what misuse of the internet can do. Moreover, the increase in crimes related to syphoning of money from bank accounts has shown that how vulnerable we can be while using the internet.

The Internet has, by and large, proved to be useful for mankind. It has brought people and societies closer to each other. Moreover, it has made our lives so easy and fast. However, we must always remain aware of the ill effects of the internet and should follow the guidelines for the government and other agencies while using it.

For instance, we must never keep common passwords for internet banking which could be guessed easily. This is for our own safety, else we may land into trouble someday. Judicious use of the internet is certainly beneficial, although fringe elements of the society also use it to try and harm us. How we keep ourselves protected is related to how we use the internet. So, be careful, don’t use pirated software, follow the rules and the internet is all there to ease your life.

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A Brief History of the Internet

Introduction, published 1997.

Barry M. Leiner, Vinton G. Cerf, David D. Clark, Robert E. Kahn, Leonard Kleinrock, Daniel C. Lynch, Jon Postel, Larry G. Roberts, Stephen Wolff

The Internet has revolutionized the computer and communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio, and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location. The Internet represents one of the most successful examples of the benefits of sustained investment and commitment to research and development of information infrastructure. Beginning with the early research in packet switching, the government, industry and academia have been partners in evolving and deploying this exciting new technology. Today, terms like “ [email protected] ” and “ http://www.acm.org ” trip lightly off the tongue of the random person on the street.  1

This is intended to be a brief, necessarily cursory and incomplete history. Much material currently exists about the Internet, covering history, technology, and usage. A trip to almost any bookstore will find shelves of material written about the Internet.  2

Learn more about how we are building a bigger, stronger Internet.

In this paper, 3  several of us involved in the development and evolution of the Internet share our views of its origins and history. This history revolves around four distinct aspects. There is the technological evolution that began with early research on packet switching and the ARPANET (and related technologies), and where current research continues to expand the horizons of the infrastructure along several dimensions, such as scale, performance, and higher-level functionality. There is the operations and management aspect of a global and complex operational infrastructure. There is the social aspect, which resulted in a broad community of Internauts working together to create and evolve the technology. And there is the commercialization aspect, resulting in an extremely effective transition of research results into a broadly deployed and available information infrastructure.

The Internet today is a widespread information infrastructure, the initial prototype of what is often called the National (or Global or Galactic) Information Infrastructure. Its history is complex and involves many aspects – technological, organizational, and community. And its influence reaches not only to the technical fields of computer communications but throughout society as we move toward increasing use of online tools to accomplish electronic commerce, information acquisition, and community operations.

Origins of the Internet

The first recorded description of the social interactions that could be enabled through networking was a  series of memos  written by J.C.R. Licklider of MIT in August 1962 discussing his “Galactic Network” concept. He envisioned a globally interconnected set of computers through which everyone could quickly access data and programs from any site. In spirit, the concept was very much like the Internet of today. Licklider was the first head of the computer research program at DARPA, 4  starting in October 1962. While at DARPA he convinced his successors at DARPA, Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, and MIT researcher Lawrence G. Roberts, of the importance of this networking concept.

Leonard Kleinrock at MIT published the  first paper on packet switching theory  in July 1961 and the  first book on the subject  in 1964. Kleinrock convinced Roberts of the theoretical feasibility of communications using packets rather than circuits, which was a major step along the path towards computer networking. The other key step was to make the computers talk together. To explore this, in 1965 working with Thomas Merrill, Roberts connected the TX-2 computer in Mass. to the Q-32 in California with a low speed dial-up telephone line creating the  first (however small) wide-area computer network ever built . The result of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving data as necessary on the remote machine, but that the circuit switched telephone system was totally inadequate for the job. Kleinrock’s conviction of the need for packet switching was confirmed.

In late 1966 Roberts went to DARPA to develop the computer network concept and quickly put together his  plan for the “ARPANET” , publishing it in 1967. At the conference where he presented the paper, there was also a paper on a packet network concept from the UK by Donald Davies and Roger Scantlebury of NPL. Scantlebury told Roberts about the NPL work as well as that of Paul Baran and others at RAND. The RAND group had written a paper on packet switching networks for secure voice  in the military in 1964. It happened that the work at MIT (1961-1967), at RAND (1962-1965), and at NPL (1964-1967) had all proceeded in parallel without any of the researchers knowing about the other work. The word “packet” was adopted from the work at NPL and the proposed line speed to be used in the ARPANET design was upgraded from 2.4 kbps to 50 kbps.  5

In August 1968, after Roberts and the DARPA funded community had refined the overall structure and specifications for the ARPANET, an RFQ was released by DARPA for the development of one of the key components, the packet switches called Interface Message Processors (IMP’s). The RFQ was won in December 1968 by a group headed by Frank Heart at Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). As the BBN team worked on the IMP’s with Bob Kahn playing a major role in the overall ARPANET architectural design, the network topology and economics were designed and optimized by Roberts working with Howard Frank and his team at Network Analysis Corporation, and the network measurement system was prepared by Kleinrock’s team at UCLA.  6

Due to Kleinrock’s early development of packet switching theory and his focus on analysis, design and measurement, his Network Measurement Center at UCLA was selected to be the first node on the ARPANET. All this came together in September 1969 when BBN installed the first IMP at UCLA and the first host computer was connected. Doug Engelbart’s project on “Augmentation of Human Intellect” (which included NLS, an early hypertext system) at Stanford Research Institute (SRI) provided a second node. SRI supported the Network Information Center, led by Elizabeth (Jake) Feinler and including functions such as maintaining tables of host name to address mapping as well as a directory of the RFC’s.

One month later, when SRI was connected to the ARPANET, the first host-to-host message was sent from Kleinrock’s laboratory to SRI. Two more nodes were added at UC Santa Barbara and University of Utah. These last two nodes incorporated application visualization projects, with Glen Culler and Burton Fried at UCSB investigating methods for display of mathematical functions using storage displays to deal with the problem of refresh over the net, and Robert Taylor and Ivan Sutherland at Utah investigating methods of 3-D representations over the net. Thus, by the end of 1969, four host computers were connected together into the initial ARPANET, and the budding Internet was off the ground. Even at this early stage, it should be noted that the networking research incorporated both work on the underlying network and work on how to utilize the network. This tradition continues to this day.

Computers were added quickly to the ARPANET during the following years, and work proceeded on completing a functionally complete Host-to-Host protocol and other network software. In December 1970 the Network Working Group (NWG) working under S. Crocker finished the initial ARPANET Host-to-Host protocol, called the Network Control Protocol (NCP). As the ARPANET sites completed implementing NCP during the period 1971-1972, the network users finally could begin to develop applications.

In October 1972, Kahn organized a large, very successful demonstration of the ARPANET at the International Computer Communication Conference (ICCC). This was the first public demonstration of this new network technology to the public. It was also in 1972 that the initial “hot” application, electronic mail, was introduced. In March Ray Tomlinson at BBN wrote the basic email message send and read software, motivated by the need of the ARPANET developers for an easy coordination mechanism. In July, Roberts expanded its utility by writing the first email utility program to list, selectively read, file, forward, and respond to messages. From there email took off as the largest network application for over a decade. This was a harbinger of the kind of activity we see on the World Wide Web today, namely, the enormous growth of all kinds of “people-to-people” traffic.

The Initial Internetting Concepts

The original ARPANET grew into the Internet. Internet was based on the idea that there would be multiple independent networks of rather arbitrary design, beginning with the ARPANET as the pioneering packet switching network, but soon to include packet satellite networks, ground-based packet radio networks and other networks. The Internet as we now know it embodies a key underlying technical idea, namely that of open architecture networking. In this approach, the choice of any individual network technology was not dictated by a particular network architecture but rather could be selected freely by a provider and made to interwork with the other networks through a meta-level “Internetworking Architecture”. Up until that time there was only one general method for federating networks. This was the traditional circuit switching method where networks would interconnect at the circuit level, passing individual bits on a synchronous basis along a portion of an end-to-end circuit between a pair of end locations. Recall that Kleinrock had shown in 1961 that packet switching was a more efficient switching method. Along with packet switching, special purpose interconnection arrangements between networks were another possibility. While there were other limited ways to interconnect different networks, they required that one be used as a component of the other, rather than acting as a peer of the other in offering end-to-end service.

In an open-architecture network, the individual networks may be separately designed and developed and each may have its own unique interface which it may offer to users and/or other providers. including other Internet providers. Each network can be designed in accordance with the specific environment and user requirements of that network. There are generally no constraints on the types of network that can be included or on their geographic scope, although certain pragmatic considerations will dictate what makes sense to offer.

The idea of open-architecture networking was first introduced by Kahn shortly after having arrived at DARPA in 1972. This work was originally part of the packet radio program, but subsequently became a separate program in its own right. At the time, the program was called “Internetting”. Key to making the packet radio system work was a reliable end-end protocol that could maintain effective communication in the face of jamming and other radio interference, or withstand intermittent blackout such as caused by being in a tunnel or blocked by the local terrain. Kahn first contemplated developing a protocol local only to the packet radio network, since that would avoid having to deal with the multitude of different operating systems, and continuing to use NCP.

However, NCP did not have the ability to address networks (and machines) further downstream than a destination IMP on the ARPANET and thus some change to NCP would also be required. (The assumption was that the ARPANET was not changeable in this regard). NCP relied on ARPANET to provide end-to-end reliability. If any packets were lost, the protocol (and presumably any applications it supported) would come to a grinding halt. In this model NCP had no end-end host error control, since the ARPANET was to be the only network in existence and it would be so reliable that no error control would be required on the part of the hosts. Thus, Kahn decided to develop a new version of the protocol which could meet the needs of an open-architecture network environment. This protocol would eventually be called the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). While NCP tended to act like a device driver, the new protocol would be more like a communications protocol.

Four ground rules were critical to Kahn’s early thinking:

• Each distinct network would have to stand on its own and no internal changes could be required to any such network to connect it to the Internet.
• Communications would be on a best effort basis. If a packet didn’t make it to the final destination, it would shortly be retransmitted from the source.
• Black boxes would be used to connect the networks; these would later be called gateways and routers. There would be no information retained by the gateways about the individual flows of packets passing through them, thereby keeping them simple and avoiding complicated adaptation and recovery from various failure modes.
• There would be no global control at the operations level.

Other key issues that needed to be addressed were:

• Algorithms to prevent lost packets from permanently disabling communications and enabling them to be successfully retransmitted from the source.
• Providing for host-to-host “pipelining” so that multiple packets could be enroute from source to destination at the discretion of the participating hosts, if the intermediate networks allowed it.
• Gateway functions to allow it to forward packets appropriately. This included interpreting IP headers for routing, handling interfaces, breaking packets into smaller pieces if necessary, etc.
• The need for end-end checksums, reassembly of packets from fragments and detection of duplicates, if any.
• The need for global addressing
• Techniques for host-to-host flow control.
• Interfacing with the various operating systems
• There were also other concerns, such as implementation efficiency, internetwork performance, but these were secondary considerations at first.

Kahn began work on a communications-oriented set of operating system principles while at BBN and documented some of his early thoughts in an internal BBN memorandum entitled “ Communications Principles for Operating Systems “. At this point he realized it would be necessary to learn the implementation details of each operating system to have a chance to embed any new protocols in an efficient way. Thus, in the spring of 1973, after starting the internetting effort, he asked Vint Cerf (then at Stanford) to work with him on the detailed design of the protocol. Cerf had been intimately involved in the original NCP design and development and already had the knowledge about interfacing to existing operating systems. So armed with Kahn’s architectural approach to the communications side and with Cerf’s NCP experience, they teamed up to spell out the details of what became TCP/IP.

The give and take was highly productive and the first written version of the resulting approach was distributed as INWG#39 at a special meeting of the International Network Working Group (INWG) at Sussex University in September 1973. Subsequently a refined version was published in 1974 7 . The INWG was created at the October 1972 International Computer Communications Conference organized by Bob Kahn, et al, and Cerf was invited to chair this group.

Some basic approaches emerged from this collaboration between Kahn and Cerf:

• Communication between two processes would logically consist of a very long stream of bytes (they called them octets). The position of any octet in the stream would be used to identify it.
• Flow control would be done by using sliding windows and acknowledgments (acks). The destination could select when to acknowledge and each ack returned would be cumulative for all packets received to that point.
• It was left open as to exactly how the source and destination would agree on the parameters of the windowing to be used. Defaults were used initially.
• Although Ethernet was under development at Xerox PARC at that time, the proliferation of LANs were not envisioned at the time, much less PCs and workstations. The original model was national level networks like ARPANET of which only a relatively small number were expected to exist. Thus a 32 bit IP address was used of which the first 8 bits signified the network and the remaining 24 bits designated the host on that network. This assumption, that 256 networks would be sufficient for the foreseeable future, was clearly in need of reconsideration when LANs began to appear in the late 1970s.

The original Cerf/Kahn paper on the Internet described one protocol, called TCP, which provided all the transport and forwarding services in the Internet. Kahn had intended that the TCP protocol support a range of transport services, from the totally reliable sequenced delivery of data (virtual circuit model) to a datagram service in which the application made direct use of the underlying network service, which might imply occasional lost, corrupted or reordered packets. However, the initial effort to implement TCP resulted in a version that only allowed for virtual circuits. This model worked fine for file transfer and remote login applications, but some of the early work on advanced network applications, in particular packet voice in the 1970s, made clear that in some cases packet losses should not be corrected by TCP, but should be left to the application to deal with. This led to a reorganization of the original TCP into two protocols, the simple IP which provided only for addressing and forwarding of individual packets, and the separate TCP, which was concerned with service features such as flow control and recovery from lost packets. For those applications that did not want the services of TCP, an alternative called the User Datagram Protocol (UDP) was added in order to provide direct access to the basic service of IP.

A major initial motivation for both the ARPANET and the Internet was resource sharing – for example allowing users on the packet radio networks to access the time sharing systems attached to the ARPANET. Connecting the two together was far more economical that duplicating these very expensive computers. However, while file transfer and remote login (Telnet) were very important applications, electronic mail has probably had the most significant impact of the innovations from that era. Email provided a new model of how people could communicate with each other, and changed the nature of collaboration, first in the building of the Internet itself (as is discussed below) and later for much of society.

There were other applications proposed in the early days of the Internet, including packet based voice communication (the precursor of Internet telephony), various models of file and disk sharing, and early “worm” programs that showed the concept of agents (and, of course, viruses). A key concept of the Internet is that it was not designed for just one application, but as a general infrastructure on which new applications could be conceived, as illustrated later by the emergence of the World Wide Web. It is the general purpose nature of the service provided by TCP and IP that makes this possible.

Proving the Ideas

DARPA let three contracts to Stanford (Cerf), BBN (Ray Tomlinson) and UCL (Peter Kirstein) to implement TCP/IP (it was simply called TCP in the Cerf/Kahn paper but contained both components). The Stanford team, led by Cerf, produced the detailed specification and within about a year there were three independent implementations of TCP that could interoperate.

This was the beginning of long term experimentation and development to evolve and mature the Internet concepts and technology. Beginning with the first three networks (ARPANET, Packet Radio, and Packet Satellite) and their initial research communities, the experimental environment has grown to incorporate essentially every form of network and a very broad-based research and development community.  [REK78]  With each expansion has come new challenges.

The early implementations of TCP were done for large time sharing systems such as Tenex and TOPS 20. When desktop computers first appeared, it was thought by some that TCP was too big and complex to run on a personal computer. David Clark and his research group at MIT set out to show that a compact and simple implementation of TCP was possible. They produced an implementation, first for the Xerox Alto (the early personal workstation developed at Xerox PARC) and then for the IBM PC. That implementation was fully interoperable with other TCPs, but was tailored to the application suite and performance objectives of the personal computer, and showed that workstations, as well as large time-sharing systems, could be a part of the Internet. In 1976, Kleinrock published the  first book on the ARPANET . It included an emphasis on the complexity of protocols and the pitfalls they often introduce. This book was influential in spreading the lore of packet switching networks to a very wide community.

Widespread development of LANS, PCs and workstations in the 1980s allowed the nascent Internet to flourish. Ethernet technology, developed by Bob Metcalfe at Xerox PARC in 1973, is now probably the dominant network technology in the Internet and PCs and workstations the dominant computers. This change from having a few networks with a modest number of time-shared hosts (the original ARPANET model) to having many networks has resulted in a number of new concepts and changes to the underlying technology. First, it resulted in the definition of three network classes (A, B, and C) to accommodate the range of networks. Class A represented large national scale networks (small number of networks with large numbers of hosts); Class B represented regional scale networks; and Class C represented local area networks (large number of networks with relatively few hosts).

A major shift occurred as a result of the increase in scale of the Internet and its associated management issues. To make it easy for people to use the network, hosts were assigned names, so that it was not necessary to remember the numeric addresses. Originally, there were a fairly limited number of hosts, so it was feasible to maintain a single table of all the hosts and their associated names and addresses. The shift to having a large number of independently managed networks (e.g., LANs) meant that having a single table of hosts was no longer feasible, and the Domain Name System (DNS) was invented by Paul Mockapetris of USC/ISI. The DNS permitted a scalable distributed mechanism for resolving hierarchical host names (e.g.  www.acm.org ) into an Internet address.

The increase in the size of the Internet also challenged the capabilities of the routers. Originally, there was a single distributed algorithm for routing that was implemented uniformly by all the routers in the Internet. As the number of networks in the Internet exploded, this initial design could not expand as necessary, so it was replaced by a hierarchical model of routing, with an Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) used inside each region of the Internet, and an Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) used to tie the regions together. This design permitted different regions to use a different IGP, so that different requirements for cost, rapid reconfiguration, robustness and scale could be accommodated. Not only the routing algorithm, but the size of the addressing tables, stressed the capacity of the routers. New approaches for address aggregation, in particular classless inter-domain routing (CIDR), have recently been introduced to control the size of router tables.

As the Internet evolved, one of the major challenges was how to propagate the changes to the software, particularly the host software. DARPA supported UC Berkeley to investigate modifications to the Unix operating system, including incorporating TCP/IP developed at BBN. Although Berkeley later rewrote the BBN code to more efficiently fit into the Unix system and kernel, the incorporation of TCP/IP into the Unix BSD system releases proved to be a critical element in dispersion of the protocols to the research community. Much of the CS research community began to use Unix BSD for their day-to-day computing environment. Looking back, the strategy of incorporating Internet protocols into a supported operating system for the research community was one of the key elements in the successful widespread adoption of the Internet.

One of the more interesting challenges was the transition of the ARPANET host protocol from NCP to TCP/IP as of January 1, 1983. This was a “flag-day” style transition, requiring all hosts to convert simultaneously or be left having to communicate via rather ad-hoc mechanisms. This transition was carefully planned within the community over several years before it actually took place and went surprisingly smoothly (but resulted in a distribution of buttons saying “I survived the TCP/IP transition”).

TCP/IP was adopted as a defense standard three years earlier in 1980. This enabled defense to begin sharing in the DARPA Internet technology base and led directly to the eventual partitioning of the military and non- military communities. By 1983, ARPANET was being used by a significant number of defense R&D and operational organizations. The transition of ARPANET from NCP to TCP/IP permitted it to be split into a MILNET supporting operational requirements and an ARPANET supporting research needs.

Thus, by 1985, Internet was already well established as a technology supporting a broad community of researchers and developers, and was beginning to be used by other communities for daily computer communications. Electronic mail was being used broadly across several communities, often with different systems, but interconnection between different mail systems was demonstrating the utility of broad based electronic communications between people.

Transition to Widespread Infrastructure

At the same time that the Internet technology was being experimentally validated and widely used amongst a subset of computer science researchers, other networks and networking technologies were being pursued. The usefulness of computer networking – especially electronic mail – demonstrated by DARPA and Department of Defense contractors on the ARPANET was not lost on other communities and disciplines, so that by the mid-1970s computer networks had begun to spring up wherever funding could be found for the purpose. The U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) established MFENet for its researchers in Magnetic Fusion Energy, whereupon DoE’s High Energy Physicists responded by building HEPNet. NASA Space Physicists followed with SPAN, and Rick Adrion, David Farber, and Larry Landweber established CSNET for the (academic and industrial) Computer Science community with an initial grant from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF). AT&T’s free-wheeling dissemination of the UNIX computer operating system spawned USENET, based on UNIX’ built-in UUCP communication protocols, and in 1981 Ira Fuchs and Greydon Freeman devised BITNET, which linked academic mainframe computers in an “email as card images” paradigm.

With the exception of BITNET and USENET, these early networks (including ARPANET) were purpose-built – i.e., they were intended for, and largely restricted to, closed communities of scholars; there was hence little pressure for the individual networks to be compatible and, indeed, they largely were not. In addition, alternate technologies were being pursued in the commercial sector, including XNS from Xerox, DECNet, and IBM’s SNA. 8  It remained for the British JANET (1984) and U.S. NSFNET (1985) programs to explicitly announce their intent to serve the entire higher education community, regardless of discipline. Indeed, a condition for a U.S. university to receive NSF funding for an Internet connection was that “… the connection must be made available to ALL qualified users on campus.”

In 1985, Dennis Jennings came from Ireland to spend a year at NSF leading the NSFNET program. He worked with the community to help NSF make a critical decision – that TCP/IP would be mandatory for the NSFNET program. When Steve Wolff took over the NSFNET program in 1986, he recognized the need for a wide area networking infrastructure to support the general academic and research community, along with the need to develop a strategy for establishing such infrastructure on a basis ultimately independent of direct federal funding. Policies and strategies were adopted (see below) to achieve that end.

NSF also elected to support DARPA’s existing Internet organizational infrastructure, hierarchically arranged under the (then) Internet Activities Board (IAB). The public declaration of this choice was the joint authorship by the IAB’s Internet Engineering and Architecture Task Forces and by NSF’s Network Technical Advisory Group of RFC 985 (Requirements for Internet Gateways ), which formally ensured interoperability of DARPA’s and NSF’s pieces of the Internet.

In addition to the selection of TCP/IP for the NSFNET program, Federal agencies made and implemented several other policy decisions which shaped the Internet of today.

• Federal agencies shared the cost of common infrastructure, such as trans-oceanic circuits. They also jointly supported “managed interconnection points” for interagency traffic; the Federal Internet Exchanges (FIX-E and FIX-W) built for this purpose served as models for the Network Access Points and “*IX” facilities that are prominent features of today’s Internet architecture.
• To coordinate this sharing, the Federal Networking Council 9  was formed. The FNC also cooperated with other international organizations, such as RARE in Europe, through the Coordinating Committee on Intercontinental Research Networking, CCIRN, to coordinate Internet support of the research community worldwide.
• This sharing and cooperation between agencies on Internet-related issues had a long history. An unprecedented 1981 agreement between Farber, acting for CSNET and the NSF, and DARPA’s Kahn, permitted CSNET traffic to share ARPANET infrastructure on a statistical and no-metered-settlements basis.
• Subsequently, in a similar mode, the NSF encouraged its regional (initially academic) networks of the NSFNET to seek commercial, non-academic customers, expand their facilities to serve them, and exploit the resulting economies of scale to lower subscription costs for all.
• On the NSFNET Backbone – the national-scale segment of the NSFNET – NSF enforced an “Acceptable Use Policy” (AUP) which prohibited Backbone usage for purposes “not in support of Research and Education.” The predictable (and intended) result of encouraging commercial network traffic at the local and regional level, while denying its access to national-scale transport, was to stimulate the emergence and/or growth of “private”, competitive, long-haul networks such as PSI, UUNET, ANS CO+RE, and (later) others. This process of privately-financed augmentation for commercial uses was thrashed out starting in 1988 in a series of NSF-initiated conferences at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government on “The Commercialization and Privatization of the Internet” – and on the “com-priv” list on the net itself.
• In 1988, a National Research Council committee, chaired by Kleinrock and with Kahn and Clark as members, produced a report commissioned by NSF titled “Towards a National Research Network”. This report was influential on then Senator Al Gore, and ushered in high speed networks that laid the networking foundation for the future information superhighway.
• In 1994, a National Research Council report, again chaired by Kleinrock (and with Kahn and Clark as members again), Entitled “Realizing The Information Future: The Internet and Beyond” was released. This report, commissioned by NSF, was the document in which a blueprint for the evolution of the information superhighway was articulated and which has had a lasting affect on the way to think about its evolution. It anticipated the critical issues of intellectual property rights, ethics, pricing, education, architecture and regulation for the Internet.
• NSF’s privatization policy culminated in April, 1995, with the defunding of the NSFNET Backbone. The funds thereby recovered were (competitively) redistributed to regional networks to buy national-scale Internet connectivity from the now numerous, private, long-haul networks.

The backbone had made the transition from a network built from routers out of the research community (the “Fuzzball” routers from David Mills) to commercial equipment. In its 8 1/2 year lifetime, the Backbone had grown from six nodes with 56 kbps links to 21 nodes with multiple 45 Mbps links. It had seen the Internet grow to over 50,000 networks on all seven continents and outer space, with approximately 29,000 networks in the United States.

Such was the weight of the NSFNET program’s ecumenism and funding ($200 million from 1986 to 1995) – and the quality of the protocols themselves – that by 1990 when the ARPANET itself was finally decommissioned 10 , TCP/IP had supplanted or marginalized most other wide-area computer network protocols worldwide, and IP was well on its way to becoming THE bearer service for the Global Information Infrastructure.

The Role of Documentation

A key to the rapid growth of the Internet has been the free and open access to the basic documents, especially the specifications of the protocols.

The beginnings of the ARPANET and the Internet in the university research community promoted the academic tradition of open publication of ideas and results. However, the normal cycle of traditional academic publication was too formal and too slow for the dynamic exchange of ideas essential to creating networks.

In 1969 a key step was taken by S. Crocker (then at UCLA) in establishing the  Request for Comments  (or RFC) series of notes. These memos were intended to be an informal fast distribution way to share ideas with other network researchers. At first the RFCs were printed on paper and distributed via snail mail. As the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) came into use, the RFCs were prepared as online files and accessed via FTP. Now, of course, the RFCs are easily accessed via the World Wide Web at dozens of sites around the world. SRI, in its role as Network Information Center, maintained the online directories. Jon Postel acted as RFC Editor as well as managing the centralized administration of required protocol number assignments, roles that he continued to play until his death, October 16, 1998.

The effect of the RFCs was to create a positive feedback loop, with ideas or proposals presented in one RFC triggering another RFC with additional ideas, and so on. When some consensus (or a least a consistent set of ideas) had come together a specification document would be prepared. Such a specification would then be used as the base for implementations by the various research teams.

Over time, the RFCs have become more focused on protocol standards (the “official” specifications), though there are still informational RFCs that describe alternate approaches, or provide background information on protocols and engineering issues. The RFCs are now viewed as the “documents of record” in the Internet engineering and standards community.

The open access to the RFCs (for free, if you have any kind of a connection to the Internet) promotes the growth of the Internet because it allows the actual specifications to be used for examples in college classes and by entrepreneurs developing new systems.

Email has been a significant factor in all areas of the Internet, and that is certainly true in the development of protocol specifications, technical standards, and Internet engineering. The very early RFCs often presented a set of ideas developed by the researchers at one location to the rest of the community. After email came into use, the authorship pattern changed – RFCs were presented by joint authors with common view independent of their locations.

The use of specialized email mailing lists has been long used in the development of protocol specifications, and continues to be an important tool. The IETF now has in excess of 75 working groups, each working on a different aspect of Internet engineering. Each of these working groups has a mailing list to discuss one or more draft documents under development. When consensus is reached on a draft document it may be distributed as an RFC.

As the current rapid expansion of the Internet is fueled by the realization of its capability to promote information sharing, we should understand that the network’s first role in information sharing was sharing the information about its own design and operation through the RFC documents. This unique method for evolving new capabilities in the network will continue to be critical to future evolution of the Internet.

Formation of the Broad Community

The Internet is as much a collection of communities as a collection of technologies, and its success is largely attributable to both satisfying basic community needs as well as utilizing the community in an effective way to push the infrastructure forward. This community spirit has a long history beginning with the early ARPANET. The early ARPANET researchers worked as a close-knit community to accomplish the initial demonstrations of packet switching technology described earlier. Likewise, the Packet Satellite, Packet Radio and several other DARPA computer science research programs were multi-contractor collaborative activities that heavily used whatever available mechanisms there were to coordinate their efforts, starting with electronic mail and adding file sharing, remote access, and eventually World Wide Web capabilities. Each of these programs formed a working group, starting with the ARPANET Network Working Group. Because of the unique role that ARPANET played as an infrastructure supporting the various research programs, as the Internet started to evolve, the Network Working Group evolved into Internet Working Group.

In the late 1970s, recognizing that the growth of the Internet was accompanied by a growth in the size of the interested research community and therefore an increased need for coordination mechanisms, Vint Cerf, then manager of the Internet Program at DARPA, formed several coordination bodies – an International Cooperation Board (ICB), chaired by Peter Kirstein of UCL, to coordinate activities with some cooperating European countries centered on Packet Satellite research, an Internet Research Group which was an inclusive group providing an environment for general exchange of information, and an Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB), chaired by Clark. The ICCB was an invitational body to assist Cerf in managing the burgeoning Internet activity.

In 1983, when Barry Leiner took over management of the Internet research program at DARPA, he and Clark recognized that the continuing growth of the Internet community demanded a restructuring of the coordination mechanisms. The ICCB was disbanded and in its place a structure of Task Forces was formed, each focused on a particular area of the technology (e.g. routers, end-to-end protocols, etc.). The Internet Activities Board (IAB) was formed from the chairs of the Task Forces.

It of course was only a coincidence that the chairs of the Task Forces were the same people as the members of the old ICCB, and Dave Clark continued to act as chair. After some changing membership on the IAB, Phill Gross became chair of a revitalized Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), at the time merely one of the IAB Task Forces. As we saw above, by 1985 there was a tremendous growth in the more practical/engineering side of the Internet. This growth resulted in an explosion in the attendance at the IETF meetings, and Gross was compelled to create substructure to the IETF in the form of working groups.

This growth was complemented by a major expansion in the community. No longer was DARPA the only major player in the funding of the Internet. In addition to NSFNet and the various US and international government-funded activities, interest in the commercial sector was beginning to grow. Also in 1985, both Kahn and Leiner left DARPA and there was a significant decrease in Internet activity at DARPA. As a result, the IAB was left without a primary sponsor and increasingly assumed the mantle of leadership.

The growth continued, resulting in even further substructure within both the IAB and IETF. The IETF combined Working Groups into Areas, and designated Area Directors. An Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) was formed of the Area Directors. The IAB recognized the increasing importance of the IETF, and restructured the standards process to explicitly recognize the IESG as the major review body for standards. The IAB also restructured so that the rest of the Task Forces (other than the IETF) were combined into an Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) chaired by Postel, with the old task forces renamed as research groups.

The growth in the commercial sector brought with it increased concern regarding the standards process itself. Starting in the early 1980’s and continuing to this day, the Internet grew beyond its primarily research roots to include both a broad user community and increased commercial activity. Increased attention was paid to making the process open and fair. This coupled with a recognized need for community support of the Internet eventually led to the formation of the Internet Society in 1991, under the auspices of Kahn’s Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) and the leadership of Cerf, then with CNRI.

In 1992, yet another reorganization took place. In 1992, the Internet Activities Board was re-organized and re-named the Internet Architecture Board operating under the auspices of the Internet Society. A more “peer” relationship was defined between the new IAB and IESG, with the IETF and IESG taking a larger responsibility for the approval of standards. Ultimately, a cooperative and mutually supportive relationship was formed between the IAB, IETF, and Internet Society, with the Internet Society taking on as a goal the provision of service and other measures which would facilitate the work of the IETF.

The recent development and widespread deployment of the World Wide Web has brought with it a new community, as many of the people working on the WWW have not thought of themselves as primarily network researchers and developers. A new coordination organization was formed, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Initially led from MIT’s Laboratory for Computer Science by Tim Berners-Lee (the inventor of the WWW) and Al Vezza, W3C has taken on the responsibility for evolving the various protocols and standards associated with the Web.

Thus, through the over two decades of Internet activity, we have seen a steady evolution of organizational structures designed to support and facilitate an ever-increasing community working collaboratively on Internet issues.

Commercialization of the Technology

Commercialization of the Internet involved not only the development of competitive, private network services, but also the development of commercial products implementing the Internet technology. In the early 1980s, dozens of vendors were incorporating TCP/IP into their products because they saw buyers for that approach to networking. Unfortunately they lacked both real information about how the technology was supposed to work and how the customers planned on using this approach to networking. Many saw it as a nuisance add-on that had to be glued on to their own proprietary networking solutions: SNA, DECNet, Netware, NetBios. The DoD had mandated the use of TCP/IP in many of its purchases but gave little help to the vendors regarding how to build useful TCP/IP products.

In 1985, recognizing this lack of information availability and appropriate training, Dan Lynch in cooperation with the IAB arranged to hold a three day workshop for ALL vendors to come learn about how TCP/IP worked and what it still could not do well. The speakers came mostly from the DARPA research community who had both developed these protocols and used them in day-to-day work. About 250 vendor personnel came to listen to 50 inventors and experimenters. The results were surprises on both sides: the vendors were amazed to find that the inventors were so open about the way things worked (and what still did not work) and the inventors were pleased to listen to new problems they had not considered, but were being discovered by the vendors in the field. Thus a two-way discussion was formed that has lasted for over a decade.

After two years of conferences, tutorials, design meetings and workshops, a special event was organized that invited those vendors whose products ran TCP/IP well enough to come together in one room for three days to show off how well they all worked together and also ran over the Internet. In September of 1988 the first Interop trade show was born. 50 companies made the cut. 5,000 engineers from potential customer organizations came to see if it all did work as was promised. It did. Why? Because the vendors worked extremely hard to ensure that everyone’s products interoperated with all of the other products – even with those of their competitors. The Interop trade show has grown immensely since then and today it is held in 7 locations around the world each year to an audience of over 250,000 people who come to learn which products work with each other in a seamless manner, learn about the latest products, and discuss the latest technology.

In parallel with the commercialization efforts that were highlighted by the Interop activities, the vendors began to attend the IETF meetings that were held 3 or 4 times a year to discuss new ideas for extensions of the TCP/IP protocol suite. Starting with a few hundred attendees mostly from academia and paid for by the government, these meetings now often exceed a thousand attendees, mostly from the vendor community and paid for by the attendees themselves. This self-selected group evolves the TCP/IP suite in a mutually cooperative manner. The reason it is so useful is that it is composed of all stakeholders: researchers, end users and vendors.

Network management provides an example of the interplay between the research and commercial communities. In the beginning of the Internet, the emphasis was on defining and implementing protocols that achieved interoperation.

As the network grew larger, it became clear that the sometime ad hoc procedures used to manage the network would not scale. Manual configuration of tables was replaced by distributed automated algorithms, and better tools were devised to isolate faults. In 1987 it became clear that a protocol was needed that would permit the elements of the network, such as the routers, to be remotely managed in a uniform way. Several protocols for this purpose were proposed, including Simple Network Management Protocol or SNMP (designed, as its name would suggest, for simplicity, and derived from an earlier proposal called SGMP) , HEMS (a more complex design from the research community) and CMIP (from the OSI community). A series of meeting led to the decisions that HEMS would be withdrawn as a candidate for standardization, in order to help resolve the contention, but that work on both SNMP and CMIP would go forward, with the idea that the SNMP could be a more near-term solution and CMIP a longer-term approach. The market could choose the one it found more suitable. SNMP is now used almost universally for network-based management.

In the last few years, we have seen a new phase of commercialization. Originally, commercial efforts mainly comprised vendors providing the basic networking products, and service providers offering the connectivity and basic Internet services. The Internet has now become almost a “commodity” service, and much of the latest attention has been on the use of this global information infrastructure for support of other commercial services. This has been tremendously accelerated by the widespread and rapid adoption of browsers and the World Wide Web technology, allowing users easy access to information linked throughout the globe. Products are available to facilitate the provisioning of that information and many of the latest developments in technology have been aimed at providing increasingly sophisticated information services on top of the basic Internet data communications.

History of the Future

On October 24, 1995, the FNC unanimously passed a resolution defining the term Internet. This definition was developed in consultation with members of the internet and intellectual property rights communities. RESOLUTION: The Federal Networking Council (FNC) agrees that the following language reflects our definition of the term “Internet”. “Internet” refers to the global information system that — (i) is logically linked together by a globally unique address space based on the Internet Protocol (IP) or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons; (ii) is able to support communications using the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) suite or its subsequent extensions/follow-ons, and/or other IP-compatible protocols; and (iii) provides, uses or makes accessible, either publicly or privately, high level services layered on the communications and related infrastructure described herein.

The Internet has changed much in the two decades since it came into existence. It was conceived in the era of time-sharing, but has survived into the era of personal computers, client-server and peer-to-peer computing, and the network computer. It was designed before LANs existed, but has accommodated that new network technology, as well as the more recent ATM and frame switched services. It was envisioned as supporting a range of functions from file sharing and remote login to resource sharing and collaboration, and has spawned electronic mail and more recently the World Wide Web. But most important, it started as the creation of a small band of dedicated researchers, and has grown to be a commercial success with billions of dollars of annual investment.

One should not conclude that the Internet has now finished changing. The Internet, although a network in name and geography, is a creature of the computer, not the traditional network of the telephone or television industry. It will, indeed it must, continue to change and evolve at the speed of the computer industry if it is to remain relevant. It is now changing to provide new services such as real time transport, in order to support, for example, audio and video streams.

The availability of pervasive networking (i.e., the Internet) along with powerful affordable computing and communications in portable form (i.e., laptop computers, two-way pagers, PDAs, cellular phones), is making possible a new paradigm of nomadic computing and communications. This evolution will bring us new applications – Internet telephone and, slightly further out, Internet television. It is evolving to permit more sophisticated forms of pricing and cost recovery, a perhaps painful requirement in this commercial world. It is changing to accommodate yet another generation of underlying network technologies with different characteristics and requirements, e.g. broadband residential access and satellites. New modes of access and new forms of service will spawn new applications, which in turn will drive further evolution of the net itself.

The most pressing question for the future of the Internet is not how the technology will change, but how the process of change and evolution itself will be managed. As this paper describes, the architecture of the Internet has always been driven by a core group of designers, but the form of that group has changed as the number of interested parties has grown. With the success of the Internet has come a proliferation of stakeholders – stakeholders now with an economic as well as an intellectual investment in the network.

We now see, in the debates over control of the domain name space and the form of the next generation IP addresses, a struggle to find the next social structure that will guide the Internet in the future. The form of that structure will be harder to find, given the large number of concerned stakeholders. At the same time, the industry struggles to find the economic rationale for the large investment needed for the future growth, for example to upgrade residential access to a more suitable technology. If the Internet stumbles, it will not be because we lack for technology, vision, or motivation. It will be because we cannot set a direction and march collectively into the future.

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1 Perhaps this is an exaggeration based on the lead author’s residence in Silicon Valley. 2 On a recent trip to a Tokyo bookstore, one of the authors counted 14 English language magazines devoted to the Internet. 3 An abbreviated version of this article appears in the 50th anniversary issue of the CACM, Feb. 97. The authors would like to express their appreciation to Andy Rosenbloom, CACM Senior Editor, for both instigating the writing of this article and his invaluable assistance in editing both this and the abbreviated version. 4 The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) changed its name to Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in 1971, then back to ARPA in 1993, and back to DARPA in 1996. We refer throughout to DARPA, the current name. 5 It was from the RAND study that the false rumor started claiming that the ARPANET was somehow related to building a network resistant to nuclear war. This was never true of the ARPANET, only the unrelated RAND study on secure voice considered nuclear war. However, the later work on Internetting did emphasize robustness and survivability, including the capability to withstand losses of large portions of the underlying networks. 6 Including amongst others Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker, and Jon Postel. Joining them later were David Crocker who was to play an important role in documentation of electronic mail protocols, and Robert Braden, who developed the first NCP and then TCP for IBM mainframes and also was to play a long term role in the ICCB and IAB. 7 This was subsequently published as V. G. Cerf and R. E. Kahn, “A protocol for packet network intercommunication”, IEEE Trans. Comm. Tech., vol. COM-22, V 5, pp. 627-641, May 1974. 8 The desirability of email interchange, however, led to one of the first “Internet books”: !%@:: A Directory of Electronic Mail Addressing and Networks, by Frey and Adams, on email address translation and forwarding. 9 Originally named Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee, FRICC. The FRICC was originally formed to coordinate U.S. research network activities in support of the international coordination provided by the CCIRN. 10 The decommissioning of the ARPANET was commemorated on its 20th anniversary by a UCLA symposium in 1989.

P. Baran, “On Distributed Communications Networks”, IEEE Trans. Comm. Systems, March 1964. V. G. Cerf and R. E. Kahn, “A protocol for packet network interconnection”, IEEE Trans. Comm. Tech., vol. COM-22, V 5, pp. 627-641, May 1974. S. Crocker, RFC001 Host software, Apr-07-1969. R. Kahn, Communications Principles for Operating Systems. Internal BBN memorandum, Jan. 1972. Proceedings of the IEEE, Special Issue on Packet Communication Networks, Volume 66, No. 11, November 1978. (Guest editor: Robert Kahn, associate guest editors: Keith Uncapher and Harry van Trees) L. Kleinrock, “Information Flow in Large Communication Nets”, RLE Quarterly Progress Report, July 1961. L. Kleinrock, Communication Nets: Stochastic Message Flow and Delay, Mcgraw-Hill (New York), 1964. L. Kleinrock, Queueing Systems: Vol II, Computer Applications, John Wiley and Sons (New York), 1976 J.C.R. Licklider & W. Clark, “On-Line Man Computer Communication”, August 1962. L. Roberts & T. Merrill, “Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers”, Fall AFIPS Conf., Oct. 1966. L. Roberts, “Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication”, ACM Gatlinburg Conf., October 1967.

Barry M. Leiner was Director of the  Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science . He passed away in April 2003. Vinton G. Cerf  is Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist at  Google . David D. Clark  is Senior Research Scientist at the  MIT Laboratory for Computer Science . Robert E. Kahn  is President of the  Corporation for National Research Initiatives . Leonard Kleinrock  is a Distinguished Professor of Computer Science at the University of California, Los Angeles, and is a Founder of Linkabit Corp., TTI/Vanguard,  Nomadix Inc., and Platformation Inc. Daniel C. Lynch  is a founder of the  Interop networking trade show and conferences . Jon Postel  served as Director of the Computer Networks Division of the  Information Sciences Institute  of the University of Southern California until his untimely death October 16, 1998. Dr. Lawrence G. Roberts was CEO, President, and Chairman of Anagran, Inc . He passed away in December 2019. Stephen Wolff  is Principal Scientist of  Internet2 .

Essay on Internet in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Internet: The Internet is a network of networks that connects computers worldwide through standardized communication protocols (like TCP/IP) using which we can exchange information between n number of computers. It acts as a medium, impeccably fast, to exchange information between two computers placed at two extreme corners of the planet.

Also, it offers an infinite pool of information on several topics per the user’s needs and requirements. Today internet has become very popular and nearly half of the world’s population has access to the internet. It is used for sending e-mails, exchanging news, making payments, tracking locations, etc.

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Long and Short Essay on the Internet in English

Below we are providing some short and long essays on the Internet in English. These Internet Essays have been written covering all the useful information on the Internet.

Internet is a big hand in today’s success of the people. Let your kids and school-going children know something about the internet like its advantages and disadvantages. It helps in drawing their mind towards studying a lot.

The entire essays on the internet are written in very simple words, especially for the use of students. You can select any internet essay below for several school and college competitions.

Internet Essay 100 words – Sample 1

Internet is the invention of modern and high-technology science. It provides us amazing facility of searching any information from any corner of the world by anyone. We can connect more than one computer to each other using this internet in order to easily access information from any connected computer from one place. Using internet we can send any big or small message, information very quickly within seconds to anyone’s computer, mobile or other digital device like tablets, PC, etc. It is a vast storage of information as it has more than billions of running websites related to the domestic, business, academic, governmental, etc. We can say it is a network of networks.

Full Form on Internet

Internet Essay 150 words – Sample 2

The Internet is a very vast network of networks using which we can access any information stored within it from any corner of the world. It is accessed anywhere through a telecommunications line and modulator-demodulator and comes to the computer by modifying analogue telephone signals into the digital computer signals. The invention of the internet has brought uncounted advantages to us however we cannot turn our face from its disadvantages. Internet is used all over the world for many purposes including sending electronic mail, messaging, online chat, transferring file, access web pages and other documents over World Wide Web.

We can access the World Wide Web once we have internet connection. Opening web pages we can get any type of information which we required to fulfill our purpose. There is no any time limit to open web pages, we can open it for 1 min or 1 hr or can save pages for later use. We can prepare our projects works very easily and timely.

Internet Essay 200 – Sample 3

Internet has made everyone’s life very easy and simple as we no longer need to go outside for paying bill, shopping, seeing movie, business transactions, etc. It has been an essential part of our life means we can say that without it we face lots of problems in our daily lives. Because of its easiness and usefulness, it is used everywhere such as workplace, offices, schools, colleges, banks, education institutions, training centres, shops, railways station, airports, restaurants, hotels, malls, and most importantly at home by each members for different purposes.

Once we take the internet connection by paying money to the Internet Service Provider, we can access the internet facility anytime from any corner of the world for one week or month according to the internet plan we have taken.

From the time internet has come in our life, our world has become changed to a great extent in the positive ways however in the negative ways too. It is highly beneficial for the students, businessmen, government agencies, research organizations, etc. Students can search any needed information for their study, businessmen can deal their business matters from one place, government agencies can do their work in proper time, research organizations can research more and give outstanding results, etc.

Importance of Internet in Education

Internet Essay 250 – Sample 4

Internet has revolutionized the living style and working style of the human being. It has reduced the man effort and time thus very beneficial to all for gaining knowledge as well as increase income at less input. It has ability to provide information within no time at the doorstep. Basically internet is a network of networks which connects various computers to handle from one place. Now a day, internet has spread its effects at every nook and corner all over the world. Accessing internet require a telephone line, a computer and a modem.

It helps in getting worldwide information online from any place of the world. It helps in gathering, collecting and storing information to our computer from the websites on any topic within seconds. There is a computer and internet facility in my computer lab in the school where we access needed information for our project. My computer teacher assists me about how to get online information and use in appropriate manner.

It has made online communication fast and easy so that people can communicate with each other located anywhere in the world via video-conferences or just messaging. Students can take help of internet to get prepare for their exam, to prepare their projects, to get participated in the extra-curricular activities and many more. Students can contact their teachers online to discuss some unsolved questions or friends for many purposes. Using internet we can get information about anything in this world like real address and exact distance of the destination we want to go to travel, etc.

Internet Essay300 words – Sample 5

In the modern time, internet has become is one of the most powerful and interesting tools all across the world. The Internet is a network of networks and collection of many services and resources which benefits us in various ways. Using internet we can access World Wide Web from any place. It provides bulk of facilities to us such as E-mail, surfing search engines, connecting to celebrities using social media websites, accessing web portals, opening informative websites, being up-to-date, video chatting and many more. It has become best ever friend of everyone’s. Now a day, almost everyone is using internet connection for many purposes. However, we should know all the disadvantages and advantages of using internet in our life.

Internet availability is very useful for the students however it is a big concern too for them as they can access some bad websites secretly from their parents which is very harmful to their whole life. Most of the parents realize this type of danger however some not and use internet openly. So, children should use internet facility under the proper guidance of their parents.

We can use security system by using username and password to prevent others to access our precious online data. Internet allow us to use any application programmes supporting instant messaging to send quick messages to friends, parents or teachers. However, in some other countries (North Korea, Myanmar, etc) it totally prohibited to use internet as they think that it is bad thing for them. Sometimes, internet can harm our computer as downloading anything directly from the internet websites may bring some viruses, adware, malware, spyware or other bad programmes to our computer which can disturb or destroy the computer functioning. Sometimes, hackers can hack our secret computer information using internet without our knowledge even after password security.

Internet Essay 400 words 6 – Sample 6

Internet is a global network which connects millions of computers all over the world. However it has become very simple and easy in accomplishing all day to day activities which were very time taking and hard to manage in those days. We cannot think our life without this great invention called internet. As everything has its pros and cons means both positive and negative effects, internet also has affected the human lives in both ways. Because of the internet, online communication has become very easy and simple. The mode of communication in those days were through letters which was very time taking and hard as one had to travel a long distance. But now, we just need to connect our internet to open some social networking websites and opening Gmail or other accounts (Yahoo, etc) to send messages within seconds.

It has reduced the usage of paper and paper works to a great extent by making everything computerized in the offices (governmental or non-governmental), schools, colleges, educational institutions, training centres, NGOs, universities, shops, business, industries, railway, metro and many more. Using this internet we can get all the news time to time from all across the world from one place. It is very effective and efficient in gathering huge information whether required for references or activities on any topic within seconds. Internet has benefited the education, travel and business sectors to a great level. It has made easy access to the online public libraries, textbooks or other resources to find relevant topics.

In the earlier time when people were without internet, they had to waste lots of time for any type of work like standing in the long queues and waiting for their number to get travel ticket. But in the modern time of internet, one can book train online in just few clicks and get travel ticket through printout or get a soft copy in his/her mobile.

In the internet world, one does not need to travel a long distance for his/her meeting for business or other purposes. One can attend his/her meeting online from own office through the use of video calling, conferencing, Skype or using other tools. It helps in getting admission online in his/her desired school, college or universities, hiring highly skilled employees and teachers, business transactions, banking transactions, applying for driving license, money transfer, learning cooking recipes, bill payment, purchasing anything on free delivery and so many activities.

Frequently Asked Questions on Essay on Internet

Why is internet important.

The Internet is important because it connects people globally, provides access to information, enables communication, and supports various online services and businesses.

What is Internet in full words?

The term 'Internet' is a shortened form of 'Interconnected Networks.'

What is Internet in five lines?

The Internet is a vast global network of interconnected computers and servers. It allows users to exchange data, communicate, and access information worldwide. It operates through a system of protocols and provides various online services.

What is the basic of the Internet?

The basic principle of the Internet is the exchange of data between connected devices using standardized protocols, enabling seamless communication and information sharing.

Why is it called Internet?

It is called the 'Internet' because it represents the interconnection of networks, forming a massive, global web of communication and information exchange.

Where is the source of Internet?

There is no single source of the Internet. It is a decentralized network consisting of countless interconnected servers and data centers worldwide.

How is the Internet made?

The Internet is made up of a complex infrastructure of servers, routers, and data cables that transmit data electronically across the globe. It operates based on standardized protocols and technologies.

What is Internet short essay?

An Internet short essay is a brief written piece that provides an overview of the Internet, its importance, history, and impact on society.

Who is the owner of the Internet?

The Internet is not owned by any single individual or organization. It is a collective creation of countless individuals, companies, and governments worldwide who contribute to its development and maintenance.

Where is the Internet used for?

The Internet is used for a wide range of purposes, including communication (email, social media), research, online education, entertainment (streaming, gaming), e-commerce, and accessing information on various topics.

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• Advantages And Disadvantages Of Internet Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Essay

500+ words advantages and disadvantages of internet essay.

The internet plays a significant role in the lives of people today. It is a valuable source of information that helps people share information and communicate with anyone sitting in any corner of the country with an internet connection. But, with many advantages, there are also disadvantages to the internet. With the help of ‘Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet’ essay, we will throw light on both these aspects. We have also compiled a list of CBSE Essays for students to boost their essay-writing skills. It contains sample essays on several topics, which will give ideas to students and help them write effective essays.

Advantages of the Internet

The role of the internet in the modern world cannot be understated. Nowadays, every person uses the internet to do their daily tasks. People in different fields like offices, schools, colleges, hospitals etc., use their electronic devices like laptops, computers, tablets, cell phones etc., to make their work simple and fast. The internet has also made access to information easier. We can learn about the whole universe with just a single click by using the internet. We can easily communicate and share information with other people around the world with the help of email, instant messaging, video calls etc.

The internet delivers a wide variety of advantages. It not only enables people to share information but also serves as a place to store information and media digitally. This feature has benefitted the fields of education and research the most. We have seen a boom in the e-commerce business as they have used the internet and provided a seamless experience of buying and selling products online. It has created a large market for online retailers and integrated different business fields. Due to this facility, people can now purchase almost everything they need and get it delivered right to their doorstep in a few days. Many services are now provided on the internet, such as online booking, banking, hotel reservations etc.

The internet has made everything a lot more accessible and quick. Most organisations around the world advertise their vacancies on the internet. So, people can search for different types of jobs around the world. The internet provides different types of entertainment to people; be it music, movies, theatre, entertainment, live matches, or live broadcasts. It also helps students to continue their learning through online education.

It is difficult to name all of the benefits and advantages of the internet. This is because the internet has become so entangled and integrated into our daily lives that it has an influence on everything we experience around us.

Disadvantages of the Internet

Although the internet has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages. In the next section of the advantages and disadvantages of the internet essay, let us discuss the disadvantages and the possible risks associated with the modern-day applications of the internet.

While the internet provides us with all tools, products and services we need right at our doorstep, at the same time, it isolates us from the world outside. As we get more accustomed to ordering everything online, be it clothes, food, drinks, grocery, commodities, or even paying bills, getting out of the house has become less frequent. This has caused health issues and various mental health issues such as social anxiety, insomnia and even depression. Teenagers and kids are the most influenced by the internet as they are the generation which has seen the immense use of the internet. They are moulded to a life dependent on the internet. This hinders their learning capabilities and real-life problem-solving skills because they are accustomed to using their mobile for every task.

Today, the internet is the most popular source of viruses in electronic gadgets. As we perform various activities on the internet, we are exposing ourselves to various threats such as malicious software and viruses. Due to these viruses, confidential data may be accessed by unauthorised people or hackers. Some websites contain immoral materials in the form of text, pictures or movies. These websites damage the character of the new generation, especially kids and teenagers. A lot of time is wasted collecting information on the internet. Many people become addicted to spending time on the internet, like chatting with friends or playing games. A lot of information about a particular topic is stored on websites. Some information may be incorrect or not authentic. So, it becomes difficult to select the correct information.

From the information covered in this advantages and disadvantages essay, it can be said that the benefits of the internet outweigh the disadvantages and threats it brings. The responsibility to be safe falls on the users themselves. One needs to stay vigilant and perform regular security checks on their network and computing devices to ensure they are secure from any online attacks. Provided that all government regulations for safe internet browsing are followed and appropriate measures are taken.

Students must have found the ‘Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet’ essay useful for improving their essay writing skills. Visit BYJU’S website to get the latest updates and study materials for CBSE/ICSE/State Board/Competitive Exams.

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