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30 Physics Research Ideas for High School Students

By Eric Eng

Physics research offers high school students a unique window into the mysteries of the universe, from the smallest particles to the vast expanses of space. If you’re a student interested in research ideas that delve into physics, you’re in the right place.

To uncover these ideas, you’ll need to think creatively and critically, applying concepts learned in class to real-world problems. Let’s explore various research topics in physics, designed to inspire and challenge you. Whether you’re presenting at a science fair or preparing for college, this guide will help you.

Physics Research Area #1: Quantum Computing and Information

Quantum computing represents a groundbreaking shift in how we process information, leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics to solve problems that are currently beyond the reach of classical computers.

For high school students interested in physics research, exploring quantum computing offers a glimpse into the future of technology and a chance to engage with complex, cutting-edge concepts. This experience is invaluable for students planning to major in physics or computer science in college, providing a strong foundation in quantum theories and computational thinking.

Here are specific topics you can explore:

1. Assessing Quantum Error Correction Techniques

Quantum computers are prone to errors due to qubit instability. By simulating error models and evaluating correction methods like surface codes, you can contribute to making quantum computing more reliable. This involves understanding quantum mechanics basics and using simulation software.

2. Scalability Analysis of Quantum Algorithms

Investigate how algorithms like Shor’s scale with increasing qubits. By simulating these quantum algorithms, you can assess their computational complexity and practicality for real-world use, offering insights into the future of quantum computing.

3. Mitigating Decoherence Effects in Quantum Systems

Decoherence is a major challenge in quantum computing, disrupting qubits’ state. Explore strategies to reduce decoherence, using experimental setups or theoretical models. This research is crucial for extending qubits’ coherence time, enhancing quantum computer stability.

4. Implementing Quantum Teleportation Protocols

Quantum teleportation is a fascinating application of quantum entanglement. Work on designing and testing protocols for transferring information between quantum systems. This project requires a grasp of entanglement principles and hands-on experimental skills.

5. Applications of Quantum Machine Learning

Quantum computing holds promise for revolutionizing machine learning. Compare quantum machine learning algorithms, like quantum neural networks, against classical counterparts to discover their advantages in speed and efficiency. This involves studying algorithmic principles and potentially programming simulations.

Physics Research Area #2: Renewable Energy Technologies

As the world shifts towards sustainable energy solutions, renewable energy technologies are at the forefront of combating climate change and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.

High school students researching this field can play a part in this pivotal movement while gaining valuable insights into physics, engineering, and environmental science . This experience not only prepares students for future studies in these areas but also empowers them to contribute to meaningful solutions for global energy challenges.

6. Enhancing Solar Panel Efficiency

Dive into the world of solar energy by experimenting with different materials and designs to increase solar panels’ efficiency. This involves hands-on testing and analysis, offering practical experience in materials science and photovoltaic technology.

7. Assessing Wind Turbine Design

Evaluate how various design elements of wind turbines affect their efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Use computational modeling and, if possible, field experiments to explore energy production and environmental impacts, gaining insights into aerodynamics and renewable energy economics.

8. Optimization of Hydroelectric Power Generation

Explore ways to boost the efficiency of hydroelectric plants through dam design and water management strategies. Analyzing data from existing facilities provides a real-world understanding of fluid dynamics and energy conversion.

9. Integrating Renewable Energy Sources

Investigate how different renewable energies can be combined into a cohesive system. Model various scenarios to assess their efficiency and sustainability, which can inform future energy solutions and grid management practices.

10. Impact of Renewable Energy on Ecosystems

Study the ecological effects of renewable energy installations. Conduct field surveys and analyze ecological data to understand how these technologies interact with the environment, aiming to find a balance between energy production and conservation.

Physics Research Area #3: Biophysics

Biophysics is a fascinating field where physics meets biology, allowing us to understand life at the molecular and cellular levels.

For high school students exploring research ideas, biophysics offers a unique opportunity to investigate how physical principles govern biological processes. This experience is invaluable for those considering majors in physics, biology , or pre-medical studies, providing a deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying health and disease.

11. Mechanics of Cell Migration

Study the forces and dynamics driving cell movement by using live-cell imaging and microfluidic devices. This research sheds light on cell behavior in development and disease, combining biology with physics to understand life at the cellular level.

12. Protein Folding Dynamics

Dive into the world of proteins to see how they attain their functional shapes. Using computational models and biophysical experiments, you can uncover the relationship between protein structure and function, essential for understanding diseases and developing drugs.

13. DNA Mechanics and Replication

Explore the physical properties of DNA and their impact on vital processes like replication. Techniques such as optical tweezers allow for hands-on investigation of DNA behavior, linking physics to genetics and molecular biology.

14. Biophysics of Medical Imaging

Uncover the physics behind MRI and CT scans. Through simulation and possibly hands-on experiments, you can understand how these technologies capture images of the body, bridging physics with medicine and diagnostic techniques.

15. Cellular Biomechanics in Disease

Examine how changes in cell mechanics contribute to diseases. By applying methods like atomic force microscopy, you can link physical changes in cells to health conditions, offering insights into disease mechanisms and potential therapies.

Physics Research Area #4: Nanotechnology and Materials Science

Nanotechnology and materials science are at the cutting edge of modern physics, driving innovations in everything from electronics to medicine.

For high school students looking for physics research ideas, this field offers a rich vein of topics that blend physics, chemistry , and engineering. Engaging in research here not only prepares students for advanced study in these disciplines but also provides practical experience in developing solutions for real-world problems.

16. Characterization of Nanoparticle Behavior

Explore the unique properties of nanoparticles by studying their size, shape, and chemical behavior using techniques like TEM, AFM, and DLS. This research is vital for applications in medicine, electronics, and materials engineering, offering insights into the building blocks of nanotechnology.

17. Synthesis of Nanomaterials Using Green Methods

Dive into the world of sustainable nanomaterial synthesis. Experiment with green chemistry and biological methods to create nanomaterials, assessing their properties and potential applications. This approach emphasizes environmental responsibility in scientific research.

18. Nanotechnology in Biomedical Applications

Investigate how nanotechnology can revolutionize medicine through targeted drug delivery systems, improved imaging techniques, or novel tissue engineering solutions. Design and test nanocarriers or scaffolds, bridging the gap between physics, biology, and healthcare.

19. Nanoelectronics and Quantum Devices

Explore the frontier of electronics by working with nanoscale materials like nanowires, quantum dots, and graphene. Fabricate devices to study quantum and electronic phenomena, paving the way for future technological breakthroughs.

20. Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation

Address environmental challenges by using nanomaterials to remove pollutants from water, air, or soil. Analyze the effectiveness of these materials in breaking down contaminants, highlighting the role of nanotechnology in sustainability and conservation.

Physics Research Area #5: Data Science and Physics

The intersection of data science and physics opens up exciting possibilities for high school students interested in physics research ideas. By applying data analysis techniques to physics problems, students can uncover patterns and insights that traditional methods might miss.

This field is particularly appealing for those considering majors in physics, data science, or computer science , as it equips them with valuable skills in computational analysis, critical thinking, and problem-solving.

21. Analysis of Gravitational Wave Data

Dive into astrophysics by processing data from LIGO or Virgo to identify gravitational wave events. This research offers a firsthand look at phenomena like black hole mergers, requiring skills in data processing and analysis to interpret the cosmic dances of massive objects.

22. Particle Identification in Collider Experiments

Use machine learning to sift through data from the Large Hadron Collider, identifying particles from high-energy collisions. This involves developing algorithms for pattern recognition, offering insights into the fundamental components of the universe.

23. Climate Data Analysis for Weather Prediction

Apply statistical analysis to climate data to improve weather prediction models. This project combines physics with meteorology, modeling atmospheric dynamics to enhance the accuracy of forecasts and understand the impact of climate change.

24. Machine Learning for Quantum State Classification

Explore quantum physics by using machine learning to classify quantum states. Training models on experimental data allows for a deeper understanding of quantum information processes, showcasing the synergy between computational science and quantum theory.

25. Data-driven Modeling of Complex Physical Systems

Create models for predicting the behavior of complex systems, such as fluid flows or material behaviors. This research blends traditional physics equations with modern data-driven methods, improving simulation accuracy and efficiency.

Physics Research Area #6: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and robotics are rapidly transforming industries and everyday life, making the integration of these technologies with physics principles especially relevant for high school students exploring research ideas. This field not only offers a practical application of physics but also prepares students for future studies and careers in engineering, computer science, and robotics.

Engaging in research at the intersection of AI, robotics , and physics allows students to develop innovative solutions to complex problems, honing their skills in programming, problem-solving, and critical thinking.

26. Autonomous Navigation in Dynamic Environments

Work on AI algorithms to guide robots through changing settings. Apply physics principles for motion dynamics and obstacle avoidance, using sensors and real-time control for smooth navigation. This project combines robotics with physics to tackle real-world challenges.

27. Reinforcement Learning for Robotic Control

Explore how reinforcement learning can teach robots to handle physical tasks. Design experiments to refine robot actions through trial and error, using physics to inform reward functions and learning strategies. This approach blends AI with physical laws to enhance robot capabilities.

28. Swarm Robotics for Collective Behavior

Investigate how robots can work together like flocks of birds or schools of fish. Develop algorithms for communication and coordination, drawing on physics to simulate natural collective behaviors. This research pushes the boundaries of robotics, inspired by natural phenomena.

29. Physics-Informed Simulation for Robotic Manipulation

Create simulations that incorporate physical laws to train robots in tasks like picking up objects. Use physics-based models to ensure the simulation mirrors real-world interactions, improving robot efficiency and adaptability through virtual training.

30. Energy-Efficient Motion Planning for Robots

Focus on optimizing robots’ energy use while performing tasks. Develop algorithms that consider physical constraints, aiming to reduce energy consumption without compromising on performance. This project is crucial for creating sustainable robotic systems.

How do I choose the right physics research topic?

Choosing the right physics research topic involves identifying your interests and the impact you want to make. Start by exploring various physics research ideas for high school students, focusing on areas that spark your curiosity and where you feel motivated to contribute. This approach ensures your project is both enjoyable and meaningful.

Consider the resources and tools available to you, as well as the feasibility of completing your project within the given time frame. Consulting with teachers, mentors, or professionals in the field can provide valuable insights and help narrow down your options to select a topic that aligns with your goals and academic aspirations.

What are the essential tools and techniques for high school physics research?

Successful physics research projects rely on a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical skills. High school students exploring physics research ideas should familiarize themselves with basic laboratory equipment, simulation software, and data analysis tools. These tools are crucial for conducting experiments, simulating models, and analyzing results effectively.

Moreover, mastering research methodologies, such as experimental design, statistical analysis , and scientific writing, is essential. These techniques will not only enhance the quality of your research but also prepare you for future academic and professional endeavors in the field of physics.

How can I publish my high school physics research findings?

Publishing your physics research findings is a significant achievement that requires meticulous preparation and persistence. Begin by ensuring your research is thorough, well-documented, and presents a clear contribution to the field. Then, seek out journals like the National High School Journal of Science  that accept submissions from high school students; there are many platforms dedicated to young researchers where you can share your work.

Networking with teachers, mentors, and professionals in physics can provide guidance on where and how to submit your research for publication. They can offer advice on refining your paper, selecting the right journal or conference, and navigating the submission process. Remember, receiving feedback and possibly revising your work is part of the journey to publication.

How can my high school physics research experience boost my college application?

Incorporating your high school physics research experience into your college application can significantly enhance your profile. Highlighting your involvement in research demonstrates initiative, depth of knowledge, and a commitment to scientific inquiry. These are qualities that colleges and universities value highly in prospective students.

Discuss how your research allowed you to apply physics concepts in real-world situations, the skills you developed, and any recognition or awards you received. This approach not only showcases your academic capabilities but also your ability to engage with complex problems and contribute to the field of physics.

How can high school students stay updated on the latest physics research trends?

Staying updated with the latest trends in physics research requires proactive engagement with scientific communities and resources. High school students can subscribe to reputable science magazines, journals, and online platforms that publish the latest findings and discussions in physics. Additionally, attending science fairs , lectures, and workshops can provide insights into current research and future directions in the field.

Engaging with social media groups and forums dedicated to physics and science education is another effective way to stay informed. These platforms allow students to connect with peers, educators, and professionals, sharing ideas, research opportunities, and updates on advancements in physics research. By remaining informed, students can find inspiration for their projects and contribute meaningfully to conversations in the scientific community.

Exploring physics research ideas for high school students offers a unique opportunity to delve into the wonders of the universe and contribute to the vast expanse of scientific knowledge. By selecting the right topic, mastering essential tools, publishing findings, and staying informed about research trends, students can significantly enhance their academic journey and future prospects.

Remember, your curiosity and dedication to physics can lead to discoveries that illuminate the mysteries of the cosmos in ways we can only imagine.

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12 Physics Passion Project Ideas For High School Students

By Alex Yang

Graduate student at Southern Methodist University

7 minute read

Physics, often described as the science that reveals the mysteries of the universe, can be especially interesting for those who are curious about the world around them. Physics has an incredible range of applications, from the smallest subatomic particles to the vast cosmic expanses, from the intricate mechanics of a clock to the power of a black hole. As a result, knowledge of physics can help with careers in engineering, astronomy, environmental science, and even finance.

In this article, we’ll discuss ideas for different physics research and passion projects high school students can take on and different ways to showcase your project.

How Can I Find My Physics Passion Project Focus?

There are many different directions you can take with your physics passion project, so take some time to think through what specific topics within physics you’re interested in. Maybe you’re more interested in physics’ applications for space exploration, or perhaps you’re more intrigued by the movements of humans or animals, or the aerodynamics of specific objects. If you find yourself in a position where you have a direction that interests you, great! You can then begin to dive deeper. 

Keep in mind that some physics passion projects may require more technical skills like coding or measurement of data, whereas others may just explore theoretical concepts. The route you take is totally up to you and what you feel comfortable with, but don’t be afraid to pursue a project if you don’t currently have the technical skills for it! You can view it as an opportunity to learn new skills while also exploring a topic you’re excited about.

What are Some Physics Research and Passion Projects Ideas?

Learn the basics of how lasers work! After studying the basics of optical resonators, you can learn more about a particular type of laser (such as a semiconductor or helium-neon laser) and explain what makes it tick, and what its particular advantages and disadvantages are.

Idea by physics research mentor Christian

2. Knot theory and topology

Knot theory is a branch of mathematics that studies knots. There is a rich mathematical structure involving knots. It turns out that you cannot deform any particular knot into another knot (some knots are permanently tangled) - this is called a "topological obstruction." In this project, you would learn about topology in the context of knot theory . No formal knowledge of math is required to study knot theory!

Idea by physics research mentor Adam

3. Hijacking physics to do math for us

We use math to do a lot of things, like run computers or make predictions. We also use math to describe physical behaviors in the world. In a sense, the world around us is constantly doing "calculations" with physics. In this project, we'll figure out a way to get the world to do our math for us, either in simulation or a simple physical system. Pick an example task (e.g., measure vibration/seismic activity over time, sense changes in shape, detect humidity), and figure out how to make a reliable test without using a computer. Think about experimental design, dealing with the noisiness of the real world, and critical data analysis.

Idea by physics research mentor Sam

4. Physics of dance 

Do you love dance and physics? How can you describe the art form through physics concepts? For example, how can you investigate and explain the "physics of a pirouette"?

Idea by physics research mentor Calli

5. Wait, it flies as well? 

Snakes, Spiders, Squid! What do all these animals have in common? All of these animals "fly" in the loosest sense. There are species of snakes that glide, species of spiders that balloon and squid can jet out of the water! This project would look at existing literature to determine how these animals are able to "fly" and what about them makes them different from their air/land restricted siblings.

Idea by physics research mentor Theodore

6. Determining optimal manufacturing methods for airplanes 

Airplane wings are made from all types of materials, but how can engineers determine the optimal material for their specific design? In order to determine the answer, we need to figure out what the connection is between the aerodynamics of the wing and the strength of the materials. In this project, students will ideally experimentally build and test multiple wing design prototypes to determine an optimal manufacturing method. This project is perfect for you if you’re interested in more hands-on work!

Idea by physics research mentor George

7. Analysis of low-thrust trajectories for space exploration

In this project, your goal would be to investigate the trade-off between thrust and specific impulse (e.g., fuel efficiency) for propulsion on different space missions. You can first perform a literature review of the relevant types and key physics of spacecraft propulsion . This work could then consider the benefits and drawbacks of various space power systems, including solar and nuclear power. Your final project outcome could include analysis of the trade-offs between required fuel mass, travel time, and other relevant factors.

Idea by physics research mentor Parker

Work with an expert mentor to explore your passion

At Polygence, we precisely match you with a mentor in your area of interest. Together, you can explore and deepen your passions.

8. Why are geckos' feet special? 

Walking on walls and ceilings isn't just a superpower from Spider-Man – geckos and even houseflies are able to go where no human can. Through experimentation and literature studies, this project investigates the nano-physical concept of "adhesion" to demonstrate why geckos have these unique abilities.

9. How is the James Webb Space Telescope changing astronomy? 

The James Webb Space Telescope (Webb) is a infrared space telescope, launched at the end of 2021, that is currently providing us with a massive amount of new information about our galaxy thanks to its high-resolution and high-sensitivity instruments. This project would take a deep dive into the kinds of data we are getting back from the telescope and what scientists are doing with that data - leading us to discover how Webb is shifting current astronomical studies and what that means for the future of astronomy.

Idea by physics research mentor Madeline

10. Rigid body dynamics 

Rigid body dynamics studies how rigid objects behave as they are acted on by forces, such as when they collide with each other. This was one of the first things Pixar had to simulate when making Toy Story and it is actually an active field of research at Disney today. In this project, you will explore the mathematical methods of rigid body dynamics and develop your own program to simulate balls bouncing off a plane. This resource from Khan Academy is a great place to start exploring rigid body systems.

Idea by physics research mentor Ina

11. Characterizing gait types of household pets 

At what point does a dog's movement transition from a walk to a run? What stride length and frequency do they use when walking vs. when running? For what portion of a single gait cycle are just two limbs on the ground? Questions like these could be explored with household pets or insects from your backyard using your phone's camera, some motion tracking software, and some basic coding.

Idea by physics research mentor Brooke

12. Mountains from another dimension 

Mountain ranges tend to have "fractal" surfaces; you can sometimes see these "finger-like" ridge lines splitting away from a peak and descending down. Fractals can famously have dimensions in between the usual 2 or 3 dimensions we are used to. You could use publicly available elevation data to measure the "fractal dimension" of a mountain range. Does the fractal dimension tell us something about the topography or geology of the mountain range?

Idea by physics research mentor Anoop

How Can I Showcase My Physics Passion Project?

After you’ve done the hard work of researching and learning physics concepts, it’s also equally important to decide how you want to showcase your project . You can see that in many of the project ideas above, there is a clear topic, but how you want to present the project is open-ended. You could try to publish a research paper , create a podcast or infographic, or even create a visual representation of your concept. You’ll find that although many project ideas may feel like they should just be summarized in a paper, many actually can be showcased creatively in another way!

Have any Polygence Students Completed Physics Passion Projects?

There are several examples of amazing physics passion projects completed by Polygence students . We encourage you to explore them for inspiration; we’ll highlight two here:

Arif’s project was a research paper on nuclear fission reactor moderators , where he looked to find the best and most feasible compounds to achieve a chain reaction with maximum efficiency.

Carl’s project was creating an online physics calculator that solves physics equations and shows the steps to arrive at the solution. The calculator is on a website where physics students can learn about complex equations and learn step by step.

How Can I Get Started With My Physics Project?

In this article, we covered how to find the right physics project for you, shared a dozen ideas for physics passion projects, and discussed how to showcase your project.

If you have a passion or even just a curiosity about physics and you’re interested in pursuing a passion project, Polygence’s programs are a great place to start. You’ll be able to meet virtually one-on-one with a physics research mentor who can help you learn new concepts and brainstorm with you on ways to showcase your passion project .

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25 Research Ideas in Physics for High School Students

Research can be a valued supplement in your college application. However, many high schoolers are yet to explore research , which is a delicate process that may include choosing a topic, reviewing literature, conducting experiments, and writing a paper.

If you are interested in physics, exploring the physics realm through research is a great way to not only navigate your passion but learn about what research entails. Physics even branches out into other fields such as biology, chemistry, and math, so interest in physics is not a requirement to doing research in physics. Having research experience on your resume can be a great way to boost your college application and show independence, passion, ambition, and intellectual curiosity !

We will cover what exactly a good research topic entails and then provide you with 25 possible physics research topics that may interest or inspire you.

What is a good research topic?

Of course, you want to choose a topic that you are interested in. But beyond that, you should choose a topic that is relevant today ; for example, research questions that have already been answered after extensive research does not address a current knowledge gap . Make sure to also be cautious that your topic is not too broad that you are trying to cover too much ground and end up losing the details, but not too specific that you are unable to gather enough information.

Remember that topics can span across fields. You do not need to restrict yourself to a physics topic; you can conduct interdisciplinary research combining physics with other fields you may be interested in.

Research Ideas in Physics

We have compiled a list of 25 possible physics research topics suggested by Lumiere PhD mentors. These topics are separated into 8 broader categories.

Topic #1 : Using computational technologies and analyses

If you are interested in coding or technology in general , physics is also one place to look to explore these fields. You can explore anything from new technologies to datasets (even with coding) through a physics lens. Some computational or technological physics topics you can research are:

1.Development of computer programs to find and track positions of fast-moving nanoparticles and nanomachines

2. Features and limitations to augmented and virtual reality technologies, current industry standards of performance, and solutions that have been proposed to address challenges

3. Use of MATLAB or Python to work with existing code bases to design structures that trap light for interaction with qubits

4. Computational analysis of ATLAS open data using Python or C++

Suggested by Lumiere PhD mentors at University of Cambridge, University of Rochester, and Harvard University.

Topic #2 : Exploration of astrophysical and cosmological phenomena

Interested in space? Then astrophysics and cosmology may be just for you. There are lots of unanswered questions about astrophysical and cosmological phenomena that you can begin to answer. Here are some possible physics topics in these particular subfields that you can look into:

5. Cosmological mysteries (like dark energy, inflation, dark matter) and their hypothesized explanations

6. Possible future locations of detectors for cosmology and astrophysics research

7. Physical processes that shape galaxies through cosmic time in the context of extragalactic astronomy and the current issues and frontiers in galaxy evolution

8. Interaction of beyond-standard-model particles with astrophysical structures (such as black holes and Bose stars)

Suggested by Lumiere PhD mentors at Princeton University, Harvard University, Yale University, and University of California, Irvine.

Topic #3 : Mathematical analyses of physical phenomena

Math is deeply embedded in physics. Even if you may not be interested solely in physics, there are lots of mathematical applications and questions that you may be curious about. Using basic physics laws, you can learn how to derive your own mathematical equations and solve them in hopes that they address a current knowledge gap in physics. Some examples of topics include:

9. Analytical approximation and numerical solving of equations that determine the evolution of different particles after the Big Bang

10. Mathematical derivation of the dynamics of particles from fundamental laws (such as special relativity, general relativity, quantum mechanics)

11. The basics of Riemannian geometry and how simple geometrical arguments can be used to construct the ingredients of Einstein’s equations of general relativity that relate the curvature of space-time with energy-mass

Suggested by Lumiere PhD mentors at Harvard University, University of Southampton, and Pennsylvania State University.

Topic #4 : Nuclear applications in physics

Nuclear science and its possible benefits and implications are important topics to explore and understand in today’s society, which often uses nuclear energy. One possible nuclear physics topic to look into is:

12. Radiation or radiation measurement in applications of nuclear physics (such as reactors, nuclear batteries, sensors/detectors)

Suggested by a Lumiere PhD mentor at University of Chicago.

Topic #5 : Analyzing biophysical data

Biology and even medicine are applicable fields in physics. Using physics to figure out how to improve biology research or understand biological systems is common. Some biophysics topics to research may include the following:

13. Simulation of biological systems using data science techniques to analyze biological data sets

14. Design and construction of DNA nanomachines that operate in liquid environments

15. Representation and decomposition of MEG/EEG brain signals using fundamental electricity and magnetism concepts

16. Use of novel methods to make better images in the context of biology and obtain high resolution images of biological samples

Suggested by Lumiere PhD mentors at University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University of Washington, and University of Rochester

Topic #6 : Identifying electrical and mechanical properties

Even engineering has great applications in the field of physics. There are different phenomena in physics from cells to Boson particles with interesting electrical and/or mechanical properties. If you are interested in electrical or mechanical engineering or even just the basics , these are some related physics topics:

17. Simulations of how cells react to electrical and mechanical stimuli

18. The best magneto-hydrodynamic drive for high electrical permittivity fluids

19. The electrical and thermodynamic properties of Boson particles, whose quantum nature is responsible for laser radiation

Suggested by Lumiere PhD mentors at Johns Hopkins University, Cornell University, and Harvard University.

Topic #7 : Quantum properties and theories

Quantum physics studies science at the most fundamental level , and there are many questions yet to be answered. Although there have been recent breakthroughs in the quantum physics field, there are still many undiscovered sub areas that you can explore. These are possible quantum physics research topics:

20. The recent theoretical and experimental advances in the quantum computing field (such as Google’s recent breakthrough result) and explore current high impact research directions for quantum computing from a hardware or theoretical perspective

21. Discovery a new undiscovered composite particle called toponium and how to utilize data from detectors used to observe proton collisions for discoveries

22. Describing a black hole and its quantum properties geometrically as a curvature of space-time and how studying these properties can potentially solve the singularity problem

Suggested by Lumiere PhD mentors at Stanford University, Purdue University, University of Cambridge, and Cornell University.

Topic #8 : Renewable energy and climate change solutions

Climate change is an urgent issue , and you can use physics to research environmental topics ranging from renewable energies to global temperature increases . Some ideas of environmentally related physics research topics are:

23. New materials for the production of hydrogen fuel

24. Analysis of emissions involved in the production, use, and disposal of products

25. Nuclear fission or nuclear fusion energy as possible solutions to mitigate climate change

Suggested by Lumiere PhD mentors at Northwestern University and Princeton University.

If you are passionate or even curious about physics and would like to do research and learn more, consider applying to the Lumiere Research Scholar Program , which is a selective online high school program for students interested in researching with the help of mentors. You can find the application form here .

Rachel is a first year at Harvard University concentrating in neuroscience. She is passionate about health policy and educational equity, and she enjoys traveling and dancing.

Image source: Stock image

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Science Projects > Science Fair Projects > Physics Science Fair Projects  

Physics Science Fair Projects

Physics is the basis for chemistry (the interaction of atoms and molecules). Most branches of engineering are applied physics. That’s why physics science fair projects make good impressions on judges.

– For tips on performing your experiment and presenting your project, see our free science fair guide.

– Browse our Science Fair Supplies category for more project ideas.

Electricity & Magnetism :

• Experiment with static electricity . How can you create it? How you can reduce it? What substances or objects are the best conductors of static electricity? Do conditions like humidity and temperature increase or decrease static electricity?
• Make electromagnets with different strengths; compare their magnetic fields using iron filings to find what effect they have on a compass needle and how strong their attraction is (e.g., which one can pick up the most paperclips?).
• Make a voltaic cell and research which household electrolytes are most effective for producing electricity. How well does a carbon rod instead of a metal rod work as a positive electrode?
• Can you use a magnet to find traces of iron in food, dollar bills, and other household materials?
• Make a crystal radio . What indoor and outdoor materials (such as metal poles, a window, etc.) make the best antennas for your radio? Under what conditions, such as temperature, cloud cover, and humidity, does your radio pick up the clearest signals?
• What types of liquid can conduct electricity ? Can electricity be used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen?
• Experiment with how magnetic and electric fields can make a magnet fall in slow motion . How could this principle be applied to real-world technology, like braking systems on roller coasters?
• Explore maglev technology (magnetic levitation).

Force & Motion :

• What are the best shapes for paper airplanes? The best material for propellers ?
• Experiment with thrust and aerodynamic design while launching a rocket .
• Design an experiment using a rocket car powered by a balloon.
• Create an experiment showing how well (or poorly) different structures or materials withstand pressure.
• How do different brands of plastic wrap compare when stretched with equal force? How do different brands of duct or clear tape compare in strength and stickiness? Can you identify what factors cause one to perform better than another?
• What type of flooring (carpet, wood, tile, linoleum, etc.) creates the most or the least friction? (Younger kids might test this by rolling a ball or toy truck over different surfaces. Older kids can use a spring scale to measure the force of friction. )
• Use toy cars or a dynamic cart to test what impact increased mass has on velocity. What are the resulting velocities after a moving and unmoving object collide? What about two moving objects in same or different directions?
• What type of pulley provides the highest mechanical advantage for a particular job?
• What types of metal conduct heat the fastest? Do some conduct heat more evenly than others? What types of materials are good insulators?
• Experiment with how much more energy is needed to catapult a heavier object the same distance as a lighter object. Create a similar experiment with a bow and arrow.
• Explore centripetal force by designing and building a mini roller coaster and demonstrating the physics behind it.
• How does the efficiency of an incandescent bulb compare to a fluorescent? What about LED? How much heat energy do they produce?
• Compare the effectiveness of different types of insulation. Which keeps out the most heat or cold?

Alternative Energy :

• How could you use a solar cell to recharge a battery? (You’ll need to use a diode and set up a circuit.) How does a solar cell compare to a battery with the same voltage?
•  How would you use solar energy most effectively in your home or school?
• What time of day tends to be best for charging a solar cell?
• How does the angle of incidence of light affect the energy output of a solar cell? Use a digital multimeter to measure how much voltage is being produced by the solar cell.
• What types of blades work best to produce electricity using a wind turbine ?
• Can you create an effective water turbine design? How would you connect it to a generator to produce electricity?
• Can you test/simulate the environmental effects of producing electricity from steam in geothermal areas?
• Can different substances (such as vinegar or salt) be used in electrolysis to make hydrogen production more cost-effective?
• Does increasing the number of electrodes make the process of electrolysis less time consuming or more cost effective?
• Can different alternative energy sources be used in combination to produce the energy to power a home?

Visit our science fair project ideas page for ideas in other categories, and check out our Physics Kits for High School for even more fun!

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Education During Coronavirus

A Smithsonian magazine special report

Science | June 15, 2020

Seventy-Five Scientific Research Projects You Can Contribute to Online

From astrophysicists to entomologists, many researchers need the help of citizen scientists to sift through immense data collections

Rachael Lallensack

Former Assistant Editor, Science and Innovation

If you find yourself tired of streaming services, reading the news or video-chatting with friends, maybe you should consider becoming a citizen scientist. Though it’s true that many field research projects are paused , hundreds of scientists need your help sifting through wildlife camera footage and images of galaxies far, far away, or reading through diaries and field notes from the past.

Plenty of these tools are free and easy enough for children to use. You can look around for projects yourself on Smithsonian Institution’s citizen science volunteer page , National Geographic ’s list of projects and CitizenScience.gov ’s catalog of options. Zooniverse is a platform for online-exclusive projects , and Scistarter allows you to restrict your search with parameters, including projects you can do “on a walk,” “at night” or “on a lunch break.”

To save you some time, Smithsonian magazine has compiled a collection of dozens of projects you can take part in from home.

American Wildlife

If being home has given you more time to look at wildlife in your own backyard, whether you live in the city or the country, consider expanding your view, by helping scientists identify creatures photographed by camera traps. Improved battery life, motion sensors, high-resolution and small lenses have made camera traps indispensable tools for conservation.These cameras capture thousands of images that provide researchers with more data about ecosystems than ever before.

Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute’s eMammal platform , for example, asks users to identify animals for conservation projects around the country. Currently, eMammal is being used by the Woodland Park Zoo ’s Seattle Urban Carnivore Project, which studies how coyotes, foxes, raccoons, bobcats and other animals coexist with people, and the Washington Wolverine Project, an effort to monitor wolverines in the face of climate change. Identify urban wildlife for the Chicago Wildlife Watch , or contribute to wilderness projects documenting North American biodiversity with The Wilds' Wildlife Watch in Ohio , Cedar Creek: Eyes on the Wild in Minnesota , Michigan ZoomIN , Western Montana Wildlife and Snapshot Wisconsin .

"Spend your time at home virtually exploring the Minnesota backwoods,” writes the lead researcher of the Cedar Creek: Eyes on the Wild project. “Help us understand deer dynamics, possum populations, bear behavior, and keep your eyes peeled for elusive wolves!"

If being cooped up at home has you daydreaming about traveling, Snapshot Safari has six active animal identification projects. Try eyeing lions, leopards, cheetahs, wild dogs, elephants, giraffes, baobab trees and over 400 bird species from camera trap photos taken in South African nature reserves, including De Hoop Nature Reserve and Madikwe Game Reserve .

With South Sudan DiversityCam , researchers are using camera traps to study biodiversity in the dense tropical forests of southwestern South Sudan. Part of the Serenegeti Lion Project, Snapshot Serengeti needs the help of citizen scientists to classify millions of camera trap images of species traveling with the wildebeest migration.

Classify all kinds of monkeys with Chimp&See . Count, identify and track giraffes in northern Kenya . Watering holes host all kinds of wildlife, but that makes the locales hotspots for parasite transmission; Parasite Safari needs volunteers to help figure out which animals come in contact with each other and during what time of year.

Mount Taranaki in New Zealand is a volcanic peak rich in native vegetation, but native wildlife, like the North Island brown kiwi, whio/blue duck and seabirds, are now rare—driven out by introduced predators like wild goats, weasels, stoats, possums and rats. Estimate predator species compared to native wildlife with Taranaki Mounga by spotting species on camera trap images.

The Zoological Society of London’s (ZSL) Instant Wild app has a dozen projects showcasing live images and videos of wildlife around the world. Look for bears, wolves and lynx in Croatia ; wildcats in Costa Rica’s Osa Peninsula ; otters in Hampshire, England ; and both black and white rhinos in the Lewa-Borana landscape in Kenya.

Under the Sea

Researchers use a variety of technologies to learn about marine life and inform conservation efforts. Take, for example, Beluga Bits , a research project focused on determining the sex, age and pod size of beluga whales visiting the Churchill River in northern Manitoba, Canada. With a bit of training, volunteers can learn how to differentiate between a calf, a subadult (grey) or an adult (white)—and even identify individuals using scars or unique pigmentation—in underwater videos and images. Beluga Bits uses a “ beluga boat ,” which travels around the Churchill River estuary with a camera underneath it, to capture the footage and collect GPS data about the whales’ locations.

Many of these online projects are visual, but Manatee Chat needs citizen scientists who can train their ear to decipher manatee vocalizations. Researchers are hoping to learn what calls the marine mammals make and when—with enough practice you might even be able to recognize the distinct calls of individual animals.

Several groups are using drone footage to monitor seal populations. Seals spend most of their time in the water, but come ashore to breed. One group, Seal Watch , is analyzing time-lapse photography and drone images of seals in the British territory of South Georgia in the South Atlantic. A team in Antarctica captured images of Weddell seals every ten minutes while the seals were on land in spring to have their pups. The Weddell Seal Count project aims to find out what threats—like fishing and climate change—the seals face by monitoring changes in their population size. Likewise, the Año Nuevo Island - Animal Count asks volunteers to count elephant seals, sea lions, cormorants and more species on a remote research island off the coast of California.

With Floating Forests , you’ll sift through 40 years of satellite images of the ocean surface identifying kelp forests, which are foundational for marine ecosystems, providing shelter for shrimp, fish and sea urchins. A project based in southwest England, Seagrass Explorer , is investigating the decline of seagrass beds. Researchers are using baited cameras to spot commercial fish in these habitats as well as looking out for algae to study the health of these threatened ecosystems. Search for large sponges, starfish and cold-water corals on the deep seafloor in Sweden’s first marine park with the Koster seafloor observatory project.

The Smithsonian Environmental Research Center needs your help spotting invasive species with Invader ID . Train your eye to spot groups of organisms, known as fouling communities, that live under docks and ship hulls, in an effort to clean up marine ecosystems.

If art history is more your speed, two Dutch art museums need volunteers to start “ fishing in the past ” by analyzing a collection of paintings dating from 1500 to 1700. Each painting features at least one fish, and an interdisciplinary research team of biologists and art historians wants you to identify the species of fish to make a clearer picture of the “role of ichthyology in the past.”

Interesting Insects

Notes from Nature is a digitization effort to make the vast resources in museums’ archives of plants and insects more accessible. Similarly, page through the University of California Berkeley’s butterfly collection on CalBug to help researchers classify these beautiful critters. The University of Michigan Museum of Zoology has already digitized about 300,000 records, but their collection exceeds 4 million bugs. You can hop in now and transcribe their grasshopper archives from the last century . Parasitic arthropods, like mosquitos and ticks, are known disease vectors; to better locate these critters, the Terrestrial Parasite Tracker project is working with 22 collections and institutions to digitize over 1.2 million specimens—and they’re 95 percent done . If you can tolerate mosquito buzzing for a prolonged period of time, the HumBug project needs volunteers to train its algorithm and develop real-time mosquito detection using acoustic monitoring devices. It’s for the greater good!

For the Birders

Birdwatching is one of the most common forms of citizen science . Seeing birds in the wilderness is certainly awe-inspiring, but you can birdwatch from your backyard or while walking down the sidewalk in big cities, too. With Cornell University’s eBird app , you can contribute to bird science at any time, anywhere. (Just be sure to remain a safe distance from wildlife—and other humans, while we social distance ). If you have safe access to outdoor space—a backyard, perhaps—Cornell also has a NestWatch program for people to report observations of bird nests. Smithsonian’s Migratory Bird Center has a similar Neighborhood Nest Watch program as well.

Birdwatching is easy enough to do from any window, if you’re sheltering at home, but in case you lack a clear view, consider these online-only projects. Nest Quest currently has a robin database that needs volunteer transcribers to digitize their nest record cards.

You can also pitch in on a variety of efforts to categorize wildlife camera images of burrowing owls , pelicans , penguins (new data coming soon!), and sea birds . Watch nest cam footage of the northern bald ibis or greylag geese on NestCams to help researchers learn about breeding behavior.

Or record the coloration of gorgeous feathers across bird species for researchers at London’s Natural History Museum with Project Plumage .

Pretty Plants

If you’re out on a walk wondering what kind of plants are around you, consider downloading Leafsnap , an electronic field guide app developed by Columbia University, the University of Maryland and the Smithsonian Institution. The app has several functions. First, it can be used to identify plants with its visual recognition software. Secondly, scientists can learn about the “ the ebb and flow of flora ” from geotagged images taken by app users.

What is older than the dinosaurs, survived three mass extinctions and still has a living relative today? Ginko trees! Researchers at Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History are studying ginko trees and fossils to understand millions of years of plant evolution and climate change with the Fossil Atmospheres project . Using Zooniverse, volunteers will be trained to identify and count stomata, which are holes on a leaf’s surface where carbon dioxide passes through. By counting these holes, or quantifying the stomatal index, scientists can learn how the plants adapted to changing levels of carbon dioxide. These results will inform a field experiment conducted on living trees in which a scientist is adjusting the level of carbon dioxide for different groups.

Help digitize and categorize millions of botanical specimens from natural history museums, research institutions and herbaria across the country with the Notes from Nature Project . Did you know North America is home to a variety of beautiful orchid species? Lend botanists a handby typing handwritten labels on pressed specimens or recording their geographic and historic origins for the New York Botanical Garden’s archives. Likewise, the Southeastern U.S. Biodiversity project needs assistance labeling pressed poppies, sedums, valerians, violets and more. Groups in California , Arkansas , Florida , Texas and Oklahoma all invite citizen scientists to partake in similar tasks.

Historic Women in Astronomy

Become a transcriber for Project PHaEDRA and help researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics preserve the work of Harvard’s women “computers” who revolutionized astronomy in the 20th century. These women contributed more than 130 years of work documenting the night sky, cataloging stars, interpreting stellar spectra, counting galaxies, and measuring distances in space, according to the project description .

More than 2,500 notebooks need transcription on Project PhaEDRA - Star Notes . You could start with Annie Jump Cannon , for example. In 1901, Cannon designed a stellar classification system that astronomers still use today. Cecilia Payne discovered that stars are made primarily of hydrogen and helium and can be categorized by temperature. Two notebooks from Henrietta Swan Leavitt are currently in need of transcription. Leavitt, who was deaf, discovered the link between period and luminosity in Cepheid variables, or pulsating stars, which “led directly to the discovery that the Universe is expanding,” according to her bio on Star Notes .

Volunteers are also needed to transcribe some of these women computers’ notebooks that contain references to photographic glass plates . These plates were used to study space from the 1880s to the 1990s. For example, in 1890, Williamina Flemming discovered the Horsehead Nebula on one of these plates . With Star Notes, you can help bridge the gap between “modern scientific literature and 100 years of astronomical observations,” according to the project description . Star Notes also features the work of Cannon, Leavitt and Dorrit Hoffleit , who authored the fifth edition of the Bright Star Catalog, which features 9,110 of the brightest stars in the sky.

Microscopic Musings

Electron microscopes have super-high resolution and magnification powers—and now, many can process images automatically, allowing teams to collect an immense amount of data. Francis Crick Institute’s Etch A Cell - Powerhouse Hunt project trains volunteers to spot and trace each cell’s mitochondria, a process called manual segmentation. Manual segmentation is a major bottleneck to completing biological research because using computer systems to complete the work is still fraught with errors and, without enough volunteers, doing this work takes a really long time.

For the Monkey Health Explorer project, researchers studying the social behavior of rhesus monkeys on the tiny island Cayo Santiago off the southeastern coast of Puerto Rico need volunteers to analyze the monkeys’ blood samples. Doing so will help the team understand which monkeys are sick and which are healthy, and how the animals’ health influences behavioral changes.

Using the Zooniverse’s app on a phone or tablet, you can become a “ Science Scribbler ” and assist researchers studying how Huntington disease may change a cell’s organelles. The team at the United Kingdom's national synchrotron , which is essentially a giant microscope that harnesses the power of electrons, has taken highly detailed X-ray images of the cells of Huntington’s patients and needs help identifying organelles, in an effort to see how the disease changes their structure.

Oxford University’s Comprehensive Resistance Prediction for Tuberculosis: an International Consortium—or CRyPTIC Project , for short, is seeking the aid of citizen scientists to study over 20,000 TB infection samples from around the world. CRyPTIC’s citizen science platform is called Bash the Bug . On the platform, volunteers will be trained to evaluate the effectiveness of antibiotics on a given sample. Each evaluation will be checked by a scientist for accuracy and then used to train a computer program, which may one day make this process much faster and less labor intensive.

Out of This World

If you’re interested in contributing to astronomy research from the comfort and safety of your sidewalk or backyard, check out Globe at Night . The project monitors light pollution by asking users to try spotting constellations in the night sky at designated times of the year . (For example, Northern Hemisphere dwellers should look for the Bootes and Hercules constellations from June 13 through June 22 and record the visibility in Globe at Night’s app or desktop report page .)

For the amateur astrophysicists out there, the opportunities to contribute to science are vast. NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) mission is asking for volunteers to search for new objects at the edges of our solar system with the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 project .

Galaxy Zoo on Zooniverse and its mobile app has operated online citizen science projects for the past decade. According to the project description, there are roughly one hundred billion galaxies in the observable universe. Surprisingly, identifying different types of galaxies by their shape is rather easy. “If you're quick, you may even be the first person to see the galaxies you're asked to classify,” the team writes.

With Radio Galaxy Zoo: LOFAR , volunteers can help identify supermassive blackholes and star-forming galaxies. Galaxy Zoo: Clump Scout asks users to look for young, “clumpy” looking galaxies, which help astronomers understand galaxy evolution.

If current events on Earth have you looking to Mars, perhaps you’d be interested in checking out Planet Four and Planet Four: Terrains —both of which task users with searching and categorizing landscape formations on Mars’ southern hemisphere. You’ll scroll through images of the Martian surface looking for terrain types informally called “spiders,” “baby spiders,” “channel networks” and “swiss cheese.”

Gravitational waves are telltale ripples in spacetime, but they are notoriously difficult to measure. With Gravity Spy , citizen scientists sift through data from Laser Interferometer Gravitational­-Wave Observatory, or LIGO , detectors. When lasers beamed down 2.5-mile-long “arms” at these facilities in Livingston, Louisiana and Hanford, Washington are interrupted, a gravitational wave is detected. But the detectors are sensitive to “glitches” that, in models, look similar to the astrophysical signals scientists are looking for. Gravity Spy teaches citizen scientists how to identify fakes so researchers can get a better view of the real deal. This work will, in turn, train computer algorithms to do the same.

Similarly, the project Supernova Hunters needs volunteers to clear out the “bogus detections of supernovae,” allowing researchers to track the progression of actual supernovae. In Hubble Space Telescope images, you can search for asteroid tails with Hubble Asteroid Hunter . And with Planet Hunters TESS , which teaches users to identify planetary formations, you just “might be the first person to discover a planet around a nearby star in the Milky Way,” according to the project description.

Help astronomers refine prediction models for solar storms, which kick up dust that impacts spacecraft orbiting the sun, with Solar Stormwatch II. Thanks to the first iteration of the project, astronomers were able to publish seven papers with their findings.

With Mapping Historic Skies , identify constellations on gorgeous celestial maps of the sky covering a span of 600 years from the Adler Planetarium collection in Chicago. Similarly, help fill in the gaps of historic astronomy with Astronomy Rewind , a project that aims to “make a holistic map of images of the sky.”

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Rachael Lallensack | READ MORE

Rachael Lallensack is the former assistant web editor for science and innovation at Smithsonian .

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CERN Accelerating science

Experiments

A range of experiments at CERN investigate physics from cosmic rays to supersymmetry

Diverse experiments at CERN

CERN is home to a wide range of experiments. Scientists from institutes all over the world form experimental collaborations to carry out a diverse research programme , ensuring that CERN covers a wealth of topics in physics, from the Standard Model to supersymmetry and from exotic isotopes to cosmic rays .

Several collaborations run experiments using the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the most powerful accelerator in the world. In addition, fixed-target experiments, antimatter experiments and experimental facilities make use of the LHC injector chain.

LHC experiments

Nine experiments at the Large Hadron Collider  (LHC) use detectors to analyse the myriad of particles produced by collisions in the accelerator . These experiments are run by collaborations of scientists from institutes all over the world. Each experiment is distinct and characterised by its detectors.

The biggest of these experiments, ATLAS and CMS , use general-purpose detectors to investigate the largest range of physics possible. Having two independently designed detectors is vital for cross-confirmation of any new discoveries made.  ALICE and LHCb  have detectors specialised for focussing on specific phenomena. These four detectors sit underground in huge caverns on the LHC ring.

The smallest experiments on the LHC are  TOTEM  and  LHCf , which focus on "forward particles" – protons or heavy ions that brush past each other rather than meeting head on when the beams collide. TOTEM uses detectors positioned on either side of the CMS interaction point, while LHCf is made up of two detectors which sit along the LHC beamline, at 140 metres either side of the ATLAS collision point.  MoEDAL-MAPP uses detectors deployed near LHCb to search for a hypothetical particle called the magnetic monopole. FASER and SND@LHC , the two newest LHC experiments, are situated close to the ATLAS collision point in order to search for light new particles and to study neutrinos.

MoEDAL-MAPP

Fixed-target experiments.

In “fixed-target” experiments, a beam of accelerated particles is directed at a solid, liquid or gas target, which itself can be part of the detection system. 

COMPASS , which looks at the structure of hadrons – particles made of quarks – uses beams from the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS).

The SPS also feeds the North Area (NA), which houses a number of experiments. NA61/SHINE studies a phase transition between hadrons and quark-gluon plasma, and conducts measurements for experiments involving cosmic rays and long-baseline neutrino oscillations. NA62 uses protons from the SPS to study rare decays of kaons. NA63 directs beams of electrons and positrons onto a variety of targets to study radiation processes in strong electromagnetic fields. NA64 is looking for new particles that would mediate an unknown interaction between visible matter and dark matter. NA65 studies the production of tau neutrinos. UA9 is investigating how crystals could help to steer particle beams in high-energy colliders.

The CLOUD experiment uses beams from the  Proton Synchrotron (PS) to investigate a possible link between cosmic rays and cloud formation. DIRAC , which is now analysing data, is investigating the strong force between quarks.

Antimatter experiments

Currently the Antiproton Decelerator and ELENA serve several experiments that are studying antimatter and its properties:  AEGIS, ALPHA ,  ASACUSA ,  BASE and  GBAR . PUMA is designed to carry antiprotons to ISOLDE . Earlier experiments ( ATHENA , ATRAP  and ACE ) are now completed.

Experimental facilities

Experimental facilities at CERN include ISOLDE , MEDICIS , the neutron time-of-flight facility (n_TOF) and the CERN Neutrino Platform .

CERN Neutrino Platform

Non-accelerator experiments.

Not all experiments rely on CERN’s accelerator complex. AMS , for example, is a CERN-recognised experiment located on the International Space Station, which has its control centre at CERN. The CAST and OSQAR experiments are both looking for hypothetical dark matter particles called axions.

Past experiments

CERN’s experimental programme has consisted of hundreds of experiments spanning decades.

Among these were pioneering experiments for electroweak physics, a branch of physics that unifies the electromagnetic and weak fundamental forces . In 1958, an experiment at the Synchrocyclotron discovered a rare pion decay that spread CERN’s name around the world. Then in 1973, the Gargamelle bubble chamber presented first direct evidence of the weak neutral current. Ten years later, CERN physicists working on the UA1 and UA2 detectors announced the discovery of the W boson in January and Z boson in June – the two carriers of the electroweak force. Two key scientists behind the discoveries – Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer – received the Nobel prize in physics in 1984.

From 1989, the Large Electron-Positron collider (LEP) enabled the ALEPH , DELPHI , L3 and OPAL experiments to put the Standard Model of particle physics on a strong experimental basis. In 2000, LEP made way for the construction of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in the same tunnel.

CERN’s huge contributions to electroweak physics are just some of the highlights of the experiments over the years.

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Potential student research projects

The Research School of Physics performs research at the cutting edge of a wide range of disciplines.

By undertaking your own research project at ANU you could open up an exciting career in science.

Student type All 3rdYear 1st year PhB later PhB Honours/MSc PhD/MPhil Summer/Vacation Scholars

Department All Electronic Materials Engineering Fundamental & Theoretical Physics Materials Physics Nuclear Physics & Accelerator Applications Quantum Science & Technology Centre for Gravitational Astrophysics

Research field All Astrophysics Atomic and molecular physics Biophysics Clean energy Engineering in physics Environmental physics Fusion and plasma confinement Materials science and engineering Nanoscience and nanotechnology Photonics, lasers and nonlinear optics Physics of fluids Physics of the nucleus Plasma applications and technology Quantum science and technology Theoretical physics Topological and structural science

Astrophysics

Gravitational waves from newborn neutron stars.

Dr Lilli (Ling) Sun , Distinguished Prof Susan Scott , Dr Karl Wette

Nanostructured Metasurfaces for Optical Telescopes

Dr Josephine Munro , Prof Andrey Sukhorukov

How does a black hole ring?

Dr Lilli (Ling) Sun , Distinguished Prof Susan Scott

Multi-messenger gravitational-wave astronomy

Distinguished Prof Susan Scott , Dr Lilli (Ling) Sun , Dr Karl Wette

Calibration of gravitational wave detectors

Dr Lilli (Ling) Sun , A/Prof Bram Slagmolen , Distinguished Prof Susan Scott

Gravitational waves from ultralight boson clouds around black holes

Paving the way to study the chronology of the early solar system

Dr Stefan Pavetich , Dr Michaela Froehlich , A/Prof Stephen Tims , Mr Dominik Koll

Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy

Dr Joshua Machacek , Professor Stephen Buckman

Exotic nuclear structure towards the neutron dripline

Dr AJ Mitchell

Continuous gravitational waves from neutron stars

Optimising a neutron star extreme matter observatory

A/Prof Bram Slagmolen , Dr Lilli (Ling) Sun , Distinguished Prof David McClelland

Single atom counting for stellar nuclear synthesis studies

Dr Stefan Pavetich , Emeritus Professor Keith Fifield

Radioimpurities in particle detectors for dark matter studies

Dr Michaela Froehlich , Dr Zuzana Slavkovska , A/Prof Stephen Tims , Professor Gregory Lane

Prospects of future ground-based gravitational-wave detector network

Dr Lilli (Ling) Sun , A/Prof Bram Slagmolen

Atomic and Molecular Physics

Mass-entangled ultracold helium atoms.

Dr Sean Hodgman , Professor Andrew Truscott

Positron applications in medical physics

A/Prof. James Sullivan , Professor Stephen Buckman , Dr Joshua Machacek

Interactions between antimatter and ultracold atoms

Dr Sean Hodgman , Professor Stephen Buckman , Dr Joshua Machacek

Positron interactions with structured surfaces

Dr Joshua Machacek , Dr Sergey Kruk

Atomic magnetometer for exploring physics beyond the standard model and gyroscopy

Professor Ben Buchler

Electron and positron scattering from hydroxide, water and hydrogen peroxide

A/Prof. James Sullivan , Dr Edward Simpson

Measuring and modelling free-ion hyperfine fields

Professor Andrew Stuchbery , Emeritus Professor Tibor Kibedi , Dr Brendan McCormick

Optical quantum memory

Benchmark positron scattering experiments

Understanding drought-resistance in Australian plants with 3D X-ray microscopy

Prof Adrian Sheppard , Dr Levi Beeching , Dr Andrew Kingston

Femtosecond laser for ultra-precise cavity drilling in modern dentistry

Dr Ludovic Rapp

Solid-state nanopore sensors: Unveiling New Frontiers in Biomolecule Detection

Prof Patrick Kluth

Specific ion effects

Professor Vincent Craig

Clean Energy

Creating new materials using pressure and diamond anvil cells.

Prof Jodie Bradby , Ms Xingshuo Huang

Cross sections for nuclear fusion

Dr Edward Simpson

Creation of novel hybrid boron nitride materials

Prof Jodie Bradby

Migration of carbon dioxide injected in aquifers: convection, diffusion and dissolution

Prof Adrian Sheppard , Professor Vincent Craig

Engineering in Physics

Wood-based mechanical metamaterials.

Associate Professor Nicolas Francois , Dr Mohammad Saadatfar , Professor Mark Knackstedt

Miniature absolute gravimeter for long-term gravity surveys

Dr Samuel Legge , Professor John Close , Prof Patrick Kluth , Dr Giovanni Guccione

Understanding energy dissipation in colliding quantum many-body systems

Dr Kaitlin Cook , Dr Ian Carter , Professor Mahananda Dasgupta , Emeritus Professor David Hinde

High pressure creation of new forms of diamond

Developing ultra-high resolution optical meta-surface sensors

Dr Chathura Bandutunga , Prof Dragomir Neshev

Coherently combined laser systems for breakthrough starshot and beyond

Dr Chathura Bandutunga , Dr Paul Sibley , A/Prof Michael Ireland

Ultra-fast lifetime measurements of nuclear excited states

Professor Gregory Lane , Dr AJ Mitchell , Professor Andrew Stuchbery , Emeritus Professor Tibor Kibedi

Nuclear lifetimes - developing new apparatus and methods

Professor Andrew Stuchbery , Emeritus Professor Tibor Kibedi , Professor Gregory Lane , Mr Ben Coombes

Directional dark matter measurements with CYGNUS

Dr Lindsey Bignell , Dr Peter McNamara , Dr Zuzana Slavkovska , Professor Gregory Lane

Engineering Inter-spacecraft laser links

Professor Kirk McKenzie , Dr Andrew Wade

Fibre optic sensor arrays for vibrometry and acoustic sensing

Dr Chathura Bandutunga , Dr Paul Sibley , A/Prof Malcolm Gray

Tracking noisy lasers using digitally enhanced fibre interferometers

Dr Chathura Bandutunga , A/Prof Malcolm Gray , Dr Paul Sibley , Dr Ya Zhang

Nuclear structure studies with particle transfer reactions

Dr AJ Mitchell , Professor Gregory Lane , Professor Andrew Stuchbery , Mr Ben Coombes

Vibration control for optical interferometry

A/Prof Bram Slagmolen , Distinguished Prof David McClelland

Environmental Physics

Total recall – memory effects in negative ion sources.

Radioactivity in our environment

Dr Michaela Froehlich

Surface forces and the behaviour of colloidal systems

Nanobubbles

High pressure non-equilibrium plasma discharges in chemically reactive systems

A/Prof Cormac Corr

Fusion and Plasma Confinement

Nano-bubble formation in fusion relevant materials.

A/Prof Cormac Corr , Prof Patrick Kluth , Dr Matt Thompson

The effect of He irradiation on the microstructure and mechanical properties of W/ W alloys

A/Prof Cormac Corr , Dr Matt Thompson

Diagnosing plasma-surface interactions under fusion-relevant conditions

Materials Science and Engineering

Colloidal systems in highly concentrated salt solutions.

Solid state synapses and neurons - memristive devices for neuromorphic computing

Emeritus Professor Robert Elliman , Dr Sanjoy Nandi

Quantitative x-ray imaging with patterned illumination

Dr Glenn Myers , Dr Andrew Kingston

Spatial laser mode analysis for thermal noise measurements in optical cavities

Dr Johannes Eichholz , A/Prof Bram Slagmolen , Distinguished Prof David McClelland

Functional nanopore membranes

Shape engineering of semiconductor nanostructures for novel device applications

Professor Hoe Tan , Professor Chennupati Jagadish

Optical nonlinearities in 2D crystals

Dr Giovanni Guccione , Professor Ping Koy Lam

Developing wearable sensors for personalized health care technologies and solutions

Dr Buddini Karawdeniya , Prof Dragomir Neshev , Prof Patrick Kluth , Professor Lan Fu

Solving the problem of how to measure a material harder than diamond

Ms Xingshuo Huang , Prof Jodie Bradby

Efficient optical interconnect for quantum computers

Dr Rose Ahlefeldt

Defect Engineering of 2D Materials

Emeritus Professor Robert Elliman

Neutron and X-ray imaging/tomography techniques at ANSTO & Australian Synchrotron

Dr Andrew Kingston , Dr Glenn Myers

Ultra-low contact resistance next generation semiconductor devices

Emeritus Professor Robert Elliman , Mr Tom Ratcliff

Making diamond from disordered forms of carbon

Tomography of dynamic processes (3D movies)

Dr Andrew Kingston , Prof Adrian Sheppard , Dr Glenn Myers

Nanofluidic diodes: from biosensors to water treatment

Deblur by defocus in a 3D X-ray microscope

High-bandwidth stabilisation of a 2µm-band laser.

High entropy alloys in advanced nuclear applications

A/Prof Cormac Corr , Dr Maryna Bilokur

Measurement of optical and mechanical losses of mirror coatings

Machine learning for tomographic reconstruction

X-ray scatter in 3d microscopes.

Dr Andrew Kingston , Dr Glenn Myers , Prof Adrian Sheppard

Exciton polaritons in 2D atomically thin materials

Prof Elena Ostrovskaya , Professor Andrew Truscott

Ultrafast laser cleaning - The light touch

Ultrashort laser processing for advanced applications

Dr Ludovic Rapp , Professor Andrei Rode

Nanowire photodetectors for photonic and quantum systems

Professor Lan Fu , Dr Ziyuan Li , Professor Hoe Tan

GeSn defect properties measured by nanoindentation

Ms Xingshuo Huang , Prof Jodie Bradby , Emeritus Professor Jim Williams

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

Quantum-well nanowire light emitting devices.

Professor Lan Fu , Dr Ziyuan Li , Professor Hoe Tan , Professor Chennupati Jagadish

Metaphotonics and Mie-tronics with resonant dielectric structures

Professor Yuri Kivshar , Dr Kirill Koshelev

Nanowire lasers for applications in nanophotonics

Professor Chennupati Jagadish , Professor Hoe Tan

Nanowire infrared avalanche photodetectors towards single photon detection

Professor Lan Fu , Dr Zhe (Rex) Li , Professor Chennupati Jagadish

Optical metamaterials: from science fiction to transformative optical technologies

Prof Dragomir Neshev , Dr Andrei Komar , Dr Mohsen Rahmani

Engineering optical chirality with nanotechnology

Professor Yuri Kivshar , Dr Kirill Koshelev , Dr Sergey Kruk

Micro-ring lasers for integrated silicon photonics

Photonics, Lasers and Nonlinear Optics

Optical nanoantennas.

Prof Dragomir Neshev , Prof Andrey Miroshnichenko

Non-equilibrium quantum condensation of microcavity exciton polaritons

Nonlinear topological photonics

Dr Daria Smirnova

Integrated quantum photonics

Prof Andrey Sukhorukov , Dr Jinyong Ma , Dr Jihua Zhang , Prof Dragomir Neshev

Synthesising non-Hermitian gauge fields for microcavity exciton polaritons

Dr Eliezer Estrecho , Prof Elena Ostrovskaya

Satellite based geodesy

Dr Syed Assad , Professor Ping Koy Lam , Mr Lorcan Conlon , Dr Jie Zhao

Synthetic multi-dimensional photonics

Prof Andrey Sukhorukov , Dr Jihua Zhang

Quantum squeezed states for interferometric gravitational-wave detectors

Distinguished Prof David McClelland , Professor Daniel Shaddock , A/Prof Bram Slagmolen

Machine learning for optics and controls

A/Prof Bram Slagmolen

Quantum photonics with nanostructured metasurfaces

Dr Jinyong Ma , Prof Andrey Sukhorukov , Dr Jihua Zhang

Laser levitation of a macroscopic mirror

Low-noise offset-phase locking and heterodyne interferometry with 2µm-band lasers

Physics of Fluids

Physics of the nucleus, towards a global understanding of nuclear fission.

Dr Kaitlin Cook , Emeritus Professor David Hinde , Professor Mahananda Dasgupta

Nuclear vibrations in near-spherical and deformed nuclei

Professor Andrew Stuchbery , Professor Gregory Lane , Dr AJ Mitchell , Mr Ben Coombes

Nuclei that fall apart: the role of sub-zeptosecond processes in reactions of weakly-bound nuclei

Dr Kaitlin Cook , Professor Mahananda Dasgupta , Emeritus Professor David Hinde

Nuclear magnetism - magnetic moment measurements

Professor Andrew Stuchbery , Emeritus Professor Tibor Kibedi , Professor Gregory Lane , Dr Brendan McCormick

Nuclear batteries: Energy-storage applications of nuclear isomers

Dr AJ Mitchell , Professor Gregory Lane

Time dependence of nuclear fusion

Plasma Applications and Technology

Quantum science and technology, beam matching using machine learning.

Dr Syed Assad , Dr Aaron Tranter , Dr Jie Zhao

Quantum super resolution

Dr Syed Assad , Professor Ping Koy Lam , Dr Jie Zhao

Dual torsion pendulum for quantum noise limited sensing

Experimental quantum simulation with ultracold metastable Helium atoms in an optical lattice

Quantum multi-parameter estimation

Theoretical Physics

Introduction to quantum integrable systems.

A/Prof Vladimir Mangazeev

Stochastic dynamics of interacting systems and integrability

Combinatorics and integrable systems

A/Prof Vladimir Mangazeev , Professor Vladimir Bazhanov

Variational approach to many-body problems

Topological and Structural Science

Ghost imaging in the third dimension.

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Summer research opportunities for undergraduates.

Summer is a great time to get involved in research, whether it's in a field you intend to study seriously, or in one you just want to try out. There are many opportunities for funding, as you'll see below, and you are encouraged to take advantage of these. Note that most REU application deadlines run from mid January to early March , so you should get started in early January (or late in the fall semester if some of the early deadlines mentioned below are relevant). In addition to being a fun way to spend your summer, a research job will (1) allow you to learn lots of things, (2) give you a flavor of what grad school and industry are like, if these are in your plans, and (3) allow various scientists to get to know you and your work, which is always a good thing (actually, a necessary thing) when it comes time to obtain letters of recommendation. Some programs require you to have completed your sophomore or junior year, but there are also plenty that are available for freshmen. So if you're interested in doing research, there's no excuse for not getting started early. Start searching around, an join in the fun! Your summer research can be funded in five basic ways. The funds may come from:

• An REU program (this money comes from the NSF).
• Other organized programs that aren't REUs.
• The Physics Department.
• Various Harvard fellowships/programs.
• A specific faculty member (that is, from internal lab funds).

In more detail, these five basic ways to get funding are:

• REU Programs: Professors throughout the country can apply for "Research Experiences for Undergraduates" (REU) grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Undergraduates in turn can apply to these programs for the opportunity to do summer research. There are many programs in a variety of scientific fields. The application deadlines generally run from mid January to early March. The webpage with the list of all the existing programs is: NSF's Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) program There are lots and lots of fields listed here, including Physics, Materials Research, Astronomy, Chemistry, Computer Science, Biology, and many more. So don't just look at the Physics ones! Programs are sometimes added late to the list, so check it periodically for changes.  

Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships (SULI) at National Labs, funded by DOE Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory DOE Scholars Program Caltech's Summer Undergraduate Research Fellowships (SURF) and other programs Perimeter Scholars International Summer Research Opportunities at Harvard (SROH) Summer Internship Programs at Fermilab Research Internships in Science and Engineering (in Germany) NIST SURF NASA Internships Lincoln Labs/MIT Princeton Plasma Physics Lab Netherlands Foundation for Research in Astonomy Wolfram Research (Mathematica) National Security Agency NCAR Computational Science Mignone Center for Career Success  

• The Harvard Physics Department has some funds available for summer research on campus. The deadline for applying is Sunday, March 24, 2024. David Morin will send out a link to the application in mid March. The basic strategy for finding a professor and forming a proposal is to look around for a few professors whose work interests you, and to then start knocking on doors and sending out emails. Informal, but effective. See this list of the Physics faculty , and also this list organized by Research area . These funds are limited, which means that the larger the number of students who stay on campus, the smaller the funding amount will be. You are therefore encouraged to apply to REU programs. If you don't have a specific reason to stay at Harvard over the summer, it would be a shame to ignore the mindboggling number of REUs out there. If you decide to decline them in favor of a lab here at Harvard, that's fine. But for one summer, you may want to take advantage of the opportunity to explore things and visit another university. Travel around the world, see interesting places and people, and do physics. One caveat: If you are planning on going to physics grad school, you should definitely spend at least one summer here at Harvard (perhaps two), bookended with one or two 90r's before and/or after, to have an extended period of time for your research. If you do reseach here at Harvard with Physics Dept funding, your overall funding will likely come from a combination of sources: Physics Dept, HCRP, and internal lab funds.  
• Harvard has various other souces of funding.  There are many programs listed on the Undergraduate Research and Fellowships (URAF) page . In particular: 1) The Harvard College Research Program is an important source of funding. Their deadline is also Sunday, March 24, 2024. To be eligible for Physics funding, you  must apply to HCRP. 2) The  PRISE Program offers housing along with social and educational events. You are strongly encouraged to apply. The deadline is early: Tuesday, February 13, 2024. 3) You should also consider applying for the Herchel Smith Fellowship . The deadline is very early: Sunday, February 4, 2024. This is a fantastic fellowship. If you get it, it basically takes care of all your summer-money worries. 4) If you are interested in going abroad, you should consider the Weissman  Fellowship.  5) Other Harvard sources of funding can be found on the Office of Career Services page and on the above URAF page.  
• Internal lab funds:   You can avoid all the above funding issues by going directly to a professor who happens to have some grant money available for undergraduate summer research. Some do, some don't. This strategy definitely requires some running around. But note well -- it would be very unwise to use only this strategy unless you have an early guarantee that it's going to work.

Contact David Morin if you have any questions. Good luck!!

[Note: The Harvard funds listed on this page are available only to Harvard students.]

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All research projects

Our academics have many areas of expertise within the broad framework of Physics.  From the list below, you can see the research projects currently being conducted in the School of Physics at UNSW.  You can also get a sense of supervisory options if you are considering postgraduate study and research.

Our nine areas of research expertise are: 

• Astrophysics
• Computational physics and big data
• Condensed matter physics and quantum devices
• Experimental and observational physics
• Fundamental physics
• Theoretical physics , and
• Physics education research.

Adam Micolich's research projects

Alex Hamilton's research projects

Ben Montet's research projects

Caroline Foster's research projects

Chris Tinney's research projects

Clemens Ulrich's research projects

Dane McCamey's research projects

Dennis Stello's research projects

Dimi Culcer's research projects

Elizabeth Angstmann’s research projects

Jan Hamann's research projects

Joe Wolfe's research projects

Julian Berengut's research projects

Kate Jackson's research projects

Maya Cassidy's research projects

Quantum Materials and Devices Lab 

Michael Ashley's research projects

Michael Schmidt's research projects

Michelle Simmons' research projects

Oleg Sushkov's research projects

Areas of supervision and research.

Oleg Tretiakov's research projects

Peter Reece's research project

Paul Curmi's research projects

Rajib Rahman's research projects

Richard Morris' research projects

Sarah Brough's research projects

Sarah Martell's research projects

Steven Sherwood's research projects

Susan Coppersmith's research projects

Sven Rogge's research projects

Victor flambaum's research projects, yvonne wong's research projects.

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Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP)

Update: November 2020 The Physics Department is currently working to improve and streamline our departmental UROP-seeking procedure. Our hope is to create more UROPs within the Department and to also make them more visible to our students. We will be periodically updating this webpage with more information. Physics students can also expect to be emailed about these listings as they pertain to future terms.

The Physics Department participates in the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP) by providing positions for undergraduates with our faculty and in our research labs. General information about the UROP program including funding opportunities, application deadlines, guidelines, and other resources can be found at http://web.mit.edu/urop/ .

To apply for a UROP, complete the following steps:

• Visit the UROP website for opportunities, guidelines and resources;
• Review UROP participation options ;
• Once a position is chosen, write a proposal as described below;
• Submit your proposal by the deadline provided by the UROP Office.

Finding a UROP

There are many ways you can find UROPs, as listed on the UROP website . Here are some of the most common ways:

• Search for openings on the main UROP website or find listings posted weekly in our Physics Student Newsletter;
• Seek out and connect with physics faculty members or researchers working on projects that interest you and ask if the researcher would be willing to supervise you in a UROP. The UROP website has lots of helpful tips on how to approach faculty!

Writing a Physics UROP Proposal

Once you choose a UROP and find a supervisor, you will need to write a UROP proposal.

Your proposal should address three major issues:

• how the proposed UROP fits into the overall research picture in your physics area of interest;
• how your specific project fits into the group’s research program;
• how you plan to implement your project, including a description of what you hope to accomplish.

Tips for Writing a UROP Proposal

• Expect the audience reading the proposal to have some knowledge of science, but not a detailed knowledge of the subfield. This means that specific terms such as Ising model, SO galaxy, or optical molasses should be explained the first time they’re used, along with their significance.
• A concise proposal can accomplish its purpose within a single page, with generally one paragraph devoted to each of the goals listed above.
• If this is a first-time project, the UROP Coordinator will know that not all aspects of the project will be able to be explained in detail.
• If this is a continuation of a previous UROP, the UROP Coordinator will want to know how this project builds on what the student has accomplished previously.

Once the UROP application is received, it will be reviewed by Physics UROP Coordinator Prof. Joe Checkelsky .

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Our faculty are engaged in research across a wide spectrum of physics and astronomy subfields.  A complete list current projects appears below. 

Astrophysics Projects

• Computational Stellar Evolution
• Distances to the Remnants of Recent Supernova Explosions in the Milky Way
• Exploring the Connection Between Galaxies and Their Central Black Holes
• Fundamental Astronomy of Cataclysmic Binaries
• High Altitude Aerial Platforms for Astronomical Research
• Ionized Nebulae in AGN: Cosmic Fluorescent Lamps Powered by Massive Black Holes
• Searching for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in Dwarf Starburst Galaxies
• Stellar Populations
• The Evolution of Blue Spectral Features in Late-Time Type Ia Supernova Spectra
• The Expansion Kinematics of High Mass Supernovae
• The Most Extreme Starburst Galaxies in the Universe
• Uncovering Powerful Obscured Quasars

Cosmology Projects

• Big Bang After Cosmic Inflation
• Dark Energy Interactions
• Fundamental Tests of Cosmology
• Information Theory and the Complexity of Nature
• Life on Earth and Elsewhere
• Physics of Cosmic Acceleration

Quantum and Condensed Matter Projects

• An Analog Circuits Approach to Quantum Systems
• Dynamics and Control of Open Quantum Systems
• Engineering Quantum Dynamics of Low Dimensional Spin Networks
• Entanglement and Quantum Correlations
• Generation of Quantum States of Light with a Josephson Laser
• Gravitationally Induced Decoherence
• High-Fidelity Control and Readout of Spins in Semiconductors
• Many-Body Quantum Chaos and Quantum Thermodynamics
• Measurement of Single Phonons with Single Photons
• Optimizing Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
• Quantum Simulation with Cold Atoms in Engineered Optical Potentials
• Quantum-Classical Correspondence for Strongly Nonlinear, Circuit QED Based Systems
• Readout of Spin Qubits in Si/SiGe Quantum Dots Using a Cavity Embedded Cooper Pair Transistor
• Symmetry Breaking and Critical Scaling in Ultracold Quantum Gases
• Topological Quantum Matter

Plasma and Space Physics Projects

• BARREL (Balloon Array for RBSP Relativistic Electron Losses)
• Characterizing the out-of-ecliptic solar wind
• Computer simulations of stellar winds interacting with the interstellar medium
• Evolution of the Earth's Van Allen Radiation Belts
• ISINGLASS: 2016
• Magnetic Reconnection
• Measuring Travelling Ionospheric Disturbances Using Transmitters of Opportunity
• Mechanism for higher harmonic radio emission from aurorae
• Plasma Turbulence
• Polarization, fine structure and occurrence rates of ground-level AKR
• Seeking the generation mechanism for Bursty radio emissions from Earth's ionosphere
• Simulating trajectories of interstellar atoms measured by the NASA/IBEX satellite
• Simulations of whistler chorus waves
• Understanding wave-particle interactions in Earth's polar cusps

Home > Arts and Sciences > Physics > PHYSICSETD

Physics Theses, Dissertations, and Masters Projects

Theses/dissertations from 2023 2023.

Ab Initio Computations Of Structural Properties In Solids By Auxiliary Field Quantum Monte Carlo , Siyuan Chen

Constraining Of The Minerνa Medium Energy Neutrino Flux Using Neutrino-Electron Scattering , Luis Zazueta

Experimental Studies Of Neutral Particles And The Isotope Effect In The Edge Of Tokamak Plasmas , Ryan Chaban

From The Hubbard Model To Coulomb Interactions: Quantum Monte Carlo Computations In Strongly Correlated Systems , Zhi-Yu Xiao

Theses/Dissertations from 2022 2022

Broadband Infrared Microspectroscopy and Nanospectroscopy of Local Material Properties: Experiment and Modeling , Patrick McArdle

Edge Fueling And Neutral Density Studies Of The Alcator C-Mod Tokamak Using The Solps-Iter Code , Richard M. Reksoatmodjo

Electronic Transport In Topological Superconducting Heterostructures , Joseph Jude Cuozzo

Inclusive and Inelastic Scattering in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions , Amy Filkins

Investigation Of Stripes, Spin Density Waves And Superconductivity In The Ground State Of The Two-Dimensional Hubbard Model , Hao Xu

Partial Wave Analysis Of Strange Mesons Decaying To K + Π − Π + In The Reaction Γp → K + Π + Π − Λ(1520) And The Commissioning Of The Gluex Dirc Detector , Andrew Hurley

Partial Wave Analysis of the ωπ− Final State Photoproduced at GlueX , Amy Schertz

Quantum Sensing For Low-Light Imaging , Savannah Cuozzo

Radiative Width of K*(892) from Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics , Archana Radhakrishnan

Theses/Dissertations from 2021 2021

AC & DC Zeeman Interferometric Sensing With Ultracold Trapped Atoms On A Chip , Shuangli Du

Calculation Of Gluon Pdf In The Nucleon Using Pseudo-Pdf Formalism With Wilson Flow Technique In LQCD , Md Tanjib Atique Khan

Dihadron Beam Spin Asymmetries On An Unpolarized Hydrogen Target With Clas12 , Timothy Barton Hayward

Excited J-- Resonances In Meson-Meson Scattering From Lattice Qcd , Christopher Johnson

Forward & Off-Forward Parton Distributions From Lattice Qcd , Colin Paul Egerer

Light-Matter Interactions In Quasi-Two-Dimensional Geometries , David James Lahneman

Proton Spin Structure from Simultaneous Monte Carlo Global QCD Analysis , Yiyu Zhou

Radiofrequency Ac Zeeman Trapping For Neutral Atoms , Andrew Peter Rotunno

Theses/Dissertations from 2020 2020

A First-Principles Study of the Nature of the Insulating Gap in VO2 , Christopher Hendriks

Competing And Cooperating Orders In The Three-Band Hubbard Model: A Comprehensive Quantum Monte Carlo And Generalized Hartree-Fock Study , Adam Chiciak

Development Of Quantum Information Tools Based On Multi-Photon Raman Processes In Rb Vapor , Nikunjkumar Prajapati

Experiments And Theory On Dynamical Hamiltononian Monodromy , Matthew Perry Nerem

Growth Engineering And Characterization Of Vanadium Dioxide Films For Ultraviolet Detection , Jason Andrew Creeden

Insulator To Metal Transition Dynamics Of Vanadium Dioxide Thin Films , Scott Madaras

Quantitative Analysis Of EKG And Blood Pressure Waveforms , Denise Erin McKaig

Study Of Scalar Extensions For Physics Beyond The Standard Model , Marco Antonio Merchand Medina

Theses/Dissertations from 2019 2019

Beyond the Standard Model: Flavor Symmetry, Nonperturbative Unification, Quantum Gravity, and Dark Matter , Shikha Chaurasia

Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Van Der Waals Systems , Yohanes Satrio Gani

Extraction and Parametrization of Isobaric Trinucleon Elastic Cross Sections and Form Factors , Scott Kevin Barcus

Interfacial Forces of 2D Materials at the Oil–Water Interface , William Winsor Dickinson

Scattering a Bose-Einstein Condensate Off a Modulated Barrier , Andrew James Pyle

Topics in Proton Structure: BSM Answers to its Radius Puzzle and Lattice Subtleties within its Momentum Distribution , Michael Chaim Freid

Theses/Dissertations from 2018 2018

A Measurement of Nuclear Effects in Deep Inelastic Scattering in Neutrino-Nucleus Interactions , Anne Norrick

Applications of Lattice Qcd to Hadronic Cp Violation , David Brantley

Charge Dynamics in the Metallic and Superconducting States of the Electron-Doped 122-Type Iron Arsenides , Zhen Xing

Dynamics of Systems With Hamiltonian Monodromy , Daniel Salmon

Exotic Phases in Attractive Fermions: Charge Order, Pairing, and Topological Signatures , Peter Rosenberg

Extensions of the Standard Model Higgs Sector , Richard Keith Thrasher

First Measurements of the Parity-Violating and Beam-Normal Single-Spin Asymmetries in Elastic Electron-Aluminum Scattering , Kurtis David Bartlett

Lattice Qcd for Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay: Short Range Operator Contributions , Henry Jose Monge Camacho

Probe of Electroweak Interference Effects in Non-Resonant Inelastic Electron-Proton Scattering , James Franklyn Dowd

Proton Spin Structure from Monte Carlo Global Qcd Analyses , Jacob Ethier

Searching for A Dark Photon in the Hps Experiment , Sebouh Jacob Paul

Theses/Dissertations from 2017 2017

A global normal form for two-dimensional mode conversion , David Gregory Johnston

Computational Methods of Lattice Boltzmann Mhd , Christopher Robert Flint

Computational Studies of Strongly Correlated Quantum Matter , Hao Shi

Determination of the Kinematics of the Qweak Experiment and Investigation of an Atomic Hydrogen Møller Polarimeter , Valerie Marie Gray

Disconnected Diagrams in Lattice Qcd , Arjun Singh Gambhir

Formulating Schwinger-Dyson Equations for Qed Propagators in Minkowski Space , Shaoyang Jia

Highly-Correlated Electron Behavior in Niobium and Niobium Compound Thin Films , Melissa R. Beebe

Infrared Spectroscopy and Nano-Imaging of La0.67Sr0.33Mno3 Films , Peng Xu

Investigation of Local Structures in Cation-Ordered Microwave Dielectric a Solid-State Nmr and First Principle Calculation Study , Rony Gustam Kalfarisi

Measurement of the Elastic Ep Cross Section at Q2 = 0.66, 1.10, 1.51 and 1.65 Gev2 , YANG WANG

Modeling The Gross-Pitaevskii Equation using The Quantum Lattice Gas Method , Armen M. Oganesov

Optical Control of Multi-Photon Coherent Interactions in Rubidium Atoms , Gleb Vladimirovich Romanov

Plasmonic Approaches and Photoemission: Ag-Based Photocathodes , Zhaozhu Li

Quantum and Classical Manifestation of Hamiltonian Monodromy , Chen Chen

Shining Light on The Phase Transitions of Vanadium Dioxide , Tyler J. Huffman

Superconducting Thin Films for The Enhancement of Superconducting Radio Frequency Accelerator Cavities , Matthew Burton

Theses/Dissertations from 2016 2016

Ac Zeeman Force with Ultracold Atoms , Charles Fancher

A Measurement of the Parity-Violating Asymmetry in Aluminum and its Contribution to A Measurement of the Proton's Weak Charge , Joshua Allen Magee

An improved measurement of the Muon Neutrino charged current Quasi-Elastic cross-section on Hydrocarbon at Minerva , Dun Zhang

Applications of High Energy Theory to Superconductivity and Cosmic Inflation , Zhen Wang

A Precision Measurement of the Weak Charge of Proton at Low Q^2: Kinematics and Tracking , Siyuan Yang

Compton Scattering Polarimetry for The Determination of the Proton’S Weak Charge Through Measurements of the Parity-Violating Asymmetry of 1H(E,e')P , Juan Carlos Cornejo

Disorder Effects in Dirac Heterostructures , Martin Alexander Rodriguez-Vega

Electron Neutrino Appearance in the Nova Experiment , Ji Liu

Experimental Apparatus for Quantum Pumping with a Bose-Einstein Condensate. , Megan K. Ivory

Investigating Proton Spin Structure: A Measurement of G_2^p at Low Q^2 , Melissa Ann Cummings

Neutrino Flux Prediction for The Numi Beamline , Leonidas Aliaga Soplin

Quantitative Analysis of Periodic Breathing and Very Long Apnea in Preterm Infants. , Mary A. Mohr

Resolution Limits of Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with Pulsed Source , Guangzhi Qu

Solving Problems of the Standard Model through Scale Invariance, Dark Matter, Inflation and Flavor Symmetry , Raymundo Alberto Ramos

Study of Spatial Structure of Squeezed Vacuum Field , Mi Zhang

Study of Variations of the Dynamics of the Metal-Insulator Transition of Thin Films of Vanadium Dioxide with An Ultra-Fast Laser , Elizabeth Lee Radue

Thin Film Approaches to The Srf Cavity Problem: Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Thin Films , Douglas Beringer

Turbulent Particle Transport in H-Mode Plasmas on Diii-D , Xin Wang

Theses/Dissertations from 2015 2015

Ballistic atom pumps , Tommy Byrd

Determination of the Proton's Weak Charge via Parity Violating e-p Scattering. , Joshua Russell Hoskins

Electronic properties of chiral two-dimensional materials , Christopher Lawrence Charles Triola

Heavy flavor interactions and spectroscopy from lattice quantum chromodynamics , Zachary S. Brown

Some properties of meson excited states from lattice QCD , Ekaterina V. Mastropas

Sterile Neutrino Search with MINOS. , Alena V. Devan

Ultracold rubidium and potassium system for atom chip-based microwave and RF potentials , Austin R. Ziltz

Theses/Dissertations from 2014 2014

Enhancement of MS Signal Processing for Improved Cancer Biomarker Discovery , Qian Si

Whispering-gallery mode resonators for nonlinear and quantum optical applications , Matthew Thomas Simons

Theses/Dissertations from 2013 2013

Applications of Holographic Dualities , Dylan Judd Albrecht

A search for a new gauge boson , Eric Lyle Jensen

Experimental Generation and Manipulation of Quantum Squeezed Vacuum via Polarization Self-Rotation in Rb Vapor , Travis Scott Horrom

Low Energy Tests of the Standard Model , Benjamin Carl Rislow

Magnetic Order and Dimensional Crossover in Optical Lattices with Repulsive Interaction , Jie Xu

Multi-meson systems from Lattice Quantum Chromodynamics , Zhifeng Shi

Theses/Dissertations from 2012 2012

Dark matter in the heavens and at colliders: Models and constraints , Reinard Primulando

Measurement of Single and Double Spin Asymmetries in p(e, e' pi(+/-,0))X Semi-Inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering , Sucheta Shrikant Jawalkar

NMR study of paramagnetic nano-checkerboard superlattices , Christopher andrew Maher

Parity-violating asymmetry in the nucleon to delta transition: A Study of Inelastic Electron Scattering in the G0 Experiment , Carissa Lee Capuano

Studies of polarized and unpolarized helium -3 in the presence of alkali vapor , Kelly Anita Kluttz

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A Groundbreaking Scientific Discovery Just Gave Humanity the Keys to Interstellar Travel

In a first, this warp drive actually obeys the laws of physics.

If a superluminal—meaning faster than the speed of light—warp drive like Alcubierre’s worked, it would revolutionize humanity’s endeavors across the universe , allowing us, perhaps, to reach Alpha Centauri, our closest star system, in days or weeks even though it’s four light years away.

However, the Alcubierre drive has a glaring problem: the force behind its operation, called “negative energy,” involves exotic particles—hypothetical matter that, as far as we know, doesn’t exist in our universe. Described only in mathematical terms, exotic particles act in unexpected ways, like having negative mass and working in opposition to gravity (in fact, it has “anti-gravity”). For the past 30 years, scientists have been publishing research that chips away at the inherent hurdles to light speed revealed in Alcubierre’s foundational 1994 article published in the peer-reviewed journal Classical and Quantum Gravity .

Now, researchers at the New York City-based think tank Applied Physics believe they’ve found a creative new approach to solving the warp drive’s fundamental roadblock. Along with colleagues from other institutions, the team envisioned a “positive energy” system that doesn’t violate the known laws of physics . It’s a game-changer, say two of the study’s authors: Gianni Martire, CEO of Applied Physics, and Jared Fuchs, Ph.D., a senior scientist there. Their work, also published in Classical and Quantum Gravity in late April, could be the first chapter in the manual for interstellar spaceflight.

POSITIVE ENERGY MAKES all the difference. Imagine you are an astronaut in space, pushing a tennis ball away from you. Instead of moving away, the ball pushes back, to the point that it would “take your hand off” if you applied enough pushing force, Martire tells Popular Mechanics . That’s a sign of negative energy, and, though the Alcubierre drive design requires it, there’s no way to harness it.

Instead, regular old positive energy is more feasible for constructing the “ warp bubble .” As its name suggests, it’s a spherical structure that surrounds and encloses space for a passenger ship using a shell of regular—but incredibly dense—matter. The bubble propels the spaceship using the powerful gravity of the shell, but without causing the passengers to feel any acceleration. “An elevator ride would be more eventful,” Martire says.

That’s because the density of the shell, as well as the pressure it exerts on the interior, is controlled carefully, Fuchs tells Popular Mechanics . Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, according to the gravity-bound principles of Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity . So the bubble is designed such that observers within their local spacetime environment—inside the bubble—experience normal movement in time. Simultaneously, the bubble itself compresses the spacetime in front of the ship and expands it behind the ship, ferrying itself and the contained craft incredibly fast. The walls of the bubble generate the necessary momentum, akin to the momentum of balls rolling, Fuchs explains. “It’s the movement of the matter in the walls that actually creates the effect for passengers on the inside.”

Building on its 2021 paper published in Classical and Quantum Gravity —which details the same researchers’ earlier work on physical warp drives—the team was able to model the complexity of the system using its own computational program, Warp Factory. This toolkit for modeling warp drive spacetimes allows researchers to evaluate Einstein’s field equations and compute the energy conditions required for various warp drive geometries. Anyone can download and use it for free . These experiments led to what Fuchs calls a mini model, the first general model of a positive-energy warp drive. Their past work also demonstrated that the amount of energy a warp bubble requires depends on the shape of the bubble; for example, the flatter the bubble in the direction of travel, the less energy it needs.

THIS LATEST ADVANCEMENT suggests fresh possibilities for studying warp travel design, Erik Lentz, Ph.D., tells Popular Mechanics . In his current position as a staff physicist at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory in Richland, Washington, Lentz contributes to research on dark matter detection and quantum information science research. His independent research in warp drive theory also aims to be grounded in conventional physics while reimagining the shape of warped space. The topic needs to overcome many practical hurdles, he says.

Controlling warp bubbles requires a great deal of coordination because they involve enormous amounts of matter and energy to keep the passengers safe and with a similar passage of time as the destination. “We could just as well engineer spacetime where time passes much differently inside [the passenger compartment] than outside. We could miss our appointment at Proxima Centauri if we aren’t careful,” Lentz says. “That is still a risk if we are traveling less than the speed of light.” Communication between people inside the bubble and outside could also become distorted as it passes through the curvature of warped space, he adds.

While Applied Physics’ current solution requires a warp drive that travels below the speed of light, the model still needs to plug in a mass equivalent to about two Jupiters. Otherwise, it will never achieve the gravitational force and momentum high enough to cause a meaningful warp effect. But no one knows what the source of this mass could be—not yet, at least. Some research suggests that if we could somehow harness dark matter , we could use it for light-speed travel, but Fuchs and Martire are doubtful, since it’s currently a big mystery (and an exotic particle).

Despite the many problems scientists still need to solve to build a working warp drive, the Applied Physics team claims its model should eventually get closer to light speed. And even if a feasible model remains below the speed of light, it’s a vast improvement over today’s technology. For example, traveling at even half the speed of light to Alpha Centauri would take nine years. In stark contrast, our fastest spacecraft, Voyager 1—currently traveling at 38,000 miles per hour—would take 75,000 years to reach our closest neighboring star system.

Of course, as you approach the actual speed of light, things get truly weird, according to the principles of Einstein’s special relativity . The mass of an object moving faster and faster would increase infinitely, eventually requiring an infinite amount of energy to maintain its speed.

“That’s the chief limitation and key challenge we have to overcome—how can we have all this matter in our [bubble], but not at such a scale that we can never even put it together?” Martire says. It’s possible the answer lies in condensed matter physics, he adds. This branch of physics deals particularly with the forces between atoms and electrons in matter. It has already proven fundamental to several of our current technologies, such as transistors, solid-state lasers, and magnetic storage media.

The other big issue is that current models allow a stable warp bubble, but only for a constant velocity. Scientists still need to figure out how to design an initial acceleration. On the other end of the journey, how will the ship slow down and stop? “It’s like trying to grasp the automobile for the first time,” Martire says. “We don’t have an engine just yet, but we see the light at the end of the tunnel.” Warp drive technology is at the stage of 1882 car technology, he says: when automobile travel was possible, but it still looked like a hard, hard problem.

The Applied Physics team believes future innovations in warp travel are inevitable. The general positive energy model is a first step. Besides, you don’t need to zoom at light speed to achieve distances that today are just a dream, Martire says. “Humanity is officially, mathematically, on an interstellar track.”

Before joining Popular Mechanics , Manasee Wagh worked as a newspaper reporter, a science journalist, a tech writer, and a computer engineer. She’s always looking for ways to combine the three greatest joys in her life: science, travel, and food.

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The Source of All Consciousness May Be Black Holes

Immortality Is Impossible Until We Beat Physics

How a Lunar Supercollider Could Upend Physics

Is Consciousness Everywhere All at Once?

One Particle Could Shatter Our Concept of Reality

Do Black Holes Die?

Are Multiverse Films Like ‘The Flash’ Realistic?

Why Time Reflections Are a ‘Holy Grail’ in Physics

Why Our Existence Always Contains Some Uncertainty

Copies of You Could Live Inside Quantum Computers

There’s an ‘Anti-Universe’ Going Backward in Time

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72 Easy Science Experiments Using Materials You Already Have On Hand

Because science doesn’t have to be complicated.

If there is one thing that is guaranteed to get your students excited, it’s a good science experiment! While some experiments require expensive lab equipment or dangerous chemicals, there are plenty of cool projects you can do with regular household items. We’ve rounded up a big collection of easy science experiments that anybody can try, and kids are going to love them!

Easy Chemistry Science Experiments

Easy physics science experiments, easy biology and environmental science experiments, easy engineering experiments and stem challenges.

1. Taste the Rainbow

Teach your students about diffusion while creating a beautiful and tasty rainbow! Tip: Have extra Skittles on hand so your class can eat a few!

Learn more: Skittles Diffusion

2. Crystallize sweet treats

Crystal science experiments teach kids about supersaturated solutions. This one is easy to do at home, and the results are absolutely delicious!

Learn more: Candy Crystals

3. Make a volcano erupt

This classic experiment demonstrates a chemical reaction between baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid), which produces carbon dioxide gas, water, and sodium acetate.

Learn more: Best Volcano Experiments

4. Make elephant toothpaste

This fun project uses yeast and a hydrogen peroxide solution to create overflowing “elephant toothpaste.” Tip: Add an extra fun layer by having kids create toothpaste wrappers for plastic bottles.

5. Blow the biggest bubbles you can

Add a few simple ingredients to dish soap solution to create the largest bubbles you’ve ever seen! Kids learn about surface tension as they engineer these bubble-blowing wands.

Learn more: Giant Soap Bubbles

6. Demonstrate the “magic” leakproof bag

All you need is a zip-top plastic bag, sharp pencils, and water to blow your kids’ minds. Once they’re suitably impressed, teach them how the “trick” works by explaining the chemistry of polymers.

Learn more: Leakproof Bag

7. Use apple slices to learn about oxidation

Have students make predictions about what will happen to apple slices when immersed in different liquids, then put those predictions to the test. Have them record their observations.

Learn more: Apple Oxidation

8. Float a marker man

Their eyes will pop out of their heads when you “levitate” a stick figure right off the table! This experiment works due to the insolubility of dry-erase marker ink in water, combined with the lighter density of the ink.

Learn more: Floating Marker Man

9. Discover density with hot and cold water

There are a lot of easy science experiments you can do with density. This one is extremely simple, involving only hot and cold water and food coloring, but the visuals make it appealing and fun.

Learn more: Layered Water

10. Layer more liquids

This density demo is a little more complicated, but the effects are spectacular. Slowly layer liquids like honey, dish soap, water, and rubbing alcohol in a glass. Kids will be amazed when the liquids float one on top of the other like magic (except it is really science).

Learn more: Layered Liquids

11. Grow a carbon sugar snake

Easy science experiments can still have impressive results! This eye-popping chemical reaction demonstration only requires simple supplies like sugar, baking soda, and sand.

Learn more: Carbon Sugar Snake

12. Mix up some slime

Tell kids you’re going to make slime at home, and watch their eyes light up! There are a variety of ways to make slime, so try a few different recipes to find the one you like best.

13. Make homemade bouncy balls

These homemade bouncy balls are easy to make since all you need is glue, food coloring, borax powder, cornstarch, and warm water. You’ll want to store them inside a container like a plastic egg because they will flatten out over time.

Learn more: Make Your Own Bouncy Balls

14. Create eggshell chalk

Eggshells contain calcium, the same material that makes chalk. Grind them up and mix them with flour, water, and food coloring to make your very own sidewalk chalk.

Learn more: Eggshell Chalk

15. Make naked eggs

This is so cool! Use vinegar to dissolve the calcium carbonate in an eggshell to discover the membrane underneath that holds the egg together. Then, use the “naked” egg for another easy science experiment that demonstrates osmosis .

Learn more: Naked Egg Experiment

16. Turn milk into plastic

This sounds a lot more complicated than it is, but don’t be afraid to give it a try. Use simple kitchen supplies to create plastic polymers from plain old milk. Sculpt them into cool shapes when you’re done!

17. Test pH using cabbage

Teach kids about acids and bases without needing pH test strips! Simply boil some red cabbage and use the resulting water to test various substances—acids turn red and bases turn green.

Learn more: Cabbage pH

18. Clean some old coins

Use common household items to make old oxidized coins clean and shiny again in this simple chemistry experiment. Ask kids to predict (hypothesize) which will work best, then expand the learning by doing some research to explain the results.

Learn more: Cleaning Coins

19. Pull an egg into a bottle

This classic easy science experiment never fails to delight. Use the power of air pressure to suck a hard-boiled egg into a jar, no hands required.

Learn more: Egg in a Bottle

20. Blow up a balloon (without blowing)

Chances are good you probably did easy science experiments like this when you were in school. The baking soda and vinegar balloon experiment demonstrates the reactions between acids and bases when you fill a bottle with vinegar and a balloon with baking soda.

21 Assemble a DIY lava lamp

This 1970s trend is back—as an easy science experiment! This activity combines acid-base reactions with density for a totally groovy result.

22. Explore how sugary drinks affect teeth

The calcium content of eggshells makes them a great stand-in for teeth. Use eggs to explore how soda and juice can stain teeth and wear down the enamel. Expand your learning by trying different toothpaste-and-toothbrush combinations to see how effective they are.

Learn more: Sugar and Teeth Experiment

23. Mummify a hot dog

If your kids are fascinated by the Egyptians, they’ll love learning to mummify a hot dog! No need for canopic jars , just grab some baking soda and get started.

24. Extinguish flames with carbon dioxide

This is a fiery twist on acid-base experiments. Light a candle and talk about what fire needs in order to survive. Then, create an acid-base reaction and “pour” the carbon dioxide to extinguish the flame. The CO2 gas acts like a liquid, suffocating the fire.

25. Send secret messages with invisible ink

Turn your kids into secret agents! Write messages with a paintbrush dipped in lemon juice, then hold the paper over a heat source and watch the invisible become visible as oxidation goes to work.

Learn more: Invisible Ink

26. Create dancing popcorn

This is a fun version of the classic baking soda and vinegar experiment, perfect for the younger crowd. The bubbly mixture causes popcorn to dance around in the water.

27. Shoot a soda geyser sky-high

You’ve always wondered if this really works, so it’s time to find out for yourself! Kids will marvel at the chemical reaction that sends diet soda shooting high in the air when Mentos are added.

Learn more: Soda Explosion

28. Send a teabag flying

Hot air rises, and this experiment can prove it! You’ll want to supervise kids with fire, of course. For more safety, try this one outside.

Learn more: Flying Tea Bags

29. Create magic milk

This fun and easy science experiment demonstrates principles related to surface tension, molecular interactions, and fluid dynamics.

Learn more: Magic Milk Experiment

30. Watch the water rise

Learn about Charles’s Law with this simple experiment. As the candle burns, using up oxygen and heating the air in the glass, the water rises as if by magic.

Learn more: Rising Water

31. Learn about capillary action

Kids will be amazed as they watch the colored water move from glass to glass, and you’ll love the easy and inexpensive setup. Gather some water, paper towels, and food coloring to teach the scientific magic of capillary action.

Learn more: Capillary Action

32. Give a balloon a beard

Equally educational and fun, this experiment will teach kids about static electricity using everyday materials. Kids will undoubtedly get a kick out of creating beards on their balloon person!

Learn more: Static Electricity

33. Find your way with a DIY compass

Here’s an old classic that never fails to impress. Magnetize a needle, float it on the water’s surface, and it will always point north.

Learn more: DIY Compass

34. Crush a can using air pressure

Sure, it’s easy to crush a soda can with your bare hands, but what if you could do it without touching it at all? That’s the power of air pressure!

35. Tell time using the sun

While people use clocks or even phones to tell time today, there was a time when a sundial was the best means to do that. Kids will certainly get a kick out of creating their own sundials using everyday materials like cardboard and pencils.

Learn more: Make Your Own Sundial

36. Launch a balloon rocket

Grab balloons, string, straws, and tape, and launch rockets to learn about the laws of motion.

37. Make sparks with steel wool

All you need is steel wool and a 9-volt battery to perform this science demo that’s bound to make their eyes light up! Kids learn about chain reactions, chemical changes, and more.

Learn more: Steel Wool Electricity

38. Levitate a Ping-Pong ball

Kids will get a kick out of this experiment, which is really all about Bernoulli’s principle. You only need plastic bottles, bendy straws, and Ping-Pong balls to make the science magic happen.

39. Whip up a tornado in a bottle

There are plenty of versions of this classic experiment out there, but we love this one because it sparkles! Kids learn about a vortex and what it takes to create one.

Learn more: Tornado in a Bottle

40. Monitor air pressure with a DIY barometer

This simple but effective DIY science project teaches kids about air pressure and meteorology. They’ll have fun tracking and predicting the weather with their very own barometer.

Learn more: DIY Barometer

41. Peer through an ice magnifying glass

Students will certainly get a thrill out of seeing how an everyday object like a piece of ice can be used as a magnifying glass. Be sure to use purified or distilled water since tap water will have impurities in it that will cause distortion.

Learn more: Ice Magnifying Glass

42. String up some sticky ice

Can you lift an ice cube using just a piece of string? This quick experiment teaches you how. Use a little salt to melt the ice and then refreeze the ice with the string attached.

Learn more: Sticky Ice

43. “Flip” a drawing with water

Light refraction causes some really cool effects, and there are multiple easy science experiments you can do with it. This one uses refraction to “flip” a drawing; you can also try the famous “disappearing penny” trick .

Learn more: Light Refraction With Water

44. Color some flowers

We love how simple this project is to re-create since all you’ll need are some white carnations, food coloring, glasses, and water. The end result is just so beautiful!

45. Use glitter to fight germs

Everyone knows that glitter is just like germs—it gets everywhere and is so hard to get rid of! Use that to your advantage and show kids how soap fights glitter and germs.

Learn more: Glitter Germs

46. Re-create the water cycle in a bag

You can do so many easy science experiments with a simple zip-top bag. Fill one partway with water and set it on a sunny windowsill to see how the water evaporates up and eventually “rains” down.

Learn more: Water Cycle

47. Learn about plant transpiration

Your backyard is a terrific place for easy science experiments. Grab a plastic bag and rubber band to learn how plants get rid of excess water they don’t need, a process known as transpiration.

Learn more: Plant Transpiration

48. Clean up an oil spill

Before conducting this experiment, teach your students about engineers who solve environmental problems like oil spills. Then, have your students use provided materials to clean the oil spill from their oceans.

Learn more: Oil Spill

49. Construct a pair of model lungs

Kids get a better understanding of the respiratory system when they build model lungs using a plastic water bottle and some balloons. You can modify the experiment to demonstrate the effects of smoking too.

Learn more: Model Lungs

50. Experiment with limestone rocks

Kids  love to collect rocks, and there are plenty of easy science experiments you can do with them. In this one, pour vinegar over a rock to see if it bubbles. If it does, you’ve found limestone!

Learn more: Limestone Experiments

51. Turn a bottle into a rain gauge

All you need is a plastic bottle, a ruler, and a permanent marker to make your own rain gauge. Monitor your measurements and see how they stack up against meteorology reports in your area.

Learn more: DIY Rain Gauge

52. Build up towel mountains

This clever demonstration helps kids understand how some landforms are created. Use layers of towels to represent rock layers and boxes for continents. Then pu-u-u-sh and see what happens!

Learn more: Towel Mountains

53. Take a play dough core sample

Learn about the layers of the earth by building them out of Play-Doh, then take a core sample with a straw. ( Love Play-Doh? Get more learning ideas here. )

Learn more: Play Dough Core Sampling

54. Project the stars on your ceiling

Use the video lesson in the link below to learn why stars are only visible at night. Then create a DIY star projector to explore the concept hands-on.

Learn more: DIY Star Projector

55. Make it rain

Use shaving cream and food coloring to simulate clouds and rain. This is an easy science experiment little ones will beg to do over and over.

Learn more: Shaving Cream Rain

56. Blow up your fingerprint

This is such a cool (and easy!) way to look at fingerprint patterns. Inflate a balloon a bit, use some ink to put a fingerprint on it, then blow it up big to see your fingerprint in detail.

57. Snack on a DNA model

Twizzlers, gumdrops, and a few toothpicks are all you need to make this super-fun (and yummy!) DNA model.

Learn more: Edible DNA Model

58. Dissect a flower

Take a nature walk and find a flower or two. Then bring them home and take them apart to discover all the different parts of flowers.

59. Craft smartphone speakers

No Bluetooth speaker? No problem! Put together your own from paper cups and toilet paper tubes.

Learn more: Smartphone Speakers

60. Race a balloon-powered car

Kids will be amazed when they learn they can put together this awesome racer using cardboard and bottle-cap wheels. The balloon-powered “engine” is so much fun too.

Learn more: Balloon-Powered Car

61. Build a Ferris wheel

You’ve probably ridden on a Ferris wheel, but can you build one? Stock up on wood craft sticks and find out! Play around with different designs to see which one works best.

Learn more: Craft Stick Ferris Wheel

62. Design a phone stand

There are lots of ways to craft a DIY phone stand, which makes this a perfect creative-thinking STEM challenge.

63. Conduct an egg drop

Put all their engineering skills to the test with an egg drop! Challenge kids to build a container from stuff they find around the house that will protect an egg from a long fall (this is especially fun to do from upper-story windows).

Learn more: Egg Drop Challenge Ideas

64. Engineer a drinking-straw roller coaster

STEM challenges are always a hit with kids. We love this one, which only requires basic supplies like drinking straws.

Learn more: Straw Roller Coaster

65. Build a solar oven

Explore the power of the sun when you build your own solar ovens and use them to cook some yummy treats. This experiment takes a little more time and effort, but the results are always impressive. The link below has complete instructions.

Learn more: Solar Oven

66. Build a Da Vinci bridge

There are plenty of bridge-building experiments out there, but this one is unique. It’s inspired by Leonardo da Vinci’s 500-year-old self-supporting wooden bridge. Learn how to build it at the link, and expand your learning by exploring more about Da Vinci himself.

Learn more: Da Vinci Bridge

67. Step through an index card

This is one easy science experiment that never fails to astonish. With carefully placed scissor cuts on an index card, you can make a loop large enough to fit a (small) human body through! Kids will be wowed as they learn about surface area.

68. Stand on a pile of paper cups

Combine physics and engineering and challenge kids to create a paper cup structure that can support their weight. This is a cool project for aspiring architects.

Learn more: Paper Cup Stack

69. Test out parachutes

Gather a variety of materials (try tissues, handkerchiefs, plastic bags, etc.) and see which ones make the best parachutes. You can also find out how they’re affected by windy days or find out which ones work in the rain.

Learn more: Parachute Drop

70. Recycle newspapers into an engineering challenge

It’s amazing how a stack of newspapers can spark such creative engineering. Challenge kids to build a tower, support a book, or even build a chair using only newspaper and tape!

Learn more: Newspaper STEM Challenge

71. Use rubber bands to sound out acoustics

Explore the ways that sound waves are affected by what’s around them using a simple rubber band “guitar.” (Kids absolutely love playing with these!)

Learn more: Rubber Band Guitar

72. Assemble a better umbrella

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University of Connecticut— Science 1 Research Center

The University of Connecticut-Science 1 Research Center embraces the site's natural landscape with an award-winning design that is infused with connections to nature.

Project highlights: University of Connecticut—STEM Research Center  

• Architecture firm:   Payette
• Owner:   University of Connecticut
• Location:  Storrs, Conn.
• Category:  General
• Project site: Previously developed
• Building program type(s):  Education - college/university (campus-level)

The centerpiece of Next Generation Connecticut, a $1.5 billion state effort aimed at expanding educational opportunities and research, this 22-acre landscaped precinct at the University of Connecticut is a new destination for STEM disciplines. Its first building, a 198,000-square-foot materials science engineering research building called Science 1, negotiates a complex topographical site and provides students and regional industry partners access to cutting-edge scientific engineering resources.

The project was born from a 2015 comprehensive master plan that seeks to guide development on the Storrs Campus for the next 20 years. Recognizing the need to de-densify the university's science core, the plan identified locations for four new science buildings on the parcel, designated the Northwest Science Quad. Over time, the scope of the project has grown to incorporate facilities for displaced parking, a 1,400-foot campus utility tunnel extension, roadway realignments, and improved green infrastructure. 

Science 1 contains the university’s materials science and engineering department and the Institute of Material Science. The institute oversees industry outreach initiatives that prepare students for engineering-related careers in aerospace, semiconductors, biomaterials, and other fields. The three-story building includes 11 shared core labs with state-of-the-art analytical instruments and equipment, 80 labs for experimental and computational research, and a 2,000-square-foot cleanroom that provides a contaminant-free, controlled environment. The building also includes a 200-seat active learning classroom for campuswide use and 50-person-capacity meeting rooms.

Academic research is concentrated on the building’s upper floors, where labs are clustered along five linear spines. Between the clusters, these spines are intersected four times by a double-height zone of open space, a “neighborhood” that overlooks a new quad on one side and a forested hillside on the other. Each discrete neighborhood foregrounds student-focused amenities to foster connectivity, collaboration, and access to daylight. A sunlit lobby includes a new cafe and overlooks a meandering landscaped corridor designed to capture rainwater.

To set the new district apart and highlight the university’s continued commitment to STEM education and the environment, the site and building work together as a synergistic whole. The team capitalized on the site’s natural attributes to shape a landscape that serves as an organizing structure. Its manifestation is the Woodland Corridor, a new greenway that provides an identity and sense of place as it connects the district to the existing campus. The corridor’s sustainable stormwater infrastructure serves as a visual teaching tool that promotes stewardship among students who access the district. 

Framework for Design Excellence

Was there a design charrette? Yes 

Level of community engagement: 

Inform: Potential stakeholders were informed about the project.

Consult: Stakeholders were provided with opportunities to provide input at pre-designed points in the process.

Involve: Stakeholders were involved throughout most of the process.

Collaborate: A partnership is formed with stakeholders to share in the decision-making process including development of alternatives and identification of the preferred solution.

Empower: Stakeholders were provided with opportunities to make decisions for the project.

Site area that supported vegetation (landscape or green roof) pre-development:  48%

Site area that supports vegetation post-development:  72%

Site area covered by native plants supporting native or migratory species and pollinators:  19%

Strategies used to promote Design for Ecosystems: Biodiversity, Bird safety, Soil conservation, Habitat conservation, flora/fauna, Abatement of specific regional environmental concerns

Is potable water used for irrigation? No

Is potable water used for cooling? No

Is grey/blackwater reused on-site? Yes

Is rainwater collected on-site?   Yes

Stormwater managed on-site:  100% 

2030 Commitment baseline EUI:  370 kBtu/sf/yr

Predicted net EUI including on-site renewables:   82  kBtu/sf/yr

Reduction from the benchmark:  78%

Is the project all-electric?  No

Level of air filters installed: MERV 12-14  

Was a “chemicals of concern” list used to inform material selection? Yes

Do greater than 90% of occupied spaces have a direct view to the outdoors? No

Were embodied carbon emissions estimated for this project? No

Estimated service life: 100 years

Floor area, if any, representing adapting existing buildings:  0%

Ability to survive without utility power: Partial back-up power

Risk assessment and resilience services provided:   Hazard identification, Climate change risk, Building vulnerability assessment, Hazard mitigation strategies above code

Has a post-occupancy evaluation been conducted? No, but a POE will be conducted.

Building performance transparency steps taken:

Present the design, outcomes, and/or lessons learned to the office.

Present the design, outcomes, and/or lessons learned to the profession.

Present the design, outcomes, and/or lessons learned to the public.

Publish post-occupancy data from the project, Publish lessons learned from design, construction, and/or occupancy.

Project Team and Jury

Year of substantial project completion: 2022

Gross conditioned floor area:  200,000 sq. ft. 

Engineer - Civil: BVH 

Integrated Services Engineer - MEP: vanZelm Heywood & Shadford 

Engineer - Structural: Thornton Tomasetti 

General Contractor: Dimeo Construction Company 

Landscape Architect: Towers Golde  

Code Consultant: Philip Sherman  

Cost Estimator: Faithful + Gould  

Energy Model: Atelier Ten  

Lighting Designer: Available Light 

Acoustics/Vibration: Acentech 

Cleanroom Consultant: Research Facilities Design 

Photovoltaic: Solar Design Associates 

Signage: Omloop  

Audiovisual: ACT  

Geotechnical: GZA 

Envelope: Studio NYL 

Entrainment: RWDI 

EMI: Vitatech 

Traffic Consultant: Vanasse Hangen Brustlin

Rashmi Vasavada, AIA, NOMA, Chair , Hacker Architecture & Interiors, Portland, Ore.

Derrick Adams, AIA, NOMA, The Adams Design Group, LLC, Baltimore

Rachel Harrah, Harrah LLC , Plano, Texas

Irmak Sener, Assoc. AIA , Atelier Ten, Jersey City, N.J.

The Education Facility Design Awards recognize state-of-the-art education environments being developed in today's learning spaces. 

Fifteen projects showcase the best in today's learning spaces.

The award-winning design for Walker Hall Graduate Student Center in Davis, California illustrates the importance of adaptive reuse projects and how in this example created a vibrant connection space

The award-winning design for Robert W. Plaster Manufacturing Center in Springfield, Missouri proves that through education, you not only provide a stronger future for the student, but also the

The award-winning design for Northeastern University EXP in Boston, Massachusetts embraces the importance of collaboration in research, providing spaces for casual and intentional engagement across

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Systematic and rigorous inquiry allows us to discover the fundamental mechanisms and causes of disease and disparities. At our Office of Research ( research@BSPH), we translate that knowledge to develop, evaluate, and disseminate treatment and prevention strategies and inform public health practice. Research along this entire spectrum represents a fundamental mission of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

From laboratories at Baltimore’s Wolfe Street building, to Bangladesh maternity wards in densely   packed neighborhoods, to field studies in rural Botswana, Bloomberg School faculty lead research that directly addresses the most critical public health issues worldwide. Research spans from molecules to societies and relies on methodologies as diverse as bench science and epidemiology. That research is translated into impact, from discovering ways to eliminate malaria, increase healthy behavior, reduce the toll of chronic disease, improve the health of mothers and infants, or change the biology of aging.

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Research at the Bloomberg School is a team sport.

In order to provide  extensive guidance, infrastructure, and support in pursuit of its research mission,   research@BSPH  employs three core areas: strategy and development, implementation and impact, and integrity and oversight. Our exceptional research teams comprised of faculty, postdoctoral fellows, students, and committed staff are united in our collaborative, collegial, and entrepreneurial approach to problem solving. T he Bloomberg School ensures that our research is accomplished according to the highest ethical standards and complies with all regulatory requirements. In addition to our institutional review board (IRB) which provides oversight for human subjects research, basic science studies employee techniques to ensure the reproducibility of research. 

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https://www.nist.gov/identity-access-management/collaborative-research-digital-identity-public-benefits-delivery

Identity & access management

Collaborative research on digital identity in public benefits delivery.

Empowering state agency leadership to weigh both access and security In delivering vital public benefits.

About the project

NIST, along with the  Digital Benefits Network (DBN) at the Beeck Center for Social Impact + Innovation at Georgetown University, and the  Center for Democracy and Technology (CDT) announced the launch of a two-year-long collaborative research and development project. This project works to adapt NIST’s  digital identity guidelines to better support the implementation of public benefits policy and delivery while balancing security, privacy, equity, and usability. This work is the result of a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA).

The project will rely on the tried-and-true process of robust community engagement to develop voluntary resources with the aim of garnering input from a variety of voices (including federal partners, state benefit program administrators, state IT and cybersecurity leaders, digital identity experts, technologists, advocates, and those with direct experience navigating the U.S. public benefit landscape). At the conclusion of the project, the collaboration will yield a voluntary community profile of NIST’s Digital Identity Guidelines ( Special Publication 800-63 ) to support and empower practitioners and public sector leaders in evaluating the necessity and degree of authentication and identity-proofing practices in benefits delivery. 

NIST, DBN, and CDT recognize that agencies face significant challenges in protecting beneficiary information and ensuring the integrity of their programs (while also noting the urgent need for clear, comprehensive resources for state benefits-administering agencies as they adopt authentication and identity-proofing technologies). Appropriately balancing access and security-- while taking into account nuanced program circumstances and populations-- is vital to meaningfully improving public benefits and delivery.

Read the News Release: https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/06/nist-launches-collaborative-research-effort-digital-identity-support-secure

Email us about this project: benIDprofile [at] georgetown.edu ( benIDprofile[at]georgetown[dot]edu )   Email us about SP 800-63: dig-comments [at] nist.gov (dig-comments[at]nist[dot]gov)

Follow us on X: @NISTcyber

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CU Boulder, industry partner on space docking and satellite AI research

Docking with a satellite orbiting Earth is delicate business, with one wrong move spelling disaster. A team of industry and University of Colorado Boulder researchers is trying to make it easier.

The work is part of two major business-university grant partnerships that include the lab of Hanspeter Schaub, a professor and chair of the Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences.

“The goal with these grants is very much tech transfer,” Schaub said. “We’re combining university research with business goals and initiatives to develop a product or service.”

The first project is a U.S. Space Force Small Business Technology Transfer grant with In Orbit Aerospace Inc. The goal is to use electro adhesive forces to ease docking between satellites, future space cargo vehicles, or orbital debris. Electro adhesion uses short-range strong electric fields to hold together adjacent bodies, even if they are not made of magnetic materials.

“Docking in space is surprisingly difficult. If servicer bumps target vehicle in an unexpected manner, it’s going to bounce off and fly away. Electro adhesion has been used a lot already with manufacturing on Earth. With electric fields, you can create attractive forces to grab stuff. They’re not huge forces, but they’re nice,” Schaub said.

The team completed early work on the project last year and has now advanced to a second stage, which began in May.

Schaub’s portion of the grant is worth about $500,000 over 18 months, and includes numerical modeling and atmospheric experiments as well as the creation of samples to test in the lab’s vacuum chamber that approximates orbital conditions.

It is not the only business development grant in Schaub’s lab. He and Associate Professor Nisar Ahmed are also in the process of setting up a contract with Trusted Space, Inc. on a U.S. Air Force STTR grant to advance autonomous satellite fault identification. CU Boulder’s portion of this project is worth roughly $300,000 over 18 months.

Like all electronics and machines, satellites sometimes fail. The goal of the effort with Trusted Space is to develop an AI that can automatically identify likely sources of errors.

“If a satellite isn’t tracking in orbit, maybe something bumped into it, maybe the rate gyroscope is off, maybe everything is fine but a sensor is giving bad information. There might be 10 different reasons why and we’re trying to down select in an automated way so a human doesn’t have to scour through datasets manually,” Schaub said.

The team has completed proof of concept work on a Phase 1 grant and is now advancing to Phase 2, modeling dozens of potential errors.

Both grants make extensive use of Basilisk, a piece of software developed by Schaub’s lab to conduct spacecraft mission simulations.

Although many of Schaub’s grants are directly with government agencies or multi-university initiatives, he said conducting work with a business partner offers unique opportunities for advancing science and additional potential for students.

“Students get exposure to industry and are excited because suddenly people outside the research community are interested in what they’re doing,” Schaub said. “They attend meetings and see how projects are run, what challenges industry is trying to solve. It helps influence their dissertations and gives more focus. I see a lot of benefits and companies also often want to hire the students.”

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CU Boulder leading $5 million multi-university project to advance the space economy

CU Engineering faculty land prestigious multidisciplinary Department of Defense projects

CU Boulder developing space wargames simulation facility

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McKinsey Technology Trends Outlook 2023

After a tumultuous 2022 for technology investment and talent, the first half of 2023 has seen a resurgence of enthusiasm about technology’s potential to catalyze progress in business and society. Generative AI deserves much of the credit for ushering in this revival, but it stands as just one of many advances on the horizon that could drive sustainable, inclusive growth and solve complex global challenges.

To help executives track the latest developments, the McKinsey Technology Council  has once again identified and interpreted the most significant technology trends unfolding today. While many trends are in the early stages of adoption and scale, executives can use this research to plan ahead by developing an understanding of potential use cases and pinpointing the critical skills needed as they hire or upskill talent to bring these opportunities to fruition.

Our analysis examines quantitative measures of interest, innovation, and investment to gauge the momentum of each trend. Recognizing the long-term nature and interdependence of these trends, we also delve into underlying technologies, uncertainties, and questions surrounding each trend. This year, we added an important new dimension for analysis—talent. We provide data on talent supply-and-demand dynamics for the roles of most relevance to each trend. (For more, please see the sidebar, “Research methodology.”)

New and notable

All of last year’s 14 trends remain on our list, though some experienced accelerating momentum and investment, while others saw a downshift. One new trend, generative AI, made a loud entrance and has already shown potential for transformative business impact.

Research methodology

To assess the development of each technology trend, our team collected data on five tangible measures of activity: search engine queries, news publications, patents, research publications, and investment. For each measure, we used a defined set of data sources to find occurrences of keywords associated with each of the 15 trends, screened those occurrences for valid mentions of activity, and indexed the resulting numbers of mentions on a 0–1 scoring scale that is relative to the trends studied. The innovation score combines the patents and research scores; the interest score combines the news and search scores. (While we recognize that an interest score can be inflated by deliberate efforts to stimulate news and search activity, we believe that each score fairly reflects the extent of discussion and debate about a given trend.) Investment measures the flows of funding from the capital markets into companies linked with the trend. Data sources for the scores include the following:

• Patents. Data on patent filings are sourced from Google Patents.
• Research. Data on research publications are sourced from the Lens (www.lens.org).
• News. Data on news publications are sourced from Factiva.
• Searches. Data on search engine queries are sourced from Google Trends.
• Investment. Data on private-market and public-market capital raises are sourced from PitchBook.
• Talent demand. Number of job postings is sourced from McKinsey’s proprietary Organizational Data Platform, which stores licensed, de-identified data on professional profiles and job postings. Data is drawn primarily from English-speaking countries.

In addition, we updated the selection and definition of trends from last year’s study to reflect the evolution of technology trends:

• The generative-AI trend was added since last year’s study.
• We adjusted the definitions of electrification and renewables (previously called future of clean energy) and climate technologies beyond electrification and renewables (previously called future of sustainable consumption).
• Data sources were updated. This year, we included only closed deals in PitchBook data, which revised downward the investment numbers for 2018–22. For future of space technologies investments, we used research from McKinsey’s Aerospace & Defense Practice.

This new entrant represents the next frontier of AI. Building upon existing technologies such as applied AI and industrializing machine learning, generative AI has high potential and applicability across most industries. Interest in the topic (as gauged by news and internet searches) increased threefold from 2021 to 2022. As we recently wrote, generative AI and other foundational models  change the AI game by taking assistive technology to a new level, reducing application development time, and bringing powerful capabilities to nontechnical users. Generative AI is poised to add as much as $4.4 trillion in economic value from a combination of specific use cases and more diffuse uses—such as assisting with email drafts—that increase productivity. Still, while generative AI can unlock significant value, firms should not underestimate the economic significance and the growth potential that underlying AI technologies and industrializing machine learning can bring to various industries.

Investment in most tech trends tightened year over year, but the potential for future growth remains high, as further indicated by the recent rebound in tech valuations. Indeed, absolute investments remained strong in 2022, at more than $1 trillion combined, indicating great faith in the value potential of these trends. Trust architectures and digital identity grew the most out of last year’s 14 trends, increasing by nearly 50 percent as security, privacy, and resilience become increasingly critical across industries. Investment in other trends—such as applied AI, advanced connectivity, and cloud and edge computing—declined, but that is likely due, at least in part, to their maturity. More mature technologies can be more sensitive to short-term budget dynamics than more nascent technologies with longer investment time horizons, such as climate and mobility technologies. Also, as some technologies become more profitable, they can often scale further with lower marginal investment. Given that these technologies have applications in most industries, we have little doubt that mainstream adoption will continue to grow.

Organizations shouldn’t focus too heavily on the trends that are garnering the most attention. By focusing on only the most hyped trends, they may miss out on the significant value potential of other technologies and hinder the chance for purposeful capability building. Instead, companies seeking longer-term growth should focus on a portfolio-oriented investment across the tech trends most important to their business. Technologies such as cloud and edge computing and the future of bioengineering have shown steady increases in innovation and continue to have expanded use cases across industries. In fact, more than 400 edge use cases across various industries have been identified, and edge computing is projected to win double-digit growth globally over the next five years. Additionally, nascent technologies, such as quantum, continue to evolve and show significant potential for value creation. Our updated analysis for 2023 shows that the four industries likely to see the earliest economic impact from quantum computing—automotive, chemicals, financial services, and life sciences—stand to potentially gain up to $1.3 trillion in value by 2035. By carefully assessing the evolving landscape and considering a balanced approach, businesses can capitalize on both established and emerging technologies to propel innovation and achieve sustainable growth.

Tech talent dynamics

We can’t overstate the importance of talent as a key source in developing a competitive edge. A lack of talent is a top issue constraining growth. There’s a wide gap between the demand for people with the skills needed to capture value from the tech trends and available talent: our survey of 3.5 million job postings in these tech trends found that many of the skills in greatest demand have less than half as many qualified practitioners per posting as the global average. Companies should be on top of the talent market, ready to respond to notable shifts and to deliver a strong value proposition to the technologists they hope to hire and retain. For instance, recent layoffs in the tech sector may present a silver lining for other industries that have struggled to win the attention of attractive candidates and retain senior tech talent. In addition, some of these technologies will accelerate the pace of workforce transformation. In the coming decade, 20 to 30 percent of the time that workers spend on the job could be transformed by automation technologies, leading to significant shifts in the skills required to be successful. And companies should continue to look at how they can adjust roles or upskill individuals to meet their tailored job requirements. Job postings in fields related to tech trends grew at a very healthy 15 percent between 2021 and 2022, even though global job postings overall decreased by 13 percent. Applied AI and next-generation software development together posted nearly one million jobs between 2018 and 2022. Next-generation software development saw the most significant growth in number of jobs (exhibit).

Image description:

Small multiples of 15 slope charts show the number of job postings in different fields related to tech trends from 2021 to 2022. Overall growth of all fields combined was about 400,000 jobs, with applied AI having the most job postings in 2022 and experiencing a 6% increase from 2021. Next-generation software development had the second-highest number of job postings in 2022 and had 29% growth from 2021. Other categories shown, from most job postings to least in 2022, are as follows: cloud and edge computing, trust architecture and digital identity, future of mobility, electrification and renewables, climate tech beyond electrification and renewables, advanced connectivity, immersive-reality technologies, industrializing machine learning, Web3, future of bioengineering, future of space technologies, generative AI, and quantum technologies.

End of image description.

This bright outlook for practitioners in most fields highlights the challenge facing employers who are struggling to find enough talent to keep up with their demands. The shortage of qualified talent has been a persistent limiting factor in the growth of many high-tech fields, including AI, quantum technologies, space technologies, and electrification and renewables. The talent crunch is particularly pronounced for trends such as cloud computing and industrializing machine learning, which are required across most industries. It’s also a major challenge in areas that employ highly specialized professionals, such as the future of mobility and quantum computing (see interactive).

Michael Chui is a McKinsey Global Institute partner in McKinsey’s Bay Area office, where Mena Issler is an associate partner, Roger Roberts  is a partner, and Lareina Yee  is a senior partner.

The authors wish to thank the following McKinsey colleagues for their contributions to this research: Bharat Bahl, Soumya Banerjee, Arjita Bhan, Tanmay Bhatnagar, Jim Boehm, Andreas Breiter, Tom Brennan, Ryan Brukardt, Kevin Buehler, Zina Cole, Santiago Comella-Dorda, Brian Constantine, Daniela Cuneo, Wendy Cyffka, Chris Daehnick, Ian De Bode, Andrea Del Miglio, Jonathan DePrizio, Ivan Dyakonov, Torgyn Erland, Robin Giesbrecht, Carlo Giovine, Liz Grennan, Ferry Grijpink, Harsh Gupta, Martin Harrysson, David Harvey, Kersten Heineke, Matt Higginson, Alharith Hussin, Tore Johnston, Philipp Kampshoff, Hamza Khan, Nayur Khan, Naomi Kim, Jesse Klempner, Kelly Kochanski, Matej Macak, Stephanie Madner, Aishwarya Mohapatra, Timo Möller, Matt Mrozek, Evan Nazareth, Peter Noteboom, Anna Orthofer, Katherine Ottenbreit, Eric Parsonnet, Mark Patel, Bruce Philp, Fabian Queder, Robin Riedel, Tanya Rodchenko, Lucy Shenton, Henning Soller, Naveen Srikakulam, Shivam Srivastava, Bhargs Srivathsan, Erika Stanzl, Brooke Stokes, Malin Strandell-Jansson, Daniel Wallance, Allen Weinberg, Olivia White, Martin Wrulich, Perez Yeptho, Matija Zesko, Felix Ziegler, and Delphine Zurkiya.

They also wish to thank the external members of the McKinsey Technology Council.

This interactive was designed, developed, and edited by McKinsey Global Publishing’s Nayomi Chibana, Victor Cuevas, Richard Johnson, Stephanie Jones, Stephen Landau, LaShon Malone, Kanika Punwani, Katie Shearer, Rick Tetzeli, Sneha Vats, and Jessica Wang.

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