pg assignment model

Assignment Model | Linear Programming Problem (LPP) | Introduction

What is assignment model.

→ Assignment model is a special application of Linear Programming Problem (LPP) , in which the main objective is to assign the work or task to a group of individuals such that;

i) There is only one assignment.

ii) All the assignments should be done in such a way that the overall cost is minimized (or profit is maximized, incase of maximization).

→ In assignment problem, the cost of performing each task by each individual is known. → It is desired to find out the best assignments, such that overall cost of assigning the work is minimized.

For example:

Suppose there are 'n' tasks, which are required to be performed using 'n' resources.

The cost of performing each task by each resource is also known (shown in cells of matrix)

• In the above asignment problem, we have to provide assignments such that there is one to one assignments and the overall cost is minimized.

How Assignment Problem is related to LPP? OR Write mathematical formulation of Assignment Model.

→ Assignment Model is a special application of Linear Programming (LP).

→ The mathematical formulation for Assignment Model is given below:

→ Let, C i j \text {C}_{ij} C ij ​ denotes the cost of resources 'i' to the task 'j' ; such that

→ Now assignment problems are of the Minimization type. So, our objective function is to minimize the overall cost.

→ Subjected to constraint;

(i) For all j t h j^{th} j t h task, only one i t h i^{th} i t h resource is possible:

(ii) For all i t h i^{th} i t h resource, there is only one j t h j^{th} j t h task possible;

(iii) x i j x_{ij} x ij ​ is '0' or '1'.

Types of Assignment Problem:

(i) balanced assignment problem.

• It consist of a suqare matrix (n x n).
• Number of rows = Number of columns

(ii) Unbalanced Assignment Problem

• It consist of a Non-square matrix.
• Number of rows ≠ \not=  = Number of columns

Methods to solve Assignment Model:

(i) integer programming method:.

In assignment problem, either allocation is done to the cell or not.

So this can be formulated using 0 or 1 integer.

While using this method, we will have n x n decision varables, and n+n equalities.

So even for 4 x 4 matrix problem, it will have 16 decision variables and 8 equalities.

So this method becomes very lengthy and difficult to solve.

(ii) Transportation Methods:

As assignment problem is a special case of transportation problem, it can also be solved using transportation methods.

In transportation methods ( NWCM , LCM & VAM), the total number of allocations will be (m+n-1) and the solution is known as non-degenerated. (For eg: for 3 x 3 matrix, there will be 3+3-1 = 5 allocations)

But, here in assignment problems, the matrix is a square matrix (m=n).

So total allocations should be (n+n-1), i.e. for 3 x 3 matrix, it should be (3+3-1) = 5

But, we know that in 3 x 3 assignment problem, maximum possible possible assignments are 3 only.

So, if are we will use transportation methods, then the solution will be degenerated as it does not satisfy the condition of (m+n-1) allocations.

So, the method becomes lengthy and time consuming.

(iii) Enumeration Method:

It is a simple trail and error type method.

Consider a 3 x 3 assignment problem. Here the assignments are done randomly and the total cost is found out.

For 3 x 3 matrix, the total possible trails are 3! So total 3! = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6 trails are possible.

The assignments which gives minimum cost is selected as optimal solution.

But, such trail and error becomes very difficult and lengthy.

If there are more number of rows and columns, ( For eg: For 6 x 6 matrix, there will be 6! trails. So 6! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 720 trails possible) then such methods can't be applied for solving assignments problems.

(iv) Hungarian Method:

It was developed by two mathematicians of Hungary. So, it is known as Hungarian Method.

It is also know as Reduced matrix method or Flood's technique.

There are two main conditions for applying Hungarian Method:

(1) Square Matrix (n x n). (2) Problem should be of minimization type.

Suggested Notes:

Modified Distribution Method (MODI) | Transportation Problem | Transportation Model

Stepping Stone | Transportation Problem | Transportation Model

Vogel’s Approximation Method (VAM) | Method to Solve Transportation Problem | Transportation Model

Transportation Model - Introduction

North West Corner Method | Method to Solve Transportation Problem | Transportation Model

Least Cost Method | Method to Solve Transportation Problem | Transportation Model

Tie in selecting row and column (Vogel's Approximation Method - VAM) | Numerical | Solving Transportation Problem | Transportation Model

Crashing Special Case - Multiple (Parallel) Critical Paths

Crashing Special Case - Indirect cost less than Crash Cost

Basics of Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)

Numerical on PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

Network Analysis - Dealing with Network Construction Basics

Construct a project network with predecessor relationship | Operation Research | Numerical

Graphical Method | Methods to solve LPP | Linear Programming

Basics of Linear Programming

Linear Programming Problem (LPP) Formulation with Numericals

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Education Lessons

Stay in touch, [notes] operation research, [notes] dynamics of machinery, [notes] maths, [notes] science, [notes] computer aided design.

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Structuring your assignment

Getting started with academic writing: the time model, information and videos on being targeted, being in-depth and bringing it all together, further reading, using material on this page.

Evidence-based

• Bringing it all together
• Finally ...

• Writing an assignment takes time, more time than you may expect.  Just because you find yourself spending many weeks on an assignment doesn’t mean that you’re approaching it in the wrong way.
• It also takes time to develop the skills to write well, so don’t be discouraged if your early marks aren’t what you’d hoped for.  Use the feedback from your previous assignments to improve.
• Different types of assignments require different styles, so be prepared for the need to continue to develop your skills.

We’ve broken down TIME into 4 key elements of academic writing: Targeted, In-depth, Measured and Evidence-based.

• What is an academic piece of work

Your assignment needs to be targeted .  It should:

• Be focused on the questions and criteria
• Make a decision
• Follow an argument
• How to be targeted
• Academic keywords or clue words

Your assignment needs to be in-depth .  You should consider your questions and criteria thoroughly, thinking about all possible aspects, and including the argument both for and against different viewpoints.

You should:

• Identify topic areas
• Plan your assignment
• Think about your introduction and conclusion
• How to be in-depth
• How to read quickly

An academic writing style is measured. By this, we mean that it’s:

• Emotionally neutral
• Formal – written in the third person and in full sentences
• How to be measured

Your assignment needs to be evidence-based . You should:

• Reference all the ideas in your work
• Paraphrase your evidence
• Apply critical thinking to your evidence
• How to be evidence-based
• How to paraphrase

Once you’ve found all your evidence, and have decided what to say in each section, you need to write it up as paragraphs.  Each paragraph should be on a single topic, making a single point.  A paragraph is usually around a third of a page. 

We find Godwin’s (2014) WEED model very helpful for constructing paragraphs.

W is for What

You should begin your paragraph with the topic or point that you’re making, so that it’s clear to your lecturer.  Everything in the paragraph should fit in with this opening sentence.

E is for Evidence  

The middle of your paragraph should be full of evidence – this is where all your references should be incorporated.  Make sure that your evidence fits in with your topic.

E is for Examples

Sometimes it’s useful to expand on your evidence.  If you’re talking about a case study, the example might be how your point relates to the particular scenario being discussed.

D is for Do

You should conclude your paragraph with the implications of your discussion.  This gives you the opportunity to add your commentary, which is very important in assignments which require you to use critical analysis. 

So, in effect, each paragraph is like a mini-essay, with an introduction, main body and conclusion.

Allow yourself some TIME to proofread your assignment.  You’ll probably want to proofread it several times. 

You should read it through at least once for sense and structure, to see if your paragraphs flow.  Check that your introduction matches the content of your assignment.  You’ll also want to make sure that you’ve been concise in your writing style. 

You’ll then need to read it again to check for grammatical errors, typos and that your references are correct.

It’s best if you can create some distance from your assignment by coming back to it after a few days. It’s also often easier to pick out mistakes if you read your work aloud.

• How to proofread
• Identifying what the assessment criteria is asking you to do (being targeted/generating ideas)
• Planning your argument (b eing in-depth/organising ideas)
• Structuring paragraphs, conclusions and introductions (b ringing it all together)

The resources below are available in different formats to suit your learning style, including: a full visual and printable guide; bite-size printable guides ; bite-size videos; and infographics.

Full guide:

Content includes: using the assessment criteria; planning your argument and structuring paragraphs, introductions and conclusions.

Bite-size videos ( Link to   example WEED paragraph  used in the videos):

Bite-size guide (visual and printable):.

Tips on how to: generate ideas; organise ideas; and structure paragraphs, introductions and conclusions.

• Structuring your assignment PDF
• Structuring your assignment PPT
• Structuring your assignment workshop: exercise text (PDF)
• Structuring your assignment workshop: exercise text (Word)
• Structuring your assignment: planning templates (PDF)
• Structuring your assignment workshop: planning templates (Word)

Online reading list of additional resources and further reading

If you thought this information was useful you may want to look at some of the other Learning Hub guides aimed at helping students with their assessments:

If you have any comments about this skills guide, we would love to know them. 

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License .

• Last Updated: Feb 7, 2024 2:51 PM
• URL: https://libguides.tees.ac.uk/structure

ELT Planning

Tefl tips and ideas from a developing teacher.

Home › General › PGCEi Module 1 assignment guidance

PGCEi Module 1 assignment guidance

By Pete on November 30, 2021 • ( 3 )

My previous post included some tips on how to approach the PGCEi Module 1 (Nottingham) process work. This post moves on to the assignment itself. A reminder that the process work was…

• A   1000-word piece of process work outlining your own educational beliefs and values. 

And the assignment is…

• A 4000-word assignment in which you critique a model of schooling based on those values.

So, 4000 words to play with. I got a Distinction for my assignment so there might be a few suggestions in this post that set you on the right path. However, do read with caution. I am not a tutor and can only share my personal experience, not ‘official guidance’.

Start with an introduction that frames the assignment

I might be stating the obvious, but a) use the intro to signpost essay stages, and b) highlight context and explain important acronyms early if poss.

• In this assignment I will critique BLAH BLAH
• I will begin by framing some of my own beliefs and values related to education
• I will relate these values to practice
• I will then critique my current model of international schooling in relation to my values

My example:

Outline your own educational values

Begin by providing a short statement summarizing your core educational values. I’m sure you’ll find this pretty tricky to write as I’d say it’s hard for any educator to reduce their educational philosophy down to such key details. Still, that the assignment task…

Here’s my example:

Word your statement carefully. Make sure everything you say can be clearly justified and purposeful. Ask yourself questions as you construct this statement:

Why did I say ‘actively want to learn’ instead of just ‘want to learn’?

What is the learning journey beyond and around formal schooling?

Why refer to educators/learners as agents? Am I tapping into the literature/theory somehow there?

Why knowledge, skills and traits? What traits?

Then spend the next few paragraphs attempting to unpack all that.

• Hone in on the wording and try to expand on it.
• Relate your statement to the literature from the course and beyond where possible!
• Critique your own statement too. Concede that not all your beliefs may be evidence-based/backed.

Key reads for this section:

• Bottery’s educational codes
• Gert Biesta’s philosophy of education
• Certain learning theories if they relate to your overarching values (say Montessori for example, or Freire)  

Outline your subject or area-specific values of education

The first section is more about your general educational values. After that, focus more on your values in relation to a more specific context. Examples:

• Outline your educational values in the context of international primary schooling
• Outline your educational values in the context of delivering certain curricula like IB
• Outline your educational values in the context of teaching EFL (I did that)

I found this useful for a few reasons. It helps to highlight conflict and tensions between your overarching values and those within your narrower field of focus. It shows that you recognize how fluid your educational values might be, and it might also help to draw out your TRUE ‘constants’ – those non-negotiable educational values of yours that are present regardless of context.

I took the same approach as the previous section – write a statement of values, then unpack it.

Key reading for this section will vary depending on context

Link your general and specific values to actual real-world teaching

Outlining your educational values is fundamental to the assignment, but they can read as a bit fluffy. I think it’s important to outline how those values might play out in an actual educational setting. For example, I think you could mention the following:

• How might your values shape the ethos of a school ?
• What impact might your values have on a curriculum ?
• How might they shape the school environment ?
• What type of learner / parent / other stakeholders might share your values?

Etc. I guess this section kind of answers the question ‘ What do my values look like ?’

I linked my values to three different area of schooling (above, in bold ). For each one I did this:

Etc. Once you outline your ‘values in action’ (lol), clearly link them back to the core values you mentioned in the previous sections. E.g.

In my statement of values I mentioned that education should result in a desire to learn. I feel that giving learners input into the learning content (see curriculum point 1) will my result in a feeling of ownership and lead to more engagement…

And you can back this up with research if needed.

*PAGE BREAK! I’d say all the above is a quite chunky ‘Part 1’ to the assignment.

On to Part Two…*

Summarise your current context and model of international schooling

• Introduce your school or institution. Pick out key info on their philosophy and approach from their mission statement.
• Talk about their implied ethos or values based on curriculums they follow. For example, you can learn quite a bit about a school just by whether they follow a curriculum like IB
• Frame the identity of your school based on the literature…

Key reading:

Hayden and Thompson (2013). I’ve mentioned it here.

Move on to looking at how the school values are realized in the educational setting – the curriculum, the school environment, etc

• Note, try to be as objective as possible here. For example, if you are looking at the curriculum of the school, look more at the content as it is intended to be delivered according to syllabus documents. Don’t fall into the trap of critiquing everything straight away at it will seem biased. Facts first if possible.
• Give objective evidence (if possible) of constraints and freedoms, such as whether teachers are given autonomy over curriculum content, whether the school environment can be adapted, etc.
• Mention external factors impacting the school such as government legislation (ie. ‘You must include certain curricula content’), stakeholder expectations (e.g. parents!), etc.

Now critique the model of schooling based on your values

Overall values

• Relate the institution values directly to your core values and see how well they align.
• Where there might be conflicts between your values versus those of the school, describe your feelings towards this on balance.

Your values as realized within the actual setting

• Explain how well the school curriculum, environment, and the other more practical/tangible/physical realisations of your institution’s values align with your own beliefs.
• Where they don’t, describe the conflicts and perhaps how they are overcome
• Mention the constraints and freedoms within your current model of schooling, and how they may/may not allow you to shape the model of schooling to better fit with your own values. Refer to external factors now but in practice and in your personal experience.

Share an overview of your findings and perhaps draw out a theme or a take-home point, such as:

• ‘While my own values and those of the school align well in principle, the way teachers are expected to deliver learning is not an accurate realization of these values.’
• ‘My own educational values cannot be truly realized in my current educational context, although I am happy to adapt to the values expected by the school as … meh, they’re alright.’

Refer back to some of the literature as you reflect on the model of schooling. Pick out something else you read on the course that seems to make more sense now.

This critique has helped me to…

Through this assignment I have realized that…

As I said, this is one way to approach things that did work. Feel free to get in touch to chat through your ideas 😊

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Categories: General , teacher development

Tags: assignment , critique , international school , Module 1 , PGCEi , process work , University of Nottingham

I found this one really useful, was a bit stuck on how to get things going with my assignment and this really helped 😀

Thanks for that and happy new year! :3

Like Liked by 1 person

Hi, this was very useful. Thank you!

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Solving Assignment Problem using Linear Programming in Python

Learn how to use Python PuLP to solve Assignment problems using Linear Programming.

In earlier articles, we have seen various applications of Linear programming such as transportation, transshipment problem, Cargo Loading problem, and shift-scheduling problem. Now In this tutorial, we will focus on another model that comes under the class of linear programming model known as the Assignment problem. Its objective function is similar to transportation problems. Here we minimize the objective function time or cost of manufacturing the products by allocating one job to one machine.

If we want to solve the maximization problem assignment problem then we subtract all the elements of the matrix from the highest element in the matrix or multiply the entire matrix by –1 and continue with the procedure. For solving the assignment problem, we use the Assignment technique or Hungarian method, or Flood’s technique.

The transportation problem is a special case of the linear programming model and the assignment problem is a special case of transportation problem, therefore it is also a special case of the linear programming problem.

In this tutorial, we are going to cover the following topics:

Assignment Problem

A problem that requires pairing two sets of items given a set of paired costs or profit in such a way that the total cost of the pairings is minimized or maximized. The assignment problem is a special case of linear programming.

For example, an operation manager needs to assign four jobs to four machines. The project manager needs to assign four projects to four staff members. Similarly, the marketing manager needs to assign the 4 salespersons to 4 territories. The manager’s goal is to minimize the total time or cost.

Problem Formulation

A manager has prepared a table that shows the cost of performing each of four jobs by each of four employees. The manager has stated his goal is to develop a set of job assignments that will minimize the total cost of getting all 4 jobs.  

Initialize LP Model

In this step, we will import all the classes and functions of pulp module and create a Minimization LP problem using LpProblem class.

Define Decision Variable

In this step, we will define the decision variables. In our problem, we have two variable lists: workers and jobs. Let’s create them using  LpVariable.dicts()  class.  LpVariable.dicts()  used with Python’s list comprehension.  LpVariable.dicts()  will take the following four values:

• First, prefix name of what this variable represents.
• Second is the list of all the variables.
• Third is the lower bound on this variable.
• Fourth variable is the upper bound.
• Fourth is essentially the type of data (discrete or continuous). The options for the fourth parameter are  LpContinuous  or  LpInteger .

Let’s first create a list route for the route between warehouse and project site and create the decision variables using LpVariable.dicts() the method.

Define Objective Function

In this step, we will define the minimum objective function by adding it to the LpProblem  object. lpSum(vector)is used here to define multiple linear expressions. It also used list comprehension to add multiple variables.

Define the Constraints

Here, we are adding two types of constraints: Each job can be assigned to only one employee constraint and Each employee can be assigned to only one job. We have added the 2 constraints defined in the problem by adding them to the LpProblem  object.

Solve Model

In this step, we will solve the LP problem by calling solve() method. We can print the final value by using the following for loop.

From the above results, we can infer that Worker-1 will be assigned to Job-1, Worker-2 will be assigned to job-3, Worker-3 will be assigned to Job-2, and Worker-4 will assign with job-4.

In this article, we have learned about Assignment problems, Problem Formulation, and implementation using the python PuLp library. We have solved the Assignment problem using a Linear programming problem in Python. Of course, this is just a simple case study, we can add more constraints to it and make it more complicated. You can also run other case studies on Cargo Loading problems , Staff scheduling problems . In upcoming articles, we will write more on different optimization problems such as transshipment problem, balanced diet problem. You can revise the basics of mathematical concepts in  this article  and learn about Linear Programming  in this article .

• Solving Blending Problem in Python using Gurobi

Transshipment Problem in Python Using PuLP

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Assignment Problem: Linear Programming

The assignment problem is a special type of transportation problem , where the objective is to minimize the cost or time of completing a number of jobs by a number of persons.

In other words, when the problem involves the allocation of n different facilities to n different tasks, it is often termed as an assignment problem.

The model's primary usefulness is for planning. The assignment problem also encompasses an important sub-class of so-called shortest- (or longest-) route models. The assignment model is useful in solving problems such as, assignment of machines to jobs, assignment of salesmen to sales territories, travelling salesman problem, etc.

It may be noted that with n facilities and n jobs, there are n! possible assignments. One way of finding an optimal assignment is to write all the n! possible arrangements, evaluate their total cost, and select the assignment with minimum cost. But, due to heavy computational burden this method is not suitable. This chapter concentrates on an efficient method for solving assignment problems that was developed by a Hungarian mathematician D.Konig.

"A mathematician is a device for turning coffee into theorems." -Paul Erdos

Formulation of an assignment problem

Suppose a company has n persons of different capacities available for performing each different job in the concern, and there are the same number of jobs of different types. One person can be given one and only one job. The objective of this assignment problem is to assign n persons to n jobs, so as to minimize the total assignment cost. The cost matrix for this problem is given below:

The structure of an assignment problem is identical to that of a transportation problem.

To formulate the assignment problem in mathematical programming terms , we define the activity variables as

for i = 1, 2, ..., n and j = 1, 2, ..., n

In the above table, c ij is the cost of performing jth job by ith worker.

Generalized Form of an Assignment Problem

The optimization model is

Minimize c 11 x 11 + c 12 x 12 + ------- + c nn x nn

subject to x i1 + x i2 +..........+ x in = 1          i = 1, 2,......., n x 1j + x 2j +..........+ x nj = 1          j = 1, 2,......., n

x ij = 0 or 1

In Σ Sigma notation

x ij = 0 or 1 for all i and j

An assignment problem can be solved by transportation methods, but due to high degree of degeneracy the usual computational techniques of a transportation problem become very inefficient. Therefore, a special method is available for solving such type of problems in a more efficient way.

Assumptions in Assignment Problem

• Number of jobs is equal to the number of machines or persons.
• Each man or machine is assigned only one job.
• Each man or machine is independently capable of handling any job to be done.
• Assigning criteria is clearly specified (minimizing cost or maximizing profit).

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Goal programming Linear programming Simplex Method Transportation Problem

Quantitative Techniques: Theory and Problems by P. C. Tulsian, Vishal Pandey

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WHAT IS ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM

Assignment Problem is a special type of linear programming problem where the objective is to minimise the cost or time of completing a number of jobs by a number of persons.

The assignment problem in the general form can be stated as follows:

“Given n facilities, n jobs and the effectiveness of each facility for each job, the problem is to assign each facility to one and only one job in such a way that the measure of effectiveness is optimised (Maximised or Minimised).”

Several problems of management has a structure identical with the assignment problem.

Example I A manager has four persons (i.e. facilities) available for four separate jobs (i.e. jobs) and the cost of assigning (i.e. effectiveness) each job to each ...

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Traffic assignment: A survey of mathematical models and techniques

• Civil and Urban Engineering
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Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Chapter

This chapter presents the fundamentals of the theory and techniques of traffic assignment problem. It first presents the steady-state traffic assignment problem formulation which is also called static assignment, followed by Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA), where the traffic demand on the network is time varying. The static assignment problem is shown in a mathematical programming setting for two different objectives to be satisfied. The first one where all users experience same travel times in alternate used routes is called user-equilibrium and another setting called system optimum in which the assignment attempts to minimize the total travel time. The alternate formulation uses variational inequality method which is also presented. Dynamic travel routing problem is also reviewed in the variational inequality setting. DTA problem is shown in discrete and continuous time in terms of lumped parameters as well as in a macroscopic setting, where partial differential equations are used for the link traffic dynamics. A Hamilton–Jacobi- based travel time dynamics model is also presented for the links and routes, which is integrated with the macroscopic traffic dynamics. Simulation-based DTA method is also very briefly reviewed. This chapter is taken from the following Springer publication and is reproduced here, with permission and with minor changes: Pushkin Kachroo, and Neveen Shlayan, “Dynamic traffic assignment: A survey of mathematical models and technique,” Advances in Dynamic Network Modeling in Complex Transportation Systems (Editor: Satish V. Ukkusuri and Kaan Özbay) Springer New York, 2013. 1-25.

Publication series

Asjc scopus subject areas.

• Control and Systems Engineering
• Automotive Engineering
• Aerospace Engineering
• Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

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• 10.1007/978-3-319-69231-9_2

Other files and links

• Link to publication in Scopus
• Link to the citations in Scopus

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• Mathematical models Engineering & Materials Science 100%
• Travel time Engineering & Materials Science 56%
• Time varying networks Engineering & Materials Science 25%
• Mathematical programming Engineering & Materials Science 21%
• User experience Engineering & Materials Science 18%
• Partial differential equations Engineering & Materials Science 18%
• Dynamic models Engineering & Materials Science 14%

T1 - Traffic assignment

T2 - A survey of mathematical models and techniques

AU - Kachroo, Pushkin

AU - Özbay, Kaan M.A.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.

N2 - This chapter presents the fundamentals of the theory and techniques of traffic assignment problem. It first presents the steady-state traffic assignment problem formulation which is also called static assignment, followed by Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA), where the traffic demand on the network is time varying. The static assignment problem is shown in a mathematical programming setting for two different objectives to be satisfied. The first one where all users experience same travel times in alternate used routes is called user-equilibrium and another setting called system optimum in which the assignment attempts to minimize the total travel time. The alternate formulation uses variational inequality method which is also presented. Dynamic travel routing problem is also reviewed in the variational inequality setting. DTA problem is shown in discrete and continuous time in terms of lumped parameters as well as in a macroscopic setting, where partial differential equations are used for the link traffic dynamics. A Hamilton–Jacobi- based travel time dynamics model is also presented for the links and routes, which is integrated with the macroscopic traffic dynamics. Simulation-based DTA method is also very briefly reviewed. This chapter is taken from the following Springer publication and is reproduced here, with permission and with minor changes: Pushkin Kachroo, and Neveen Shlayan, “Dynamic traffic assignment: A survey of mathematical models and technique,” Advances in Dynamic Network Modeling in Complex Transportation Systems (Editor: Satish V. Ukkusuri and Kaan Özbay) Springer New York, 2013. 1-25.

AB - This chapter presents the fundamentals of the theory and techniques of traffic assignment problem. It first presents the steady-state traffic assignment problem formulation which is also called static assignment, followed by Dynamic Traffic Assignment (DTA), where the traffic demand on the network is time varying. The static assignment problem is shown in a mathematical programming setting for two different objectives to be satisfied. The first one where all users experience same travel times in alternate used routes is called user-equilibrium and another setting called system optimum in which the assignment attempts to minimize the total travel time. The alternate formulation uses variational inequality method which is also presented. Dynamic travel routing problem is also reviewed in the variational inequality setting. DTA problem is shown in discrete and continuous time in terms of lumped parameters as well as in a macroscopic setting, where partial differential equations are used for the link traffic dynamics. A Hamilton–Jacobi- based travel time dynamics model is also presented for the links and routes, which is integrated with the macroscopic traffic dynamics. Simulation-based DTA method is also very briefly reviewed. This chapter is taken from the following Springer publication and is reproduced here, with permission and with minor changes: Pushkin Kachroo, and Neveen Shlayan, “Dynamic traffic assignment: A survey of mathematical models and technique,” Advances in Dynamic Network Modeling in Complex Transportation Systems (Editor: Satish V. Ukkusuri and Kaan Özbay) Springer New York, 2013. 1-25.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85047219067&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85047219067&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1007/978-3-319-69231-9_2

DO - 10.1007/978-3-319-69231-9_2

M3 - Chapter

AN - SCOPUS:85047219067

T3 - Advances in Industrial Control

BT - Advances in Industrial Control

PB - Springer International Publishing

IGNOUHelp.in

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IGNOU Assignment Front Page & Cover Page (PDF with Guide)

IGNOU Assignment Cover Page & Front Page Guide – Before writing and preparing your assignments, candidates who belong to any academic program of IGNOU have to read every point of assignments carefully which is given in the section. It is necessary for candidates to follow each point so that their assignments can be approved without any issues and you will get a reward for your hard work on the IGNOU Grade Card .

It is mandatory for IGNOU students to attach the assignment front page before each assignment solution that will help the evaluator to get to know about your program, subject, and other important information of student. Failing to do so may be subject to the cancellation of the submitted assignment or non-updation of status and marks online.

You Can Also Read:

• IGNOU Assignment Last Date June & Dec 2024
• IGNOU Assignment 2024 (June)
• IGNOU Solved Assignment 2024
• IGNOU Assignment Status 2024 (UPDATED)

IGNOU Assignment Front Page & Cover Page

Every student has a query that what are the things they have to write on the IGNOU Assignment Front Page or Cover Page which they have to submit to the concerned study centre of IGNOU. It is compulsory to make the front page of each subject’s assignment so that evaluators can easily understand and know about the details of the submitted assignment.

The front page also makes it easier for evaluators to make the process faster of the evaluation. Candidates have to submit their assignments only to the coordinator of their study centre only or in some cases it can be submitted to the regional centre as well.

How to Make IGNOU Assignment Front Page?

At the time of writing your assignments or after completion of assignments, candidates are confused that what to write on the first page of their IGNOU Assignment so here is a solution to all your queries. We have made a list of all required details and information to be written on the cover page of your assignment solution.  Each and every detail is given in the following list is compulsory to write on the page.

• Programme Full Name
• Course Code
• Course Title
• Assignment Code
• Study Centre
• Session Month & Year
• Mobile Number
• Enrollment Number
• Student Name
• Residence Address

Demo Image for the IGNOU Assignment Front Page

IGNOU Assignment Front Page PDF

If you want to download the readymade print format of the IGNOU Assignment Cover page then you can download the same from the given link. You just need to take a printout using a printer and write all the required information on it before submission of the IGNOU Assignment.

Click To Download IGNOU Assignment Front Page PDF

You have to attach this PDF file while submitting your online assignment to IGNOU and keep in mind that you have to do the same for all your subjects.

IGNOU Assignment Front Page Filled

If you want to know How to Fill IGNOU Assignment Front Page then we have attached a filled IGNOU Assignment Front Page that will help you to fill your front page. Furthermore, it will help you to know how it should should like after filling.

Step by Step Instructions to Prepare IGNOU Assignment

Candidates are requested to read each point carefully to prevent from making mistakes while writing the assignment of IGNOU. We have created the instructions point wise so that you can read and understand them easily.

Point-1: Use only foolscap size paper or A4 size paper to write your assignments. Do not use thin paper.

Point-2: Leave at least one or a few lines after completing your one answer so that the evaluator writes a useful comment on blank areas.

Point-3: We recommend using ruled paper instead of blank paper to write your assignment because it is also advised by the IGNOU Officials .

Point-4: Candidates can use a Black or Blue pen to write their assignments for any TEE session.

Point-5: Candidates are not allowed to use the Red pen or other colour pen.

Point-6: Better handwriting also benefits for best marking in your assignment work.

Point-7: Candidates have to write their assignments with their hand which means only handwritten assignments are accepted by IGNOU.

Point-8: Do not print or type your assignments with the help of a computer which is not allowed.

Point-9: They cannot copy their answer from any units/blocks given by the university. If you copied any answer then you will get zero marks for that copied question.

Point-10: Candidates have to write an assignment solution with their own help, if you copied any assignments from other students then your assignment will be rejected by the centre.

Point-11: Prepare or write each course assignment separately. Do not write all assignments in one set.

Point-12: Write each question before writing an answer so you don’t need to attach a question paper while submitting the assignment.

Point-13: After finishing the work of assignment writing, use a paper file and arrange all your assignments in a proper manner. ( Note: Plastic files will not be accepted by the university in any circumstances).

Point-14: Candidate must be sent their complete assignments to the coordinator of the allotted study centre. You cannot send it to any other IGNOU centre like Regional Centre, Evaluation Division, and Registration for evaluation.

Also Read: How To Submit IGNOU Assignment Online?

Point-15: It is noted that the candidates have to submit their assignment personally so you can’t send it through email, post or courier.

• IGNOU Regional Centre List
• IGNOU Study Centre List

Point-16: Don’t forget to receive the receipt for the submission of the assignment.

Point-17: After submitting your assignments to the coordinator, they send an acknowledgement to the study centre.

Point-18: If you have applied to change your study centre then you have to send your assignments to the original centre until you did not get any confirmation from the University of the study centre change. If you got a notice from the university for a successful change of centre then you can submit it to the new centre.

That’s It.

We hope that the above points will be helpful for those students who are confused or have no idea that what to write on the 1st page and what instructions needed to follow to successfully submit the assignments to IGNOU. We are sure that you got your solution from here after reading this article.

We request to all our candidates that please read and refer to every point given above and send your proper IGNOU Assignment solution so that it easily accepted and approved by the university and you can get a permit to appear in your TEE Examination.

Without writing assignments and submissions, no candidates will be permitted to attend any of the examinations conducted by IGNOU. Even students are not eligible to fill their IGNOU Exam Form of any session if they failed to submit their required assignments to the university before the last date of the submission deadline.

IGNOU Assignment Front Page: FAQs

Q1. Is the IGNOU Assignment Front Page Compulsory? Answer: Yes, It is mandatory for submitting the assignment.

Q2. Are Typed or Printed Assignments Accepted? Answer: Unfortunately, no. Typed or printed assignments are not considered valid.

Q3. Do I Have to Create a Cover Page for Each Assignment? Answer: Yes, it’s mandatory to include a front page for every assignment in every subject.

Q4. Should I Submit Separate Files or Sheets for Each Subject? Answer: Yes, submitting separate files or sheets for each subject simplifies evaluation.

Q5. What Type of Paper or Sheet Should I Use? Answer: Candidates are advised to use A4 size ruled sheets.

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349 thoughts on “IGNOU Assignment Front Page & Cover Page (PDF with Guide)”

cover page black and white will do or not to submit assignment?

Can anyone tell me ,, can I submit my report proposal synopsis in typed form .. or I have to write it by my hand ??reply asap

where are the assignments questions ?

Do we need to use any A4 size single ruled paper mentioned for assignments or the one above shown with the ignou logo on ? if yes where can we get that ?

BSWG I am yet to receive the Assignment paper 121 122 123 from my center At Vidyasagar College for Women IGNOU SSC-2827D at Vidyasagar Smriti Mandir, 36, Vidyasagar Street, Kolkata – 700009 for BSWG. I do not know whether assignment paper released by the IGNOU are valid or not. Moreover I have not found nowhere English in Daily Life, Assignment paper 135. I would feel obliged if I get the proper advise from your end as early as possible as the date of submission is 31/3/2024. Yours, etc Ujani Som Enrolment Number 2351686811 BSWG Bachelor of Social Work RC Code 28:Kolkata

what is word limits in 5 marks questions in assignment?

Anybody here doing BBA july 2023 session, drop your mail or contact, let’s connect.

here anyone doing mec course when is the last date for submission and can we use sketch pens for headlines

here any one doing BBA course for July 2023 session.

can we use sketch pens…for headlines

Hi i have done my assignments on blank paper but is written recommend ruled paper not mandatory ruled paper. Will it not be acceptable.

last date of submission?

I think it will be extended beyond 30th april

Written Both side of A4 size page is acceptable?

Hi, I have registered for PGDCA_NEW for Jan 2023 session. Can I submit my assignments online?

It depend upon your Regional Centre, there’s list published by IGNOU which shows whether you have to submit online or offline for your particular RC

when will the exam of bapch 2023 jaunary session?

At the end of the year, maybe in December. I’m also student of January 2023 session BAHIH

last date of assignments submission for june 2022 admission batch …plzz tell?

I am a PG Diploma student (June 2022 batch). We need to submit assignments only for those papers for which we will give exam in that year. If I submit assignments for 3 papers and give exam only for 2 out of those 3 papers, do I need to resubmit the fresh assignment for the remaining paper next year or will the marks be carried forward?

can use double side rulled sheet

Can I use A4 size paper(unruled) for assignments? And do I have to make my assignments separately for each paper? Please let me know about this matter and the assignments submission last date for June TEE 2023????

June TEE 2023 assignment submission last date 31st March

December tee exam when it will be declared i got updated marks with 1 subject only renaming 3 are left to update it

I have to submit my assignment for 1st semester exam in October and i failed to submit and not attended the exams either whether I am able submit sem1 assignment along with sem2 assignments session.

can i use both side of the page for answer ?

Which kind of file do we need to put the assignment in there for submission? Do we need different files for different assignments? Or we can put it together ?

Different files for Different Assignments

can assignments be submitted by our relatives?

I think yes

I’m pursuing CRUL 2022. I registered in July 2022 for this. So what’s the last date of submitting Assignment date? and When the exam will be conducted?

july 2023 session m June m re-registration kr lia h maine. assignment bnane start kr skti hu ab Mai.. last date submit ki kb h

sir i need pgddm course solved assignment

Hlo sir Hindi medium se admission liye the 2nd year mein hun ab Assignment English mein likh sakte hain🤔

Sir I didn’t get assignments marks of 2 subjects till now. I have complaint regarding my assignments many times to study centre but I haven’t got any response from them. Now what to do if any suggestions are there let me know.

Hi any body who are taken admission in BSLIC can share few information regarding programme.

If I don’t write my basic information like name, enrollment no, address, course code and other on the front page and evolution but type these all, will it be ok or any problem???

sir Namaste! We are kindly request to you please Announce B.A.E.G.H Course June session 1st Year T.E.E Exam in 2020-2021 year ( Exempted papers due to corona panda mic) Results and 2nd year T.E.E. Exam in 2021-2022 June session ( 10 papers) Results as early as possible! Thank you very much to IGNOU Authorities for your support and encouragement of I.G.N.O.U Students.

Please upload ACC01 assignment

hi. i took admission on July 21. i missed 22. if I want to sit 23 July then should I have to re register? if yes then how ? and then which session assignment i have to submit?

Sir when my assignment will take place….I had taken admission in BAG programme in july2022… And how I get notifications about all IGNOU updates on my phone

You need to visit IGNOU Official Website to see all the necessary events. You can follow the official IGNOU account on Instagram and Twitter. Check out student portal, there search for assignments, you’ll find your assignments’ questions.

Complete your assignments and submit online and offline in both modes before 30th November, 2022.

how to submit practical assigment MCA_NEW PROGRAM is it written or not??

Mso ka v practical hota hai kya

Do, we take 1st page/ student information page from computer print orelse we need to Pen them down?

Take print out of the front page and get the Xerox copy according to the number of your assignments. And then fill them up.

we have to download front page online and have to put details in it

In MCA assignment of Professional Skills and Ethics in Q4. it’s said to make a ppt So when do we have to submit the ppt? for july session 22′

Hey Sanjana, I have just joined MCA from IGNOU. Can you just help me with your experience ?

mos first year course title

I’m studying for BCAOL. So how do I send my assignments online?

Hey bro! I’m also pursuing BCAOL from IGNOU. You want to connect?

Can you please let me know how u submitted ur assignment online, do we have any links?

hey kaushal i am also take admission for same stream i want to connect with you

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Technology and Operations Management

Mba student perspectives.

• Assignments
• Assignment: RC TOM Challenge 2017

P&G: End-to-end Supply Chain Model

P&G has established its competitive edge to lead the global supply chain with the concept of end-to-end model. How does the company leverage digital capability to build its supply chain model?

Emerging Digital Business Models

The past 30 years have been a massive change in P&G’s supply chain operations. Without a doubt, digital technology is being one of the biggest drivers of such transformation. According to Supply Chain 4.0 in Consumer Goods, the focus of the supply chain management role has altered to “advanced planning processes” based more on the actual demand from end consumers enabled by digital analytical forecasting and integrating operations planning. [1] Such demand-driven model, in which sensing and responding to demand as quickly as possible, requires manufactures to reconsider its production to shipment network design. In order to meet such demand, P&G integrated data-driven production flow of operations that significantly improved responsiveness as well as transparency. [2] As a result, the digital pieces of the supply chain that used to be discrete individual steps now become more holistic, real-time management of the entire ecosystem. [3]

End-to-end Supply Chain – From Factory to Shelf

P&G has leveraged large-scale application of advanced analytics and digital technology to excel in its ability to manage complicated global supply chain with more than 130 manufacturing sites serving over 180 countries. One of the key drivers is an “end-to-end model” that connected the siloed steps from suppliers to retailers to provide the most value to the end consumers, “with faster-than-ever response times” [2]. The concept of integrating the whole value chain allow every stakeholders of its eco chain to minimize the unnecessary inventory as well as to speed up the system.

Pathways to Just Digital Future

P&G integrates its supply chain software with its suppliers, distributors and retailers with a notion of joint business planning with key stakeholders. [4]. To fully integrate different parts of the chain, understanding that digital automation of workflows that allows high visibility of any movement in each step is a key to enable end-to-end model. Digital automation of workflows empowered by use of algorithm-driven tools to reduce exceptions, enables end-to-end planning, connecting headquarters, manufacturing plants, distributor, and retailers. [2]

One highlight in logistics capability, called “Distributor Connect” connects P&G with distributors. [5] Digitally enabled operational program, it allows all the transportation, from raw materials from suppliers to finished goods to retailers, be accessible in one source of data, on their laptop or mobile, for the supply managers to track the status of the delivery. With enhanced real time visibility of where things move, Distributor Connect significantly reduces inventory across the ecosystem and the ‘deadhead,’ trucks not optimally utilized, by about 15%. [3]

Similarly, not only does P&G support with mobile-phone applications that enable retailers to check the status and order more products, it fully incorporates “GDSN,” Global Data Synchronization Network with the operation with retailers. GDSN enables 100% automated commerce without human intervention. [6] This capability significantly improves the human error between retailers and companies and save cost for all the parties.

Leaping for the next step to enable R&D Lab to Shelf

These ‘end-to-end’ approach, enabled by digital capabilities, allow the company to accelerate the time to deliver its products to the market. However, the implications of rising digitalization trend do not just start from manufacturing. It goes back into product innovation. [8] If we look at different industries, for example apparel industries, digital landscape has pushed each brand to take advantage of latest technology such as AI to realize real-time personalization.   [7]

To truly accelerate the cycle of innovation, the company should consider the following:

• Unlocking insights through Advanced Analytics – If we can quickly identify the insights from the big data, could we capture primary demand for the manufacture without sequential researches to ‘qualify’ the products? AI will enable the company to better understand and interpret individual customers’ preferences. This will allow us to shorten the lead-time to explore different options of formulations. This approach will also significantly reduce finished goods inventory with more precise demand forecast while offering the better value proposition to the end consumers.

Questions to be answered

As we have better clarity of the current practice with digital capability, P&G will continue to face challenges including the following:

• How could the organization fully integrate the product innovation phase into the end-to-end model to meet the individual needs of end customers?
• How could a company continue to leverage economy of scale while meeting the demand from each retailer just in time?
• As digital technology is constantly evolving, how could P&G stay afloat in such transformation?

(word count: 776)

[1] Alicke, K., D. Rexhausen, and A. Seyfert, “Supply Chain 4.0 in consumer goods,”  McKinsey & Company,  April 2017, [https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/supply-chain-4-0-in-consumer-goods], accessed November 2017

[2] Aronow, S., Nilles, K. and Romano, J., “The Gartner Supply Chain Top 25 for 2017”, Gartner Inc., May 25, 2017, [https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3728919], accessed November 2017.

[3] Chui, Michael, “Inside P&G’s digital revolution,” McKinsey Quarterly, November 2011, [https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/inside-p-and-ampgs-digital-revolution], accessed November 2017

[4] Fritzen, Soren., F. Lefort, O. Lovera-Perez, and F,. Spangar, “Digital innovation in consumer-goods manufacturing,” McKinsey & Company Consumer Packaged Goods Article, November 2016, [https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/digital-innovation-in-consumer-goods-manufacturing], accessed November 2017

[5] Trebilcock, Bob, “What Does It Take To Remain A Supply Chain Leader?”, SupplyChain247, January 2015, [http://www.supplychain247.com/article/what_does_it_take_to_remain_a_supply_chain_leader], accessed November 2017

[6] Vadino, Jessica, “Digital Transformation in Retail: How to Take Advantage of Innovation”, E-Apparel, June 23, 2017, [https://apparelmag.com/digital-transformation-retail-how-take-advantage-innovation], accessed November 2017

[7] Boudet, Julien., B Gregg, J Heller, and C, Tufft, “The heartbeat of modern marketing: Data activation and personalization,” McKinsey & Company Marketing & Sales, March 2017, [https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/marketing-and-sales/our-insights/the-heartbeat-of-modern-marketing], accessed November 2017

[8] O’Mahar, Kevin, “CPG: the Post-Replenishment Supply Chain Challenge,” Logistics & Transportation, Nov 30, 2016, [https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinomarah/2016/11/30/cpg-the-post-replenishment-supply-chain-challenge/], accessed November 2017.

Photo credits:

Davenport, Thomas H., “How P&G Presents Data to Decision Makers,” Harvard Business Review, April 2013, [https://hbr.org/2013/04/how-p-and-g-presents-data], accessed November 2017

Fritzen, Soren., F. Lefort, O. Lovera-Perez, and F,. Spangar, “Digital innovation in consumer-goods manufacturing,” McKinsey & Company Consumer Packaged Goods Article, November 2016, [https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/consumer-packaged-goods/our-insights/digital-innovation-in-consumer-goods-manufacturing], accessed November 2017

Student comments on P&G: End-to-end Supply Chain Model

Shoko, I found it very interesting to understand a little better P&G’s supply chain and how they are taking steps to digitize it. I also agree that increasing speed to consumer, visibility and rastreability are key to win in this game. Companies have now the ability to create a digital “twin” of the products they sell and track it throughout its entire supply chain. One question that I have is to what extent is P&G leveraging Internet of Things in their products and whether or not this is even a consideration for them, since some of their products are somewhat commoditized.

Thanks for sharing this CPG example. The idea that P&G can go further in these digitization efforts to eventually cut off parts of the supply chain is intriguing. If this is the case, how and why are their supply chain partners currently collaborating in ongoing digital efforts, if the ultimate result might be to dis-intermediate them? Do you see a future where current supply chain actors remain in a partly digitized world, while P&G pursues a different segment of customers altogether through a P&G-only, truly digital approach? While there likely is enough gross demand to support multiple supply chain types at first, we can imagine that if the direct-to-consumer is superior, the impact of factors such as network effects may favor an winner-take-all shift to that model.

Shoko, thank you for the great insight into P&G’s world renowned supply chain. You addressed many of the aspects I wondered about in my previous career as a Walmart category manager!

The question you brought up about customization in order to meet the individual needs of end customers is particularly salient. The crux of this issue is something we’ve discussed greatly in class recently: network effect and a chicken or the egg situation. Retailers and suppliers both hold an immense amount of rich information, but are often reluctant to share with their partners. Trust needs to be built into these relationships in order to maximize the size of the pie and total potential upside for everyone. Digitization is making this increasingly easier in practice, but time will tell whether the retail and CPG industry titans will be willing to share their “secrets”.

Thank you Shoko for this insightful article about P&G and its supply chain. I think you brought up a very interesting point around ‘Direct to Consumer’ and the possibility that some part of supply chain would be cut out. It is applicable to both how the physical goods get from manufacturing plant to consumer and how the information feedback loop goes back from customer to manufacturers.

I totally agreed with ‘Distributor Connect’ and its benefits to all the parties ‘from factory to shelf’. In addition, we could already see that digitalization has disrupted the industry even further as manufacturers bypassed the ‘shelf’ and went directly to consumers through online platform. Traditional retailers have changed the way they operate as well as their role in the whole supply chain from being the ‘shelf’ to being the ‘logistic guy’ as they moved to online channel. The joint business plan will have to be more rigorous as customers become omni-channel.

One way P&G could do to stay up-to-date with digital transformation is to form strategic partnership with cutting-edge parties in the supply chain. For example, it joined with Amazon to introduce P&G’s brand dash button where consumers have the button at home and place their orders when they are running low on specific consumable products. This is extremely convenient for customers and also gives a real-time order transparency right from the consumers – one step beyond the transparency at retailers.

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Assignment Front Page Format, Design, and PDF File

Today we are sharing the assignment first page format for schools and college students. This format very useful for students for their assignment submission in school, college and university. You can also download this assignment front page design in word file format.

Note: There is a no specific and pre-defined format for assignment cover page. The front page of assignment define by school, college, university, etc. But there is general format for assignment submission which is use globally. You can change or modified this format according to you.

1. Assignment Front Page Format

2. assignment cover page design.

3. Download Assignment Design PDF & Word File

Here you can download the assignment front page format in word download. You can easily download assignment design file and edit it as per your need. You can also find this files in your Microsoft Office. Choose you best assignment front page design and impress your teachers or professors.

Source File & Credit: Microsoft Office

Use Microsoft Word to edit this file. You can easily edit this file in Microsoft Office. Replace the file with your college name, logo, etc.

Assignment is a very crucial part in academic. Your project report front page or assignment first page design play an important role like first impression is last impression. If you impress your processor or teacher then you will score good mark.

See More: General Topics for Presentation

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CIA (UG & PG) Assignments 2024

Cia assignments april 2024, u.g. assignment 2024, p.g. assignment 2024.

• Announcements
• Copilot Studio

Microsoft Copilot Studio: Building copilots with agent capabilities

Omar Aftab , Vice President, Conversational AI , Tuesday, May 21, 2024

At Microsoft Build 2024 , we’re excited to announce a host of new powerful capabilities in   Microsoft Copilot Studio —t he single conversational AI tool you can use to create your very own custom copilots or extend Microsoft C opilot experiences with your own enterprise data and scenarios.

The first of these are c opilots that can now act as independent agents— ones that can be triggered by events— not just conversation— and can automa te and orchestrate complex, long-running business processes with more autonomy and less human intervention.

For instance, consider the potential of a copilot that can react when an email arrives, look up the sender’s details, see their previous communications, and use generative AI to trigger the appropriate chain of actions in their response. From understanding the intent of the email, to look ing up the sender’s details and account , see ing their previous communications, checking inventory,   responding to the sender asking for their preferences, and then taking the appropriate actions to close a ticket — orchestrating and shepherding an entire process over days.  

With such capabilities, copilots are evolving from those that work with you to those that work for you. They can be designed to handle specific roles or functions, such as IT, marketing, sales, customer success, and finance across various industries, including travel, retail, and financial services.  

With these new capabilities, here are some examples of the kinds of copilots our customers can build:  

• IT help desk .  IT support is complex, involving tickets, order numbers, approvals, and stock levels . O pening and closing a ticket can be a long-running task that spans days. A copilot can now handle this process, interfacing with IT service management applications, resolving IT tickets with context and memory, creating purchase orders for device refresh, and reaching out and getting managers approvals — all independently .
• Employee onboarding . Onboarding new employees is often expensive and slow. Now, imagine you’re a new hire. A copilot greets you, reasons over HR data, and answers your questions. It introduces you to your buddy, provides training and deadlines, assists with forms, and sets up your first week of meetings. Throughout all of this, the copilot is in touch, guiding you through the weeks -long onboarding and account set up processes.  
• Personal concierge for sales and service . Balancing exceptional customer experience while meeting ambitious revenue goals can be challenging. When a copilot serves guests, i t can use the memory of previous conversations with guests to remember their preferences, make reservations, handle complaints, and answer questions related to the products and services on offer. The copilot learns from its interactions and proposes new ways of handling customer scenarios. By doing so, copilots can increase upsell and attachment rates, driving revenue for the resort while simultaneously enhancing guest experience, satisfaction rates, and repeat business.

Let’s dig deeper into a few of the underlying capabilities that make all this possible:

• Asynchronous orchestration of complex tasks . The first is the ability to use generative AI- powered   planning and reasoning to manage complex, multi step, long-running tasks. For example, reacting to a new order means determining the need to verify inventory, trigger ing the right payment processes, pinging a supervisor for approval if the amount is above a certain threshold, and replying with a confirmation. Many of these events can take hours—or even days— to complete, but the copilot will run through them , maintaining the necessary state and context to do so.
• Memory and context . One of the frustrating things about support has traditionally been having to repeat information: who you are, what your policy number is, what your address is. There is no continuity of conversation. Copilots will now learn from previous conversations from the users and utilize this knowledge to continually personalize interactions . A copilot may not need to ask you for your laptop model or your address when you call again for the same issue. Conversations will thus become long-running, contextual, and deeply personalized.
• Monitor, learn, and improve . Copilots can now learn and adapt, offering monitoring and teaching capabilities to make their interactions better. Each copilot records a comprehensive history of its activities, providing transparency into its performance, including user interactions, actions taken, and feedback received, and you can see what decisions it made — and correct and teach them — with just a few clicks.

• Delegation with confidence and guardrails . When developing copilots with agent capabilities, establishing clear boundaries is paramount. Copilots operate strictly within the confines of the maker-defined instructions, knowledge, and actions. The data sources linked to the copilot adhere to stringent security measures and controls, managed through the unified admin center of Copilot Studio. This includes data loss prevention, robust authentication protocols, and more.

The se advanced new capabilities in Copilot Studio are currently accessible to customers participating in a limited private preview  where organizations such as Centro de la Familia are excited to explore agent capabilities that support teachers and case workers, allowing them to spend less time on administrative tasks and more time working with children, ultimately leading to better child outcomes . Based on feedback from program participants, we will continue to iterate and refine these capabilities for broader access in a preview planned for later this year .  

Additional innovations with Copilot Studio

There’s a lot more to share at Microsoft Build with Copilot Studio, and we’ll touch on just a few of our new capabilities here. To learn more — just sign up and try it out for yourself here .

It’s easier than ever to create c opilots .  With Copilot Studio, creating and testing copilots is now incredibly simple. You can create your copilot with our brand new conversationally driven experience — simply describe what you want it to do, and what knowledge you want it to have, and Copilot Studio will create your very own c opilot. You can then immediately test it out, add additional capabilities, such as your own actions, APIs, and enterprise knowledge — and then publish it live with a few clicks.

Connect all your enterprise data with Copilot c onnectors .   Customers want copilots connected with data from their own enterprises business systems and apps. Copilot connectors enable anyone to ground their copilot in business and collaboration data. This makes it possible for copilots to use various data sources, including public websites, SharePoint, OneDrive, Microsoft Dataverse tables, Microsoft Fabric OneLake (coming this calendar year), Microsoft Graph, as well as leading third-party apps. You can even create your own custom generative prompts to configure how a copilot handles a response from an API or connector.

Here are a few examples of how Copilot connectors can transform copilot experiences for specific personas or functions:

• Legal and Compliance . Navigate complex legal landscapes with a Copilot extension that queries specific legal datasets, ensuring controlled and compliant responses without overwhelming users with extraneous information.
• HR Helper . Assist employees with accessing essential resources for benefits and PTO policies, and even book time off directly through Copilot.
• Incident Report Coordinator . Workers can locate the right documentation, report incidents, and track them efficiently, all within the context of the chat.

Starting in June 2024, developers can access the preview for Copilot connectors and stay informed on updates here .

Conversational analytics (private preview) : One of the most common asks from customers has been the need for deeper insight into what their copilot is doing, how generative AI is responding, when it was unable to give the right answers and why — and recommendations on what to do to improve it.

Templates : If simply describing your copilot to build it wasn’t easy enough, Copilot Studio will now also include a variety of pre-built copilot samples for departments and industries. Some templates — such as Safe Travels for comprehensive travel support, Organization Navigator for organizational clarity, Kudos Copilot for fostering recognition, Wellness for employee health insights — are available now, with many more releasing in the coming months.

Enhanced security and controls (public preview ) : Administrators can now configure advanced settings beyond the default security measures and controls. With Microsoft Purview , Copilot Studio administrators gain access to more detailed governance tools, including audit logs, inventory capabilities, and sensitivity labels. They will be able to review comprehensive audit logs that cover tenant-wide usage, inventory (with API support), and tenant hygiene (such as data loss prevention violations and inactive copilots), enabling them to effectively monitor business impact. Both creators and end-users will be able to view sensitivity labels when responses are generated using AI-powered answers based on SharePoint documents.

With all the amazing innovations, numerous organizations are using Copilot Studio to build transformative generative AI-powered solutions. Check out this story from Nsure on how they are using Copilot Studio:

Get started today with Copilot Studio

This is just a glimpse of all the exciting innovation around copilots and Copilot Studio — we have a host of exciting new capabilities to share in our sessions at Build. So, join us in watching the sessions below, and try out Copilot Studio yourself and build and share your very own copilot in minutes.

Watch the sessions at Microsoft Build:

• “ Microsoft Build opening keynote ”
• “ Next generation AI for developers with the Microsoft Cloud ”
• “ Shaping next-gen development: the future of Copilot in Power Platform ”

Deeper dives:

• Breakout: “ What’s new with Microsoft Copilot Studio ”
• Breakout with demos: “ Build your own copilot with Microsoft Copilot Studio ”
• Breakout with demos: “ Build Microsoft Copilot extensions with Copilot Studio ”
• Demo (live only): “ Build your own Copilot extension with Microsoft Copilot Studio ”