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16.2 Math symbols
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that anyone uses. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the pi symbol π. See the “Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List” package at https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive .
Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means exhaustive. Each symbol is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class, which determines the spacing around it, is given in parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can be used only in math mode. To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode, see \ensuremath .
∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: \parallel .
ℵ Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
α Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
⨿ Disjoint union (binary)
∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than sign < and angle bracket \langle .
≈ Almost equal to (relation).
∗ Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed (binary). Synonym: * , which is often a superscript or subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: \star , which is five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
≍ Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus \setminus , and \textbackslash for backslash outside of math mode.
β Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
⋂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar: binary intersection \cap .
⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function composition \circ .
⋃ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary union \cup .
⨀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
⨁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
⨂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down (binary). Synonym: \varbigtriangledown .
△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (binary). Synonym: \varbigtriangleup .
⨆ Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
⨄ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus (operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
⋁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
⋀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
⊥, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also \top .
⋈ Natural join of two relations (relation).
□ Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
• Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication dot \cdot .
∩ Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcap .
⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot \bullet .
χ Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
∘ Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcirc .
♣ Club card suit (ordinary).
∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in $S^\complement$ (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package. Also used: $S^{\mathsf{c}}$ or $\bar{S}$ .
≅ Congruent (relation).
∐ Coproduct (operator).
∪ Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcup .
† Dagger relation (binary).
⊣ Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar: turnstile \vdash .
‡ Double dagger relation (binary).
Δ Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
δ Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large diamond \Diamond , circle bullet \bullet .
♢ Diamond card suit (ordinary).
÷ Division sign (binary).
≐ Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal to \Doteq .
↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: \Downarrow double line down arrow.
⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: \downarrow single line down arrow.
ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is \varnothing .
ϵ Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small letter epsilon \varepsilon ε. Related: the set membership relation \in ∈.
≡ Equivalence (relation).
η Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
∃ Existential quantifier (ordinary).
♭ Musical flat (ordinary).
∀ Universal quantifier (ordinary).
⌢ Downward curving arc (ordinary).
Γ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
γ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \geq .
≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \ge .
← Is assigned the value (relation). Synonym: \leftarrow .
≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less than \ll .
ℏ Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
♡ Heart card suit (ordinary).
↩ Hooked left arrow (relation).
↪ Hooked right arrow (relation).
⟷ If and only if (relation). It is \Longleftrightarrow with a \thickmuskip on either side.
ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part \Re .
Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see Math accents ).
∈ Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate epsilon \epsilon ϵ and small letter script epsilon \varepsilon .
∞ Infinity (ordinary).
∫ Integral (operator).
ι Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
⨝ Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain TeX.
Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see Math accents ).
κ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
Λ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
λ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: \wedge . See also logical or \lor .
⟨ Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar: less-than < . Matches \rangle .
{ Left curly brace (opening). Synonym: \{ . Matches \rbrace .
[ Left square bracket (opening). Synonym: [ . Matches \rbrack .
⌈ Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom shaved off (opening). Matches \rceil .
≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \leq .
⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation). To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put \newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}} in the preamble and then use \Leadsto instead.
⇐ Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar: single-line left arrow \leftarrow .
← Single-line left arrow (relation). Synonym: \gets . Similar: double-line left arrow \Leftarrow .
↽ Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
↼ Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
⇔ Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: single-line double headed arrow \leftrightarrow .
↔ Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: double-line double headed arrow \Leftrightarrow .
≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \le .
⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: \floor .
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should load amssymb and use \vartriangleleft (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater than \gg .
¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: \neg .
⟵ Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line left arrow \Longleftarrow .
⟷ Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line double-headed arrow \Longleftrightarrow .
⟼ Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). Similar: shorter version \mapsto .
⟶ Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line right arrow \Longrightarrow .
∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: \vee . See also logical and \land .
↦ Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). Similar: longer version \longmapsto .
℧ Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of \mid is for a set \{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\} .
Similar: \vert and | produce the same single-line vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry for \vert and for norm see the entry for \Vert .
⊨ Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash (relation). Similar: long double dash \vDash .
∓ Minus or plus (relation).
μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary).
≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: \neq .
↗ North-east arrow (relation).
¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: \lnot . Sometimes instead used for negation: \sim .
≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: \ne .
∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). Synonym: \owns . Similar: is a member of \in .
Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator (relation).
Many negated operators are available that don’t require \not , particularly with the amssymb package. For example, \notin is typographically preferable to \not\in .
∉ Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset of \nsubseteq .
ν Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
↖ North-west arrow (relation).
⊙ Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigodot .
∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
Ω uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ω Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
⊖ Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
⊕ Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigoplus .
⊘ Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
⊗ Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigotimes .
∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). Synonym: \ni . Similar: is a member of \in .
∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: \| .
∂ Partial differential (ordinary).
⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: \bot uses the same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class ordinary.
Φ Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ϕ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varphi φ.
Π uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
π Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varpi ϖ.
± Plus or minus (binary).
≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than < .
⪯ Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or equals \leq .
′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically used as a superscript: $f^\prime$ ; $f^\prime$ and $f'$ produce the same result. An advantage of the second is that $f'''$ produces the desired symbol, that is, the same result as $f^{\prime\prime\prime}$ , but uses rather less typing. You can only use \prime in math mode. Using the right single quote ' in text mode produces a different character (apostrophe).
∏ Product (operator).
∝ Is proportional to (relation)
Ψ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ψ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater than > . Matches: \langle .
} Right curly brace (closing). Synonym: \} . Matches \lbrace .
] Right square bracket (closing). Synonym: ] . Matches \lbrack .
⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches \lceil .
ℜ Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related: double-line, or blackboard bold, R \mathbb{R} ; to access this, load the amsfonts package.
↾, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym: \upharpoonright . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: \varnothing . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the stix package.
⌋ Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut off (closing). Matches \lfloor .
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load amssymb and use \vartriangleright (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
ρ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varrho ϱ.
⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar: right single-line arrow \rightarrow .
→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: \to . Similar: right double line arrow \Rightarrow .
⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
↘ Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash, like \ (binary). Similar: backslash \backslash and also \textbackslash outside of math mode.
♯ Musical sharp (ordinary).
Σ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
σ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varsigma ς.
∼ Similar, in a relation (relation).
≃ Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
∫ Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a display (operator).
⌣ Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
♠ Spade card suit (ordinary).
⊓ Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar: intersection cap .
⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar: union cup . Related: variable-sized operator \bigsqcup .
⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset \subset . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⊑ Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or equal to \subseteq .
⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: superset \supset . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or equal \supseteq .
⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the synonyms asterisk * and \ast , which are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene star.
⊂ Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
⊆ Subset or equal to (relation).
≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less than > .
⪰ Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less than or equal to \leq .
∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital sigma \Sigma .
⊃ Superset (relation).
⊇ Superset or equal to (relation).
√ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command \sqrt{...} typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar that extends to cover the argument.
↙ Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
τ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
θ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \vartheta ϑ.
× Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See also \cdot .
→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: \rightarrow .
⊤ Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set (ordinary). See also \bot .
△ Triangle (ordinary).
◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left (binary). Similar: \lhd . For the normal subgroup symbol you should load amssymb and use \vartriangleleft (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load amssymb and use \vartriangleright (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
⊴ Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol load amssymb and use \vartrianglelefteq (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
⊵ Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol load amssymb and use \vartrianglerighteq (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing arrow \uparrow .
↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing arrow \Uparrow .
⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow \updownarrow .
↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow \Updownarrow .
↾, Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation). Synonym: \restriction . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle (binary). Similar: union \cup . Related: variable-sized operator \biguplus .
Υ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
υ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ε Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form \epsilon ϵ. Related: set membership \in .
∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: \emptyset . Related: \revemptyset . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
φ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \phi ϕ.
ϖ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \pi π.
ϱ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \rho ρ.
ς Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \sigma σ.
ϑ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \theta θ.
⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a half-circle \dashv .
∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical and \wedge . Similar: variable-sized operator \bigvee .
‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). See Delimiters , for how to use the mathtools package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols.
| Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such that”, as in the definition of a set, use \mid because it is a relation. See Delimiters , for how to use the mathtools package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: \land . See also logical or \vee . Similar: variable-sized operator \bigwedge .
℘ Weierstrass p (ordinary).
≀ Wreath product (binary).
Ξ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ξ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX provides versions to use in mathematical text.
Dollar sign in math mode: $.
Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶.
Section sign in math mode: §.
Sterling sign in math mode: £.
Underscore in math mode: _.
- \boldmath & \unboldmath
- Blackboard bold
- Calligraphic
- Dots, horizontal or vertical
- Greek letters
Taming the Symbols: Essential Tips and Tricks for Flawless LaTeX Math
- Inline vs. Displayed Math: You can insert math either inline within text using $...$ or \(...\) , or on a separate line for complex equations with \[...\] or \begin{align*}... \end{align*} .
- Symbols and Commands: Each symbol has a specific LaTeX command. For example, \alpha for lowercase alpha, \infty for infinity, or \int for integral.
- Formatting: You can style symbols with superscripts, subscripts, accents, etc., using dedicated commands like ^{...} , _{...} , or \hat{...} .
- Packages: For specialized symbol sets or advanced math features, you can load additional packages like amsmath , amssymb , or amstext .
Here's an example of a simple equation with formatting:
This will render as:
The derivative of xn is n⋅xn−1.
- Syntax: LaTeX commands are case-sensitive and have specific syntax. Double-check for typos and correct usage.
- Package Conflicts: Be mindful of potential conflicts when using multiple packages with overlapping functionalities.
- Complexity: For very complex equations, consider using specialized editors or environments like Overleaf.
Common errors include:
- Missing Commands: Using an undefined command will result in an error. Check symbol names and package requirements.
- Mismatched Delimiters: Ensure opening and closing brackets or parentheses match correctly.
- Syntax Errors: Typos or incorrect syntax in commands will cause compilation errors.
This is just a brief overview. Exploring resources like:
will equip you with advanced symbol usage, packages, and best practices for mastering LaTeX math typesetting.
I hope this clarifies the basics of LaTeX and math symbols! Feel free to ask if you have specific questions about particular symbols or functionalities.
LaTeX provides almost any mathematical or technical symbol that anyone uses. For example, if you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the pi symbol π. See the “Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List” package at https://ctan.org/pkg/comprehensive .
Here is a list of commonly-used symbols. It is by no means exhaustive. Each symbol is described with a short phrase, and its symbol class, which determines the spacing around it, is given in parenthesis. Unless said otherwise, the commands for these symbols can be used only in math mode. To redefine a command so that it can be used whatever the current mode, see \ensuremath .
∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: \parallel .
ℵ Aleph, transfinite cardinal (ordinary).
α Lowercase Greek letter alpha (ordinary).
⨿ Disjoint union (binary)
∠ Geometric angle (ordinary). Similar: less-than sign < and angle bracket \langle .
≈ Almost equal to (relation).
∗ Asterisk operator, convolution, six-pointed (binary). Synonym: * , which is often a superscript or subscript, as in the Kleene star. Similar: \star , which is five-pointed, and is sometimes used as a general binary operation, and sometimes reserved for cross-correlation.
≍ Asymptotically equivalent (relation).
\ Backslash (ordinary). Similar: set minus \setminus , and \textbackslash for backslash outside of math mode.
β Lowercase Greek letter beta (ordinary).
⋂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, intersection (operator). Similar: binary intersection \cap .
⚪ Circle, larger (binary). Similar: function composition \circ .
⋃ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union (operator). Similar: binary union \cup .
⨀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled dot operator (operator).
⨁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled plus operator (operator).
⨂ Variable-sized, or n-ary, circled times operator (operator).
▽ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing down (operator).
△ Variable-sized, or n-ary, open triangle pointing up (operator).
⨆ Variable-sized, or n-ary, square union (operator).
⨄ Variable-sized, or n-ary, union operator with a plus (operator). (Note that the name has only one p.)
⋁ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-or (operator).
⋀ Variable-sized, or n-ary, logical-and (operator).
⊥, Up tack, bottom, least element of a partially ordered set, or a contradiction (ordinary). See also \top .
⋈ Natural join of two relations (relation).
□ Modal operator for necessity; square open box (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
• Bullet (binary). Similar: multiplication dot \cdot .
∩ Intersection of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcap .
⋅ Multiplication (binary). Similar: Bullet dot \bullet .
χ Lowercase Greek chi (ordinary).
∘ Function composition, ring operator (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcirc .
♣ Club card suit (ordinary).
∁, Set complement, used as a superscript as in $S^\complement$ (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package. Also used: $S^{\mathsf{c}}$ or $\bar{S}$ .
≅ Congruent (relation).
∐ Coproduct (operator).
∪ Union of two sets (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigcup .
† Dagger relation (binary).
⊣ Dash with vertical, reversed turnstile (relation). Similar: turnstile \vdash .
‡ Double dagger relation (binary).
Δ Greek uppercase delta, used for increment (ordinary).
δ Greek lowercase delta (ordinary).
◇ Large diamond operator (ordinary). Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⋄ Diamond operator (binary). Similar: large diamond \Diamond , circle bullet \bullet .
♢ Diamond card suit (ordinary).
÷ Division sign (binary).
≐ Approaches the limit (relation). Similar: geometrically equal to \Doteq .
↓ Down arrow, converges (relation). Similar: \Downarrow double line down arrow.
⇓ Double line down arrow (relation). Similar: \downarrow single line down arrow.
ℓ Lowercase cursive letter l (ordinary).
∅ Empty set symbol (ordinary). The variant form is \varnothing .
ϵ Lowercase lunate epsilon (ordinary). Similar to Greek text letter. More widely used in mathematics is the script small letter epsilon \varepsilon ε. Related: the set membership relation \in ∈.
≡ Equivalence (relation).
η Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
∃ Existential quantifier (ordinary).
♭ Musical flat (ordinary).
∀ Universal quantifier (ordinary).
⌢ Downward curving arc (ordinary).
Γ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
γ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \geq .
≥ Greater than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \ge .
← Is assigned the value (relation). Synonym: \leftarrow .
≫ Much greater than (relation). Similar: much less than \ll .
ℏ Planck constant over two pi (ordinary).
♡ Heart card suit (ordinary).
↩ Hooked left arrow (relation).
↪ Hooked right arrow (relation).
⟷ If and only if (relation). It is \Longleftrightarrow with a \thickmuskip on either side.
ℑ Imaginary part (ordinary). See: real part \Re .
Dotless i; used when you are putting an accent on an i (see Math accents ).
∈ Set element (relation). See also: lowercase lunate epsilon \epsilon ϵ and small letter script epsilon \varepsilon .
∞ Infinity (ordinary).
∫ Integral (operator).
ι Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
⨝ Condensed bowtie symbol (relation). Not available in Plain TeX.
Dotless j; used when you are putting an accent on a j (see Math accents ).
κ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
Λ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
λ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: \wedge . See also logical or \lor .
⟨ Left angle, or sequence, bracket (opening). Similar: less-than < . Matches \rangle .
{ Left curly brace (opening). Synonym: \{ . Matches \rbrace .
[ Left square bracket (opening). Synonym: [ . Matches \rbrack .
⌈ Left ceiling bracket, like a square bracket but with the bottom shaved off (opening). Matches \rceil .
≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \leq .
⇝ Squiggly right arrow (relation). To get this symbol outside of math mode you can put \newcommand*{\Leadsto}{\ensuremath{\leadsto}} in the preamble and then use \Leadsto instead.
⇐ Is implied by, double-line left arrow (relation). Similar: single-line left arrow \leftarrow .
← Single-line left arrow (relation). Synonym: \gets . Similar: double-line left arrow \Leftarrow .
↽ Single-line left harpoon, barb under bar (relation).
↼ Single-line left harpoon, barb over bar (relation).
⇔ Bi-implication; double-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: single-line double headed arrow \leftrightarrow .
↔ Single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: double-line double headed arrow \Leftrightarrow .
≤ Less than or equal to (relation). This is a synonym for \le .
⌊ Left floor bracket (opening). Matches: \floor .
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing left (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should load amssymb and use \vartriangleleft (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
≪ Much less than (relation). Similar: much greater than \gg .
¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: \neg .
⟵ Long single-line left arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line left arrow \Longleftarrow .
⟷ Long single-line double-headed arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line double-headed arrow \Longleftrightarrow .
⟼ Long single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). Similar: shorter version \mapsto .
⟶ Long single-line right arrow (relation). Similar: long double-line right arrow \Longrightarrow .
∨ Logical or (binary). Synonym: \vee . See also logical and \land .
↦ Single-line left arrow starting with vertical bar (relation). Similar: longer version \longmapsto .
℧ Conductance, half-circle rotated capital omega (ordinary).
∣ Single-line vertical bar (relation). A typical use of \mid is for a set \{\, x \mid x\geq 5 \,\} .
Similar: \vert and | produce the same single-line vertical bar symbol but without any spacing (they fall in class ordinary) and you should not use them as relations but instead only as ordinals, i.e., footnote symbols. For absolute value, see the entry for \vert and for norm see the entry for \Vert .
⊨ Entails, or satisfies; double turnstile, short double dash (relation). Similar: long double dash \vDash .
∓ Minus or plus (relation).
μ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
∇ Hamilton’s del, or differential, operator (ordinary).
♮ Musical natural notation (ordinary).
≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: \neq .
↗ North-east arrow (relation).
¬ Logical negation (ordinary). Synonym: \lnot . Sometimes instead used for negation: \sim .
≠ Not equal (relation). Synonym: \ne .
∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). Synonym: \owns . Similar: is a member of \in .
Long solidus, or slash, used to overstrike a following operator (relation).
Many negated operators are available that don’t require \not , particularly with the amssymb package. For example, \notin is typographically preferable to \not\in .
∉ Not an element of (relation). Similar: not subset of \nsubseteq .
ν Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
↖ North-west arrow (relation).
⊙ Dot inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigodot .
∮ Contour integral, integral with circle in the middle (operator).
Ω uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ω Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
⊖ Minus sign, or dash, inside a circle (binary).
⊕ Plus sign inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigoplus .
⊘ Solidus, or slash, inside a circle (binary).
⊗ Times sign, or cross, inside a circle (binary). Similar: variable-sized operator \bigotimes .
∋ Reflected membership epsilon; has the member (relation). Synonym: \ni . Similar: is a member of \in .
∥ Parallel (relation). Synonym: \| .
∂ Partial differential (ordinary).
⟂ Perpendicular (relation). Similar: \bot uses the same glyph but the spacing is different because it is in the class ordinary.
Φ Uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ϕ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varphi φ.
Π uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
π Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varpi ϖ.
± Plus or minus (binary).
≺ Precedes (relation). Similar: less than < .
⪯ Precedes or equals (relation). Similar: less than or equals \leq .
′ Prime, or minute in a time expression (ordinary). Typically used as a superscript: $f^\prime$ ; $f^\prime$ and $f'$ produce the same result. An advantage of the second is that $f'''$ produces the desired symbol, that is, the same result as $f^{\prime\prime\prime}$ , but uses rather less typing. You can only use \prime in math mode. Using the right single quote ' in text mode produces a different character (apostrophe).
∏ Product (operator).
∝ Is proportional to (relation)
Ψ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ψ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
⟩ Right angle, or sequence, bracket (closing). Similar: greater than > . Matches: \langle .
} Right curly brace (closing). Synonym: \} . Matches \lbrace .
] Right square bracket (closing). Synonym: ] . Matches \lbrack .
⌉ Right ceiling bracket (closing). Matches \lceil .
ℜ Real part, real numbers, cursive capital R (ordinary). Related: double-line, or blackboard bold, R \mathbb{R} ; to access this, load the amsfonts package.
↾, Restriction of a function (relation). Synonym: \upharpoonright . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⦰, Reversed empty set symbol (ordinary). Related: \varnothing . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the stix package.
⌋ Right floor bracket, a right square bracket with the top cut off (closing). Matches \lfloor .
◁ Arrowhead, that is, triangle, pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load amssymb and use \vartriangleright (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
ρ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varrho ϱ.
⇒ Implies, right-pointing double line arrow (relation). Similar: right single-line arrow \rightarrow .
→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: \to . Similar: right double line arrow \Rightarrow .
⇁ Right-pointing harpoon with barb below the line (relation).
⇀ Right-pointing harpoon with barb above the line (relation).
⇌ Right harpoon up above left harpoon down (relation).
↘ Arrow pointing southeast (relation).
⧵ Set difference, reverse solidus or reverse slash, like \ (binary). Similar: backslash \backslash and also \textbackslash outside of math mode.
♯ Musical sharp (ordinary).
Σ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
σ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \varsigma ς.
∼ Similar, in a relation (relation).
≃ Similar or equal to, in a relation (relation).
∫ Integral sign that does not change to a larger size in a display (operator).
⌣ Upward curving arc, smile (ordinary).
♠ Spade card suit (ordinary).
⊓ Square intersection symbol (binary). Similar: intersection cap .
⊔ Square union symbol (binary). Similar: union cup . Related: variable-sized operator \bigsqcup .
⊏, Square subset symbol (relation). Similar: subset \subset . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⊑ Square subset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: subset or equal to \subseteq .
⊐, Square superset symbol (relation). Similar: superset \supset . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⊒ Square superset or equal symbol (binary). Similar: superset or equal \supseteq .
⋆ Five-pointed star, sometimes used as a general binary operation but sometimes reserved for cross-correlation (binary). Similar: the synonyms asterisk * and \ast , which are six-pointed, and more often appear as a superscript or subscript, as with the Kleene star.
⊂ Subset (occasionally, is implied by) (relation).
⊆ Subset or equal to (relation).
≻ Comes after, succeeds (relation). Similar: is less than > .
⪰ Succeeds or is equal to (relation). Similar: less than or equal to \leq .
∑ Summation (operator). Similar: Greek capital sigma \Sigma .
⊃ Superset (relation).
⊇ Superset or equal to (relation).
√ Radical symbol (ordinary). The LaTeX command \sqrt{...} typesets the square root of the argument, with a bar that extends to cover the argument.
↙ Southwest-pointing arrow (relation).
τ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
θ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The variant form is \vartheta ϑ.
× Primary school multiplication sign (binary). See also \cdot .
→ Right-pointing single line arrow (relation). Synonym: \rightarrow .
⊤ Top, greatest element of a partially ordered set (ordinary). See also \bot .
△ Triangle (ordinary).
◁ Not-filled triangle pointing left (binary). Similar: \lhd . For the normal subgroup symbol you should load amssymb and use \vartriangleleft (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
▷ Not-filled triangle pointing right (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol you should instead load amssymb and use \vartriangleright (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
⊴ Left-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol load amssymb and use \vartrianglelefteq (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
⊵ Right-pointing not-filled underlined arrowhead, that is, triangle, with a line under (binary). For the normal subgroup symbol load amssymb and use \vartrianglerighteq (which is a relation and so gives better spacing).
⇑ Double-line upward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line up-pointing arrow \uparrow .
↑ Single-line upward-pointing arrow, diverges (relation). Similar: double-line up-pointing arrow \Uparrow .
⇕ Double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow \updownarrow .
↕ Single-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow (relation). Similar: double-line upward-and-downward-pointing arrow \Updownarrow .
↾, Up harpoon, with barb on right side (relation). Synonym: \restriction . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
⊎ Multiset union, a union symbol with a plus symbol in the middle (binary). Similar: union \cup . Related: variable-sized operator \biguplus .
Υ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
υ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ε Small letter script epsilon (ordinary). This is more widely used in mathematics than the non-variant lunate epsilon form \epsilon ϵ. Related: set membership \in .
∅, Empty set symbol. Similar: \emptyset . Related: \revemptyset . Not available in plain TeX. In LaTeX you need to load the amssymb package.
φ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \phi ϕ.
ϖ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \pi π.
ϱ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \rho ρ.
ς Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \sigma σ.
ϑ Variant on the lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The non-variant form is \theta θ.
⊢ Provable; turnstile, vertical and a dash (relation). Similar: turnstile rotated a half-circle \dashv .
∨ Logical or; a downwards v shape (binary). Related: logical and \wedge . Similar: variable-sized operator \bigvee .
‖ Vertical double bar (ordinary). See Delimiters , for how to use the mathtools package to create flexibly-sized norm symbols.
| Single line vertical bar (ordinary). For “such that”, as in the definition of a set, use \mid because it is a relation. See Delimiters , for how to use the mathtools package to create flexibly-sized absolute-value symbols.
∧ Logical and (binary). Synonym: \land . See also logical or \vee . Similar: variable-sized operator \bigwedge .
℘ Weierstrass p (ordinary).
≀ Wreath product (binary).
Ξ uppercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ξ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary).
The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX provides versions to use in mathematical text.
Dollar sign in math mode: $.
Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶.
Section sign in math mode §.
Sterling sign in math mode: £.
Underscore in math mode: _.
- \boldmath & \unboldmath
- Blackboard bold
- Calligraphic
- Dots, horizontal or vertical
- Greek letters
© 2007–2018 Karl Berry Public Domain Software http://latexref.xyz/Math-symbols.html
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Defining operators.
As we know, LaTeX has many commands to typeset operators , which are traditionally typeset using upright font—for example, sin, log etc. Obviously, the catalog of LaTeX’s operators is far from complete, especially because new ones are being constantly introduced. The question arises: what to do when we need a custom operator?
Probably one of the most often mistakes is to write something like
or, even worse,
So what is the “right” way? As usually, there is more than one; but the simplest and cleanest one is to use the amsmath package:
(this is not necessary if you use one of the amsart, amsbook or amsrep classes) and then say
But there is one caveat. Some time ago I saw in my friend’s file the following code:
The result is disastrous: the space vanishes again! The explanation lies in the fact that TeX’s math mode treats everything in curly braces as an ordinary symbol, and we need an operator and not an ordinary symbol. The right way would be to define
—i.e., this would be the right way if there were no special command for that in the amsmath package. If you use some operator more often, it’s best to define it using the following construct:
where the first argument is the command and the second one the name to be typeset.
Again, there is a bit more to say. Assume that you want to have an operator like lim, which takes “limits” (in TeX’s terminology, this means that the sub- or superscript is to be placed below or above when in “displayed” mode). Then, you should use the starred version of \DeclareMathOperator:
(This article is a rough translation of a Polish version, published on the author’s web site in 2008.)
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This site is supported by donations to The OEIS Foundation .
List of LaTeX mathematical symbols
All the predefined mathematical symbols from the T e X package are listed below. More symbols are available from extra packages.
- 1 Greek letters
- 2 Unary operators
- 3 Relation operators
- 4 Binary operators
- 5 Negated binary relations
- 6 Set and/or logic notation
- 8 Delimiters
- 10 Other symbols
- 11 Trigonometric functions
- 13 External links
Greek letters
Unary operators, relation operators, binary operators, negated binary relations, set and/or logic notation, other symbols, trigonometric functions.
Sections remaining to be done : Table 3 onwards from symbols.pdf (To do) [1]
External links
- Scott Pakin, The Comprehensive L a T e X Symbol List , 2017. (Lists thousands of symbols and the corresponding L a T e X commands that produce them.)
- Comprehensive T e X Archive Network
- http://ctan.cms.math.ca/tex-archive/info/symbols/comprehensive/SYMLIST
- Mathematical symbols
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Table of Contents
Greek letters, superscripts / subscripts, charges & isotopes, reaction arrows, precipitate and gas.
- Assignment Workflow
Writing Formulas and Equations (LaTeX)
LaTeX can be used for math symbols in rubric items, comments, text annotations, answer group names, online assignment questions and responses, and regrade requests and responses. We do not support the single dollar $ [LaTeX syntax] $ delimiter format because the single dollar sign used for currency is often misinterpreted as LaTeX and vice versa. We do support the following:
- Inline mode - Put $$ around your LaTeX markup, and Gradescope will render your math expressions inline with text.
- Display (Paragraph) mode - Put $$$ delimiters around your LaTeX markup. Your math expressions will appear larger and in a separate paragraph.
Note that, for the student-specific comment box, LaTeX does not currently render on the grading page. However, your students will be able to see the properly rendered notation when they view the comment. To double check that your LaTeX comment was rendered correctly, you can go to the Review Grades page and click on the student’s name to see their view of the submission.
Math Notation
Superscripts can be created using the caret symbol ^ . Subscripts are created using the underscore symbol _ . To be more explicit about what characters are in an exponent or subscript you can wrap them with curly brackets { } .
Operators that use subscripts or superscripts
Also checkout our markdown tables for an alternative way of displaying tabular data.
Chemical Formulae
Instructors who want to use chemistry equations can make use of the \ce command (from the mhchem package ). This extension makes the notation more succinct. For example, you don’t need to use as many explicit exponents and subscripts.
If you find your equations not looking quite right you can always be more explicit by adding in specific indicators for sub/superscripts ( ^ / _ ) and specifying the sub/superscript arguments by using curly brackets ( { } ). You can see $$\ce{H2O}$$ renders fine in all the versions however $$\ce{ SO^{2-}_{4} }$$ needs more specificity to handle the negative charge:
To place text above or below the arrow, each arrow can take two optional arguments.
Depending on the context \ce{-} can be either a bond, a charge, or a hypen. You can use the bond command \bond followed by a number or a symbol to be more explicit.
Vertical arrows can be a bit tricky because you need a space between your characters and the arrow symbol for the arrows to render.
Have more questions about using $$\LaTeX$$ on Gradescope? Contact Us!
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COMMENTS
Just put this code into your preamble. Then you can use := as usual, and you'll get horizontal symmetry. Much easier to use than \coloneqq, in my opinion. Per @Will Robertson's comment, there is also a feature of mathtools to change the vertical alignment of all colons in math mode. \mathtoolsset{centercolon}
1 Introduction Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List!This document strives to be your primary source of LATEX symbol information: font samples, LATEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats—everything needed to put thousands of different symbols at your disposal.
The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX provides versions to use in mathematical text. \mathdollar ¶. Dollar sign in math mode: $. \mathparagraph ¶. Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶. \mathsection ¶. Section sign in math mode: §. \mathsterling ¶. Sterling sign in math mode: £.
This operator changes when used alongside. text \( \lim_{h \to 0} (x-h) \) . \end{ document } Open this example in Overleaf. This example produces the following output: The package amsmath is needed for the macro \to; without this package, \rightarrow has to be used. Notice how the limit declaration can include a subscript.
The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin <[email protected]> 9 November 2009 Abstract This document lists 5913 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX2"system; others require fonts and packages that
ζ Lowercase Greek letter (ordinary). The following symbols are most often used in plain text but LaTeX provides versions to use in mathematical text. \mathdollar ¶. Dollar sign in math mode: $. \mathparagraph ¶. Paragraph sign (pilcrow) in math mode, ¶. \mathsection ¶. Section sign in math mode §. \mathsterling ¶.
1 Introduction Welcome to the Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List!This document strives to be your primary source of LATEX symbol information: font samples, LATEX commands, packages, usage details, caveats—everything needed to put thousands of different symbols at your disposal.
The Comprehensive LATEX Symbol List Scott Pakin <[email protected]> 3 January 2008 Abstract This document lists 4947 symbols and the corresponding LATEX commands that produce them. Some of these symbols are guaranteed to be available in every LATEX2"system; others require fonts and packages
LATEX Mathematical Symbols. LATEX Mathematical Symbols. The more unusual symbols are not defined in base LATEX (NFSS) and require \usepackage{amssymb} 1 Greek and Hebrew letters. α \alpha κ \kappa ψ \psi z \digamma ∆ \Delta Θ \Theta β \beta λ \lambda ρ \rho ε \varepsilon Γ \Gamma Υ \Upsilon χ \chi µ \mu σ \sigma κ \varkappa Λ ...
Defining operators. As we know, LaTeX has many commands to typeset operators, which are traditionally typeset using upright font—for example, sin, log etc. Obviously, the catalog of LaTeX's operators is far from complete, especially because new ones are being constantly introduced.
An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. No installation, real-time collaboration, version control, hundreds of LaTeX templates, and more.
The great, big list of LaTeX symbols. Mathematical expressions. Brackets and Parentheses. Integrals, sums and limits. Mathematical fonts. Spacing in math mode. Aligning equations. An online LaTeX editor that's easy to use. No installation, real-time collaboration, version control, hundreds of LaTeX templates, and more.
Scott Pakin, The Comprehensive L a T e X Symbol List, 2017. (Lists thousands of symbols and the corresponding L a T e X commands that produce them.) Comprehensive T e X Archive Network
Writing Formulas and Equations (LaTeX) LaTeX can be used for math symbols in rubric items, comments, text annotations, answer group names, online assignment questions and responses, and regrade requests and responses. We do not support the single dollar $ [LaTeX syntax] $ delimiter format because the single dollar sign used for currency is ...
In your assignments, It is important to write professional papers with the right formatting, labels, and citations. LaTex makes it easy to automate assignment formatting and details like matrices ...
The LaTeX class exam.cls makes it straightforward create exam papers and typeset questions. It sets a 1in margin in all paper sizes and provides special commands to write and compute grades. To use the exam class you must put the line. \documentclass{ exam } at the start of your .tex file.
2. I wish to align lines on my algorithm on a certain symbol. For instance: long_variable_name = k | long_variable_name = k. variable = l | variable = l. In terms of LaTeX I have the following example: \documentclass{article} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{algorithm2e}
Open this LaTeX fragment in Overleaf. The above example produces the following output: F = G ( m 1 m 2 r 2) Notice that to insert the parentheses or brackets, the \left and \right commands are used. Even if you are using only one bracket, both commands are mandatory. \left and \right can dynamically adjust the size, as shown by the next example:
13. Pseudocode has a different purpose compared to the actual programs. It should convey ideas, not implementation, and as such should be as close to the natural language as possible. Therefore I think it's not good to introduce programming language-specific syntax in the algorithm listing. I suggest one of these options:
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