inflation essay with quotations for 2nd year

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Essay on inflation/Rising prices in Pakistan with quotations

Rising prices / inflation essay 300 - 400 words.

Inflation essay for 2nd year, class 12 PDF download

Inflation is taxation without legislation - Milton Friedman

Inflation is the crabgrass in your savings - Robert Orben

Inflation is the parent of unemployment and the unseen robber of those who have saved - Margret Thatcher

Production is the only answer to inflation - Anonymous

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Essay on Inflation: Types, Causes and Effects

Essay on Inflation!

Essay on the Meaning of Inflation:

Inflation and unemployment are the two most talked-about words in the contemporary society. These two are the big problems that plague all the economies. Almost everyone is sure that he knows what inflation exactly is, but it remains a source of great deal of confusion because it is difficult to define it unambiguously.

Inflation is often defined in terms of its supposed causes. Inflation exists when money supply exceeds available goods and services. Or inflation is attributed to budget deficit financing. A deficit budget may be financed by additional money creation. But the situation of monetary expansion or budget deficit may not cause price level to rise. Hence the difficulty of defining ‘inflation’ .

Inflation may be defined as ‘a sustained upward trend in the general level of prices’ and not the price of only one or two goods. G. Ackley defined inflation as ‘a persistent and appreciable rise in the general level or average of prices’ . In other words, inflation is a state of rising price level, but not rise in the price level. It is not high prices but rising prices that constitute inflation.

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It is an increase in the overall price level. A small rise in prices or a sudden rise in prices is not inflation since these may reflect the short term workings of the market. It is to be pointed out here that inflation is a state of disequilibrium when there occurs a sustained rise in price level.

It is inflation if the prices of most goods go up. However, it is difficult to detect whether there is an upward trend in prices and whether this trend is sustained. That is why inflation is difficult to define in an unambiguous sense.

Let’s measure inflation rate. Suppose, in December 2007, the consumer price index was 193.6 and, in December 2008 it was 223.8. Thus the inflation rate during the last one year was 223.8 – 193.6/193.6 × 100 = 15.6%.

As inflation is a state of rising prices, deflation may be defined as a state of falling prices but not fall in prices. Deflation is, thus, the opposite of inflation, i.e., rise in the value or purchasing power of money. Disinflation is a slowing down of the rate of inflation.

Essay on the Types of Inflation :

As the nature of inflation is not uniform in an economy for all the time, it is wise to distinguish between different types of inflation. Such analysis is useful to study the distributional and other effects of inflation as well as to recommend anti-inflationary policies.

Inflation may be caused by a variety of factors. Its intensity or pace may be different at different times. It may also be classified in accordance with the reactions of the government toward inflation.

Thus, one may observe different types of inflation in the contemporary society:

(a) According to Causes:

i. Currency Inflation:

This type of inflation is caused by the printing of currency notes.

ii. Credit Inflation:

Being profit-making institutions, commercial banks sanction more loans and advances to the public than what the economy needs. Such credit expansion leads to a rise in price level.

iii. Deficit-Induced Inflation:

The budget of the government reflects a deficit when expenditure exceeds revenue. To meet this gap, the government may ask the central bank to print additional money. Since pumping of additional money is required to meet the budget deficit, any price rise may be called deficit-induced inflation.

iv. Demand-Pull Inflation:

An increase in aggregate demand over the available output leads to a rise in the price level. Such inflation is called demand-pull inflation (henceforth DPI). But why does aggregate demand rise? Classical economists attribute this rise in aggregate demand to money supply.

If the supply of money in an economy exceeds the available goods and services, DPI appears. It has been described by Coulborn as a situation of “too much money chasing too few goods” .

Note that, in this region, price level begins to rise. Ultimately, the economy reaches full employment situation, i.e., Range 3, where output does not rise but price level is pulled upward. This is demand-pull inflation. The essence of this type of inflation is “too much spending chasing too few goods.”

v. Cost-Push Inflation:

Inflation in an economy may arise from the overall increase in the cost of production. This type of inflation is known as cost-push inflation (henceforth CPI). Cost of production may rise due to increase in the price of raw materials, wages, etc. Often trade unions are blamed for wage rise since wage rate is not market-determined. Higher wage means higher cost of production.

Prices of commodities are thereby increased. A wage-price spiral comes into operation. But, at the same time, firms are to be blamed also for the price rise since they simply raise prices to expand their profit margins. Thus we have two important variants of CPI: wage-push inflation and profit-push inflation. Anyway, CPI stems from the leftward shift of the aggregate supply curve.

The price level thus determined is OP 1 . As aggregate demand curve shifts to AD 2 , price level rises to OP 2 . Thus, an increase in aggregate demand at the full employment stage leads to an increase in price level only, rather than the level of output. However, how much price level will rise following an increase in aggregate demand depends on the slope of the AS curve.

Causes of Demand-Pull Inflation :

DPI originates in the monetary sector. Monetarists’ argument that “only money matters” is based on the assumption that at or near full employment, excessive money supply will increase aggregate demand and will thus cause inflation.

An increase in nominal money supply shifts aggregate demand curve rightward. This enables people to hold excess cash balances. Spending of excess cash balances by them causes price level to rise. Price level will continue to rise until aggregate demand equals aggregate supply.

Keynesians argue that inflation originates in the non-monetary sector or the real sector. Aggregate demand may rise if there is an increase in consumption expenditure following a tax cut. There may be an autonomous increase in business investment or government expenditure. Governmental expenditure is inflationary if the needed money is procured by the government by printing additional money.

In brief, an increase in aggregate demand i.e., increase in (C + I + G + X – M) causes price level to rise. However, aggregate demand may rise following an increase in money supply generated by the printing of additional money (classical argument) which drives prices upward. Thus, money plays a vital role. That is why Milton Friedman believes that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.

There are other reasons that may push aggregate demand and, hence, price level upwards. For instance, growth of population stimulates aggregate demand. Higher export earnings increase the purchasing power of the exporting countries.

Additional purchasing power means additional aggregate demand. Purchasing power and, hence, aggregate demand, may also go up if government repays public debt. Again, there is a tendency on the part of the holders of black money to spend on conspicuous consumption goods. Such tendency fuels inflationary fire. Thus, DPI is caused by a variety of factors.

Cost-Push Inflation Theory :

In addition to aggregate demand, aggregate supply also generates inflationary process. As inflation is caused by a leftward shift of the aggregate supply, we call it CPI. CPI is usually associated with the non-monetary factors. CPI arises due to the increase in cost of production. Cost of production may rise due to a rise in the cost of raw materials or increase in wages.

Such increases in costs are passed on to consumers by firms by raising the prices of the products. Rising wages lead to rising costs. Rising costs lead to rising prices. And rising prices, again, prompt trade unions to demand higher wages. Thus, an inflationary wage-price spiral starts.

This causes aggregate supply curve to shift leftward. This can be demonstrated graphically (Fig. 11.4) where AS 1 is the initial aggregate supply curve. Below the full employment stage this AS curve is positive sloping and at full employment stage it becomes perfectly inelastic. Intersection point (E 1 ) of AD 1 and AS 1 curves determines the price level.

Now, there is a leftward shift of aggregate supply curve to AS 2 . With no change in aggregate demand, this causes price level to rise to OP 2 and output to fall to OY 2 .

With the reduction in output, employment in the economy declines or unemployment rises. Further shift in the AS curve to AS 2 results in higher price level (OP 3 ) and a lower volume of aggregate output (OY 3 ). Thus, CPI may arise even below the full employment (Y f ) stage.

Causes of CPI :

It is the cost factors that pull the prices upward. One of the important causes of price rise is the rise in price of raw materials. For instance, by an administrative order the government may hike the price of petrol or diesel or freight rate. Firms buy these inputs now at a higher price. This leads to an upward pressure on cost of production.

Not only this, CPI is often imported from outside the economy. Increase in the price of petrol by OPEC compels the government to increase the price of petrol and diesel. These two important raw materials are needed by every sector, especially the transport sector. As a result, transport costs go up resulting in higher general price level.

Again, CPI may be induced by wage-push inflation or profit-push inflation. Trade unions demand higher money wages as a compensation against inflationary price rise. If increase in money wages exceeds labour productivity, aggregate supply will shift upward and leftward. Firms often exercise power by pushing up prices independently of consumer demand to expand their profit margins.

Fiscal policy changes, such as an increase in tax rates leads to an upward pressure in cost of production. For instance, an overall increase in excise tax of mass consumption goods is definitely inflationary. That is why government is then accused of causing inflation.

Finally, production setbacks may result in decreases in output. Natural disaster, exhaustion of natural resources, work stoppages, electric power cuts, etc., may cause aggregate output to decline.

In the midst of this output reduction, artificial scarcity of any goods by traders and hoarders just simply ignite the situation.

Inefficiency, corruption, mismanagement of the economy may also be the other reasons. Thus, inflation is caused by the interplay of various factors. A particular factor cannot be held responsible for inflationary price rise.

Essay on the Effects of Inflation :

People’s desires are inconsistent. When they act as buyers they want prices of goods and services to remain stable but as sellers they expect the prices of goods and services should go up. Such a happy outcome may arise for some individuals; “but, when this happens, others will be getting the worst of both worlds.” Since inflation reduces purchasing power it is bad.

The old people are in the habit of recalling the days when the price of say, meat per kilogram cost just 10 rupees. Today it is Rs. 250 per kilogram. This is true for all other commodities. When they enjoyed a better living standard. Imagine today, how worse we are! But meanwhile, wages and salaries of people have risen to a great height, compared to the ‘good old days’. This goes unusually untold.

When price level goes up, there is both a gainer and a loser. To evaluate the consequence of inflation, one must identify the nature of inflation which may be anticipated and unanticipated. If inflation is anticipated, people can adjust with the new situation and costs of inflation to the society will be smaller.

In reality, people cannot predict accurately future events or people often make mistakes in predicting the course of inflation. In other words, inflation may be unanticipated when people fail to adjust completely. This creates various problems.

One can study the effects of unanticipated inflation under two broad headings:

(i) Effect on distribution of income and wealth

(ii) Effect on economic growth.

(a) Effects of Inflation on Income and Wealth Distribution :

During inflation, usually people experience rise in incomes. But some people gain during inflation at the expense of others. Some individuals gain because their money incomes rise more rapidly than the prices and some lose because prices rise more rapidly than their incomes during inflation. Thus, it redistributes income and wealth.

Though no conclusive evidence can be cited, it can be asserted that following categories of people are affected by inflation differently:

i. Creditors and Debtors:

Borrowers gain and lenders lose during inflation because debts are fixed in rupee terms. When debts are repaid their real value declines by the price level increase and, hence, creditors lose. An individual may be interested in buying a house by taking a loan of Rs. 7 lakh from an institution for 7 years.

The borrower now welcomes inflation since he will have to pay less in real terms than when it was borrowed. Lender, in the process, loses since the rate of interest payable remains unaltered as per agreement. Because of inflation, the borrower is given ‘dear’ rupees, but pays back ‘cheap’ rupees.

However, if in an inflation-ridden economy creditors chronically loose, it is wise not to advance loans or to shut down business. Never does it happen. Rather, the loan- giving institution makes adequate safeguard against the erosion of real value.

ii. Bond and Debenture-Holders:

In an economy, there are some people who live on interest income—they suffer most.

Bondholders earn fixed interest income:

These people suffer a reduction in real income when prices rise. In other words, the value of one’s savings decline if the interest rate falls short of inflation rate. Similarly, beneficiaries from life insurance programmes are also hit badly by inflation since real value of savings deteriorate.

iii. Investors:

People who put their money in shares during inflation are expected to gain since the possibility of earning business profit brightens. Higher profit induces owners of firms to distribute profit among investors or shareholders.

iv. Salaried People and Wage-Earners:

Anyone earning a fixed income is damaged by inflation. Sometimes, unionized worker succeeds in raising wage rates of white-collar workers as a compensation against price rise. But wage rate changes with a long time lag. In other words, wage rate increases always lag behind price increases.

Naturally, inflation results in a reduction in real purchasing power of fixed income earners. On the other hand, people earning flexible incomes may gain during inflation. The nominal incomes of such people outstrip the general price rise. As a result, real incomes of this income group increase.

v. Profit-Earners, Speculators and Black Marketeers:

It is argued that profit-earners gain from inflation. Profit tends to rise during inflation. Seeing inflation, businessmen raise the prices of their products. This results in a bigger profit. Profit margin, however, may not be high when the rate of inflation climbs to a high level.

However, speculators dealing in business in essential commodities usually stand to gain by inflation. Black marketeers are also benefited by inflation.

Thus, there occurs a redistribution of income and wealth. It is said that rich becomes richer and poor becomes poorer during inflation. However, no such hard and fast generalizations can be made. It is clear that someone wins and someone loses from inflation.

These effects of inflation may persist if inflation is unanticipated. However, the redistributive burdens of inflation on income and wealth are most likely to be minimal if inflation is anticipated by the people.

With anticipated inflation, people can build up their strategies to cope with inflation. If the annual rate of inflation in an economy is anticipated correctly people will try to protect them against losses resulting from inflation.

Workers will demand 10 p.c. wage increase if inflation is expected to rise by 10 p.c. Similarly, a percentage of inflation premium will be demanded by creditors from debtors. Business firms will also fix prices of their products in accordance with the anticipated price rise. Now if the entire society “learns to live with inflation” , the redistributive effect of inflation will be minimal.

However, it is difficult to anticipate properly every episode of inflation. Further, even if it is anticipated it cannot be perfect. In addition, adjustment with the new expected inflationary conditions may not be possible for all categories of people. Thus, adverse redistributive effects are likely to occur.

Finally, anticipated inflation may also be costly to the society. If people’s expectation regarding future price rise become stronger they will hold less liquid money. Mere holding of cash balances during inflation is unwise since its real value declines. That is why people use their money balances in buying real estate, gold, jewellery, etc.

Such investment is referred to as unproductive investment. Thus, during inflation of anticipated variety, there occurs a diversion of resources from priority to non-priority or unproductive sectors.

b. Effect on Production and Economic Growth :

Inflation may or may not result in higher output. Below the full employment stage, inflation has a favourable effect on production. In general, profit is a rising function of the price level. An inflationary situation gives an incentive to businessmen to raise prices of their products so as to earn higher doses of profit.

Rising price and rising profit encourage firms to make larger investments. As a result, the multiplier effect of investment will come into operation resulting in higher national output. However, such a favourable effect of inflation will be temporary if wages and production costs rise very rapidly.

Further, inflationary situation may be associated with the fall in output, particularly if inflation is of the cost-push variety. Thus, there is no strict relationship between prices and output. An increase in aggregate demand will increase both prices and output, but a supply shock will raise prices and lower output.

Inflation may also lower down further production levels. It is commonly assumed that if inflationary tendencies nurtured by experienced inflation persist in future, people will now save less and consume more. Rising saving propensities will result in lower further outputs.

One may also argue that inflation creates an air of uncertainty in the minds of business community, particularly when the rate of inflation fluctuates. In the midst of rising inflationary trend, firms cannot accurately estimate their costs and revenues. Under the circumstance, business firms may be deterred in investing. This will adversely affect the growth performance of the economy.

However, slight dose of inflation is necessary for economic growth. Mild inflation has an encouraging effect on national output. But it is difficult to make the price rise of a creeping variety. High rate of inflation acts as a disincentive to long run economic growth. The way the hyperinflation affects economic growth is summed up here.

We know that hyperinflation discourages savings. A fall in savings means a lower rate of capital formation. A low rate of capital formation hinders economic growth. Further, during excessive price rise, there occurs an increase in unproductive investment in real estate, gold, jewellery, etc.

Above all, speculative businesses flourish during inflation resulting in artificial scarcities and, hence, further rise in prices. Again, following hyperinflation, export earnings decline resulting in a wide imbalance in the balance of payments account.

Often, galloping inflation results in a ‘flight’ of capital to foreign countries since people lose confidence and faith over the monetary arrangements of the country, thereby resulting in a scarcity of resources. Finally, real value of tax revenue also declines under the impact of hyperinflation. Government then experiences a shortfall in investible resources.

Thus, economists and policy makers are unanimous regarding the dangers of high price rise. But the consequence of hyperinflation is disastrous. In the past, some of the world economies (e.g., Germany after the First World War (1914-1918), Latin American countries in the 1980s) had been greatly ravaged by hyperinflation.

The German Inflation of 1920s was also Catastrophic:

During 1922, the German price level went up 5,470 per cent, in 1923, the situation worsened; the German price level rose 1,300,000,000 times. By October of 1923, the postage of the lightest letter sent from Germany to the United States was 200,000 marks.

Butter cost 1.5 million marks per pound, meat 2 million marks, a loaf of bread 200,000 marks, and an egg 60,000 marks Prices increased so rapidly that waiters changed the prices on the menu several times during the course of a lunch!! Sometimes, customers had to pay double the price listed on the menu when they observed it first!!!

During October 2008, Zimbabwe, under the President-ship of Robert G. Mugabe, experienced 231,000,000 p.c. (2.31 million p.c.) as against 1.2 million p.c. price rise in September 2008—a record after 1923. It is an unbelievable rate. In May 2008, the cost of price of a toilet paper itself and not the costs of the roll of the toilet paper came to 417 Zimbabwean dollars.

Anyway, people are harassed ultimately by the high rate of inflation. That is why it is said that ‘inflation is our public enemy number one’. Rising inflation rate is a sign of failure on the part of the government.

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Essay on Inflation in Pakistan for Students

by Pakiology | Aug 19, 2024 | Essay | 0 comments

In this essay on inflation in Pakistan, we will look at the causes, effects, and solutions to this issue that has been affecting the country for decades. The term ‘inflation’ refers to a sustained rise in the prices of goods and services in an economy. In Pakistan, inflation has been a major concern since the late 1990s, with the Consumer Price Index (CPI) reaching a peak in 2023. We will explore the various factors that have contributed to inflation in Pakistan, its economic effects, and what can be done to address the issue.

Page Contents

Essay on Inflation Outlines

Causes of inflation in pakistan, effects of inflation, solution to control inflation.

• Introduction

Inflation in Pakistan is caused by several factors, which can be divided into two main categories: domestic and external. The main domestic causes of inflation are an increase in money supply, an increase in government spending, an increase in indirect taxes, and a decrease in economic growth.

The most significant contributor to inflation in Pakistan is an increase in the money supply. When there is too much money chasing after too few goods, prices rise, creating a situation known as demand-pull inflation. An increase in the money supply can be caused by the central bank printing more money or by the government borrowing more money from the public.

In addition, higher government spending can lead to inflation. This occurs when the government prints more money to finance its expenditure or borrows from the public and transfers the cost of this additional spending to businesses and consumers. This leads to higher prices for goods and services. Indirect taxes are another major factor that contributes to inflation in Pakistan. When indirect taxes are increased, prices of goods and services also increase, leading to an overall rise in prices.

Finally, low economic growth can also cause inflation in Pakistan. A weak economy reduces people’s purchasing power, forcing them to buy less, which reduces demand and leads to lower prices. However, when economic growth stalls, businesses are unable to sell their products at the same price as before, leading to a rise in prices.

Overall, inflation in Pakistan is caused by a combination of domestic and external factors. These include an increase in money supply, higher government spending, increases in indirect taxes, and a decrease in economic growth.

The effects of inflation on the economy can be both positive and negative. Inflation erodes the purchasing power of money, meaning that each unit of currency is worth less than it was before. This means that, as the cost of living increases, people can purchase fewer goods and services for the same amount of money. As a result, their standard of living decreases.

Inflation also reduces the real return on investments and savings, which can have a detrimental effect on economic growth. When inflation is high, people prefer to save their money rather than invest in a business or other activities. This reduces the availability of capital and results in slower economic growth.

In addition to decreasing standards of living, inflation can lead to unemployment if companies are not able to increase wages at the same rate as prices rise. This can lead to an increase in poverty, as people struggle to afford necessities. Furthermore, when prices rise faster than wages, it puts pressure on government budgets and can increase public debt.

Inflation can also cause the value of the local currency to depreciate against foreign currencies. This has a direct impact on the cost of imports and makes domestic goods less competitive in international markets. It can also have an indirect impact on exports, as it reduces the competitiveness of local producers in foreign markets.

Inflation is a serious issue in Pakistan, and it needs to be addressed to improve the country’s economic conditions. The following are some of the measures that can be taken to control inflation in Pakistan:

1. Fiscal policy: A strong fiscal policy is necessary for controlling inflation. The government should increase its revenue by implementing taxes on the wealthy and reducing public spending. This will help reduce budget deficits, which will result in lower inflation.

2. Monetary policy: The State Bank of Pakistan should adopt a tighter monetary policy to control inflation. It should raise interest rates so that investors have an incentive to save rather than spend, thus curbing demand-pull inflation.

3. Supply-side measures: There should be an increase in the production of essential commodities and products to meet the demand of consumers. This will help reduce prices and inflation in the long run.

4. Subsidies: The government should provide subsidies to those who are suffering due to the high prices of essential items. This will help them cope with the rising cost of living and ensure that they have access to essential goods and services.

5. Stabilizing exchange rate: A stable exchange rate between foreign currencies and the rupee is necessary for controlling inflation. The State Bank of Pakistan should strive to keep the rupee’s value stable by using currency swaps and other methods.

These measures can go a long way in controlling inflation in Pakistan. By taking these measures, the government can help improve the country’s economic condition and create an environment conducive to investment and growth.

What is inflation in simple words?

Inflation is a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.

What are the 4 main causes of inflation?

The 4 main causes of inflation are: Demand-pull inflation: when there is an increase in demand for goods and services that outstrip the economy’s ability to produce them. Cost-push inflation: when the cost of production increases, causing companies to raise prices to maintain their profit margins. Built-in inflation: when businesses expect prices to rise and build that expectation into their prices, causing a self-fulfilling cycle of inflation. Imported inflation: when the cost of imported goods increases, leading to higher prices for consumers.

What are the 5 main causes of inflation?

The 4 main causes of inflation are: 1. Demand-pull inflation 2. Cost-push inflation 3. Built-in inflation 4. Imported inflation 5. Monetary inflation

What is inflation introduction?

Inflation is a phenomenon that has been observed throughout history. It refers to the sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time.

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Essay on Inflation

Students are often asked to write an essay on Inflation in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Inflation

Understanding inflation.

Inflation is when prices of goods and services rise over time. This means you need more money to buy the same things. It’s like a slow-motion robbery!

Causes of Inflation

Inflation is often due to increased production costs or increased demand for goods and services. When people want more of something, and it’s scarce, prices go up.

Impact of Inflation

Inflation affects everyone. If your income doesn’t increase as fast as inflation, you’ll have less buying power. But, if you’re a business owner, you might be able to raise prices and make more money.

Controlling Inflation

Governments try to control inflation by adjusting interest rates, taxes, and government spending. It’s a tricky balancing act to keep inflation low but not too low.

250 Words Essay on Inflation

Inflation, a crucial economic concept, refers to the rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising, subsequently eroding purchasing power. It’s an indicator of the economic health of a nation, with moderate inflation signifying a growing economy.

The Causes of Inflation

Inflation generally occurs due to two primary factors: demand-pull and cost-push inflation. Demand-pull inflation transpires when demand for goods and services surpasses their supply. On the other hand, cost-push inflation arises when the costs of production escalate, causing producers to increase prices to maintain profit margins.

Effects of Inflation

Inflation impacts various aspects of the economy. It erodes the purchasing power of money, causing consumers to spend more for the same goods or services. Inflation can also create uncertainty in the economy, affecting investment and saving decisions. However, moderate inflation can stimulate spending and investment, driving economic growth.

Managing Inflation

Central banks attempt to control inflation through monetary policy. By adjusting interest rates, they influence the level of spending and investment in the economy. Higher interest rates typically reduce spending, curbing inflation. Conversely, lower interest rates stimulate spending, potentially leading to inflation.

Inflation is a complex and multifaceted subject. Understanding its causes, effects, and the measures to control it is essential for both macroeconomic stability and individual financial well-being. As future leaders, it’s crucial for us as students to grasp these concepts to make informed decisions in our professional and personal lives.

500 Words Essay on Inflation

Introduction to inflation.

Inflation is primarily caused by an increase in the money supply that outpaces economic growth. Ever since the end of the gold standard, governments have had the ability to create money at will. If a nation’s money supply grows too rapidly compared to its production of goods and services, prices will increase, leading to inflation.

Additionally, inflation can be spurred by demand-pull conditions, where demand for goods and services exceeds their supply. Cost-push inflation, on the other hand, occurs when the costs of production increase, causing producers to raise prices to maintain their profit margins.

Impacts of Inflation

Moreover, inflation can harm savers if the inflation rate surpasses the interest rate on their savings. It also favors borrowers, as the real value of their debt diminishes over time. This redistribution of wealth from savers to borrowers can lead to social and economic inequalities.

Central banks use monetary policy to control inflation. They adjust the money supply by setting interest rates and through open market operations. By raising interest rates, central banks can decrease the money supply, making borrowing more expensive and slowing economic activity, thereby reducing inflation.

Inflation is an intricate part of our economic systems. It is a double-edged sword that can stimulate economic growth when mild, but can also lead to economic instability when it becomes too high. Understanding inflation is crucial for policymakers, investors, and consumers alike as it influences our decisions and shapes our economic reality. By effectively managing inflation, governments can promote economic stability and growth, thereby improving the standard of living for their citizens.

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Essay on Inflation | Inflation Essay for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by sastry

Essay on Inflation:  A sustained rise in the prices of commodities that leads to a fall in the purchasing power of a nation is called Inflation. Although inflation is a part of the normal economic phenomena of any country, any increase in inflation above a pre-determined level is a cause of concern. The causes of inflation are many. While it is -often cited that a drop in India’s agricultural output lead to the decline in supply, figures tell a different story.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Inflation for Kids and Students in English

Given below are two essays in English for students and children about the topic of ‘Inflation’ in both long and short form. The first essay is a long essay on Inflation of 400-500 words. This long essay about Inflation is suitable for students of class 7, 8, 9 and 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on Inflation of 150-200 words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below.

Long Essay on Inflation 400 Words in English

Below we have given a long essay on Inflation of 500 words is helpful for classes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Competitive Exam Aspirants. This long essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 7 to class 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants.

India’s food production crossed 235 million tonnes during years 2010-11 as per the latest estimates and this is the highest since Independence. The previous highest production, at nearly 233 million tonnes, was achieved in years 2008-09. Agriculture recorded a 5.4% growth in years 2010-11 compared to the 4% growth achieved all these years, according to S Ayyappan, Director-General of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

However, inflation reflects overheating: the supply capacity of the economy is simply unable to match the demands on that capacity. Moreover, purchasing power of consumers is increasing and hence demand is accelerating. Minimum Support Prices (MSPs) for agriculture have also been increasing. The MSPs for various varieties of paddy during the years 2009-10 was between ₹ 950-980 per quintal and during the years 2010-11, it increased to ₹ 1000 to 1030 per quintal.

Moreover, for pulses such as Arhar and Moong the MSPs in years 2009-10 was ₹ 2300 and ₹ 2760 respectively, while in years 2010-11, it increased to ₹ 3000 and 3170 respectively. Another major cause of inflation is the increase in the prices of fuel internationally, which is contributing to the overall price inflation. There has been a steady increase in the international prices, with the Indian crude basket priced at $11 3.09 per barrel, as on May 2011. Any change in price of diesel immediately impacts price of food items, since most of them are dependent on transport through several 100 km. Inflation, in short, is “too much money chasing too few goods”. According to analysts, corruption, mafia operations, greed for money by politicians and industrialists, counterfeiting of currency notes etc., also contribute to corruption as they add to the availability of liquidity in different forms, which in turn adds to inflation.

High level of inflation distorts economic performance. It has added pressure on the Central Bank to raise rates despite signs of slow growth in the Indian economy. Thus, high inflation and rising interest rates are crimping domestic demand and slowing down the economy. Inflation also affects investment as higher long-term inflation adversely affects growth and investment. High inflation is pushing up the cost of credit for firms as well as escalating their input costs by inflating their spending on raw materials and wages. Corporate investment is affected by cost escalation of inputs, and inflation is waning the confidence in the economic growth.

Short Essay on Inflation 150 Words in English

Below we have given a short essay on Inflation is for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This short essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 6 and below.

Food inflation adversely affected the country in 2013 and 2014 consecutively. Curbing the prices of goods is essential in order to attain revival from the slowdown in economic growth. Food bills already consume 35% of household incomes.

Inflation, as pointed, out by economists, occurred due to weak monsoon needed for the cultivation of summer crops. Despite being the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables after China, India suffers from shortages, owing to the lack of efficient cold storage and transport facilities. RBI Governor though, has promised to cut down inflation to 8% by 2015. All measures to curb inflation would be successful only if the middle men in the supply chain are barred from carrying out their nefarious activities. Only can then we not lose out on onions and tomatoes on our dinner plates.

Inflation Essay Word Meanings for Simple Understanding

• Output – the material produce or yield, product
• Escalating – to increase something in extent
• Accelerating – to cause faster or greater activity, development, progress, advancement
• Crude – lacking finish, polish, or completeness
• Counterfeiting – made in imitation so as to be passed off fraudulently or deceptively as genuine
• Distort – to give a false, perverted, or disproportionate meaning to, misrepresent
• Crimping – to check, restrain, or inhibit; hinder
• Escalation – increase in intensity, magnitude, etc
• Waning – decreasing in strength, intensity, etc
• Revival – restoration to life, consciousness, vigour strength, etc
• Nefarious – extremely wicked or villainous
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Inflation - rising prices english essay for matric, 12th, ba classes.

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122 Inflation Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best inflation topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on inflation, ⭐ simple & easy inflation essay titles, 💡 interesting topics to write about inflation.

• The Relationship Between Money Supply and Inflation It is evidenced that changing the money supply through the central banks leads to a control of the inflationary situations in the same economy.
• Inflation: Types and Negative Effects The mentioned type of inflation can stimulate the economy and increase demand for jobs, but at the same time, it raises the prices and is usually more expensive than cost-push inflation.
• Increasing Inflation Impact on Individuals In simpler terms, inflation is the rise in the cost of living due to an exaggerated increase in commodity prices. This is because the rate of savings will be lower than the inflation resulting in […]
• Inflation and Deflation and Their Outcomes That is the money in the hands of the consumers is more causing an increase in the aggregate demand. On the other side, the lender of the money loses some value of the money given […]
• The Price Deviations and Inflation Rates As seen from the table, the price deviations and inflation rates vary significantly depending on the item, season, and any global events that affect the economy.
• The Economic Disparity and Inflation It is essential to emphasize that the economic consequences of the pandemic are severe and are due in the main to inflation.
• US Economy: Navigating Debt, Inflation, and Recession Risks Today, the US is the world’s largest debtor and also the largest economy, market, and investor. Household debt can become a severe problem for the economy if exceeds their dead and accumulated wealth.
• Unemployment Rate: Impact on GDP and Inflation In such a way, the scenario shows it is vital to preserve the balance and avoid decisions focusing on only one aspect of the economy.
• The Inflation Dynamics in the Canadian Context According to the report, the economy only functions well when inflation is stable and predictable and is in an unhealthy state otherwise.inflation has been stable in the country over the last 25 years because of […]
• “Expected and Realized Inflation…” by Binder & Kamdar At the same time, the key focus of adaptive expectations is on the past rates of realized inflation and the factors that caused it.
• Inflation at the International Monetary Fund Anchoring inflation expectations, which is a condition in which inflation is regarded near the Central Bank target and typically matches what consumers anticipate, is one of the other possible measures. The pandemic appears to be […]
• How the Federal Reserve Controls Inflation According to the author of the article, the crisis became the impetus for developing new strategies for controlling the level of inflation.
• Fiscal Policy and Inflation in Canada According to the report, in order to protect the country from the long-lasting consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the recently emerged effects of the Russian-Ukraine war, Canadian policy-makers implemented fiscal policies, but their efficacy […]
• Walmart Has Been Negatively Impacted by Inflation The employment issues caused by the pandemic and increased prices for goods handling forced the company to consider the option of automation for business processes.
• “Inflation Hits the Fastest Pace Since 1981, at 8.5% Through March” by Koeze Further on, the predictions reveal that the inflation rate is expected to stabilize due to a decrease in the price of used cars and apparel.
• Inflation Rates and the Value of the Dollar Projected Social Security benefits at the retirement age of 65 years are 48,580 The current age is 25 years Retirement age is 65 years =40 years The annual inflation rate is at 3% Utilizing the […]
• Inflation and High-Interest Rates When a company borrows in a country with higher interest rates, the risk of inflation and currency depreciation grows, but the debt of this company is the same.
• Inflation’s Impact on Fixed Income By taking a diversified approach to fixed income investing, investors can better manage the risks associated with interest rates as well as inflation and increase the yield in their bond portfolios.
• How Economic Crises Affect Inflation Beliefs A feature of the article is the study by the authors of the consequences of inflationary crises and comparison with pre-existing crises to calculate the level of the crisis as a whole.
• Inflation: What Is It and Inflation in the USA Inflation is an increase in the general price level of goods, works, and services of the country’s population and businesses or an extended period. This kind of inflation is considered the best because it occurs […]
• Inflation Crisis in China for Financial Managers As a financial manager running my company, the rise in prices of commodities will decrease the purchasing power of the foreign currency used by investors and potential customers across the globe.
• Unemployment and Inflation Relation However, the level of unemployment and its prevailing types can differ significantly depending on the state of the economies of countries and the policies they use to combat unemployment.
• Unanticipated and Participated Inflation The first inflation outcome refers to income recipients hurt by inflation as there is a forcible price level increase that does not coincide with their income increase proportionally.
• Interest Rate and Inflation Impact on Exchange Rate The second observation point to be made pertains to the differences in the exchange rate of NZDUSD among the two viable.
• Inflation and Deflation Effects on the US and Saudi Stock Markets Inflation is traditionally defined as a consistent rise in the price rates within a specific industry or in the entire economy of the state, which is triggered by a rapid increase in demand: “Inflation is […]
• Treasury Inflation-Protected Security Refers This ensures that the real rate of interest is determined beforehand, and it adjusts automatically to the increase in the inflation rate.
• Significance of Inflation to Corporate Finance The argument goes on that with elevated inflation rates, there is always a chance to cut down on interest rates as compared to instances when the inflation rates are low and interest rates need to […]
• UAE and GCC Economic Analysis: Inflation and Unemployment This is explained by the fact that UAE is less dependent on oil trade, hence, the inflation and unemployment rate in the UAE is lower in comparison with the countries of GCC.
• Government Spending Stimulation in the Fight Against Inflation The equilibrium point is a point where the value of is money adjusted thereby creating an equilibrium in the quantity of money supplied and that of the quantity of money demanded.
• Inflation in the US Business Industry Inflation can be measured in the following ways; Monetary inflation; caused by increase in the increase in the amount of money in circulation in an economy.
• Gasoline Prices, Rates of Unemployment, Inflation, and Economic Growth The data which has been queried from the database are related to gasoline prices in California, the unemployment rate in the US, the inflation rate in the US, and Real GDP.
• Federal Reserve System: Inflation The article ‘Inflation and the Federal Reserve’ by Richard Cook; this source can be used to describe the central threat of inflation and identify the principal steps to be developed by central banks, government, and […]
• “Inflation Rise Hits US Consumers” BBC Article The main focus of the article’s concern is the inflation rise that US economics experiences now and the impact it has on US consumer spending.
• Inflation Dynamics: Mistakes in the Forecaster’s Behavior In this case, the authors of the article pay attention to the evaluation of the Phillips curve and understanding its advantages and drawbacks.
• Saudi Arabia and Inflation: Past, Present, Future What is the role of the Saudi Central Bank about inflation? What is the historical inflation trend in Saudi?
• Inflation Expectations: Households and Forecasters The New Keynesian formula that the authors of the paper were trying to create, in its turn was supposed to provide justification for the lack of forecast efficacy in determining the changes in inflation rates, […]
• Asset Bubbles and Policy Response: A Historical View In the 1990s and the early years of the 21st century, the federal reserve policy makers opted to adopt the mop-up-after strategy-policy of letting the bubbles burst and then mopping up there after.
• Inflation Tradeoffs and the Phillips Curve In the findings, Lucas concluded that the there is a direct relationship and variance in the tradeoff between full employment and inflation rate at a particular level of input in the countries studied.
• Inflation and Unemployment in the United States In the 21st century, there are so many issues in the economy of the United States. This is increasing the demand for skilled workers by the day as opposed to the unskilled.
• Unemployment and Inflation Issues In most cases, if one is suffering structural unemployment, it is as a result of improvement in a certain area, or a change in the way things are done.
• Fluctuations in Inflation and Employment Debate surrounded what is termed the multiplier effect: are they higher for tax cuts or government spending, the differences in multiplier effect from different tax cuts, Incentive impact from tax cuts.
• Inflation Causes: Structuralism and Monetarism One of the features of this kind of inflation is a rapid rise in the price level with the currency loosing its value.
• The Effects of Inflation Targeting In theory inflation targeting is straightforward: the impending rate of inflation is predicted by the central bank, later on it is juxtaposed with the target rates which the government considers as appropriate for the economy […]
• The Euro Zone’s Rising Inflation and Unemployment Rate However, the euro zone found itself in a predicament from late 2009 after the economic downturns that faced some countries in the euro zone.
• Inflation Tax – Printing More Money to Cover the War Expenses The subsequent encroachment of inflation diminishes the value of money hence even if people had more money, the value of their cash was meaningless, a phenomenon similar to tax collection, which reduces the total amount […]
• Economic Condition of Singapore: Inflation Hits 5.2% in March Some of the effects of high inflation rate that has been felt in the economy are the increase of the housing prices, and cost of fuel increased by approximately 5%, thereby increasing the cost of […]
• Inflation in the United Kingdom According to the Bank of England, inflation occurs when the demand exceeds the ability by the economy’s capacity to produce goods and services.
• Effect of a Permanent Increase in Oil Price on Inflation and Output During the same year, the alterations in the price of oil were activated by a change in the supply of the same commodity in the market place.
• Consumer Price Index: Measuring Inflation In this case, the volumes of money being circulated exceeds the supply of goods and services in the same market thus leading to an upward adjustment of prices in order to absorb the extra monies […]
• The Cause of China’s Inflation The supply is affected by the increase of prices of food in the global market, whereby, the Chinese government finds it difficult to satisfy the food demand of the increasing population of the Chinese population.
• The Current Impact of Inflation and Unemployment on Germany’s Political/Economic System It is notable to recognize the fact that the rate of savings in the nation is quite high causing a dip in the rate of inflation.
• Problem of China’s Inflation With the increase in oil prices, energy costs have increased, and this has resulted into an increase in the prices of products manufactured in the industries. In 2009 the government made a policy to increase […]
• Inflation in Saudi Arabia This paper, using the quarterly data from 1980 to 2010, examines the causes behind the inflation in Saudi, its effects, and the effectiveness of the counter-strategies and policies the Saudi government has put in place […]
• Inflation Rates in Sweden The recession of the early 1990s was largely responsible for the drop in inflation rates. As per the theoretical model of money supply and inflation, increases in money supply will lead to inflationary pressures.
• Current News of Economics: The Global Inflation Inflation has affected the total demand for goods and services in the economy, thus exceeding the supply. This means that you would have to pay more for the same amount of goods and services you […]
• Analysis of Unemployment and Inflation in the United States This was at the height of the recession that continues to grapple the country with major negative implications in the economy.
• GDP, Unemployment, Inflation, and Economic Growth
• Absolute and Relative Anti-Inflation Reputation: Evidence From the Bond Markets
• World Inflation and Monetary Accommodation in Eight Countries
• Can Demography Improve Inflation Forecasts? The Case of Sweden
• Accounting for Post-Crisis Inflation and Employment: A Retro Analysis
• Unravelling India’s Inflation and Policy Puzzles
• Inflation and Financial Market Performance: What Have We Learned in the Past Ten Years?
• Administered Inflation and Business Pricing: Another Look
• The Historical Relationship Between Inflation and Political Rebellion: What It Might Teach Us About Neoliberalism
• America’s Only Peacetime Inflation: The 1970s
• Sectoral Inflation and the Phillips Curve: What Has Changed Since the Great Recession?
• Analyzing the Relationship Between Inflation Rate and Per Capita GDP Growth
• Banks, Lies, and Bricks: The Determinants of Home Value Inflation in Spain During the Housing Boom
• Capacity Utilization and Unemployment Rates: Are They Complements or Substitutes?
• Fast vs. Gradual Policies to Control Inflation
• Bond Market Inflation Expectations in Industrial Countries: Historical Comparisons
• Inflation and Monetary Velocity in Latin America
• What Drives the Relationship Between Inflation and Price Dispersion: Market Power vs. Price Rigidity
• How Much Did Speculation Contribute to the Recent Food Price Inflation?
• MAPI: Model for Analysis and Projection of Inflation in France
• Budget Deficit, Inflation, and Debt Sustainability: Evidence From Turkey
• Monetarism: Printing Money to Curb Inflation
• Capacity Constraints, Inflation, and the Transmission Mechanism: Forward-Looking vs. Myopic Policy Rules
• When Did Inflation Expectations in the Euro Area De-Anchor?
• Capturing the Link Between M3 Growth and Inflation in the Euro Zone
• Implementing Monetary Cooperation Through Inflation Targeting
• German Great Inflation: Summary & Analysis
• The Maastricht Inflation Criterion: On the Effect of the European Union Expansion
• What Unemployment Rates Tell Us About the Future Inflation
• Applying Foreign Exchange Interventions as an Additional Instrument Under Inflation Targeting: The Case of Ukraine
• China’s Economic Slowdown and International Inflation Dynamics
• The Impact of Inflation Targeting on the Real Economy of Developing and Emerging Countries
• Effects of Inflation on Business: The Good and the Bad
• U.S. Inflation Dynamics: What Drives Them Over Different Frequencies
• Structural Inflation and the 1994 ‘Monetary’ Crisis in China
• Macroeconomic Aggregate Model for Analysis of Inflation and Stabilization of the Russian Economy
• Cyclical vs. Acyclical Inflation: A Deeper Dive
• The Inflation-Output Nexus: Empirical Evidence From India, Brazil, and South Africa
• Forecasting Inflation Using Constant Gain Least Squares
• Stopping Hyperinflation: Lessons From the German Inflation Experience of the 1920s
• Modeling and Forecasting Inflation in Japan
• Globalization and Inflation Dynamics: The Impact of Increased Competition
• The Relationship Between Inflation and Economic Growth: A Multi-Country Empirical Analysis
• How Does Monetary Policy Influence Inflation and Employment?
• Assessing the Gap Between Observed and Perceived Inflation in the Euro Area
• Unanticipated Inflation, Devaluation, and Output in Latin America
• Inflation and Economic Growth Nexus in BRICS: Evidence From ARDL Bound Testing Approach
• Bootstrapping Covariate Unit Root Tests: An Application to Inflation Rates
• Fiscal Dominance and Inflation Targeting: Lessons From Brazil
• Inflation and the Gig Economy: E-Tailing and Self-Employment Rise in Disrupting the Phillips Curve
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Tag Archives: Inflation essay

Essay on inflation with quotations | rising of prices essay with outline.

Rising Prices Essay with Outline for Matric, FA, FSC, 2nd Year, BA and BSC (Price Hike) Here is an essay on Inflation with Quotations and Outline for students. The same essay could be written under the title Essya on Price Hike, Essay on Inflation, Essay on Rising of Prices and Essay on Increasing Prices. If you have essay content and …

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Inflation Quotes

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If inflation continues to soar, you're going to have to work like a dog just to live like one

Inflation is as violent as a mugger, as frightening as an armed robber and as deadly as a hit man.

By a continuing process of inflation, government can confiscate, secretly and unobserved, an important part of the wealth of their citizens.

Inflation is taxation without legislation.

The consequences of inflation are malinvestment, waste, a wanton redistribution of wealth and income, the growth of speculation and gambling, immorality and corruption, disillusionment, social resentment, discontent, upheaval and riots, bankruptcy, increased government controls, and eventual collapse.

If the governments devalue the currency in order to betray all creditors, you politely call this procedure 'inflation'.

There are two main drivers of asset class returns - inflation and growth.

Inflation is the parent of unemployment and the unseen robber of those who have saved.

The lesson is clear. Inflation devalues us all.

Inflation is like toothpaste. Once it's out, you can hardly get it back in again.

The first panacea for a mismanaged nation is inflation of the currency; the second is war. Both bring a temporary prosperity; both bring a permanent ruin. But both are the refuge of political and economic opportunists.

Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon in the sense that it is and can be produced only by a more rapid increase in the quantity of money than in output... A steady rate of monetary growth at a moderate level can provide a framework under which a country can have little inflation and much growth. It will not produce perfect stability; it will not produce heaven on earth; but it can make an important contribution to a stable economic society.

Government has no wealth, and when a politician promises to give you something for nothing, he must first confiscate that wealth from you -- either by direct taxes, or by the cruelly indirect tax of inflation.

Inflation is when you pay fifteen dollars for the ten-dollar haircut you used to get for five dollars when you had hair.

Inflation is not only unnecessary for economic growth. As long as it exists it is the enemy of economic growth.

It is a way to take people's wealth from them without having to openly raise taxes. Inflation is the most universal tax of all.

Nothing so weakens government as persistent inflation.

Increases in money supply are what constitute inflation, and a general rise in prices is the symptom.

Americans are getting stronger. Twenty years ago, it took two people to carry ten dollars' worth of groceries. Today, a five-year-old can do it.

Continued inflation inevitably leads to catastrophe.

Listening to Democrats complain about inflation is like listening to germs complain about disease.

Rapid increases in the quantity of money produce inflation. Sharp decreases produce depression.

Things there are no solution to: Inflation, bureaucracy & dandruff.

Whoever controls the volume of money in our country is absolute master of all industry and commerce...when you realize that the entire system is very easily controlled, one way or another, by a few powerful men at the top, you will not have to be told how periods of inflation and depression originate.

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Inflation quotes by:

• Milton Friedman Economist
• John Maynard Keynes Economist
• Alan Greenspan Economist
• Ludwig von Mises Philosopher
• Martin Feldstein Former Chairman of Council of Economic Advisers
• William Vickrey Nobel prize winner
• Ronald Reagan 40th U.S. President
• Friedrich August von Hayek Economist
• Paul Volcker Economist
• Barack Obama 44th U.S. President
• John W. Snow Former United States Secretary of the Treasury
• Warren Buffett Investor
• Suze Orman Author
• Murray Rothbard Economist
• Henry Hazlitt Journalist
• John Kenneth Galbraith Economist
• James Surowiecki Journalist
• Robert Reich Former United States Secretary of Labor
• Janet Yellen Economist
• Ben Bernanke Economist

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