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10 Important Steps for Producing a Quality News Story

• Writing Essays
• Writing Research Papers
• English Grammar
• M.S., Journalism, Columbia University
• B.A., Journalism, University of Wisconsin-Madison

Do you want to produce your first news story , but aren't sure where to begin or what to do along the way? Creating a news story is a series of tasks that involve both reporting and writing . Here are the things you'll need to accomplish to produce quality work that's ready for publication.

Find Something to Write About

Journalism isn't about writing essays or fiction—you can't create stories from your imagination. You have to find newsworthy topics worth reporting. Check out the places where news often happens—your city hall, police precinct or courthouse. Attend a city council or school board meeting. Want to cover sports? High school football and basketball games can be exciting and provide a great experience for the aspiring sportswriter. Or interview your city's merchants for their take on the state of the economy.

Do Interviews

Now that you've decided what to write about, you need to hit the streets (or the phone or your email) and start interviewing sources. Do some research about those you plan to interview, prepare some questions and make sure you're equipped with a reporter's notepad, pen, and pencil. Remember that the best interviews are more like conversations. Put your source at ease, and you'll get more revealing information.

Report, Report, Report

Good, clean news-writing is important, but all the writing skills in the world can't replace thorough, solid reporting . Good reporting means answering all the questions a reader might have and then some. It also means double-checking the information you get to make sure it's accurate. And don't forget to check the spelling of your source's name. It's Murphy's Law —just when you assume your source's name is spelled John Smith, it'll be Jon Smythe.

Choose the Best Quotes to Use in Your Story

You might fill your notebook with quotes from interviews, but when you write your story, you'll only be able to use a fraction of what you've gathered. Not all quotes are created equal—some are compelling, and others fall flat. Pick the quotes that grab your attention and expand the story, and chances are they'll grab your reader's attention as well.

Be Objective and Fair

Hard news stories are not the place to for opinion-spewing. Even if you have strong feelings about the issue you're covering, you must learn to set those feelings aside and become a dispassionate observer who does objective reporting . Remember, a news story isn't about what you think—it's about what your sources have to say.

Craft a Great Lede That Will Draw Readers In

 Cavan Images/Getty Images

So you've done your reporting and are ready to write. But the most interesting story in the world isn't worth much if no one reads it, and if you don't write a knock-their-socks-off lede , chances are no one will give your story a second glance. To craft a great lede, think about what makes your story unique and what you find interesting about it. Then find a way to convey that interest to your readers.

After the Lede, Structure the Rest of the Story

Hero Images/Getty Images

Crafting a great lede is the first order of business, but you still have to write the rest of the story. Newswriting is based on the idea of conveying as much information as possible, as quickly, efficiently and clearly as possible. The inverted pyramid format means you put the most important information at the top of your story, the least important at the bottom.

Attribute the Information You Get From Sources

It's important in news stories to be clear about where the information comes from. Attributing the information in your story makes it more credible and builds trust with your readers. Whenever possible, use on-the-record attribution.

Check AP Style

 Associated Press

Now you've reported and written a terrific story. But all that hard work will be for nothing if you send your editor a story filled with Associated Press style errors. AP style is the gold standard for print journalism usage in the U.S., which is why you need to learn it. Get used to checking your AP Stylebook whenever you write a story. Pretty soon, you'll have some of the most common style points down cold.

Get Started on a Follow-up Story

You've finished your article and sent it to your editor, who praises it profusely. Then she says, "OK, we'll need a follow-up story ." Developing a follow-up can be tricky at first, but some simple methods can help you along. For instance, think about the causes and consequences of the story you're covering. Doing so is bound to produce at least a few good follow-up ideas.

• Six Tips for Writing News Stories That Will Grab a Reader
• Avoid the Common Mistakes That Beginning Reporters Make
• How to Write a News Article That's Effective
• How to Avoid Burying the Lede of Your News Story
• These Are Frequently Used Journalism Terms You Need to Know
• Learn to Write News Stories
• How to Use Attribution Correctly in Journalism
• How Reporters Can Write Great Follow-up News Stories
• Here's How to Use Attribution to Avoid Plagiarism in Your News Stories
• 6 Tips for Writing About Live Events
• How to Write a Research Paper That Earns an A
• Learning to Edit News Stories Quickly
• How to Write Feature Stories
• The Secret to Writing Great Headlines for Your News Stories
• 15 News Writing Rules for Beginning Journalism Students
• Everything You Need to Know About Interviewing

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How to Write a News Article

Last Updated: April 28, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Gerald Posner . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. There are 11 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 2,397,343 times.

Writing a news article is different from writing other articles or informative pieces because news articles present information in a specific way. It's important to be able to convey all the relevant information in a limited word count and give the facts to your target audience concisely. Knowing how to write a news article can help a career in journalism , develop your writing skills and help you convey information clearly and concisely.

Things You Should Know

• Outline your article with all the facts and interview quotes you’ve gathered. Decide what your point of view on the topic is before you start writing.
• Your first sentence is the most important one—craft an attention-getter that clearly states the most important information.
• Proofread for accurate information, consistent style and tone, and proper formatting.

Sample Articles

Planning Your Article

• If you’ve ever written a research paper you understand the work that goes into learning about your topic. The first phase of writing a news article or editorial is pretty similar.
• Who - who was involved?
• What - what happened?
• Where - where did it happen?
• Why - why did it happen?
• When - when did it happen?
• How - how did it happen?

• 1) those that need to be included in the article.
• 2) those that are interesting but not vital.
• 3) those that are related but not important to the purpose of the article.
• This fact list will help prevent you from leaving out any relevant information about the topic or story, and will also help you write a clean, succinct article.
• Be as specific as possible when writing down all of these facts. You can always trim down unnecessary information later, but it’s easier to cut down than it is to have to beef up an article.
• It’s okay at this point to have holes in your information – if you don’t have a pertinent fact, write down the question and highlight it so you won’t forget to find it out
• Now that you have your facts, if your editor has not already assigned the type of article, decide what kind of article you’re writing. Ask yourself whether this is an opinion article, an unbiased and straightforward relaying of information, or something in between. [2] X Research source

• If you’ve ever heard the term “burying the lead”, that is in reference to the structure of your article. [4] X Research source The “lead” is the first sentence of the article – the one you “lead” with. Not "burying the lead" simply means that you should not make your readers read several paragraphs before they get to the point of your article.
• Whatever forum you’re writing for, be it print or for the web, a lot of readers don’t make it to the end of the article. When writing a news article, you should focus on giving your readers what they want as soon as possible.
• Write above the fold. The fold comes from newspapers where there’s a crease because the page gets folded in half. If you look at a newspaper all the top stories are placed above the fold. The same goes for writing online. The virtual fold is the bottom of your screen before you have to scroll down. Put the best information at the top to engage your readers and encourage them to keep reading.

• Ask yourself the “5 W's” again, but this time in relation to your audience.
• Questions like what is the average age you are writing for, where is this audience, local or national, why is this audience reading your article, and what does your audience want out of your article will inform you on how to write.
• Once you know who you are writing for you can format an outline that will get the best information to the right audience as quickly as possible.

• Even if you are covering a popular story or topic that others are writing about, look for an angle that will make this one yours.
• Do you have a personal experience that relates to your topic? Maybe you know someone who is an expert that you can interview .

• People usually like to talk about personal experiences, especially if it will be featured somewhere, like your news article. Reach out through a phone call, email, or even social media and ask someone if you can interview them.
• When you do interview people you need to follow a few rules: identify yourself as a reporter. Keep an open mind . Stay objective. While you are encouraged to ask questions and listen to anecdotes, you are not there to judge.
• Record and write down important information from the interview, and be transparent with what you are doing and why you are doing this interview.

Writing Your News Article

• Your lead should be one sentence and should simply, but completely, state the topic of the article.
• Remember when you had to write essays for school? Your lead is like your thesis statement.
• Let your readers know what your news article is about, why it’s important, and what the rest of the article will contain.

• These details are important, because they are the focal point of the article that fully informs the reader.
• If you are writing an opinion piece , this is where you will state what your opinion is as well.

• This additional information helps round out the article and can help you transition to new points as you move along.
• If you have an opinion, this is where you will identify the opposing views and the people who hold them.
• A good news article will outline facts and information. A great news article will allow readers to engage on an emotional level.
• To engage your readers, you should provide enough information that anyone reading your news article can make an informed opinion, even if it contrasts with yours.
• This also applies to a news article where you the author don’t state your opinion but present it as an unbiased piece of information. Your readers should still be able to learn enough about your topic to form an opinion.

• Make sure your news article is complete and finished by giving it a good concluding sentence. This is often a restatement of the leading statement (thesis) or a statement indicating potential future developments relating to the article topic.
• Read other news articles for ideas on how to best accomplish this. Or, watch news stations or shows. See how a news anchor will wrap up a story and sign off, then try to emulate that.

Proofing Your Article

• Be sure to double check all the facts in your news article before you submit it, including names, dates, and contact information or addresses. Writing accurately is one of the best ways to establish yourself as a competent news article writer.

• If your news article is meant to convey direct facts, not the opinions of its writer, ensure you’ve kept your writing unbiased and objective. Avoid any language that is overly positive or negative or statements that could be construed as support or criticism.
• If your article is meant to be more in the style of interpretive journalism then check to make sure that you have given deep enough explanations of the larger story and offered multiple viewpoints throughout.

• When quoting someone, write down exactly what was said inside quotations and immediately cite the reference with the person’s proper title. Formal titles should be capitalized and appear before a person’s name. Ex: “Mayor John Smith”.
• Always write out numbers one through nine, but use numerals for numbers 10 and up.
• When writing a news article, be sure to only include one space after a period, not two. [12] X Research source

• You shouldn’t submit any news article for publication without first letting someone take a look at it. An extra pair of eyes can double check your facts and the information to ensure that what you have written is accurate.
• If you are writing a news article for school or your own personal website, then have a friend take a look at it and give you notes. Sometimes you may get notes that you want to defend or don’t agree with it. But these should be listened to. Remember, with so many news articles getting published every minute you need to ensure that your widest possible audience can easily digest the information you have provided.

Expert Q&A

• Start with research and ask the “5. Asking these questions will help you create an outline and a narrative to your article. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Interview people, and remember to be polite and honest about what you are writing. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Put the most important information at the beginning of your article. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

Expert Interview

Thanks for reading our article! If you'd like to learn more about writing an article, check out our in-depth interview with Gerald Posner .

• ↑ https://libguides.mit.edu/select-topic
• ↑ https://writingcenter.gmu.edu/writing-resources/different-genres/news-writing-fundamentals
• ↑ https://libguides.southernct.edu/journalism/howtowrite
• ↑ https://spcollege.libguides.com/c.php?g=254319&p=1695313
• ↑ https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/cm360
• ↑ https://mediahelpingmedia.org/basics/how-to-find-and-develop-important-news-angles/
• ↑ https://www.northwestern.edu/brand/editorial-guidelines/newswriting-guidelines/
• ↑ https://tacomacc.libguides.com/c.php?g=599051&p=4147190
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/journalism_and_journalistic_writing/ap_style.html
• ↑ https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/punctuation/space-after-period
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/editing-and-proofreading/

About This Article

To write a news article, open with a strong leading sentence that states what the article is about and why it’s important. Try to answer the questions who, what, where, when, and why as early in the article as possible. Once you’ve given the reader the most important facts, you can include any additional information to help round out the article, such as opposing views or contact information. Finish with a strong concluding sentence, such as an invitation to learn more or a statement indicating future developments. For tips on researching your article, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How to write the best college assignments.

By Lois Weldon

When it comes to writing assignments, it is difficult to find a conceptualized guide with clear and simple tips that are easy to follow. That’s exactly what this guide will provide: few simple tips on how to write great assignments, right when you need them. Some of these points will probably be familiar to you, but there is no harm in being reminded of the most important things before you start writing the assignments, which are usually determining on your credits.

The most important aspects: Outline and Introduction

Preparation is the key to success, especially when it comes to academic assignments. It is recommended to always write an outline before you start writing the actual assignment. The outline should include the main points of discussion, which will keep you focused throughout the work and will make your key points clearly defined. Outlining the assignment will save you a lot of time because it will organize your thoughts and make your literature searches much easier. The outline will also help you to create different sections and divide up the word count between them, which will make the assignment more organized.

The introduction is the next important part you should focus on. This is the part that defines the quality of your assignment in the eyes of the reader. The introduction must include a brief background on the main points of discussion, the purpose of developing such work and clear indications on how the assignment is being organized. Keep this part brief, within one or two paragraphs.

This is an example of including the above mentioned points into the introduction of an assignment that elaborates the topic of obesity reaching proportions:

Background : The twenty first century is characterized by many public health challenges, among which obesity takes a major part. The increasing prevalence of obesity is creating an alarming situation in both developed and developing regions of the world.

Structure and aim : This assignment will elaborate and discuss the specific pattern of obesity epidemic development, as well as its epidemiology. Debt, trade and globalization will also be analyzed as factors that led to escalation of the problem. Moreover, the assignment will discuss the governmental interventions that make efforts to address this issue.

Practical tips on assignment writing

Here are some practical tips that will keep your work focused and effective:

–         Critical thinking – Academic writing has to be characterized by critical thinking, not only to provide the work with the needed level, but also because it takes part in the final mark.

–         Continuity of ideas – When you get to the middle of assignment, things can get confusing. You have to make sure that the ideas are flowing continuously within and between paragraphs, so the reader will be enabled to follow the argument easily. Dividing the work in different paragraphs is very important for this purpose.

–         Usage of ‘you’ and ‘I’ – According to the academic writing standards, the assignments should be written in an impersonal language, which means that the usage of ‘you’ and ‘I’ should be avoided. The only acceptable way of building your arguments is by using opinions and evidence from authoritative sources.

–         Referencing – this part of the assignment is extremely important and it takes a big part in the final mark. Make sure to use either Vancouver or Harvard referencing systems, and use the same system in the bibliography and while citing work of other sources within the text.  

–         Usage of examples – A clear understanding on your assignment’s topic should be provided by comparing different sources and identifying their strengths and weaknesses in an objective manner. This is the part where you should show how the knowledge can be applied into practice.

–         Numbering and bullets – Instead of using numbering and bullets, the academic writing style prefers the usage of paragraphs.

–         Including figures and tables – The figures and tables are an effective way of conveying information to the reader in a clear manner, without disturbing the word count. Each figure and table should have clear headings and you should make sure to mention their sources in the bibliography.

–         Word count – the word count of your assignment mustn’t be far above or far below the required word count. The outline will provide you with help in this aspect, so make sure to plan the work in order to keep it within the boundaries.

The importance of an effective conclusion

The conclusion of your assignment is your ultimate chance to provide powerful arguments that will impress the reader. The conclusion in academic writing is usually expressed through three main parts:

–         Stating the context and aim of the assignment

–         Summarizing the main points briefly

–         Providing final comments with consideration of the future (discussing clear examples of things that can be done in order to improve the situation concerning your topic of discussion).

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Lois Weldon is writer at  Uk.bestdissertation.com . Lives happily at London with her husband and lovely daughter. Adores writing tips for students. Passionate about Star Wars and yoga.

7 comments on “How To Write The Best College Assignments”

Extremely useful tip for students wanting to score well on their assignments. I concur with the writer that writing an outline before ACTUALLY starting to write assignments is extremely important. I have observed students who start off quite well but they tend to lose focus in between which causes them to lose marks. So an outline helps them to maintain the theme focused.

Hello Great information…. write assignments

Well elabrated

Thanks for the information. This site has amazing articles. Looking forward to continuing on this site.

This article is certainly going to help student . Well written.

Really good, thanks

Practical tips on assignment writing, the’re fantastic. Thank you!

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Writing Bad News

It used to be dangerous to be the bearer of bad news. In ancient times, people often killed the messenger if they disliked the message! Business today may be more civilized, but the fact remains that a bad-news message is one that your reader doesn’t want to receive.

To deliver bad news, you have two choices: (1) state the bad news right away, or (2) soften it by leading up to it with an explanation. If the bad news is minor, or if your reader expects it, go ahead and be direct. But in most cases, the second approach is better. You can organize bad news messages using the simple BEBE formula . This chapter shows you how.

(For more help, see the mini-course Writing Bad News Messages .)

In this chapter

Guidelines: Writing Bad News

Bid Rejection

Claim denial, complaint (basic), complaint (serious), credit or loan application denial.

Crisis Management

Negative Change Announcement

Poor results explanation, proposal rejection, donation-request denial, funding-request denial, suggestion rejection, checklist: writing bad news, guidelines writing bad news.

Your goal when sending bad news is to write a message that is clear, fair, and courteous.

Plan : (Ideas and Organization)

Aim to convince the reader that your news is necessary and fair.

Strive to continue a good relationship with the reader.

Prepare to draft.

Consider what your reader wants or expects.

Gather work-related reasons for your news.

If appropriate, explore other options for the reader.

Draft : (Ideas, Organization, and Voice)

Remember BEBE — B uffer, E xplanation and B ad news (main point), E xit.

Opening Begin with a buffer: a neutral statement like thanking the reader for past business, agreeing on a point, or expressing understanding.

Middle Build up to the bad news.

Be brief. One good reason is preferable to several weak ones.

If helpful, explain company policy.

State the bad news in the middle or at the end of a paragraph. If possible, follow with an alternative.

Closing Express regret (without apologizing) and end politely.

Revise : (Ideas, Organization, Voice, Words, and Sentences)

Have you supplied a clear, sensitive explanation that helps the reader say, “I understand”?

Have you used a sincere, gracious tone that avoids a “we” versus “you” attitude?

Have you used neutral, exact, and sensitive wording?

Do you have easy-to-read sentences with smooth transitions?

Edit : (Conventions and Design)

Have you checked names, dates, grammar, punctuation, and spelling?

Have you checked format (spacing, type, and so on)?

“Tact is the art of making a point without making an enemy.”

—Howard H. Newton

Breaking Bad News

Writing bid rejections.

Copy this template.

February 12, 2019

Mr. Felix Grove

Sea-to-Mountain Landscapers

8900 Coast Road

Seattle, WA 98134-6508

Dear Mr. Grove:

Opening: Buffer: Specify the bid and thank the bidder. SUBJECT: Bid 4459 Everson City Park

Thank you for your bid to design and develop Everson’s eight-acre city park adjacent to Kingston Elementary School and the Nooksack River.

Middle: Highlight the reader’s strengths objectively, but specify why another bid won. Your bid was competitive for several of the criteria outlined in our original Request for Proposals (RFP). Your cost estimates, experience, and references were as strong as those from other bidders. However, Earth-Scape Design’s overall plan tipped the bid in their favor. By including a variety of native plant species, Earth-Scape’s natural, sustainable landscape will require less long-term care and create less stress on the Nooksack watershed. Because their plan contained a variety of plants, it also offered added educational value.

Closing: If appropriate, encourage bidding on future projects. The Planning and Development Committee appreciates the work that you put into your proposal. We look forward to your interest in future Everson projects.

Yours sincerely,

Alice Potter

Development Committee Chair

Writing Claim Denials

June 17, 2019

Confirmation of email sent on June 14, 2019.

Mr. Jamaal Ellison

Southeast Electric

1976 Boulder Road, Suite 1214

Charlotte, NC 28261-1203

Dear Mr. Ellison:

Opening: Buffer: Restate the problem and show concern. We have finished investigating your concerns about the ATV16 drives that you installed for American Linc Company. We do understand that the drive and serial-link failures have inconvenienced both you and American Linc.

Middle: Use sound evidence and state the claim denial clearly. After testing the drives you returned, our line engineer determined that they failed because the temperatures in the cabinet exceeded the maximum operating temperature of the drives, leading to electronic-component failure. As noted in the ATV16 manual, the drive may malfunction under such conditions. For this reason, we cannot repair the drives without charge. Offer helpful alternatives. We would be happy, however, to consider the following solutions:

We could remove the drive’s plastic cover and install a stirring fan in the enclosure to moderate the temperature.

We could replace the ATV16 drives with the ATV18 model, a model more suitable for the machine you are using. (If you choose this option, we would give you a 15 percent discount on the ATV18s.)

Closing: Focus on the next step and on future business. Please let me know how you would like to proceed. I look forward to hearing from you and to continuing our partnership.

Elaine Hoffman

Product Manager

Writing Complaints (Basic)

February 26, 2019

BHC Office Supply Company

39 Davis Street

Pittsburgh, PA 15209-1334

ATTENTION: Shipping Manager

Opening: Buffer: Establish the claim’s context. I’m writing about a problem with the purchase order #07-1201. Copies of the original PO plus two invoices are enclosed.

Middle: Tactfully spell out the facts. Here is the sequence of events concerning PO 07-1201:

Specify the adjustment that you want. I am returning the partial order (duplicate items) by UPS. Please credit our account for the following: (1) the duplicate items listed on invoice 0151498 ($863.85), (2) the shipping costs of the partial order ($69.20), and (3) the UPS costs to return the duplicate items ($58.10). The total credit comes to $991.15.

Closing: Anticipate future business. I look forward to receiving an adjusted statement and to continued cooperation in the future.

Gary Sheridan—Office Manager

Enclosures 3

Writing Complaints (Serious)

January 15, 2019

Mr. Steven Grinnel

Director of Operations

Industrial Aggregate Equipment Company

4018 Tower Road

Albuquerque, NM 87105-3443

Dear Mr. Grinnel:

Opening: Buffer: Specify the problem and the reason for concern. I am very concerned about the 40-foot Snorkel Lift that we contracted with you to rebuild when we traded in our old Marklift. Continued delays in the rebuilding schedule and subsequent problems with the lift itself leave me uncertain about Industrial Aggregate’s ability to provide Rankin Technologies with continued service.

Middle: Provide a detailed outline of the problem and its history. Here is an overview of the problem:

We ordered the Snorkel Lift in April 2018, and you promised delivery in July. We did not receive the lift until September.

Keep your tone neutral. When the lift arrived, we noticed several key parts had not been replaced, and the boom did not operate correctly. Your project supervisor, Nick Luther, assured us that the parts would be fixed in a timely manner, and he provided a substitute lift for free.

Two months later, Mr. Luther called to say that everything was fixed. However, when we visited your facility on December 18, the gauges and tires on the lift had not been replaced, and the dual fuel unit had not been installed.

Be specific and factual. When we finally received the Snorkel Lift on December 22, several items we noticed on December 18 still had not been fixed. In fact, the lift still had these deficiencies:

several oil leaks

missing “on/off” switch in the basket

no dual fuel capabilities

boom vibration when retracted after full extension

Steven Grinnel

Middle: Give needed background and attach relevant support. We have been extremely disappointed with the lift’s condition and overall performance. Your original promise of a fully operational Snorkel Lift in “like new” condition by July 2018 (agreement copy enclosed) has not been met.

In the past, we have appreciated your service and assistance. From our experience of the past six months, however, we can only conclude that you are experiencing problems that make it difficult for you to provide the service Rankin Technologies needs.

Closing: State the proposed solution clearly and firmly. We want to resolve this issue. By February 15, 2019 please provide us with a lift that meets all the specifications agreed to and that has no operational deficiencies. If you are unable to provide the lift by that date, we will cancel our order and seek reimbursement for the used Marklift we traded in April 2018.

Jane Ballentine

Maintenance Project Engineer

Writing Credit or Loan Application Denials

May 5, 2019

Ms. Mary-Lou Twain

780 East 41st Street, Apartment 712

Houston, TX 77022-1183

Dear Ms. Twain:

Opening: Buffer: Express appreciation for the application. Thank you for meeting with loan officer Jean Olms last Friday and applying for a loan to open your gift shop.

When we review an application, one of the factors that we consider is the applicant’s credit history. A good credit history shows a pattern of paying obligations. Middle: Provide objective reasons for the rejection. Then state the rejection and offer suggestions. At this time, because you have not established a credit history, we cannot approve your request to borrow $200,000. However, you can establish a good credit history in one of two ways:

Apply for, use, and make prompt payments on a credit card.

Take out and repay a smaller loan at Lone Star Bank. Just a $5,000 loan successfully repaid would establish a positive financial record.

Closing: If appropriate, encourage applying when conditions change. We hope that these suggestions will help you begin to establish a good credit history. Then you may reapply for the loan that you requested.

Rodney Thayer

P.S. Please see the reverse side of this letter for information about your rights under the Federal Equal Credit Opportunity Act and other relevant laws.

Writing Crisis Management Messages

Good Morning:

Opening: Buffer: State your reason for writing. As you know, this past Monday, July 12, the FDA came to our plant for a spot inspection. I’m writing to share the inspection results and our response.

Middle: State the bad news factually and calmly. The good news is that the FDA inspectors did not find problems warranting a shutdown of Premium Meats. However, the bad news is that the inspectors cited us for three major violations resulting in a fine of $100,000.

Focus on solutions: what has been done and what needs to be done. The FDA is sending us a clear message. We must take immediate steps to protect our customers, our jobs, and our company. To that end, I have taken the following steps:

The Executive Committee met with me to review the FDA report and determine the problem areas in our production process.

I have directed the Production Management Team to review quality-control procedures and conduct two retraining sessions immediately.

I have appointed a Quality Task Force of both management and production staff to study the production process and make further recommendations.

I have briefed Sales and Public-Relations staff and directed them to contact customers and the media.

Closing: Stress a positive future, but be realistic. Ask for feedback, if appropriate. With short-term solutions and long-term cooperation, we will keep Premium Meats operating and prospering. If you have any suggestions or questions, please speak to your immediate supervisor or a member of the Quality Task Force.

Lawrence Durante

Writing Negative Change Announcements

Policy 46759

Ms. Virginia Beloit

72 Elias Street

Washington, DC 20018-8262

Dear Ms. Beloit:

Opening: Buffer: Introduce the topic and its context. Periodically, insurance companies review their policies, assess the cost of offering the policies, and make changes where needed. When that happens, it’s my responsibility as an insurance agent to inform my clients and help them make necessary adjustments.

Middle: Give rationale for the change. Last week Hawkeye Casualty, the company with whom you have your auto insurance policy, discontinued all policies for drivers considered “high risk.” Because you have had a traffic accident within the past 12 months and have received two speeding tickets during the same period, the company has relabeled your status as “high risk.” State the change. If possible, offer help. As a result, Hawkeye Casualty has cancelled your auto-insurance policy effective January 31, 2019. However, I have found another company that will offer you auto insurance. While the cost of this new policy is somewhat higher than your present policy, the coverage is comparable, and the company is reliable.

Closing: Explain what the reader should do. Please call me at 612-489-0020 within the next week so we can discuss the situation and decide how to proceed.

Eric Wright

Writing Poor Results Explanations

Good morning, Laurie, Julie, and Mark:

Opening: Buffer: Explain the context and give some good news. Last week, Jesse Cam from marketing sent me last year's sales report, along with a summary of our customer survey (copies attached). As the report shows, we had another good year: annual receipts in our three stores increased 9 percent. In addition, the survey shows that customers’ satisfaction with our Maintenance Departments continues to be high: 74 percent, Excellent; 18 percent, Good; 6 percent, Fair; and 2 percent, Poor. That’s great news—and our employees deserve the credit!

Middle: Explain the problem, focusing on issues and solutions, not individuals. However, the survey also shows that our sales personnel can improve. During your next meetings with them, please read through customers’ comments listed in Jesse’s summary. Note statements like those listed below, identify the problems, and discuss how we can improve:

“Nobody greeted me when I walked in.”

“The sales guy talked to me and two other customers—all at the same time.”

“Your salesman knew his stuff—but he seemed to push a sunroof, and I didn’t want one.”

“Leah was great, but she was your ONLY female salesperson!”

Closing: Politely explain follow-up. After reviewing the attachments and then meeting with your sales staffs, please write a report on your findings and send copies to Jim N., Jamie, and me.

Bernice Gardener

Writing Proposal Rejections

March 25, 2019

Mr. Gavin Farnsworth

Miami Computer Enterprises

South Benton Mall

Miami, FL 33166-1217

Dear Gavin:

Opening: Buffer: Show appreciation. Thank you for your proposal that I join your Customer Training Department. I appreciate your confidence in my ability to provide Miami Computer Enterprises’ clients with instruction and technical support.

Middle: Give your reasons objectively, stress positives in the proposal, state the rejection tactfully, and explore other options. While considering your proposal, I reflected on the reasons that I started my own computer-consulting service two years ago. One of the reasons was flexibility. As an independent consultant, I could regulate my work activities around family demands. Although your proposal was financially attractive, I must turn down your offer, at least for now.

In 17 months (August 2020), my youngest child will enter grade school. If you are still interested in me at that time, I would be happy to reconsider your proposal. Until then, I hope you will want me to continue doing contract projects for MCE, especially with your Spanish-speaking clients.

Closing: End positively. Thanks again for your generous proposal. I wish MCE continued growth and success.

Juanita Guiverra

Writing Donation-Request Denials

April 16, 2019

Ms. Marlis DeQuincey

Executive Director

Family First Center

468 Provis Way

Fairfield, NY 12377-2089

Opening: Buffer: Express interest in the reader’s cause. Dear Ms. DeQuincey:

I read with interest your letter about Family First Center’s project. Your efforts to build a shelter for women and children victimized by domestic violence is certainly commendable.

Middle: Provide clear reasons for not participating. I am honored that you have invited Rankin Technologies to participate in your project. Rankin seeks to be a good corporate citizen and a positive force in the community. To that end, we have already committed ourselves to partnerships with nonprofit organizations that mesh with Rankin’s interests in the environment, in urban renewal, and in Third-World development. State the refusal tactfully. For this reason, we cannot participate in your project at this time.

If possible, offer an alternative. Rankin employees will, however, be encouraged to continue to support your work in the community campaign. In fact, I will distribute materials about your project to our employees so that individuals may choose to get involved.

Closing: Affirm the reader. I wish you well, Ms. DeQuincey, in your important work of helping the victims of physical and emotional violence in this community.

Barbara Reinholdt

Office Manager

Writing Funding-Request Denials

Opening: Buffer: Restate the request and offer a point of agreement. Dear Oscar:

I’ve reviewed your request to send all the sales reps to the Netware training seminar in Cincinnati. Oscar, I agree that this training would help your staff be more productive.

Middle: State your reasons briefly, clearly, and objectively. If possible, explore alternatives. With your request in mind, I reviewed our training budget to see if we could afford the seminar. A large portion of our budget has already been used to upgrade design software for the engineering staff. In addition, we have some prior commitments for training office staff in August. Therefore, there is not enough money available to send all sales reps to Cincinnati.

Perhaps there’s another way. If we sent two of your key staff to the seminar, they could then train others in your department. Or we could plan an extensive in-house training session for your entire group.

Closing: End on a note of encouragement. I’d be happy to explore these or other options with you. With a little creativity, I think that we could get your reps the training they need. Just call or email me (ext. 3957).

Avoid the following words and phrases when rejecting a request:

I am surprised

I question/take issue with

company policy prohibits

you apparently overlooked

are not able to

you obviously failed to

must refuse/reject

I cannot understand your

you claim/complain

contrary to what you say

has never happened before

unjustified

misinformed

I trust you will agree

Writing Suggestion Rejections

Opening: Buffer: Restate the suggestion and show appreciation. Hi, Duane:

Thanks for suggesting that Rankin create work-at-home possibilities for staff. I’ve been intrigued with this work concept for some time.

Middle: Explain how you reviewed the suggestion and why it won’t work. Explore other options. I asked Melissa St. James in Human Resources about the costs and benefits of telecommuting. She said that her department conducted a feasibility study on telecommuting three years ago and concluded that it would not benefit the company for these reasons:

Employees could become isolated.

Few tasks could be efficiently performed away from the plant.

Home offices could prove too costly.

Perhaps the situation has changed since that study. Melissa said that she would be willing to discuss the idea with you.

Closing: Affirm the reader and invite further suggestions. Please follow up on that offer, Duane. In addition, please continue to submit suggestions for improving operations here at Rankin. I appreciate your work!

Best wishes,

Checklist Writing Bad News

My writing . . .

is clear yet tactful.

presents all the facts accurately and focuses on solutions.

Organization

begins with a buffer statement that

explains the message’s purpose.

establishes common ground.

builds sensitively (indirectly) to the bad news.

develops a middle that

provides well-supported reasons without overexplaining.

states the bad news tactfully in the middle of a paragraph.

offers the reader a compromise or an alternative, if possible.

closes in a manner that

clarifies steps needed for an alternative solution.

looks forward to future work or contact, without sounding too upbeat.

follows the BEBE organization pattern.

uses an understanding yet firm voice that is not defensive or angry.

conveys the bad news clearly but tactfully.

avoids the pronoun “you” if it sounds accusatory.

reads well aloud; sentences aren’t awkward or wordy.

uses passive voice to soften negative or difficult statements. 

Correctness

is free of errors in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and keyboarding.

features an attractive layout with ample white space.

organizes points and details with numbers, bullets, or graphics.

“Nothing travels faster than the speed of light with the possible exception of bad news, which obeys its own special laws.”

—Douglas Adams

• Read more about Bid Rejection
• Read more about Claim Denial
• Read more about Complaint (Basic)
• Read more about Complaint (Serious)
• Read more about Credit or Loan Application Denial

Crisis Management Message

• Read more about Crisis Management Message
• Read more about Negative Change Announcement
• Read more about Poor Results Explanation
• Read more about Proposal Rejection
• Read more about Donation-Request Denial
• Read more about Funding-Request Denial
• Read more about Suggestion Rejection
• Read more about Checklist: Writing Bad News

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• Section 1: Business Writing Workshops
• Chapter 9: Writing to Inform
• Chapter 11: Writing to Persuade
• Section 3: Workplace Writing and Communicating
• Section 4: Proofreader's Guide
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Dynamics of News Reporting and Writing: Foundational Skills for a Digital Age

Student resources, newswriting assignments.

Assignment 1: What grabs you?

Description of Assignment: Basic news writing focuses on figuring out what is important and then giving that information to your readers. It sounds simple and, with a lot of practice, it can be. Problems tend to crop up when writers try to do too much, ignore some basic tenets of journalism, and generally don’t think about the audience before writing.

Here's your chance to rate your local newspaper or online news site. Find today’s edition, set aside 40 min, and read it. Just read. Then, make a list of stories, then rank them from the story that interests you the most to that which interests you the least.

Consider what it is about each story that caught your fancy. Was it the writing style? Was it the subject matter? Did the story tell you something you didn’t know? Did it answer your questions?

And consider each story that you didn’t like. Was it poorly written or organized? Did it contain errors? Was it useless to you? Did it leave you with more questions than when you started reading it? Could you even get through it?

Be prepared to discuss these findings in class. Understanding what you value in a story will make it easier for you to write and report your own stories.

Public Domain Source Material: Your daily newspaper.

Assignment 2: Spoiler alert! Learning the inverted pyramid

Description of Assignment: This drill will ask students to think of their three favorite movies or novels, and report them as news stories using summary leads and an inverted pyramid style. Please write at least four paragraphs per film or book. Don’t worry about giving away the ending! News stories generally require the writer to give up the goods at the start of the story. That way, the reader doesn’t get bored and miss the point of the story before moving on to the next one.

Ideas to try:

• Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , by Roald Dahl
• State of Wonder , by Ann Patchett
• Star Wars Ep. IV: A New Hope

For example:

Charlotte A. Cavatica, a barn spider who helped save Wilbur the pig from slaughter by extolling him with English words spun into her web at Zuckerman’s farm, died Friday at the county fair. She was 1.

Charlotte is survived by Wilbur, who rose to regional fame thanks to his dear friend’s cunning, and dozens of babies who emerged from her egg sac thereafter and departed before Wilbur could name them. The spiderlings who stayed with Wilbur were named Joy, Nellie and Aranea.

Assignment 3: Birthday assignment

Description of Assignment: You may not remember it, but the day of your birth was very special for your parents. Interview your mother or father (or both) and ask them to recall what they experienced on the day you came into the world. At what time did your mother go into labor? Was it a natural birth, or did she have a C-section?

Shape their answers into the 5 Ws and 1 H format, and write a story reporting the events of your own birthday, using the inverted pyramid structure, as if it had been published in a family newsletter the day after your birth.

Assignment 4: Take note

Description of Assignment: Note-taking is an essential skill in reporting. There is no such thing (yet) as real-time transcription of every conversation. Even if there were, it would only be a record of what was said. It would not tell you anything about the way it was said. It would not remind you of the insights you had during the conversation.

Your notes represent your understanding of the material you are covering. Yes, it is important to get some colorful quotes, but it’s also important to make a record of the surroundings, what you see, feel, hear, and understand.

Every writer must develop their own note-taking style. Try writing as concisely--and as fast--as you can while still capturing information you will understand later. Take time after an interview or event to review your notes and improve them while the memories are fresh in your mind.

Your assignment: Watch tonight’s evening news and take notes. Watch the first 15 min of the broadcast, just once through, without pausing.

Then recreate the broadcast from your notes--with direct quotes, nuance, and your own writing style. Describe the clips in as vivid detail as you can muster. Remember to get accurate spellings of names.

Public Domain Source Material: Watch live on TV or choose a past newscast: https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/nightly-news-full-broadcast-november-8th-804149315681  

Want to create or adapt books like this? Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices.

2-Types of Sources

8. News as a Source

News sources can provide insights that scholarly sources may not or that will take a long time to get into scholarly sources. For instance, news sources are excellent for finding out people’s actions, reactions, opinions, and prevailing attitudes around the time of an event—as well as to find reports of what happened at the event itself.

Whether news sources are good for your assignment depends on what your research question is. (You’ll find other relevant information in Chapter 3, What Sources to Use When .)

News is a strange term, because even when the information is old, it’s still news. Some sources are great for breaking news, some are great for aggregated (or compiled) news, and others are great for historical news.

While news was transmitted for centuries only in newspapers, news is now transmitted in all formats: via radio, television, and the Internet, in addition to print. Even most newspapers have Internet sites today. At the time of this writing, the Student Government Association at Ohio State University provides an online subscription to The New Yok Times for all students, faculty, and staff at the university.

News must be brief because much of it gets reported only moments after an event happens. News reports occur early in the Information Lifecycle. See the Information Lifecycle video earlier in this chapter for more information.

When Are News Sources Helpful?

• You want to keep up with what is going on in the world today.
• You need breaking news or historical perspectives on a topic (what people were saying at the time).
• You need to learn more about a culture, place, or time period from its own sources.

When Are News Sources of Limited Use?

• You need very detailed analysis by experts.
• You need sources that must be scholarly or modern views on a historical topic.

Activity: Using News Effectively

Mainline and non-mainline news sources.

Mainline American news outlets stick with the tradition of trying to report the news as objectively as possibly. That doesn’t mean their reports are perfectly objective, but they are more objective than non-mainline news sources. As a result, mainline news sources are more credible than non-mainline sources. Some examples of mainline American news outlets: The New York Times , The Washington Post , The Boston Globe , The Chicago Tribune , The Los Angeles Times ; ABC News, CBS News, NBC News, PBS News, NPR News.

News from non-mainline American news outlets is often mixed with opinions. One way they frequently exhibit bias is that they leave out pertinent facts. Some examples of non-mainline American news outlets: MSNBC, Fox News, and reddit.

Types of News Sources

Press Services— News outlets (print, broadcast, and online) get a lot of their news from these services, such as Reuters, Bloomberg, or the Associated Press (AP), which make it unnecessary for individual outlets to send their own reporters everywhere. These services are so broadly used that you may have to look at several news outlets to get a different take on an event or situation.

News aggregators— Aggregators don’t have reporters of their own but simply collect and transmit the news reported by others. Some sources pull news from a variety of places and provide a single place to search for and view multiple stories. You can browse stories or search for a topic. Aggregators tend to have current, but not archival news. Google news and Yahoo News are examples.

Newspaper sites – Many print newspapers also have their own websites. They vary as to how much news they provide for free. Take a look at these examples.

• The Lantern , Ohio State University’s student newspaper
• The Columbus Dispatch
• The Boston Globe
• The Times of London
• China Daily , USA edition
• The New York Times

News Databases – Search current, recent, and historical newspaper content in databases provided free by libraries. OSU Libraries offers 69 news databases to students, staff, and faculty. They include:

• LexisNexis Academic – contains news back to 1980 from newspapers, broadcast transcripts, wire services, blogs, and more.
• Proquest Historical Newspapers – contains older content from several major U.S. newspapers.
• allAfrica – contains more than a million articles from 100 African news sources, 1996-present.
• Lantern Online – contains the archive of all of OSU’s student newspaper issues, 1881-1997.

See the complete list of OSU Libraries’ newspaper databases .

Activity: Choosing a Newspaper Database

Look at the list of OSU Libraries’ newspaper databases available to OSU users. Which one would be a good place to find an article with an international left perspective on a topic? Our answer is at the end of this section.

Broadcast News Sites – Although broadcast news (from radio and television) is generally consumed in real time, such organizations also offer archives of news stories on their websites. However, not all of their articles are provided by their own reporters: some originate from the press services, Reuters and the Associated Press (AP). Here are some examples of broadcast new sites:

Activity: Quick World News Scan

Visit the BBC’s News page and scan the headlines for a quick update on the world’s major news stories.

Social Media – Most of the news outlets listed above contribute to Twitter and Facebook . It’s customary for highly condensed announcements in this venue to lead you back to the news outlet’s website for more information. However, how credible tech companies such as Facebook, Twitter, and Google are with news is in serious doubt now that their lawyers have testified to the U.S. Congress that more than 100 million users may have seen content actually created by Russian operatives on the tech companies’ platforms leading up to the 2016 U.S. presidential election.  Read more about their testimony at  NPR  and  The New York Times. 

Blogs – Sometimes these are good sources for breaking news, as well as commentary on current events and scholarship. Authors who write more objectively elsewhere can share more insights and opinions, more initial questions and findings about a study before they are ready to release definitive data and conclusions about their research.

Citizen Journalism – A growing number of sites cater to those members of the general public who want to report breaking news and submit their own photos and videos on a wide range of topics. The people who do this are often referred to as citizen journalists.

Examples of such sources include CNN iReport , and  reddit . For more details on the history and development of citizen journalism, including addressing some of the pros and cons, read Your Guide to Citizen Journalism .

News Feeds – You can get updates on specific topics or a list of major headlines, regularly sent to you so you don’t have to visit sites or hunt for new content on a topic. Look for links that contain headings such as these to sign up for news feeds:

• News Alerts
• Table of Contents Alerts

What’s an RSS feed? How can it help you stay informed about what you are interested in?

Answer to Activity: Choosing a Newspaper Database

If you look at the database descriptions, you will notice that the one for Alternative Press Index matches the need expressed in the question.

Choosing & Using Sources: A Guide to Academic Research Copyright © 2015 by Teaching & Learning, Ohio State University Libraries is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Teaching, Learning, & Professional Development Center

• Teaching Resources
• TLPDC Teaching Resources

How Do I Create Meaningful and Effective Assignments?

Prepared by allison boye, ph.d. teaching, learning, and professional development center.

Assessment is a necessary part of the teaching and learning process, helping us measure whether our students have really learned what we want them to learn. While exams and quizzes are certainly favorite and useful methods of assessment, out of class assignments (written or otherwise) can offer similar insights into our students' learning.  And just as creating a reliable test takes thoughtfulness and skill, so does creating meaningful and effective assignments. Undoubtedly, many instructors have been on the receiving end of disappointing student work, left wondering what went wrong… and often, those problems can be remedied in the future by some simple fine-tuning of the original assignment.  This paper will take a look at some important elements to consider when developing assignments, and offer some easy approaches to creating a valuable assessment experience for all involved.

First Things First…

Before assigning any major tasks to students, it is imperative that you first define a few things for yourself as the instructor:

• Your goals for the assignment . Why are you assigning this project, and what do you hope your students will gain from completing it? What knowledge, skills, and abilities do you aim to measure with this assignment?  Creating assignments is a major part of overall course design, and every project you assign should clearly align with your goals for the course in general.  For instance, if you want your students to demonstrate critical thinking, perhaps asking them to simply summarize an article is not the best match for that goal; a more appropriate option might be to ask for an analysis of a controversial issue in the discipline. Ultimately, the connection between the assignment and its purpose should be clear to both you and your students to ensure that it is fulfilling the desired goals and doesn't seem like “busy work.” For some ideas about what kinds of assignments match certain learning goals, take a look at this page from DePaul University's Teaching Commons.
• Have they experienced “socialization” in the culture of your discipline (Flaxman, 2005)? Are they familiar with any conventions you might want them to know? In other words, do they know the “language” of your discipline, generally accepted style guidelines, or research protocols?
• Do they know how to conduct research?  Do they know the proper style format, documentation style, acceptable resources, etc.? Do they know how to use the library (Fitzpatrick, 1989) or evaluate resources?
• What kinds of writing or work have they previously engaged in?  For instance, have they completed long, formal writing assignments or research projects before? Have they ever engaged in analysis, reflection, or argumentation? Have they completed group assignments before?  Do they know how to write a literature review or scientific report?

In his book Engaging Ideas (1996), John Bean provides a great list of questions to help instructors focus on their main teaching goals when creating an assignment (p.78):

1. What are the main units/modules in my course?

2. What are my main learning objectives for each module and for the course?

3. What thinking skills am I trying to develop within each unit and throughout the course?

4. What are the most difficult aspects of my course for students?

5. If I could change my students' study habits, what would I most like to change?

6. What difference do I want my course to make in my students' lives?

What your students need to know

Once you have determined your own goals for the assignment and the levels of your students, you can begin creating your assignment.  However, when introducing your assignment to your students, there are several things you will need to clearly outline for them in order to ensure the most successful assignments possible.

• First, you will need to articulate the purpose of the assignment . Even though you know why the assignment is important and what it is meant to accomplish, you cannot assume that your students will intuit that purpose. Your students will appreciate an understanding of how the assignment fits into the larger goals of the course and what they will learn from the process (Hass & Osborn, 2007). Being transparent with your students and explaining why you are asking them to complete a given assignment can ultimately help motivate them to complete the assignment more thoughtfully.
• If you are asking your students to complete a writing assignment, you should define for them the “rhetorical or cognitive mode/s” you want them to employ in their writing (Flaxman, 2005). In other words, use precise verbs that communicate whether you are asking them to analyze, argue, describe, inform, etc.  (Verbs like “explore” or “comment on” can be too vague and cause confusion.) Provide them with a specific task to complete, such as a problem to solve, a question to answer, or an argument to support.  For those who want assignments to lead to top-down, thesis-driven writing, John Bean (1996) suggests presenting a proposition that students must defend or refute, or a problem that demands a thesis answer.
• It is also a good idea to define the audience you want your students to address with their assignment, if possible – especially with writing assignments.  Otherwise, students will address only the instructor, often assuming little requires explanation or development (Hedengren, 2004; MIT, 1999). Further, asking students to address the instructor, who typically knows more about the topic than the student, places the student in an unnatural rhetorical position.  Instead, you might consider asking your students to prepare their assignments for alternative audiences such as other students who missed last week's classes, a group that opposes their position, or people reading a popular magazine or newspaper.  In fact, a study by Bean (1996) indicated the students often appreciate and enjoy assignments that vary elements such as audience or rhetorical context, so don't be afraid to get creative!
• Obviously, you will also need to articulate clearly the logistics or “business aspects” of the assignment . In other words, be explicit with your students about required elements such as the format, length, documentation style, writing style (formal or informal?), and deadlines.  One caveat, however: do not allow the logistics of the paper take precedence over the content in your assignment description; if you spend all of your time describing these things, students might suspect that is all you care about in their execution of the assignment.
• Finally, you should clarify your evaluation criteria for the assignment. What elements of content are most important? Will you grade holistically or weight features separately? How much weight will be given to individual elements, etc?  Another precaution to take when defining requirements for your students is to take care that your instructions and rubric also do not overshadow the content; prescribing too rigidly each element of an assignment can limit students' freedom to explore and discover. According to Beth Finch Hedengren, “A good assignment provides the purpose and guidelines… without dictating exactly what to say” (2004, p. 27).  If you decide to utilize a grading rubric, be sure to provide that to the students along with the assignment description, prior to their completion of the assignment.

A great way to get students engaged with an assignment and build buy-in is to encourage their collaboration on its design and/or on the grading criteria (Hudd, 2003). In his article “Conducting Writing Assignments,” Richard Leahy (2002) offers a few ideas for building in said collaboration:

• Ask the students to develop the grading scale themselves from scratch, starting with choosing the categories.

• Set the grading categories yourself, but ask the students to help write the descriptions.

• Draft the complete grading scale yourself, then give it to your students for review and suggestions.

A Few Do's and Don'ts…

Determining your goals for the assignment and its essential logistics is a good start to creating an effective assignment. However, there are a few more simple factors to consider in your final design. First, here are a few things you should do :

• Do provide detail in your assignment description . Research has shown that students frequently prefer some guiding constraints when completing assignments (Bean, 1996), and that more detail (within reason) can lead to more successful student responses.  One idea is to provide students with physical assignment handouts , in addition to or instead of a simple description in a syllabus.  This can meet the needs of concrete learners and give them something tangible to refer to.  Likewise, it is often beneficial to make explicit for students the process or steps necessary to complete an assignment, given that students – especially younger ones – might need guidance in planning and time management (MIT, 1999).
• Do use open-ended questions.  The most effective and challenging assignments focus on questions that lead students to thinking and explaining, rather than simple yes or no answers, whether explicitly part of the assignment description or in the  brainstorming heuristics (Gardner, 2005).
• Do direct students to appropriate available resources . Giving students pointers about other venues for assistance can help them get started on the right track independently. These kinds of suggestions might include information about campus resources such as the University Writing Center or discipline-specific librarians, suggesting specific journals or books, or even sections of their textbook, or providing them with lists of research ideas or links to acceptable websites.
• Do consider providing models – both successful and unsuccessful models (Miller, 2007). These models could be provided by past students, or models you have created yourself.  You could even ask students to evaluate the models themselves using the determined evaluation criteria, helping them to visualize the final product, think critically about how to complete the assignment, and ideally, recognize success in their own work.
• Do consider including a way for students to make the assignment their own. In their study, Hass and Osborn (2007) confirmed the importance of personal engagement for students when completing an assignment.  Indeed, students will be more engaged in an assignment if it is personally meaningful, practical, or purposeful beyond the classroom.  You might think of ways to encourage students to tap into their own experiences or curiosities, to solve or explore a real problem, or connect to the larger community.  Offering variety in assignment selection can also help students feel more individualized, creative, and in control.
• If your assignment is substantial or long, do consider sequencing it. Far too often, assignments are given as one-shot final products that receive grades at the end of the semester, eternally abandoned by the student.  By sequencing a large assignment, or essentially breaking it down into a systematic approach consisting of interconnected smaller elements (such as a project proposal, an annotated bibliography, or a rough draft, or a series of mini-assignments related to the longer assignment), you can encourage thoughtfulness, complexity, and thoroughness in your students, as well as emphasize process over final product.

Next are a few elements to avoid in your assignments:

• Do not ask too many questions in your assignment.  In an effort to challenge students, instructors often err in the other direction, asking more questions than students can reasonably address in a single assignment without losing focus. Offering an overly specific “checklist” prompt often leads to externally organized papers, in which inexperienced students “slavishly follow the checklist instead of integrating their ideas into more organically-discovered structure” (Flaxman, 2005).
• Do not expect or suggest that there is an “ideal” response to the assignment. A common error for instructors is to dictate content of an assignment too rigidly, or to imply that there is a single correct response or a specific conclusion to reach, either explicitly or implicitly (Flaxman, 2005). Undoubtedly, students do not appreciate feeling as if they must read an instructor's mind to complete an assignment successfully, or that their own ideas have nowhere to go, and can lose motivation as a result. Similarly, avoid assignments that simply ask for regurgitation (Miller, 2007). Again, the best assignments invite students to engage in critical thinking, not just reproduce lectures or readings.
• Do not provide vague or confusing commands . Do students know what you mean when they are asked to “examine” or “discuss” a topic? Return to what you determined about your students' experiences and levels to help you decide what directions will make the most sense to them and what will require more explanation or guidance, and avoid verbiage that might confound them.
• Do not impose impossible time restraints or require the use of insufficient resources for completion of the assignment.  For instance, if you are asking all of your students to use the same resource, ensure that there are enough copies available for all students to access – or at least put one copy on reserve in the library. Likewise, make sure that you are providing your students with ample time to locate resources and effectively complete the assignment (Fitzpatrick, 1989).

The assignments we give to students don't simply have to be research papers or reports. There are many options for effective yet creative ways to assess your students' learning! Here are just a few:

Journals, Posters, Portfolios, Letters, Brochures, Management plans, Editorials, Instruction Manuals, Imitations of a text, Case studies, Debates, News release, Dialogues, Videos, Collages, Plays, Power Point presentations

Ultimately, the success of student responses to an assignment often rests on the instructor's deliberate design of the assignment. By being purposeful and thoughtful from the beginning, you can ensure that your assignments will not only serve as effective assessment methods, but also engage and delight your students. If you would like further help in constructing or revising an assignment, the Teaching, Learning, and Professional Development Center is glad to offer individual consultations. In addition, look into some of the resources provided below.

Online Resources

“Creating Effective Assignments” http://www.unh.edu/teaching-excellence/resources/Assignments.htm This site, from the University of New Hampshire's Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning,  provides a brief overview of effective assignment design, with a focus on determining and communicating goals and expectations.

Gardner, T.  (2005, June 12). Ten Tips for Designing Writing Assignments. Traci's Lists of Ten. http://www.tengrrl.com/tens/034.shtml This is a brief yet useful list of tips for assignment design, prepared by a writing teacher and curriculum developer for the National Council of Teachers of English .  The website will also link you to several other lists of “ten tips” related to literacy pedagogy.

“How to Create Effective Assignments for College Students.”  http:// tilt.colostate.edu/retreat/2011/zimmerman.pdf     This PDF is a simplified bulleted list, prepared by Dr. Toni Zimmerman from Colorado State University, offering some helpful ideas for coming up with creative assignments.

“Learner-Centered Assessment” http://cte.uwaterloo.ca/teaching_resources/tips/learner_centered_assessment.html From the Centre for Teaching Excellence at the University of Waterloo, this is a short list of suggestions for the process of designing an assessment with your students' interests in mind. “Matching Learning Goals to Assignment Types.” http://teachingcommons.depaul.edu/How_to/design_assignments/assignments_learning_goals.html This is a great page from DePaul University's Teaching Commons, providing a chart that helps instructors match assignments with learning goals.

Additional References Bean, J.C. (1996). Engaging ideas: The professor's guide to integrating writing, critical thinking, and active learning in the classroom . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Fitzpatrick, R. (1989). Research and writing assignments that reduce fear lead to better papers and more confident students. Writing Across the Curriculum , 3.2, pp. 15 – 24.

Flaxman, R. (2005). Creating meaningful writing assignments. The Teaching Exchange .  Retrieved Jan. 9, 2008 from http://www.brown.edu/Administration/Sheridan_Center/pubs/teachingExchange/jan2005/01_flaxman.pdf

Hass, M. & Osborn, J. (2007, August 13). An emic view of student writing and the writing process. Across the Disciplines, 4. 

Hedengren, B.F. (2004). A TA's guide to teaching writing in all disciplines . Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's.

Hudd, S. S. (2003, April). Syllabus under construction: Involving students in the creation of class assignments.  Teaching Sociology , 31, pp. 195 – 202.

Leahy, R. (2002). Conducting writing assignments. College Teaching , 50.2, pp. 50 – 54.

Miller, H. (2007). Designing effective writing assignments.  Teaching with writing .  University of Minnesota Center for Writing. Retrieved Jan. 9, 2008, from http://writing.umn.edu/tww/assignments/designing.html

MIT Online Writing and Communication Center (1999). Creating Writing Assignments. Retrieved January 9, 2008 from http://web.mit.edu/writing/Faculty/createeffective.html .

Contact TTU

Virgo Daily Horoscope Today, May 10, 2024 predicts a good news in the family

Virgo – (23rd august to 22nd september), daily horoscope prediction says, take up every assignment at the office to give the best result..

B e expressive of your love life and also consider the emotions of your partner. Take up every assignment at the office to give the best result. Prosperity also exists. You may propose today or even enjoy a productive existing love life. Despite being busy you will see opportunities at the office to give the best results. Financially, you’ll be fortunate today. Health is also good.

Virgo Love Horoscope Today 

You will explore the benefits of love today. Despite minor hiccups in the first half of the day, the love life will be quite engaging. Have a pleasant time and you may also surprise the lover with unexpected gifts. A romantic lunch or dinner is a good time to propose. Some love affairs will transform into marriage with the consent of parents. Be expressive in love and this will have serious impacts. Married females will also conceive today. 

Virgo Career Horoscope Today 

Your attitude at the office is crucial today. New tasks will knock on the door as the management trusts your proficiency. A team meeting may go wrong today and you must maintain a harmonious relationship with the seniors. Do not lose patience and you will get opportunities to prove your proficiency in the later part of the day. Some IT, designing, hospitality healthcare, and animation professionals will find opportunities to relocate abroad. You may also expect a positive response from international clients for performance. 

Virgo Money Horoscope Today 

Manage your wealth smartly. Money will flow in from different sources today. Buy home appliances or electronic products as the financial status permits that. Some Virgos will also plan a vacation abroad. Investment is also a good option for future wealth. Pick property, gold, stock market, and speculative business have good options to enhance wealth. Businessmen will clear all pending dues and will also be successful in raising funds through promoters. 

Virgo Health Horoscope Today 

No major medical issue will impact your routine life. However, it is good to keep a watch on breathing issues. Those who have asthma should be careful while venturing out, especially in dusty areas. Avoid aerated drinks and instead opt for fresh juices. You may also consider quitting both alcohol and tobacco. 

Virgo Sign Attributes

•  Strength: Kind, Elegant, Perfectionist, Modest, Strong-willed
•  Weakness: Picky, Over-possessive
•  Symbol: Virgin maiden
•  Element: Earth
•  Body Part: Intestine
•  Sign Ruler: Mercury
•  Lucky Day: Wednesday
•  Lucky Color: Gray
•  Lucky Number: 7
•  Lucky Stone: Sapphire

Virgo Sign Compatibility Chart

•  Natural affinity: Taurus, Cancer, Scorpio, Capricorn
•  Good compatibility: Virgo, Pisces
•  Fair compatibility: Aries, Leo, Libra, Aquarius
•  Less compatibility: Gemini, Sagittarius

By: Dr. J. N. Pandey

Vedic Astrology & Vastu Expert

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: 9811107060 (WhatsApp Only)

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Virgo Daily Horoscope Today, May 10, 2024 predicts a good news in the family

Read virgo daily horoscope for may 10, 2024, to know your astrological predictions. prosperity also exists., virgo – (23rd august to 22nd september), daily horoscope prediction says, take up every assignment at the office to give the best result..

Be expressive of your love life and also consider the emotions of your partner. Take up every assignment at the office to give the best result. Prosperity also exists. You may propose today or even enjoy a productive existing love life. Despite being busy you will see opportunities at the office to give the best results. Financially, you’ll be fortunate today. Health is also good.

Virgo Love Horoscope Today 

You will explore the benefits of love today. Despite minor hiccups in the first half of the day, the love life will be quite engaging. Have a pleasant time and you may also surprise the lover with unexpected gifts. A romantic lunch or dinner is a good time to propose. Some love affairs will transform into marriage with the consent of parents. Be expressive in love and this will have serious impacts. Married females will also conceive today. 

Virgo Career Horoscope Today 

Your attitude at the office is crucial today. New tasks will knock on the door as the management trusts your proficiency. A team meeting may go wrong today and you must maintain a harmonious relationship with the seniors. Do not lose patience and you will get opportunities to prove your proficiency in the later part of the day. Some IT, designing, hospitality healthcare, and animation professionals will find opportunities to relocate abroad. You may also expect a positive response from international clients for performance. 

Virgo Money Horoscope Today 

Manage your wealth smartly. Money will flow in from different sources today. Buy home appliances or electronic products as the financial status permits that. Some Virgos will also plan a vacation abroad. Investment is also a good option for future wealth. Pick property, gold, stock market, and speculative business have good options to enhance wealth. Businessmen will clear all pending dues and will also be successful in raising funds through promoters. 

Virgo Health Horoscope Today 

No major medical issue will impact your routine life. However, it is good to keep a watch on breathing issues. Those who have asthma should be careful while venturing out, especially in dusty areas. Avoid aerated drinks and instead opt for fresh juices. You may also consider quitting both alcohol and tobacco. 

Virgo Sign Attributes

•  Strength: Kind, Elegant, Perfectionist, Modest, Strong-willed
•  Weakness: Picky, Over-possessive
•  Symbol: Virgin maiden
•  Element: Earth
•  Body Part: Intestine
•  Sign Ruler: Mercury
•  Lucky Day: Wednesday
•  Lucky Color: Gray
•  Lucky Number: 7
•  Lucky Stone: Sapphire

Virgo Sign Compatibility Chart

•  Natural affinity: Taurus, Cancer, Scorpio, Capricorn
•  Good compatibility: Virgo, Pisces
•  Fair compatibility: Aries, Leo, Libra, Aquarius
•  Less compatibility: Gemini, Sagittarius

By: Dr. J. N. Pandey

Vedic Astrology & Vastu Expert

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: 9811107060 (WhatsApp Only)

Choose sun sign to read horoscope

Dr. J. N. Pandey a Vedic Astrology and Vastu expert, having more than 25+ years experience and clients across the globe. He holds a Doctorate and Master Degree in Vedic Astrology from B. H. U. Varanasi and was selected as National Scholar by U. G. C. of India, in 1992, to conduct research in Vedic astrology. He has served as Assistant Editor of Almanac (Vishwa Panchangam) published periodically by the B.H.U and was also teaching graduate students in the same university. Dr Pandey provides astrological advice on career, finance, health, romance, marriage, child birth, business and lot more. ...view detail

• Horoscope Virgo

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Former Dodgers Top Prospect Traded For Second Time This Season

Maren angus-coombs | 23 hours ago.

• Los Angeles Dodgers

The San Francisco Giants dealt former Los Angeles Dodgers pitcher and top prospect Mitch White to the Milwaukee Brewers on Friday for cash considerations, the club announced.

This marks the second time White has been dealt in the past 20 days. He was 1-0 with a 7.63 ERA in seven combined relief appearances with the Toronto Blue Jays and Giants. He made three appearances with the Giants after being acquired from Toronto on April 20. He allowed eight hits, five walks and seven runs in 5.1 innings.

RHP Mitch White has been acquired from San Francisco for cash. RHP Corbin Martin has been designated for assignment. pic.twitter.com/Ra6XD3cQML — Milwaukee Brewers (@Brewers) May 10, 2024

The San Jose native spent parts of three seasons with the Dodgers, making his debut in Aug. 2020 against the Texas Rangers. He made 14 starts for the Dodgers and appeared in 38 total games. He left Los Angeles with a record of 3-5 and a 3.58 ERA across 105.2 innings.

However, his luck turned for the worse when he began playing for Toronto, holding a 7.26 ERA in parts of three seasons. He was designated for assignment by the Blue Jays on April 16. He is out of options, which is why he has been designated for assignment twice already this year.

White was a second-round pick of the Dodgers at No. 65 overall out of Santa Clara in the 2016 draft.

MAREN ANGUS-COOMBS

Maren Angus-Coombs was born in Los Angeles and raised in Nashville, Tenn. She is a graduate of Middle Tennessee State and has been a sports writer since 2008. Despite growing up in the South, her sports obsession has always been in Los Angeles. She is currently a staff writer at the LA Sports Report Network.

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Rays' Josh Lowe: Good step in rehab assignment

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Lowe (hamstring) went 3-for-8 with two home runs in consecutive rehab appearances for Triple-A Durham on Saturday and Sunday.

Since resuming his rehab appearance with Durham on May, Lowe had gone 3-for-14 with seven strikeouts prior to Saturday's game, when he slugged both of his home runs. His ability to hit for power was a positive sign, though he did strike out four times between Saturday and Sunday. Nevertheless, Rays manager Kevin Cash said that Lowe's results were a step in the right direction, per MLB.com. Lowe could be a candidate to return from the 10-day injured list during the Rays' upcoming series with the White Sox that begins Monday.

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Braves' LHP Fried and RHP Jiménez have no-no in 9th vs. Mets

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Yankees' Cole has third bullpen session. Domínguez is ready to start a minor league rehab assignment

Yankees cole baseball.

ST. PETERSBURG Fla. (AP) — New York Yankees ace Gerrit Cole threw 29 pitches including breaking balls on Saturday in his third bullpen session since injuring his elbow in spring training.

Cole said he threw 13 curveballs and his fastball reached 89 mph in the workout before the Yankees played at Tampa Bay .

“Fastball profiles were good,” Cole said. “Location was good. Velocity was where we wanted. A lot of strikes.”

The right-hander is not sure how many more mound sessions he will have before facing hitters, but he said the plan is to simulate two innings in the next couple of outings.

Yankees manager Aaron Boone said outfielder Jasson Domínguez will be the designated hitter for the first of two weeks starting Tuesday or Wednesday for Single-A Tampa. The 21-year-old had four homers and seven RBIs in seven games last September before hurting his right elbow, which required Tommy John surgery.

Infielder DJ LeMahieu , out with a right foot injury, took live batting practice off injured right-hander JT Brubaker at the Yankees' complex in Tampa.

Boone said LeMahieu will face pitching again on Tuesday and is nearing a rehab assignment.

Brubaker, acquired from Pittsburgh on March 30, sat out last season following Tommy John surgery. He was the Pirates' opening day starter in 2022.

Reliever Tommy Kahnle , on the injured list with a hurt right shoulder, struck out one during a perfect inning in his second outing with Single-A Tampa. The righty is set to join Double-A Somerset on Tuesday.

Cole will remain in Tampa after the Yankees conclude their three-game series with the Rays on Sunday. His next mound session could be Tuesday.

The reigning AL Cy Young Award winner has been on the 60-day IL with right elbow inflammation. He is not expected to make his season debut until at least June.

The 33-year-old right-hander was shut down in mid-March due to nerve inflammation and edema in his pitching elbow. He had trouble bouncing back between starts.

“We're making good process (there),” Cole said Saturday.

Cole is entering the fifth season of a $324 million, nine-year contract that pays $36 million annually. He has the right to opt out after the season and become a free agent, but if he opts out the Yankees can void the optout by adding a guaranteed $36 million salary for 2029.

Last season, Cole became the first Yankees player to win the Cy Young since Roger Clemens in 2001. He was 15-4 with an AL-best 2.63 ERA and finished with 222 strikeouts.

AP MLB: https://apnews.com/hub/mlb

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May 11, 2024

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Yankees’ Cole has third bullpen session. Domínguez is ready to start a minor league rehab assignment

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ST. PETERSBURG Fla. (AP) — New York Yankees ace Gerrit Cole threw 29 pitches including breaking balls on Saturday in his third bullpen session since injuring his elbow in spring training.

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Cole said he threw 13 curveballs and his fastball reached 89 mph in the workout before the Yankees played at Tampa Bay.

“Fastball profiles were good,” Cole said. “Location was good. Velocity was where we wanted. A lot of strikes.”

The right-hander is not sure how many more mound sessions he will have before facing hitters, but he said the plan is to simulate two innings in the next couple of outings.

Yankees manager Aaron Boone said outfielder Jasson Domínguez will be the designated hitter for the first of two weeks starting Tuesday or Wednesday for Single-A Tampa. The 21-year-old had four homers and seven RBIs in seven games last September before hurting his right elbow, which required Tommy John surgery.

Infielder DJ LeMahieu, out with a right foot injury, took live batting practice off injured right-hander JT Brubaker at the Yankees’ complex in Tampa.

Boone said LeMahieu will face pitching again on Tuesday and is nearing a rehab assignment.

Brubaker, acquired from Pittsburgh on March 30, sat out last season following Tommy John surgery. He was the Pirates’ opening day starter in 2022.

Reliever Tommy Kahnle, on the injured list with a hurt right shoulder, struck out one during a perfect inning in his second outing with Single-A Tampa. The righty is set to join Double-A Somerset on Tuesday.

Cole will remain in Tampa after the Yankees conclude their three-game series with the Rays on Sunday. His next mound session could be Tuesday.

The reigning AL Cy Young Award winner has been on the 60-day IL with right elbow inflammation. He is not expected to make his season debut until at least June.

The 33-year-old right-hander was shut down in mid-March due to nerve inflammation and edema in his pitching elbow. He had trouble bouncing back between starts.

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“We’re making good process (there),” Cole said Saturday.

Cole is entering the fifth season of a $324 million, nine-year contract that pays $36 million annually. He has the right to opt out after the season and become a free agent, but if he opts out the Yankees can void the optout by adding a guaranteed $36 million salary for 2029.

Last season, Cole became the first Yankees player to win the Cy Young since Roger Clemens in 2001. He was 15-4 with an AL-best 2.63 ERA and finished with 222 strikeouts.

AP MLB: https://apnews.com/hub/mlb

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