essay on china in english

Essay on China

Students are often asked to write an essay on China in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on China

Geography of china.

China, located in East Asia, is the world’s third-largest country. It has diverse landscapes, including mountains, deserts, and rivers. The highest point is Mount Everest.

Population and Culture

Chinese economy.

China is a global economic powerhouse, known for manufacturing and exporting goods. It also has a growing technology industry.

Chinese Cuisine

Chinese food is popular worldwide. It varies by region, with famous dishes like Peking Duck and Dim Sum.

Chinese Festivals

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250 Words Essay on China

Introduction.

China, officially known as the People’s Republic of China, is the world’s most populous country, with a rich history that stretches back thousands of years. It has a unique blend of ancient traditions and modern innovation, shaping its global influence.

Historical Significance

China’s history is marked by dynastic rule, beginning with the semi-mythical Xia around 2100 BCE. The Great Wall, Terracotta Army, and the Forbidden City testify to the grandeur of these eras. The last dynasty, the Qing, gave way to a republic in 1912, marking a significant shift in China’s political landscape.

Modern China

Modern China is characterized by its rapid economic growth since the late 20th century. China’s economic reforms have transformed it into the world’s second-largest economy. This economic boom has brought significant changes in its socio-economic structure and global standing.

Global Influence

China’s journey from an ancient civilization to a modern powerhouse is a testament to its resilience and adaptability. Despite challenges, it continues to shape the world stage, making it a fascinating subject of study. Understanding China’s past and present is crucial for deciphering its future trajectory.

500 Words Essay on China

China, officially known as the People’s Republic of China, is a country located in East Asia. It is the world’s most populous country, boasting a population of over 1.4 billion. China’s rich history, diverse culture, and rapid economic growth have made it a global powerhouse.

Historical Overview

China’s history spans over five millennia, making it one of the world’s oldest civilizations. The country has seen the rise and fall of powerful dynasties, each leaving an indelible mark on its culture and society. China’s last imperial dynasty, the Qing, ended in 1911, paving the way for the Republic of China. However, civil unrest and power struggles culminated in the Chinese Communist Party’s victory in 1949, establishing the People’s Republic of China.

Economic Growth

China’s economic transformation in recent decades is nothing short of remarkable. The country has transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented one. China’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) has grown at an unprecedented rate, lifting millions out of poverty and turning China into the world’s second-largest economy. This economic boom is largely attributed to the “Reform and Opening-up” policy initiated by Deng Xiaoping in the late 1970s.

Culture and Society

Chinese culture is a fusion of numerous ethnic traditions, deeply influenced by Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. The Chinese language, cuisine, martial arts, and traditional Chinese medicine are significant cultural exports. China’s societal structure has evolved over time, with the traditional emphasis on collectivism giving way to an increasing individualism, particularly among the younger generation.

Political System

China’s global influence.

China’s rapid growth has significantly increased its global influence, both economically and politically. It is a major player in international trade, technology, and infrastructure development. However, its assertive foreign policy, territorial disputes, and alleged human rights abuses have generated controversy and tension with other nations.

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Table Of Contents

How big is China?

China, the largest of all Asian countries, occupies nearly the entire East Asian landmass and covers approximately one-fourteenth of the land area of Earth, making it almost as large as the whole of Europe.

China, which has the largest population of any country in the world, is composed of diverse ethnic and linguistic groups. The Han are the largest group in China, while the Zhuang is the largest minority group. In some areas of China, especially in the southwest, many different ethnic groups are geographically intermixed, including Buyi, Miao, Dong, Tibetans, Mongolians, and others.

Does China have an official language?

The official language of China is Mandarin, or putonghua , meaning “ordinary language” or “common language.” There are three variants of Mandarin—Beijing, Chengdu, and Nanjing. Of these, the Beijing dialect is the most widespread Chinese tongue and has officially been adopted as the basis for the national language.

How long has China existed as a discrete politico-cultural unit?

What crops are grown in China?

China is the world’s largest producer of rice and is among the principal sources of wheat, corn (maize), tobacco, soybeans, peanuts (groundnuts), and cotton.

China , country of East Asia . It is the largest of all Asian countries. Occupying nearly the entire East Asian landmass, it covers approximately one-fourteenth of the land area of Earth , and it is almost as large as the whole of Europe . China is also one of the most populous countries in the world, rivaled only by India , which, according to United Nations estimates, surpassed it in population in 2023.

China has 33 administrative units directly under the central government; these consist of 22 provinces , 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities ( Chongqing , Beijing , Shanghai , and Tianjin ), and 2 special administrative regions ( Hong Kong and Macau ). The island province of Taiwan , which has been under separate administration since 1949, is discussed in the article Taiwan . Beijing (Peking), the capital of the People’s Republic, is also the cultural, economic, and communications center of the country. Shanghai is the main industrial city; Hong Kong is the leading commercial center and port.

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Within China’s boundaries exists a highly diverse and complex country. Its topography encompasses the highest and one of the lowest places on Earth, and its relief varies from nearly impenetrable mountainous terrain to vast coastal lowlands . Its climate ranges from extremely dry, desertlike conditions in the northwest to tropical monsoon in the southeast, and China has the greatest contrast in temperature between its northern and southern borders of any country in the world.

The diversity of both China’s relief and its climate has resulted in one of the world’s widest arrays of ecological niches , and these niches have been filled by a vast number of plant and animal species. Indeed, practically all types of Northern Hemisphere plants, except those of the polar tundra, are found in China, and, despite the continuous inroads of humans over the millennia, China still is home to some of the world’s most exotic animals.

Flags of all nations of the world. Grouping of various country flags on a world map.

Probably the single most identifiable characteristic of China to the people of the rest of the world is the size of its population. Some one-fifth of humanity is of Chinese nationality. The great majority of the population is Chinese (Han), and thus China is often characterized as an ethnically homogeneous country, but few countries have as many diverse Indigenous peoples as does China. Even among the Han there are cultural and linguistic differences between regions; for example, the only point of linguistic commonality between two individuals from different parts of China may be the written Chinese language. Because China’s population is so enormous, the population density of the country is also often thought to be uniformly high, but vast areas of China are either uninhabited or sparsely populated.

With more than 4,000 years of recorded history , China is one of the few existing countries that also flourished economically and culturally in the earliest stages of world civilization. Indeed, despite the political and social upheavals that frequently have ravaged the country, China is unique among nations in its longevity and resilience as a discrete politico-cultural unit. Much of China’s cultural development has been accomplished with relatively little outside influence, the introduction of Buddhism from India constituting a major exception. Even when the country was penetrated by such foreign powers as the Manchu , these groups soon became largely absorbed into the fabric of Han Chinese culture .

This relative isolation from the outside world made possible over the centuries the flowering and refinement of the Chinese culture, but it also left China ill prepared to cope with that world when, from the mid-19th century, it was confronted by technologically superior foreign nations. There followed a century of decline and decrepitude, as China found itself relatively helpless in the face of a foreign onslaught. The trauma of this external challenge became the catalyst for a revolution that began in the early 20th century against the old regime and culminated in the establishment of a communist government in 1949. This event reshaped global political geography, and China has since come to rank among the most influential countries in the world.

Central to China’s long-enduring identity as a unitary country is the province, or sheng (“secretariat”). The provinces are traceable in their current form to the Tang dynasty (618–907 ce ). Over the centuries, provinces gained in importance as centers of political and economic authority and increasingly became the focus of regional identification and loyalty. Provincial power reached its peak in the first two decades of the 20th century, but, since the establishment of the People’s Republic, that power has been curtailed by a strong central leadership in Beijing. Nonetheless, while the Chinese state has remained unitary in form, the vast size and population of China’s provinces—which are comparable to large and midsize nations—dictate their continuing importance as a level of subnational administration.

China stretches for about 3,250 miles (5,250 km) from east to west and 3,400 miles (5,500 km) from north to south. Its land frontier is about 12,400 miles (20,000 km) in length, and its coastline extends for some 8,700 miles (14,000 km). The country is bounded by Mongolia to the north; Russia and North Korea to the northeast; the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea to the east; the South China Sea to the southeast; Vietnam , Laos , Myanmar (Burma), India , Bhutan , and Nepal to the south; Pakistan to the southwest; and Afghanistan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , and Kazakhstan to the west. In addition to the 14 countries that border directly on it, China also faces South Korea and Japan , across the Yellow Sea, and the Philippines , which lie beyond the South China Sea.

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‘Reversing Gears’: China Increasingly Rejects English, and the World

A movement against Western influence threatens to close off a nation that succeeded in part by welcoming new ideas.

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As a student at Peking University law school in 1978, Li Keqiang kept both pockets of his jacket stuffed with handwritten paper slips. An English word was written on one side, a former classmate recalled, and the matching Chinese version was written on the other.

Mr. Li, now China ’s premier, was part of China’s English-learning craze. A magazine called Learning English sold half a million subscriptions that year. In 1982, about 10 million Chinese households — almost equivalent to Chinese TV ownership at the time — watched “ Follow Me ,” a BBC English-learning program with lines like: “What’s your name?” “My name is Jane.”

It’s hard to exaggerate the role English has played in changing China’s social, cultural, economic and political landscape. English is almost synonymous with China’s reform and opening-up policies, which transformed an impoverished and hermetic nation into the world’s second-biggest economy.

That’s why it came as a shock to many when the education authorities in Shanghai, the most cosmopolitan city in the country, last month forbade local elementary schools to hold final exams on the English language.

Broadly, the Chinese authorities are easing the workloads of schoolchildren, amid an effort to ease the burdens on families and parents . Still, many Chinese people with an interest in English can’t help but see Shanghai’s decision as pushback against the language and against Western influence in general — and another step away from openness to the world.

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China English: A Developing, Functional, and Legitimate World English Variety

2016, Sino-Platonic Papers

There has been immense pushback to the acceptance of China English (CE) as a variety of World English (WE) on several fronts, but the scholarship to date overwhelmingly agrees that CE is a "developing" but valid native variety of English. In light of all this, why has there been so much resistance to recognizing CE and encouraging its use? The opposition stems from the lack of general understanding of how CE has developed, what it is and is not, and why its acceptance and adoption is beneficial--if not necessary--for the growing Chinese English-speaking population. The goal of this paper is to increase awareness of CE and argue for its ongoing study, legitimacy, and implementation. I will first provide background on the development of WEs in general and CE in particular, then distinguish CE from other obfuscatory English "varieties" in China. I synthesize scholarship examining CE's distinct linguistic features, and finally consider commentary both advocating and discouraging the validation and adoption of CE as China's own standard English variety. Although it is not yet fully mature, the consensus of decades of research promotes China English as a legitimate and functional WE variety that has the potential to improve communications with and within China.

Related Papers

Zhichang Xu , Deyuan He , david deterding

Research on Chinese English (CE) synchronizes with studies on World Englishes. Since the late 1970s, Chinese scholars have been studying Chinese English and at the same time introducing World Englishes theories into China. Over the years, Chinese English research has been gaining momentum, particularly since the beginning of the twenty-first century. Previous research on World Englishes has discussed the status of individual varieties of English, particularly whether they constitute independent and stable linguistic systems that have their own features and norms of usage independent from those found in Inner Circle varieties (Kachru 1985). Research on Chinese English encompasses a wide range of issues, including whether it exists, how to name it, how to define it, what its linguistic features are, how people perceive it, and what people's attitudes are towards it. In this chapter, we report on the current status and major issues concerning research on Chinese English, based on a vigorous review of relevant research literature and the chapters within this volume. We also provide a background to this volume and an overview of all the chapters that it contains, and point out trends for researching Chinese English. The overall aim of this chapter, alongside all the chapters of this volume, is to showcase the current state of research on Chinese English.

Changing English

Meilin Chen

Kingsley Bolton

This article provides and introduction to the range of research issues covered by the contributions to this special issue on English in contemporary China. It is suggested that the role of English in Chinese society today cannot be considered in isolation from the sociolinguistic background, as well as the social and political context of contemporary Chinese society. With reference to the present-day sociolinguistic dynamics of China, an important issue is the current spread of Putonghua as the national language across the nation, a process linked to the demands and exigencies of the state education system. With reference to the spread of English, one continuing issue is the relationship between the learning of English, and the actual use of the language. In this context, it is relevant to consider that, in recent decades, official policies to the language have drawn their motivation from both economic and political considerations, where various ideologies have played a role.

Wei Zhang , Kingsley Bolton , werner botha

The research bibliography presented here is a contemporary bibliography, providing a listing of relevant research articles, books, and other research outputs that were published between 2003 and 2015. The main focus of this bibliography is on major works published internationally as well as in core journals from the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Despite the problems concerning the representativeness of this current bibliography, the authors hope that the following list of references will complement the articles in this current special issue. It is intended that the present bibliography complement the earlier bibliographical article by Adamson, Bolton, Lam and Tong (2002), and serve as a guide for current and future research in this field.

Babel – AFIAL : Aspectos de Filoloxía Inglesa e Alemá

Claudia de la Iglesia

Jette G Hansen Edwards

Zhichang Xu

World Englishes

Betsy E. Evans

Lawrence Jun Zhang

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Speech or writing in English that shows the influence of Chinese language and culture.

The terms Chinese English and China English are often used interchangeably, though some scholars draw distinctions between them.

The related term Chinglish, a blend of the words Chinese and English, tends to be used in a humorous or derogatory fashion to characterize English texts such as road signs and menus that have been translated literally and often imprecisely from the Chinese. Chinglish may also refer to the use of Chinese words in an English conversation or vice versa. Chinglish is sometimes characterized as an interlanguage .

In Global English (2015), Jennifer Jenkins concludes that "there are probably more Chinese speakers of English in the world than speakers of any other kind of English."

Chinese English and China English

"With some 250 million Chinese people currently learning to speak English or already fluent, there will soon be more English speakers in China than in the entire British Commonwealth. . . . "Since each Chinese ideogram can have many meanings and interpretations, translating Chinese ideas into English is, indeed, extremely difficult. Because of this, Chinese-English hybrid words [such as "No noising" for "Quiet, please," and "slippercrafty" for "treacherously icy road"] are often viewed with amusement by the rest of the English-speaking world. Nevertheless, this abundance of new words and phrases, unlikely as it may seem, is one of the prime drivers of the globalization of the English language." (Paul J. J. Payack, A Million Words and Counting: How Global English Is Rewriting the World . Citadel, 2008)
"On a theoretical level, China English is distinguished systematically from Chinese English, Chinglish, Pidgin English, etc. China English is understood as a standardizing or standardized variety in use in China, which reflects Chinese cultural norms and concepts. Chinese English refers to varieties of English used by Chinese learners (see Kirkpatrick and Xu 2002). Hu (2004: 27) puts China English at one end of a continuum where lowly Pidgin English or Chinglish is at the other. China English is 'a language which is as good a communicative tool as standard English ,' but one which has important Chinese characteristics." (Hans-Georg Wolf, Focus on English . Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2008)

Examples of Chinglish

Speaking both English and Chinese in one's sentences. Example of a sentence in chinglish: "At K-mart, I buy hen duo clothes." (A. Peckham, Mo' Urban Dictionary . Andrews McMeel, 2007)
"Fortified by an army of 600 volunteers and a politburo of adroit English speakers, the [Shanghai Commission for the Management of Language Use] has fixed more than 10,000 public signs (farewell 'Teliot' and 'urine district'), rewritten English-language historical placards and helped hundreds of restaurants recast offerings. . . . "But while the war on mangled English may be considered a signature achievement of government officials, aficionados of what is known as Chinglish are wringing their hands in despair. . . . "Oliver Lutz Radtke, a former German radio reporter who may well be the world’s foremost authority on Chinglish, said he believed that China should embrace the fanciful melding of English and Chinese as the hallmark of a dynamic, living language. As he sees it, Chinglish is an endangered species that deserves preservation." (Andrew Jacobs, "Shanghai Is Trying to Untangle the Mangled English of Chinglish." The New York Times , May 2, 2010)
What Is World English?
Online English To Chinese Translation Resources
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History of Mandarin Chinese
English as a Global Language
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Nigerian English
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Learning Mandarin Chinese
Broken English: Definition and Examples

A local English: not Chinglish but China English: evidence from Chinese university English classrooms

Original Paper
Published: 01 March 2021
Volume 1 , article number 85 , ( 2021 )

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Chen Li ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1372-8458 1

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Local varieties of English within different sociolinguistic realities, especially those in the “expanding circle,” have been a contemporary issue gravitating around some models of English(es) such as World Englishes and English as an intercultural language (EIcL). To this end, this paper aims to unfold China English (CE) in the context of Chinese university English classrooms; namely, how CE has come to be produced and recognized by Chinese learners of English. The analysis is subject to a diachronic contextual analysis of CE, which goes through three historical phases starting from the establishment of People’s Republic of China (PRC) to the implementation of the Open and Reform Policy, then to the beginning of the new millennium and afterwards. Evidence of CE’s appearance and development are presented through teaching pedagogy, attitudes of teachers and students, instructional materials, and tests and evaluations. This study seeks to claim that CE has been incubated as a naturally inevitable product of China’s globalization and internationalization, from being rejected to being recognized and encouraged, on the breeding ground of Chinese university English classrooms.

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Language and communication in international students’ adaptation: a bibliometric and content analysis review

English Language Education in the Philippines: Policies, Problems, and Prospects

CLIL: An Overview

The US linguist Braj Kachru ( 1985 ) has suggested three concentric circles, representing different ways in which the language has been acquired and is currently used, namely (i) the inner circle, which refers to the traditional bases of English, including the USA, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand; (ii) the outer or extended circle, where the language has become part of a country’s chief institutions and plays an important “second language” role in a multilingual setting: it includes Singapore, India, Malawi, and over fifty other territories; (iii) the expanding or extending circle involves those nations which recognize the importance of English as an international language, though they do not have a history of colonization by members of the inner circle, nor have they given English any special administrative status, such as China, Japan, Greece, Poland, etc.

The word “parameter” refers to the term in the Principles and Parameters theory under Generative Linguistics which concerns the syntax of a natural language. Principles describe general aspects that are common to all languages, and parameters refer to specific aspects which determines syntactic variability.

For more examples, please refer to Wei and Fei ( 2003 ), Eaves ( 2011 ), and the appendix of Wang ( 2015 ).

The year 1949 was the time of the establishment of PRC; the year 1978 was the time of the initiation of the Open and Reform Policy which symbolized an important start of economic development; the year 2000 was the beginning of the new millennium which, for China, could be a new phase of development in welcoming the Beijing Olympics.

Dzau ( 1990 ) observed that the Audiolingual Method was also tried out in many schools. However, it was abandoned during the Cultural Revolution (Adamson and Morris 1997 ).

College English Test, usually includes Band 4 (lower level) and Band 6 (higher level), is held only twice a year nationwide facing all university students in China. Most universities regard it as a standard to assess the qualification of students’ graduation.

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Li, C. A local English: not Chinglish but China English: evidence from Chinese university English classrooms. SN Soc Sci 1 , 85 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-021-00072-2

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Received : 06 July 2020

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Published : 01 March 2021

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s43545-021-00072-2

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Art of Asia

Course: art of asia > unit 2, introduction to china.

Imperial China, an introduction
Archaeology and the study of ancient China
Discoveries in Chinese archaeology
Buddhist Temples at Wutaishan
Chinese calligraphy, an introduction
Decoding Chinese calligraphy
Appreciating Chinese calligraphy
Ascending the Heron Tower written in cursive script

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A Brief Introduction to China

Whether you are looking for ancient history, urban wonders, picturesque landscapes, or cultural experiences; more and more world travelers are turning their toes towards China. For first time travelers to this beautiful and historic land, here are some facts you may wish to know.

China is located in eastern Asia along the western shore of the Pacific Ocean. It spreads over a vastly diverse geographical area of 9.6 million square kilometers (about the size of the USA or Europe), and is home to approaching 1.4 billion people (more than N. America and Europe combined).

The highlands and hill regions account for 65 percent of the country's total landmass, and there are more than 2,000 lakes dotting the landscape. The highest mountain peak is Qomolangma (Mt. Everest) in Tibet, the highest in the world, 8,848 meters above sea level.

Among the 220,000 kilometers of rivers the Changjiang (Yangtze), Huanghe ( Yellow River ) and Zhujiang (Pearl River) are the most famous. The Yellow River Basin is the cradle of Chinese civilization, as the many cultural-historical sites along its banks can attest.

A cruise up/down the Yangtze offers unique encounters with China's rich cultural heritage as well as some spectacular vistas. Check out the 2024/2025 Cruise Calendar to explore the Yangtze River , and to explore China's ancient culture.

Most of China has a continental climate, though it has an ocean coast, and latitudes range from tropical to Siberian, meaning that temperatures and weather differ strikingly across the country.

For example, northernmost Heilongjiang. Province has long winters and short summers, while Hainan Island in the south boasts the exact opposite. Likewise, the Huai River valley (between the Yellow and Yangtze rivers) is marked by distinctive seasonal changes, but the southern province of Yunnan is famous for its perpetual spring.

China's immense size and unique geography means that travelers will need to pay extra attention to climate and weather as they pack. Read more detailed information about China's weather here.

Since the 1980's, China has been drawing increasing amounts of Western visitors eager to explore its beauty and culture. While there are some tips to make your first trip to China more smooth , most travelers find the country easy to navigate and well worth effort. Beijing, Shanghai, Guilin, Xi'an, and Hong Kong are the five best-known tourist cities in China.

Beijing: The Chinese capital is well-known for its mixture of ancient culture and urban growth. The most famous attractions in Beijing include the Great Wall of China and the Forbidden City .

Shanghai: Known as a city of commerce, Shanghai is China's largest and most prosperous city. It is often called "China's Gateway to the West" due to it's increasingly Westernized culture. Famous attractions include the newly built Disneyland Shanghai and the Bund .

Guilin :The southern city of Guilin is famous among tourists due to its beautiful scenery and unique mountains. The Li River , one of the most beautiful rivers in China, runs through Guilin and is a staple in traditional Chinese art.

Xi'an: A visit to Xi'an is a journey into China's long history. Xi'an served as capital for 12 dynasties over 1,000 years. The world famous Terracotta Army is located in Xi'an as well as many other historical sites.

Hong Kong: The fascinating history of the British occupation of Hong Kong creates a fusion of Chinese and Western culture unlike anywhere else in China. Known for shopping and sightseeing, Hong Kong is immensely popular with tourists looking to find great deals and unique experiences.

See China's Top Tourist Cities for more of China's top destinations.

Differences Between China and the West

Despite government restrictions on the Internet, foreign media like movies, music, news, and sports coverage are becoming increasingly available in China as an inevitable consequence of economic development. While access to foreign media means that China is becoming more Westernized (or globalized), there are still big differences in culture.

Visitors on their first trip to China should prepare for the infamous culture shock that comes along with any new adventure. See Chinese Culture and Developing China for more.

Planning Your Visit to China

Let China Highlights help you plan your first tour of China today! Choose from our catalogue of featured trips to China's grandest sights or plan a unique journey tailored to your specific needs.

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Essay on China Today

The economic performance of China has been awe-inspiring over the last four decades. Approximately half a billion people were lifted from the poverty level with 10% average GDP growth. China is the second-largest economy globally, and it is the largest manufacturer and exporter of goods in the world. Even if China maintains a moderate growth rate, it is expected to be the world’s largest economy by 2030 (World Bank). China was booming and the world’s largest economy between the early 1500s and early 1800s. However, the subsequent two centuries of China were tumultuous and experienced disastrous deterioration from 1820 to 1950. Economic reforms started in 1978 (Maddison), and China again achieved the lost heights by overtaking Japan in 2010. 1997-98 may have hampered China’s economic growth, but even after a bit of setback, the continuous growth of China impresses the global economy. Many factors are responsible for the success of China’s rise; however, post-Mao economic reforms seem to be the decisive factor amongst all in the success that China has achieved today.

Mao Zedong died in 1976, and in the year 1977, Deng Xiaoping returned from the disgrace to serve the second term. The era could be regarded as China’s ‘great transformation’ and the modernization process through which China aimed to become a developed and industrialized country in the 21 st century (Brødsgaard). An integral part of the modernization program includes reform in the centralized economic and political system. Some of the measures were, the decision powers were given to the production units despite their location, material incentives were enhanced to inspire economic efficiency and productivity, economic theories such as credit control, taxes, interest rates were used to substitute administrative planning methods, the government recognized the role of the market mechanism in resource allocation and distribution. The Chinese economy was a ‘dormant economic giant’; therefore, to encourage the economy, the reforms discussed earlier were implemented by encouraging the formation of private as well as rural enterprises, the foreign trade and foreign investment were liberalized, huge investments were made in the industrial production and to train the workforce. The strategy outlined by the Chinese government worked spectacularly on all fronts. These post-Mao economic reforms have fascinated many people from China as well as abroad (Onoye). In a nutshell, the success story of China is mainly due to the realistic and market-oriented reforms in the post-Mao era. The Chinese economy is so prosperous and robust that today that, two of the top ten banks in the world are Chinese, Global fortune 500 lists consist of 61 Chinese companies, second largest highway network exist in China along with three lengthiest sea bridges, six largest container ports in the world (World Bank). Various economic reform has helped to lift approximately 500 million people from poverty since 1978.

The rate of urbanization in China has increased rapidly; in 1981, it was 2,870 square miles, whereas it was 20978 square miles in 2016, almost seven times higher. The rapid urbanization in China would not have been accomplished without a massive labor force, especially from rural areas. The labor force has migrated due to the vast amount of employment opportunities. The income of rural farmers has increased remarkably due to increased employment. China has approximately 810 million urban residents, whereas it was approximately 170 million in 1978, a drastic increase. The rural population was highest, 860 million in 1995, although it has decreased significantly since 2000 due to increased urbanization (Zhiqiang). Urbanization has also played an essential role in China’s economic growth; for example, in 1978, urban GDP was approximately 36%, whereas today, it is 80% of China’s GDP. Although there is another side to the story of rapid urbanization, the Chinese government implemented the ‘Hukou’ system for permanent house registration and strictly followed the migration. Therefore, government authority seems biased towards the urban population than that of the rural population. However, the rapid speed of urbanization has helped to shape civil society in China (Zhiqiang).

The current president of the Communist Party of China (CPC), President Xi Jinping, promised to rejuvenate and prosper the Chinese nation along with the continuous economic reform and the happiness through “China Dream” (Feng). The present government advocated the requirement of further reforms and openness by emphasizing, “Socialist way of Chinese Characteristics” (Feng), in which the authority lies in the party leadership. A set of values was announced to comprehend the ‘Chinese Dream,’ such as friendship, integrity, dedication, patriotism, the rule of law, justice, equality, freedom, harmony, civility, democracy, prosperity. A new ‘socialist system has been formulated along with other new institutions apart from existing institutions such as ‘Communist Part of China,’ and other multi-party cooperation, and system of people’s congresses which is regarded as ‘system of democratic centralism.’ The outlook of China’s dream is more open-minded than ever before, which seems to be a new vision for the future of China. The new party leadership directs China towards better economic freedom and the rule of law for the state government. However, many challenges lie in leadership due to new values and institutions being subject to leadership’s determination, competence, and perseverance. China’s uncertainty to maintain high economic growth is due to a series of bottleneck problems that might end up as a ‘middle-income trap.’ However, it does not mean that economy of China will not grow; this is because of an increasing number of entrepreneurs and the low level of ‘per capita income’ (Feng).

Many countries are astonished due to China’s success since 1978; however, the question is not what China did to get the success? However, it is; how did China achieve it? China adopted a “crossing the river by feeling stones” policy, which inspired local government institutions to start different pilot experiments within the comprehensive framework of reform policies. Initially, China was able to determine the practical institutions for every stage of reform by providing incentives for the local government institutions, introducing gradual market-oriented reforms, and experimentation. ‘Dual-track’ is one of the critical features of these reforms, for example, motivating and liberalizing the enhancement of the private and public sector while supporting the government firms in old and significant sectors (Lin). One of the themes is that the economy was allowed to “grow out of the plan” (Lin) until the administered material planning system wastage. This has helped the Chinese authority explore decentralized and continuously through which institutional measures were evolved as entirely new and different challenges required for the determination. Undoubtedly, many local institutions frequently implemented their unique methodology to suit the specifications of their situations and localities.

It is assumed that Moscow under the Soviet Union brainwashed Mao Zedong. All his policies were Eurocentric, and Mao failed to understand the nerve of China; therefore, after achieving a military victory against the republican, Mao wanted to use the Soviet mold to recast post-war China. Mao’s understanding of the Chinese economy was pathetic, and therefore society had caused public resistance and political tensions at all levels. From the 1950s to 1976 until his death, most of his time and energy was spent suppressing the resistance and tensions at the cost of recovery of the Chinese economy and prosperity. China had nothing to lose since Mao had caused immense damage to China’s economic growth that economy had touched rock bottom. Maoism had caused so much damage to China as a country. During the Mao regime, Deng and his counterparts were utterly aware of Japan and Asian tigers (Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan). According to a report presented to the state by Deng, “The technological gap between Japan and China was insignificant in the 1950s. However, China isolated itself during next 20 years and did not acquire global competitiveness, and during this period Japan became world economic power” (Fengming, and Tanhua). Therefore, it was not a tough choice for Deng Xiaoping to consider an economic model of the Asian Tigers. It was Deng’s vision that helped China get out of Maoist gridlock (Deng). However, the reforms presented by Deng had a significant gap in handling foreign policies and capitalism in the movement of Chinese communists. In 1980, Deng announced that ‘modernization is the key to China’s solutions, internal and external.’ He aimed to achieve $1000 GDP per head by the end of the 20 th century. The reforms in the Chinese economy were not problem-free as China was facing domestic burdens, such as bad debts due to the continuously declining state-owned sector; workers’ rights were often ignored, which had fiery social consequences. The economic growth of the rural area was slowed down, and China was regarded as one of the most corrupt countries in the world and consistently ranked amongst the top 20 countries. The actual socio-economic changes were progressed when the reform suggested by Deng came from rural China. These reforms then matched with the urban sector from the top-down method (Deng).

The success story and the transformation of China’s economy from zero to success are astonishing and motivate many emerging and developed economies in the world today. The Communist Party of China had a will to accept and implement the necessity of the reform to acquire economic progress by compromising philosophical principles. Deng Xiaoping and their team had put together many reforms to steer the economy of China. The success is due to the suggested reforms, but its systematic adoption played a significant role in its success. Various economic reforms have resulted in lifting approximately 500 million Chinese from the poverty level. However, migration control through the ‘Hukou’ system is causing discrimination between the urban and rural people in terms of income level.

Works Cited

Brødsgaard, Kjeld Erik. “Economic and Political Reform in Post-Mao China.” The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies , vol 1, no. 1, 1987, p. 31. Copenhagen Business School , doi:10.22439/cjas. v1i1.1747.

Deng, Kent. “From Economic Failure to Economic Reforms.” 2012, pp. 141-161., Accessed 5 Dec 2018.

Feng, Michael X. Y. “The ‘Chinese Dream’ Deconstructed: Values and Institutions.” Journal of Chinese Political Science , vol 20, no. 2, 2015, pp. 163-183. Springer Nature , doi:10.1007/s11366-015-9344-4.

Fengming, Zong, and Zhao Ziyang Ruanjinzhongde Tanhua. Conversations with Zhao Ziyang Under House Arrest . Open Press, 2007, pp. 22,25.

Lin, Y. Demystifying the Chinese Economy . Beijing University Press, 2012.

Maddison, Angus. The World Economy . Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, 2001.

One, Etsuzō. “Readjustment and reform in the Chinese economy: a comparison of the post-Mao and post-great leap forward periods.” The Developing Economies , vol 20, no. 4, 1982, pp. 359-373. Wiley , doi:10.1111/j.1746-1049. 1982.tb00447. x.

World Bank. China 2030 . The World Bank, 2013, pp. 3-20.

Zhiqiang, Wu. “China’s Long and Winding Road to Quality Urbanization.” The Telegraph , 2018, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/world/china-watch/business/urbanisation-in-china/. Accessed 5 Dec 2018.

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My Trip To China Essay And Paragraphs For Students

Ever since our class studied China in social studies, I’ve dreamed of exploring this fascinating land. Well, this summer my wish came true as my family and I ventured there on a once-in-a-lifetime journey. From bustling cities to lush countryside, every moment exceeded all expectations. In this essay, I’ll share highlights that made this trip an adventure I’ll cherish forever.

Table of Contents

Short Essay About My Trip to China – Beijing: A Capital Culture Immersion

Beijing kicked off our travels in the best way. At Tiananmen Square, history was awe-inspired like nothing I’d seen before. The Forbidden City palace complex transported me to ancient empires through magnificent architecture. And pandas at the zoo confirmed I’d fallen for China! We even got to try cooking dumplings—so fun making smiles through tasty tradition sharing.

The (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Great Wall Wows

One of my favorite parts hands down was hiking a rugged stretch of the magnificent Great Wall. It’s military engineering still amazes me! The panoramic views across misty mountains reaffirmed nature’s beauty and life’s potential wonders awaiting around any crest. It felt truly life-changing climbing something I’d only dreamed of before this adventure of a lifetime.

Shanghai Sparkles

Next, modern Shanghai dazzled! Its skyline towers and bustling maglev train representing China’s innovation blew my mind. At the aquarium, sea creatures put on a wonderful underwater show. And a cooking class there even let me whip up map tofu—such a highlight adding a personal touch. Shanghai reminded me how diverse cultures connect through shared passions.

Parting is Such Sweet Sorrow

While China welcomed us like family, saying goodbye posed bittersweet tears as all wonderful friends found in foreign lands do. I’ll forever feel pride in being able to learn from this rich country first-hand at a young age. Curiosity grows for other corners of the earth now, yet China holds an unforgettable corner of my heart for igniting wanderlust within. On to future education revelations awaits!

Conclusion: Adventures Ahead

In closing, China won my curious soul on this voyage abroad. Its blend of history, beauty, and welcoming people proves how the global community thrives through the exchange. I can’t wait to share all I’ve learned and find new connections wherever farther travels may lead with an open mind and spirit of infinite possibility. This marked only the first step on life’s exciting journey.

Hello! Welcome to my Blog StudyParagraphs.co. My name is Angelina. I am a college professor. I love reading writing for kids students. This blog is full with valuable knowledge for all class students. Thank you for reading my articles.

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How to Write a Chinese Essay

Dec 16, 2020 | Guest Blogs & Media

The more essays you write, the better you get at communicating with Chinese. To write a good essay, you first have to reach a high language mastery level.

Do you admire the students who write seamless Chinese essay? If you do, then you should know that you too can achieve this level of proficiency. In the meantime, don’t be afraid to pay for your essay if you cannot write it on your own. Online academic writers are a resource each student should take advantage of.

Here are tips to help you get better at writing essays in Chinese.

How to Write a Chinese Essay | That's Mandarin Blog

Learn New Chinese Words

The key to communicating in a new language is learning as many words as you can. Take it upon yourself to learn at least one Chinese word a day. Chinese words are to essay writing what bricks are to a building. The more words you have, the better you get at constructing meaningful sentences.

Case in point, if you’re going to write a Chinese sentence that constitutes ten words, but you don’t know the right way to spell three of those words, your sentence might end up not making sense.

During your Chinese learning experience, words are your arsenal and don’t forget to master the meaning of each word you learn.

Read Chinese Literature

Reading is the most effective way of learning a new language. Remember not to read for the sake of it; find out the meaning of each new word you encounter. When you are an avid reader of Chinese literature, nothing can stop you from writing fluent Chinese.

In the beginning, it might seem like you’re not making any progress, but after a while, you will notice how drastically your writing will change. Receiving information in Chinese helps your brain get accustomed to the language’s sentence patterns, and you can translate this to your essays.

Be extensive in your reading to ensure you get as much as possible out of each article. Remember that it’s not about how fast you finish an article, but rather, how much you gain from the exercise.

Translate Articles from your Native Language to Chinese

Have you ever thought about translating your favorite read to Chinese? This exercise might be tedious, but you will learn a lot from it. The art of translation allows you to seamlessly shift from one language’s sentence pattern into the other. The more you do this, the easier it will be for your brain to convert English sentences into Chinese phrases that people can comprehend.

You can always show your Chinese professor your translations for positive criticism. The more you get corrected, the better you will get at translation. Who knows, you might actually like being a translator once you graduate.

Final Thoughts

Adrian Lomezzo | Guest Author at That's Mandarin Blog

by Adrian Lomezzo

Adrian Lomezzo is a freelance writer. Firstly, he has been developing as a content manager and working with different websites, and the main goal of his was to develop the content making it in the first place. Secondly, Adrian had a big desire to help students and adults in self-development in this field and teach them to improve their skills. As a lover of traveling, he did not want to be in one place, and became a writer who could be closer to everyone, and share precious information from the corners of the world.

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Example of a great essay | Explanations, tips & tricks

Example of a Great Essay | Explanations, Tips & Tricks

Published on February 9, 2015 by Shane Bryson . Revised on July 23, 2023 by Shona McCombes.

This example guides you through the structure of an essay. It shows how to build an effective introduction , focused paragraphs , clear transitions between ideas, and a strong conclusion .

Each paragraph addresses a single central point, introduced by a topic sentence , and each point is directly related to the thesis statement .

As you read, hover over the highlighted parts to learn what they do and why they work.

Instantly correct all language mistakes in your text

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Other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing an essay, an appeal to the senses: the development of the braille system in nineteenth-century france.

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

Lack of access to reading and writing put blind people at a serious disadvantage in nineteenth-century society. Text was one of the primary methods through which people engaged with culture, communicated with others, and accessed information; without a well-developed reading system that did not rely on sight, blind people were excluded from social participation (Weygand, 2009). While disabled people in general suffered from discrimination, blindness was widely viewed as the worst disability, and it was commonly believed that blind people were incapable of pursuing a profession or improving themselves through culture (Weygand, 2009). This demonstrates the importance of reading and writing to social status at the time: without access to text, it was considered impossible to fully participate in society. Blind people were excluded from the sighted world, but also entirely dependent on sighted people for information and education.

In France, debates about how to deal with disability led to the adoption of different strategies over time. While people with temporary difficulties were able to access public welfare, the most common response to people with long-term disabilities, such as hearing or vision loss, was to group them together in institutions (Tombs, 1996). At first, a joint institute for the blind and deaf was created, and although the partnership was motivated more by financial considerations than by the well-being of the residents, the institute aimed to help people develop skills valuable to society (Weygand, 2009). Eventually blind institutions were separated from deaf institutions, and the focus shifted towards education of the blind, as was the case for the Royal Institute for Blind Youth, which Louis Braille attended (Jimenez et al, 2009). The growing acknowledgement of the uniqueness of different disabilities led to more targeted education strategies, fostering an environment in which the benefits of a specifically blind education could be more widely recognized.

Several different systems of tactile reading can be seen as forerunners to the method Louis Braille developed, but these systems were all developed based on the sighted system. The Royal Institute for Blind Youth in Paris taught the students to read embossed roman letters, a method created by the school’s founder, Valentin Hauy (Jimenez et al., 2009). Reading this way proved to be a rather arduous task, as the letters were difficult to distinguish by touch. The embossed letter method was based on the reading system of sighted people, with minimal adaptation for those with vision loss. As a result, this method did not gain significant success among blind students.

Louis Braille was bound to be influenced by his school’s founder, but the most influential pre-Braille tactile reading system was Charles Barbier’s night writing. A soldier in Napoleon’s army, Barbier developed a system in 1819 that used 12 dots with a five line musical staff (Kersten, 1997). His intention was to develop a system that would allow the military to communicate at night without the need for light (Herron, 2009). The code developed by Barbier was phonetic (Jimenez et al., 2009); in other words, the code was designed for sighted people and was based on the sounds of words, not on an actual alphabet. Barbier discovered that variants of raised dots within a square were the easiest method of reading by touch (Jimenez et al., 2009). This system proved effective for the transmission of short messages between military personnel, but the symbols were too large for the fingertip, greatly reducing the speed at which a message could be read (Herron, 2009). For this reason, it was unsuitable for daily use and was not widely adopted in the blind community.

Nevertheless, Barbier’s military dot system was more efficient than Hauy’s embossed letters, and it provided the framework within which Louis Braille developed his method. Barbier’s system, with its dashes and dots, could form over 4000 combinations (Jimenez et al., 2009). Compared to the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet, this was an absurdly high number. Braille kept the raised dot form, but developed a more manageable system that would reflect the sighted alphabet. He replaced Barbier’s dashes and dots with just six dots in a rectangular configuration (Jimenez et al., 2009). The result was that the blind population in France had a tactile reading system using dots (like Barbier’s) that was based on the structure of the sighted alphabet (like Hauy’s); crucially, this system was the first developed specifically for the purposes of the blind.

While the Braille system gained immediate popularity with the blind students at the Institute in Paris, it had to gain acceptance among the sighted before its adoption throughout France. This support was necessary because sighted teachers and leaders had ultimate control over the propagation of Braille resources. Many of the teachers at the Royal Institute for Blind Youth resisted learning Braille’s system because they found the tactile method of reading difficult to learn (Bullock & Galst, 2009). This resistance was symptomatic of the prevalent attitude that the blind population had to adapt to the sighted world rather than develop their own tools and methods. Over time, however, with the increasing impetus to make social contribution possible for all, teachers began to appreciate the usefulness of Braille’s system (Bullock & Galst, 2009), realizing that access to reading could help improve the productivity and integration of people with vision loss. It took approximately 30 years, but the French government eventually approved the Braille system, and it was established throughout the country (Bullock & Galst, 2009).

Although Blind people remained marginalized throughout the nineteenth century, the Braille system granted them growing opportunities for social participation. Most obviously, Braille allowed people with vision loss to read the same alphabet used by sighted people (Bullock & Galst, 2009), allowing them to participate in certain cultural experiences previously unavailable to them. Written works, such as books and poetry, had previously been inaccessible to the blind population without the aid of a reader, limiting their autonomy. As books began to be distributed in Braille, this barrier was reduced, enabling people with vision loss to access information autonomously. The closing of the gap between the abilities of blind and the sighted contributed to a gradual shift in blind people’s status, lessening the cultural perception of the blind as essentially different and facilitating greater social integration.

The Braille system also had important cultural effects beyond the sphere of written culture. Its invention later led to the development of a music notation system for the blind, although Louis Braille did not develop this system himself (Jimenez, et al., 2009). This development helped remove a cultural obstacle that had been introduced by the popularization of written musical notation in the early 1500s. While music had previously been an arena in which the blind could participate on equal footing, the transition from memory-based performance to notation-based performance meant that blind musicians were no longer able to compete with sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997). As a result, a tactile musical notation system became necessary for professional equality between blind and sighted musicians (Kersten, 1997).

Braille paved the way for dramatic cultural changes in the way blind people were treated and the opportunities available to them. Louis Braille’s innovation was to reimagine existing reading systems from a blind perspective, and the success of this invention required sighted teachers to adapt to their students’ reality instead of the other way around. In this sense, Braille helped drive broader social changes in the status of blindness. New accessibility tools provide practical advantages to those who need them, but they can also change the perspectives and attitudes of those who do not.

Bullock, J. D., & Galst, J. M. (2009). The Story of Louis Braille. Archives of Ophthalmology , 127(11), 1532. https://doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.286.

Herron, M. (2009, May 6). Blind visionary. Retrieved from https://eandt.theiet.org/content/articles/2009/05/blind-visionary/.

Jiménez, J., Olea, J., Torres, J., Alonso, I., Harder, D., & Fischer, K. (2009). Biography of Louis Braille and Invention of the Braille Alphabet. Survey of Ophthalmology , 54(1), 142–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2008.10.006.

Kersten, F.G. (1997). The history and development of Braille music methodology. The Bulletin of Historical Research in Music Education , 18(2). Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/40214926.

Mellor, C.M. (2006). Louis Braille: A touch of genius . Boston: National Braille Press.

Tombs, R. (1996). France: 1814-1914 . London: Pearson Education Ltd.

Weygand, Z. (2009). The blind in French society from the Middle Ages to the century of Louis Braille . Stanford: Stanford University Press.

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DOI: 10.1515/applirev-2024-0174
Corpus ID: 270302582

Shanghai hukou, English and politics of mobility in China’s globalising economy

Eleanor Yue Gong
Published in Applied Linguistics Review 6 June 2024
Political Science, Sociology, Linguistics

39 References

“a new worker, for a new order, in a new era”: english, power and shifting ideologies of reflexivity in a chinese global workplace, disrupted social integration: a case study of shanghai’s point-seeking group, global english and political economy, hukou stratification, class structure, and earnings in transitional china, ethnographic fieldwork, the chinese economy and its challenges, valuing the urban hukou in china: evidence from a regression discontinuity design for housing prices, differential acculturation: a study of well-being differences in intergenerational social mobility between rural and urban china, interpreting chinese hukou system from a foucauldian perspective, critical sociolinguistic research methods: studying language issues that matter, related papers.

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Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — China — The Relations between China and Pakistan

Analysis of Pak-china Relations in The 21st Century

Categories: China International Relations Pakistan

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Published: Dec 18, 2018

Words: 1497 | Pages: 3 | 8 min read

Introduction: pak-china relations, pak-china socio-economic relations in the 2000-2012 era, diplomatic relations.

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