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Dengue Encephalitis: A Case Series on a Rare Presentation of Dengue Fever

Samiksha gupta, gautam jesrani, yuvraj s cheema, vivek kumar.

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Gautam Jesrani [email protected]

Corresponding author.

Accepted 2022 Jan 25; Collection date 2022 Jan.

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Neurological manifestations like encephalitis, especially hemorrhagic encephalitis, are rarely described in dengue fever (DF), and the gamut may affect any part of the central or peripheral nervous system. Herein, we report two cases from Northern India, presenting with fever and altered sensorium, subsequently diagnosed with DF. Imaging studies revealed hemorrhagic encephalitis in both of them but one of them had a grave outcome, unfolding the fatal nature of the disease. The report enlightens DF as an unusual etiology of encephalitis and the importance of considering the infirmity as a differential in patients with neurological manifestations.

Keywords: hemorrhagic encephalitis, seizures, dengue encephalitis, neurological manifestation, dengue fever

Introduction

Dengue virus (serotypes DEN-1, 2, 3, 4) is a Flavivirus, which is transmitted through the bite of an infected Aedes agypti mosquito, and as per the census of the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of dengue cases has increased to eight times in the last two decades [ 1 ]. DEN-2 and DEN-3 are the serotypes traditionally involved in neurological complications [ 2 ]. The virus can affect any part of the nervous system, including the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and ophthalmic structures, due to its neurotropic nature. The major identifiable risk factors contributing to neurological involvement are high-grade fever, thrombocytopenia, elevated hematocrit, and hepatic dysfunction [ 3 ].

Case presentation

A 37-year-old female homemaker, with no comorbidities, presented to the emergency department with altered mentation. There was a history of moderate grade, intermittent fever, and associated chills and rigor of five days’ duration, along with a diffuse, dull, aching, continuous headache of three days’ duration and three to four episodes of non-bilious vomiting prior to the presentation. There was no pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, or seizures. On examination, she was febrile (102°F) but had a regular pulse rate of 102 beats/min, blood pressure 100/80 mmHg, Glasgow coma scale (GCS) 8/15 (eye-opening: 2/4, verbal response: 3/5, motor response: 3/6) and bilaterally reactive pupils. Meningeal signs were absent with bilateral flexor plantar response and no focal deficit. The rest of the systemic examination was normal.

She was then subjected to non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) of the brain, which suggested diffuse cerebral edema (Figure 1 ).

Figure 1. Non-contrast computed tomography of the brain demonstrating diffuse cerebral edema (red arrows).

On investigations, the patient had thrombocytopenia and transaminitis (Table 1 ). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis had normal protein and glucose levels, no pleocytosis, and an absence of oligoclonal bands. On Gram staining and culture of the CSF, no organism was isolated and herpes simplex virus polymerase chain reaction (HSV PCR) was reported negative. She was managed on the lines of a presumptive diagnosis of infective encephalitis and started on intravenous ceftriaxone 2 gm and dexamethasone 8 mg 12 hourly.

Table 1. Laboratory investigations of Case 1.

ALP, alkaline phosphatase; serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, SGOT; serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, SGPT; immunoglobulin, Ig

In view of thrombocytopenia and the ongoing endemic of tropical illnesses, the patient was investigated for malaria, dengue fever, scrub typhus, enteric fever, and leptospirosis. Later, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CEMRI) of the brain revealed hyperintensities in bilateral cerebral (frontal and temporal lobes) and cerebellar hemispheres, midbrain, and thalami (Figure 2 ). Susceptibility-weighted imaging suggested thalamic bleed (Figure 2 ) and all these features were suggestive of acute hemorrhagic necrotizing encephalitis. Angiography of the cerebral vessels was normal. Surprisingly, the patient came out to be Dengue NS-1 antigen positive by enzyme-linked immunoassay sorbent assay (ELISA), and from Day 3 onwards, she became afebrile with an improvement in GCS 13/15 (Eye-opening: 4/4, verbal response: 4/5, motor response: 5/6) and platelet count. Her antibiotic was stopped after three days and steroids were tapered but, unfortunately, she developed bilateral horizontal gaze palsy, dysarthria, and truncal ataxia. However, repeat NCCT head had no worsening or any new lesions. On the seventh day, the patient was discharged with a GCS of 15/15 and resolving transaminitis. Follow-up at one month demonstrated minimal improvement in her residual symptoms.

Figure 2. Magnetic resonance imaging (fluid-attenuated inversion recovery imaging) demonstrating hyperintensities in bilateral cerebral [frontal lobes (red arrow) and left thalamus (blue arrow) and occipital lobes (yellow arrow) in A], midbrain (red arrow) and temporal lobes (yellow arrow) in B, and cerebellar hemispheres (green arrow in C). Susceptibility-weighted imaging (D) suggested thalamic bleed (blue arrow).

A 27-year-old male, with no history of addictions or co-morbidities, presented in poor sensorium, after three episodes of generalized tonic-clonic seizures in six hours’ duration. There was a history of high-grade fever and associated chills and rigor for four days and persistent non-bilious vomiting for two days. No prior history of concurrent headache, motor weakness, or similar past episodes was documented. On presentation, he was febrile (103°F) and had a pulse rate of 115 beats/min, blood pressure 98/70 mmHg, GCS 10/15 (Eye-opening: 4/4, verbal response: 2/5, motor response: 4/6), bilaterally reactive pupils, and absent meningeal signs. The other system examinations were unremarkable. So, he was started on anti-epileptics and an intravenous antibiotic (ceftriaxone 2 gm twice a day) initially.

His first NCCT brain indicated ill-defined hypodensity in bilateral thalami, bilateral cerebellar hemisphere, and medulla (Figure 3 ). Also, investigations suggested thrombocytopenia and deranged hepatic enzymes (Table 2 ).

Table 2. Laboratory investigations of Case 2.

ALP, alkaline phosphatase; serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, SGOT; serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, SGPT; immunoglobulin, Ig

Figure 3. Non-contrast computed tomography of the brain demonstrating hypodensity in bilateral thalami (red arrow in A), bilateral cerebellar hemisphere (green arrow in B), and medulla (yellow arrow in C and D). Next computed tomography demonstrated intrathalamic hemorrhage (red arrow in E and F) with diffuse cerebral edema hydrocephalus and diffuse hypodensities in the cerebellar hemisphere (yellow arrow in G and H).

CSF analysis was deferred due to thrombocytopenia, and single donor platelets were transfused for the same. The patient had no seizure thereafter and platelet count improved to 56,000 × 10 9 /L on the next day, so a lumbar puncture was performed. CSF analysis revealed normal protein and glucose levels, no pleocytosis, and an absence of oligoclonal bands. HSV PCR was reported negative, and serology for toxoplasma was inconclusive in CSF. Since there was no improvement in sensorium, CEMRI brain was planned, but his GCS deteriorated to 4/15 with bilaterally dilated pupils on the next day. The patient was intubated immediately and shifted to the intensive care unit. Repeat NCCT brain was done, which revealed diffuse cerebral and cerebellar edema, with compression of the fourth ventricle causing hydrocephalus and diffuse hypodensity in bilateral thalami and cerebellar hemisphere, with intrathalamic hemorrhage (Figure 3 ). Anti-edema measures were started [head end elevation, intravenous mannitol (0.5 mg/kg, 8 hourly), and dexamethasone (4 mg 8 hourly)]. However, the patient eventually succumbed to the illness four hours after the intubation. Post-obituary reports demonstrated positive Dengue NS-1 antigen by ELISA, negative serology for hepatitis A, E, B, and C, malaria, scrub typhus, typhoid fever, and leptospirosis. CSF culture did not reveal the growth of any organism and Indian ink preparation for cryptococcus was negative.

As per the WHO 2009 classification, dengue encephalitis is categorized as severe dengue. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement (ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, encephalitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, and transverse myelitis), PNS manifestations (long thoracic nerve palsy, abducens nerve palsy, facial palsy, brachial neuritis, myositis, hypokalaemic paralysis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome), and ophthalmic complications (maculopathy, optic neuropathy, and subconjunctival and vitreous hemorrhage) have been described in the context of DF [ 4 - 9 ].

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, often due to viral infection. Dengue virus was earlier considered non-neurotropic, but recent observations have proven this wrong. Direct viral invasion in the CNS, possibly as a result of the blood brain barrier disruption, is the proposed pathogenesis for neural involvement. Additionally, autoimmune reactions and metabolic variations have also been established, which further worsen neurological infirmity [ 10 - 11 ].

Three to seven days is the usual interval between the onset of neurological symptoms and systemic features of DF. Headache, fever, altered sensorium, seizures, and focal neurological deficit, in the absence of any metabolic abnormalities, are the typical features of encephalitis. Thrombocytopenia is depicted in the hemogram, and CSF analysis reveals pleocytosis with viral growth on culture. Still, CSF with normal cellularity can be seen in 75% of cases of dengue encephalitis [ 12 ].

The majority of the patients with dengue encephalitis have normal findings on neuroimaging [ 13 ]. MRI is preferred over CT head, although the findings are often non-specific [ 13 ]. The commonly affected sites of CNS are the thalamus and basal ganglia, followed by the cerebral cortex and cerebellar hemispheres. Findings such as focal hemorrhage, patchy areas of diffusion restriction, and post-contrast enhancement have also been defined.

Adequate hydration with intravenous fluids, antipyretics for fever, seizures control with anti-epileptic drugs, and transfusion of blood products (if required) forms the fundamental treatment in DF. Raised intracranial pressure can be treated with head elevation, mannitol, and steroids, with regular scrutinization of consciousness level. Our patients were managed similarly; nevertheless, the patient in Case 2 succumbed to his illness. The prognosis in dengue encephalitis is good, although mortality can range up to 3.7% [ 14 ].

Conclusions

Dengue encephalitis should be kept as a differential in patients with a short history of fever and altered sensorium in countries where the DF is endemic, especially in the post-monsoon season. Thrombocytopenia is generally a clue for tropical illnesses like dengue, malaria, and scrub typhus and can be used as a basis for the evaluation of these infirmities. Also, physicians should have a high index of clinical suspicion since the prognosis is good if managed on time.

The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Human Ethics

Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study

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National Dengue Prevention and Control Program

Jul 16, 2014

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National Dengue Prevention and Control Program. Goal of the Program. Reduce morbidity and mortality from dengue infection by preventing the transmission of the virus from the mosquito vector to human. National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH. Objectives.

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Goal of the Program Reduce morbidity and mortality from dengue infection by preventing the transmission of the virus from the mosquito vector to human. National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Objectives • Reduce the incidence to 10 cases per 100,000 population. • Reduce the Case Fatality Rate to less than 1%.

Components • Dengue Surveillance • Dengue Integrated Vector Management • Dengue Case Management • Social Mobilization & Communication for Dengue • Dengue Outbreak Response • Research National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Dengue Surveillance • New dengue case definition should now be adopted & case fatality rate standardized • Mechanisms for sharing timely and accurate data • Incorporate dengue surveillance (case, vector and seroprevalence) into an integrated and strengthened disease surveillance system National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Dengue Surveillance-National National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Surveillance/prov/mun • Dengue Cases_Region I_2012VI20_1.ppt

As of May 12, 2012

Dengue Integrated Vector Management • Vectors fully described and vector indicators regularly monitored • IVM as a strategy • Evidence based strategies to control vector populations adopted • Facilitate community involvement for vector control • Rationale use of insecticide for vector control, WHOPES guidelines on pesticide management • Vector resistance monitoring National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Dengue Case Management • Capacity of health professionals to diagnose, treat or refer cases • Laboratory support for case management • Referral network system in public and private sectors • Public awareness on warning signs and actions to be taken National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Social Mobilization & Communication for Dengue • Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) approach disseminated and promoted • Development & implementation of COMBI plan supported • Partnerships set up with private sector / and other multi-stakeholders National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Dengue Outbreak Response • National Early warning system/dengue surveillance system. • Coordination mechanisms within DOH and with other programs, LGU and other sectors • Ability of health workers to respond to the dengue outbreak National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Research • Disease burden • Evaluation of tools & strategies for dengue control and case management National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Advocacy • Intensified year long campaign on dengue prevention & control • Developed & produced prototype materials • Production, reproduction & distribution of IEC materials • Advocacy to LGUs & LCEs • Media advocacy National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

AksyonBarangayKontra Dengue • Objectives: • To reinforce clean-up drive against Dengue • To mobilize all sectors for clean-up drive (search and destroy) National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

STANDARD MESSAGE • Search and destroy breeding sites • Cover all water containers (jars, drums, cans, etc.) • Regularly change water in flower vases • De-clogging of roof gutters • Fill-up surface water with soil where feasible • Vacant lots in villages, housing areas with stagnant water and potential mosquito breeding areas • Used tires seen at vulcanizing shops • Self-protection • Wear long sleeved shirts and long pants • Use mosquito repellants every 4 hours National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

STANDARD MESSAGE 3. Seek early advise/consultation at the nearest health center • Fever, pain behind eyes, joint pains, etc. 4. Say YES to fogging when there is an impending outbreak (hotspots) • Fogging only in hotspot areas as evaluated by the health officers National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

RAPID ASSESSMENT • Monitoring and Evaluation by Local Health Offices and DOH regional offices • Weekly reporting of: • mobilization activities • Dengue cases • Deaths National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

Other Activities • Tri-media campaigns on mobilizing ABKD from all sectors - IEC leaflets reproduction - Information and education should be integrated in health classes by DepEd - DILG memorandum to all LGUs on ABKD - Liga ng Barangays to mobilize for ABKD and local ordinances - TV and Radio spots by media partners - Continuous advocacy (daily print ads) • Fogging operations in defined hotspot areas - DOH CHDs in coordination with LGUs National Center for Disease Prevention and Control, DOH

COMPARATIVE TOXICITIES OF SOME INSECTICIDES • INSECTICIDES USED IN • DENGUE CONTROL • Fogging • a. Permethrin-4000 mg/kg • b. Deltamethrin-2940 mg/kg • c. Cyfluthrin-1200 mg/kg • d. Pirimiphos methyl-1200 mg/kg • e. Malathion-2100 mg/kg • Larviciding • a. Temephos-8000 mg/kg • b. Altosid-34000 mg/kg • c. Bacillus thuringiensis- non-toxic ACUTE ORAL LD50 mg/kg SLIGHTLY TOXIC HIGHLY TOXIC MODERATELY TOXIC References: 1969 Gaines RT, Acute Toxicity of pesticides. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 1995 WHO. Duidelines for Dengue Surveillance and mosquito Control. Western Pacific Education Series. No.8 104p. 1998 DOH-National DenguePrevention and Control Program. Basic Training on dengue Prevention and Control. Module1. 60p.

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Dengue Fever in the Philippines

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DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

Vector-Borne & Water-Borne Diseases

DENGUE FEVER UPDATE 30/3/2014. Background Dengue fever is a severe, flu-like illness that affects infants, young children and adults, but seldom causes.

Aedes aegypti surveillance and control in an epicenter of dengue virus transmission Roberto Barrera, Manuel Amador, Veronica Acevedo, Gilberto Felix, Ryan.

(Pronounced as Dhen Gey)

Tropical Diseases Tropical diseases encompass all diseases that occur solely, or principally, in the tropics. In practice, the term is often taken to refer.

Controlling the risk of Chikungunya

Diseases are of various types.Presently the whole world is facing many new viral diseases such as Aids,Hepatitis,dengue etc. The global prevalence of dengue.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Ms. Belton October 2014.

Dengue Fever By: Veroniqua Sanchez & Isaiah Lopez 1B.

Judith Pinkham (Ph.D. Student) Walden University PUBH 8165 Instructor: Dr. Fredric Grant Summer 2013.

1. Outline Introduction Epidemiology transmission Clinical manifestation Treatment Prevention 2.

TM Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Thomas P. Breaud, Ph.D. Manager August 5, 2014 Mosquito-borne Disease Threats.

Selecting a Journal. Potential journals in Public Health American Journal of Epidemiology American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Clinical Infectious.

Recommendations to Improve Dengue Control in the Philippines

Yellow Fever Rob Sukumar, BIOL 402.

HANTAVIRUS An Increasing Public Health Concern in Urban Areas. Walters Y Mbimba PhD Student in Public Health. Walden University PUBH 8165 Environmental.

Bianca L. Tristan, PhD Student Walden University PUBH 8165-Environmental Health Instructor: Dr. Howard Rubin Summer, 2010 Public Health Department Staff.

Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that spreads Dengue fever.

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