How can this situation be characterized, described, classified, or analyzed?
After writing the questions, I would write my responses, deciding which particular questions and responses interest me the most. Perhaps, for instance, I would find myself most interested in the effects of development on the "natives" of small towns, particularly the inevitability of increased property taxes. This process of questioning thus provides me with a specific, narrow, well-defined focus within the vast issue of development of small towns in the Rocky Mountain region.
Related Information: Topic Cross
The topic cross helps you to narrow your topic by using a visual strategy. Just as you would focus a camera or a microscope, you arrange key words and phrases about your topic in such a way that they eventually point to your specific area of interest.
Example of a Topic Cross The first step in the process of using the topic cross is brainstorming. Spend a few minutes listing words and phrases that come to mind when you think about your topic. Then decide which words and phrases are most interesting and arrange them in a hierarchy, moving from general (at the top of the list) to specific (at the bottom of the list). This hierarchy will become the vertical axis of your cross. Demonstration: If my topic is "development of small towns in the Rocky Mountain region," I might generate the following useful ideas in brainstorming (arranged from general to specific).
I would write this list in an imagined middle column of a piece of blank paper or a computer screen, leaving plenty of space between each item. Then I would scan the list to determine where my real interest lies. Which topics in this list will be too broad to write about, given my writing assignment? Which will be too narrow? In this case, I might choose "economic effects on impoverished landowners" as a workable topic area. Once I had thus identified my area of interest, I would begin listing words and phrases about or relevant to that item, placing them on the horizontal axis of my topic cross. The list I would generate about "economic effects on impoverished landowners" might look like this:
Examining this list, I might decide that "rising property taxes" is a sufficiently narrow topic that is not too narrow to develop with my own ideas and research I might do. By using this strategy, I have arrived at a narrow, workable topic.
If your writing assignment requires research, you will probably find that the research process itself will dictate how broad or narrow your topic should be. We have all had the experience of doing a library search on a word like "environment" and coming up with thousands of sources. Almost as common is the experience of searching a term like "cultural animation" and coming up with only one source that seems useful. The topics we choose are often directly related to our research processes and their results.
It is important to remember that a narrow topic is not the same thing as a thesis statement. Unlike a topic, a thesis makes a claim of fact, provides a claim of value, or makes a recommendation about a topic under consideration. For example, your narrowed topic might be "the underemphasis on foreign language in U.S. secondary schools." A focused thesis statement making a claim about this topic might read, "U.S. secondary schools should require elementary students to take at least one course in a foreign language sometime during the 4th through 6th grades."
Transforming a workable topic into a possible thesis is really just a continuation of the narrowing process, with an emphasis on what you want to say about your topic. In this way, it is much like the "hypothesis" stage of the scientific method. You arrive at a thesis by attempting to make a statement about the topic you have chosen.
A working thesis is a tentative statement that you make about your topic early in the writing process, for the purpose of directing your thinking early. This thesis is likely to change somewhat or to be abandoned altogether as you move through the writing process, so it is best not to become too enamored of it.
There are two components of a working thesis. The first is, quite simply, your topic; and the second is your tentative statement about your topic. For example, if my narrowed topic is
"Rising property taxes in small towns in the Rocky Mountain region..."
I might add the following statement about that topic:
"...cause longtime residents and landowners in those towns not to be able to keep their property."
As I begin whatever research is necessary to support this thesis, I might find that I can't make this much of a claim. Or I might find that there are complexities that I hadn't considered. As I uncover new information about my topic, I will want to alter my working thesis accordingly, until it is workable and supportable.
A In The St. Martin's Handbook , Third Edition [italics], Andrea Lunsford and Robert Connors suggest a process for moving from a topic to a research "hypothesis," by way of examining the "issue" at hand and framing this issue as a "research question." The following is an example of how I might move from topic to hypothesis if my narrowed topic is "rising property taxes in small towns in the Rocky Mountain region."
This hypothesis, like a working thesis, is simply an early speculation on what I might find when I begin to research. As I read more and more about my topic, I will probably find that I need to make changes to the hypothesis in order to make it a supportable thesis. As I uncover new information about my topic, I will want to alter my working thesis accordingly, until it is workable and supportable.
One of the greatest challenges in written argument is determining what it is that you would like to (and are able to) say about your topic.
Before you begin drafting an argument paper, you need to decide (tentatively, at least) what it is that you will be arguing about the topic you have chosen. The following prompts should help you focus your argument from a topic to a position on that topic. What is your topic? (e.g.--Rising property taxes in small towns in the Rocky Mountain region) What are three controversies associated with this topic? (e.g.--Rising property taxes make the town affordable only to the wealthy. This changes the flavor the flavor of the town. It forces long-time land owners to sell their land.) What are three questions people might ask about these controversies? (e.g.--Are these rising property taxes, which are the results of development in small towns in the Rocky Mountain region, forcing long-time land owners out of their home towns? Are rising taxes and land values changing the whole cultural and economic foundation of the towns? Given the effects of rising property taxes on impoverished land owners in small towns, is development in this area a good idea?) Decide which of these questions you are most interesting in exploring. (e.g.--Given the effects of rising property taxes on impoverished land owners in small towns, is development in this area a good idea?) Now list several ways people might respond if you asked them your question. (e.g.--No, because impoverished land owners are unable to maintain the new standard of living. Yes, because development is always a good idea. Yes, because development is inevitable, and we can do nothing about it. Perhaps, but city planners and local government must find ways to protect the interests of impoverished land owners when they determine property taxes.) Finally, decide where you stand in this range of responses. Think of a thesis that expresses your view. Write out your thesis and revise it throughout your research process until it is specific and takes a single arguable position. (e.g.--Because impoverished land owners in small towns in the Rocky Mountain region are often badly hurt by the rising property taxes resulting from development, city planners and local government must find ways to protect the interests of these land owners when they determine property taxes.)
Don Zimmerman, Journalism and Technical Communication Professor Writers' understanding of topics and their fields of study allow them to focus on a specific topic. Following a good problem solving process or scientific method can help you select a topic. Whereas on the job, topics emerge from day to day activities. When working, you don't need to look for topics to write about. Your respective field/job responsibilities allow you to find the problems.
The ways that topics are approached and the types of topics that are discussed vary from discipline to discipline. It is important to investigate the types of topics that are discussed (and the ways that they are discussed) in your own discipline. As a writer, it is necessary to determine what topics are talked about and why in your own discipline (or in the discipline for which you are writing). This can be done by way of talking to professionals in the discipline, looking at relevant journals, and conducting Internet and database searches (to name a few possibilities).
Related Information: Browsing Journals Important to Your Discipline
Almost every discipline has journals that are associated with it, and scholars in the discipline depend on these journals in order to remain informed about what topics are being discussed. For example, scholars in the field of psychology rely on psychological journals; doctors rely on medical journals; and English professors rely on literary journals. Because journals are at the center of each discipline's current discussions, it is a good idea to browse them when looking for current topics. If you are unsure of how to go about doing this, talk to a professor in your discipline, a reference librarian in your library, or a librarian in your library's Current Periodicals room. These people can usually provide you with a few titles of important journals relevant to your field. Once you have these titles, you can locate a few issues of each journal in the Current Periodicals room, sit down for an hour or two, and look through the articles to see what is being talked about and what interests you.
Related Information: Online Searches and Databases
One way of getting to the sources which will discuss topics current to your discipline is by searching the various computer databases and search engines related to that discipline. A database is simply an arrangement of information by way of similar subject matter. For example, if you were researching a topic for a Sociology essay on group behavior of Deadheads, you might go to the Social Sciences Index to find sources related to your topic. For information on how to find relevant and useful databases, talk to the reference librarian in your library, or ask an expert in your field which databases he or she uses regularly.
Related Information: Talking to Professionals in Your Discipline
One of the most efficient ways to learn what topics are currently being discussed in your discipline is to talk to the experts: instructors and other professionals working within that discipline. We often forget that these people can be valuable resources to us, and can point us toward books, journals, databases, and other sources of information that scholars in our various fields use often.
Lauel Nesbitt and Dawn Kowalski. (1994-2024). Choosing and Refining Topics . The WAC Clearinghouse. Colorado State University. Available at https://wac.colostate.edu/repository/writing/guides/.
Copyright © 1994-2024 Colorado State University and/or this site's authors, developers, and contributors . Some material displayed on this site is used with permission.
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Methodology
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design . When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make.
First, decide how you will collect data . Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question :
Second, decide how you will analyze the data .
Methods for collecting data, examples of data collection methods, methods for analyzing data, examples of data analysis methods, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research methods.
Data is the information that you collect for the purposes of answering your research question . The type of data you need depends on the aims of your research.
Your choice of qualitative or quantitative data collection depends on the type of knowledge you want to develop.
For questions about ideas, experiences and meanings, or to study something that can’t be described numerically, collect qualitative data .
If you want to develop a more mechanistic understanding of a topic, or your research involves hypothesis testing , collect quantitative data .
Qualitative | to broader populations. . | |
---|---|---|
Quantitative | . |
You can also take a mixed methods approach , where you use both qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Primary research is any original data that you collect yourself for the purposes of answering your research question (e.g. through surveys , observations and experiments ). Secondary research is data that has already been collected by other researchers (e.g. in a government census or previous scientific studies).
If you are exploring a novel research question, you’ll probably need to collect primary data . But if you want to synthesize existing knowledge, analyze historical trends, or identify patterns on a large scale, secondary data might be a better choice.
Primary | . | methods. |
---|---|---|
Secondary |
In descriptive research , you collect data about your study subject without intervening. The validity of your research will depend on your sampling method .
In experimental research , you systematically intervene in a process and measure the outcome. The validity of your research will depend on your experimental design .
To conduct an experiment, you need to be able to vary your independent variable , precisely measure your dependent variable, and control for confounding variables . If it’s practically and ethically possible, this method is the best choice for answering questions about cause and effect.
Descriptive | . . | |
---|---|---|
Experimental |
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Research method | Primary or secondary? | Qualitative or quantitative? | When to use |
---|---|---|---|
Primary | Quantitative | To test cause-and-effect relationships. | |
Primary | Quantitative | To understand general characteristics of a population. | |
Interview/focus group | Primary | Qualitative | To gain more in-depth understanding of a topic. |
Observation | Primary | Either | To understand how something occurs in its natural setting. |
Secondary | Either | To situate your research in an existing body of work, or to evaluate trends within a research topic. | |
Either | Either | To gain an in-depth understanding of a specific group or context, or when you don’t have the resources for a large study. |
Your data analysis methods will depend on the type of data you collect and how you prepare it for analysis.
Data can often be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, survey responses could be analyzed qualitatively by studying the meanings of responses or quantitatively by studying the frequencies of responses.
Qualitative analysis is used to understand words, ideas, and experiences. You can use it to interpret data that was collected:
Qualitative analysis tends to be quite flexible and relies on the researcher’s judgement, so you have to reflect carefully on your choices and assumptions and be careful to avoid research bias .
Quantitative analysis uses numbers and statistics to understand frequencies, averages and correlations (in descriptive studies) or cause-and-effect relationships (in experiments).
You can use quantitative analysis to interpret data that was collected either:
Because the data is collected and analyzed in a statistically valid way, the results of quantitative analysis can be easily standardized and shared among researchers.
Research method | Qualitative or quantitative? | When to use |
---|---|---|
Quantitative | To analyze data collected in a statistically valid manner (e.g. from experiments, surveys, and observations). | |
Meta-analysis | Quantitative | To statistically analyze the results of a large collection of studies. Can only be applied to studies that collected data in a statistically valid manner. |
Qualitative | To analyze data collected from interviews, , or textual sources. To understand general themes in the data and how they are communicated. | |
Either | To analyze large volumes of textual or visual data collected from surveys, literature reviews, or other sources. Can be quantitative (i.e. frequencies of words) or qualitative (i.e. meanings of words). |
If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Research bias
Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.
In mixed methods research , you use both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods to answer your research question .
A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population . Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.
In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.
The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to answer your research question .
Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project . It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.
Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests ).
In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section .
In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.
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Research topics verses research questions.
A “research topic” is the area of study that you are researching, while a “research question” is the more focused question that you aim to answer.
Depending on your starting point, you may arrive at a research question by taking different routes. Your research question might come from a topic you are interested in, or that you see being discussed in literature. If you are working in an applied sciences field or as a clinician, your research question might be informed by a problem, or a scenario encountered in the lab or in practice.
A good research question is:
A concept is an idea, theme, or aspect of a research topic being explored and analysed.
Identify the main concepts in your research topic or question to make it searchable.
Most research questions will have 2–4 concepts.
Searching for a single concept will return too many results on a topic, and these results will be too broad to answer your research question.
Too many concepts in your search will have the opposite effect and may not find any results at all.
A quick way to identify concepts in a research question is to find words or phrases that represent your main topic(s):
Here is an example of a research question and the main concepts:
The main concepts in this research question are:
Once you’ve identified your main concepts, the next step is to find synonyms or alternative terms for each concept.
Synonyms are alternative words or phrases that can be used to describe a concept.
Using synonyms is important in a search, as not everyone uses the same term for the same concept. It can help overcome limitations, such as:
For example, if searching for “film”, you could also include terms such as “movie”, “motion picture” and “cinema” to find more relevant results.
To find additional terms, search your original word or phrase using:
For more help understanding your research question and how to translate it into a search strategy, contact our library staff.
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Research is a dynamic process. Be prepared to modify or refine your topic. This is usually the sign of thoughtful and well-done research. Usually researchers start out with a broad topic before narrowing it down. These strategies can help with that process.
Think of words or concepts that relate to that topic. For example, if your topic is "polar bears," associated words might include: ice, cubs, pollution, hunting, diet, and environmental icon.
Create a visual map your topic that shows different aspects of the topic. Think about questions related to your topic. Consider the who, what, where, when, and why (the 5 W's).
For example, when researching the local food culture, you might consider:
This short video explains how to make a concept map:
Source: Douglas College Library
You can make a concept map by hand or digitally. Below is a link to a free online concept mapping tool:
Your research could, for example, use a historical angle (focusing on a particular time period); a geographical angle (focusing on a particular part of the world); or a sociological angle (focusing on a particular group of people). The angle you choose will depend largely on the nature of your research question and often on the class or the academic discipline in which you are working.
Finding background information on your topic can also help you to refine your topic. Background research serves many purposes.
Reference sources like the ones listed below can help you find an angle on your topic and identify an interesting research question. If you are focusing on a particular academic discipline, you might do background reading in subject-specific encyclopedias and reference sources. Background information can also be found in:
These sources are often listed in our Library Research Guides .
Here are some resources you may find helpful in finding a strong topic:
Start doing some exploratory, in-depth research. As you look for relevant sources, such as scholarly articles and books, refine your topic based on what you find. While examining sources, consider how others discuss the topic. How might the sources inform or challenge your approach to your research question?
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Tips for identifying scope.
Once you decide on a research topic, you need to determine the scope of your topic. The scope of a research topic is determined by how detailed you want your project to be. This process will tell you if your topic is already too narrow or too broad. Consider the following when determining the scope of your research topic (Leggett and Jackowski, 2012):
The following tips may help you identify the scope of your research topic (Center for Writing and Speaking, n.d.):
The following web page from Agnes Scott College, titled "Narrowing Scope" may assist you in determining the scope of your research topic.
Research methodology 1,2 is a structured and scientific approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative or qualitative data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A research methodology is like a plan for carrying out research and helps keep researchers on track by limiting the scope of the research. Several aspects must be considered before selecting an appropriate research methodology, such as research limitations and ethical concerns that may affect your research.
The research methodology section in a scientific paper describes the different methodological choices made, such as the data collection and analysis methods, and why these choices were selected. The reasons should explain why the methods chosen are the most appropriate to answer the research question. A good research methodology also helps ensure the reliability and validity of the research findings. There are three types of research methodology—quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method, which can be chosen based on the research objectives.
A research methodology describes the techniques and procedures used to identify and analyze information regarding a specific research topic. It is a process by which researchers design their study so that they can achieve their objectives using the selected research instruments. It includes all the important aspects of research, including research design, data collection methods, data analysis methods, and the overall framework within which the research is conducted. While these points can help you understand what is research methodology, you also need to know why it is important to pick the right methodology.
Having a good research methodology in place has the following advantages: 3
Types of research methodology.
There are three types of research methodology based on the type of research and the data required. 1
Sampling 4 is an important part of a research methodology and involves selecting a representative sample of the population to conduct the study, making statistical inferences about them, and estimating the characteristics of the whole population based on these inferences. There are two types of sampling designs in research methodology—probability and nonprobability.
In this type of sampling design, a sample is chosen from a larger population using some form of random selection, that is, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected. The different types of probability sampling are:
During research, data are collected using various methods depending on the research methodology being followed and the research methods being undertaken. Both qualitative and quantitative research have different data collection methods, as listed below.
Qualitative research 5
Quantitative research 6
What are data analysis methods.
The data collected using the various methods for qualitative and quantitative research need to be analyzed to generate meaningful conclusions. These data analysis methods 7 also differ between quantitative and qualitative research.
Quantitative research involves a deductive method for data analysis where hypotheses are developed at the beginning of the research and precise measurement is required. The methods include statistical analysis applications to analyze numerical data and are grouped into two categories—descriptive and inferential.
Descriptive analysis is used to describe the basic features of different types of data to present it in a way that ensures the patterns become meaningful. The different types of descriptive analysis methods are:
Inferential analysis is used to make predictions about a larger population based on the analysis of the data collected from a smaller population. This analysis is used to study the relationships between different variables. Some commonly used inferential data analysis methods are:
Qualitative research involves an inductive method for data analysis where hypotheses are developed after data collection. The methods include:
Here are some important factors to consider when choosing a research methodology: 8
How to write a research methodology .
A research methodology should include the following components: 3,9
The methods section is a critical part of the research papers, allowing researchers to use this to understand your findings and replicate your work when pursuing their own research. However, it is usually also the most difficult section to write. This is where Paperpal can help you overcome the writer’s block and create the first draft in minutes with Paperpal Copilot, its secure generative AI feature suite.
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Q1. What are the key components of research methodology?
A1. A good research methodology has the following key components:
Q2. Why is ethical consideration important in research methodology?
A2. Ethical consideration is important in research methodology to ensure the readers of the reliability and validity of the study. Researchers must clearly mention the ethical norms and standards followed during the conduct of the research and also mention if the research has been cleared by any institutional board. The following 10 points are the important principles related to ethical considerations: 10
Q3. What is the difference between methodology and method?
A3. Research methodology is different from a research method, although both terms are often confused. Research methods are the tools used to gather data, while the research methodology provides a framework for how research is planned, conducted, and analyzed. The latter guides researchers in making decisions about the most appropriate methods for their research. Research methods refer to the specific techniques, procedures, and tools used by researchers to collect, analyze, and interpret data, for instance surveys, questionnaires, interviews, etc.
Research methodology is, thus, an integral part of a research study. It helps ensure that you stay on track to meet your research objectives and answer your research questions using the most appropriate data collection and analysis tools based on your research design.
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Topic definition is an important stage in the legal research process.
A clearly defined research topic will steer your research, dictate where to start with your research, and help you more quickly find relevant legal information.
If you do not spend time on this Stage, you will likely find yourself down the research rabbit hole looking at sources that, in the end, are irrelevant to your final research product.
In this Stage:
There are two main types of legal research:
Note: Since a JD is a professional degree, law school assignments are often practical in nature, even though you are completing them in an academic setting.
The Topic Definition Stage will vary depending on the type of research, because they have different goals and research products (e.g. an essay versus a memo). For example:
For these reasons, it is hard to describe one process for the Topic Definition stage. But in both types of research, you will want to make sure you have identified all three of the following a) the broad area of law, b) a research topic, and c) your topic scope.
►See Academic Research (on this page) for resources with more specific academic guidance.
►See Practical Research (on this page) for resources with more specific practical guidance.
Areas of law are not particular legal issues. Rather, they encompass broad subjects like health law, environmental law, and constitutional law.
While it may sound obvious, legal researchers sometimes start with a very specific idea of their research topic. Identifying the broader area(s) of law helps you:
These techniques all help you effectively wade through the high volume of legal information—especially case law—that is available using modern research tools.
A research topic is a specific legal issue, problem, or other aspect you want to investigate in your research.
If you are starting from a fact scenario, this is where you will start to identify the legally relevant facts, and then translate those facts into legal issues. Keep in mind:
►For more information on factual analysis and issue determination, see Chapters 1-3 in Legal Problem Solving by Maureen Fitzgerald.
If you are starting from a blank slate, consider the following questions:
►Need inspiration? Check out the legal news and blogs in our Current Awareness guide for ideas of developments in the law.
Refining your research topic means narrowing it to a manageable scope. It will allow you to know what is and isn't applicable to your research.
How you narrow your scope will depend on your topic and also the parameters of the research task; a dissertation will have a much different scope than a 5-page memo.
The following questions can help refine your research topic:
Note: Be prepared for your research topic to change as you start your research. Just because this is the first Stage does not mean that it must be completed fully before you move on.
This is especially true for academic research, where you may broaden or limit your topic based on the number of cases, statutes, and other resources that emerge in your initial research.
For example, say that your topic is one with little or no case law in your proposed jurisdiction, such as the liability of generative AI companies in copyright infringement in Canada . If your assignment parameters require you to conduct case law research, you may need to broaden your topic:
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I am writing an essay to apply for a summer research project and is supposed to write about 'general research topic that interests me' and 'area I would like to focus'. I'm kind of confused about these two terms. What's the difference?
For example, if I'm interested in computer science, where should I write it?
p.s. I have asked this question in English Language & Usage site but didn't get answer. So I suppose that these two words may only have difference in academic field?
A research area is what a research topic is placed into, but is much broader than the scope of the topic. For example a research area can be human physiology, computer science (as you mentioned) or even relate to a specific field within these broader terms such as cardiac electrophysiology or machine learning respectively.
A research topic would be a specific question, hypothesis or problem you wish to investigate and answer which is under the scope of your research area. That is to say, my research area is in neuroscience/neurophysiology and my research topic is investigating the mechanisms of neuronal communication, as an example.
You would want to say topics that interest you which relate to a certain problem that you may be aware of, whereas in the research area you would want to outline your inclinations towards a particular field of academia.
While a topic is narrower than an area (for example, your area may be "solid state physics" and your topic "semiconductor tuning based on dopage"), it's probably true that for most people there is little difference between the two terms as far as colloquial usage is concerned.
In other words, don't obsess about the difference -- though, if you want, consider the "area" a broader term.
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Lessons from three organizations that successfully leveraged IT to drive structural change.
The authors’ research found that three persistent problems plague DEI initiatives: They do not connect to operational or strategic goals and objectives; they do not include the rank-and-file; and they are often implemented through periodic efforts like annual diversity training that aren’t integrated into day-to-day work processes. Organizations can overcome these problems by using IT in three ways.
Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs are under attack. Confronted by high costs, mixed outcomes , unclear organizational benefits , and a political and regulatory backlash , organizations are rolling back their initiatives. Google and Meta, for example, recently reduced investment in their DEI programs and let go of DEI staff.
In a rapidly evolving education landscape, colleges and higher education authorities are emphasizing some academic activities to enhance the skills and knowledge of students. Research paper writing is an academic activity that has been given enormous importance, irrespective of your subject domain. Although it is significant and helps students boost their grades, writing a research paper is undoubtedly challenging. Different studies conducted by educational experts offer TutorBin a comprehensive idea of why students face these hurdles. Considering these struggles to write an impressive, information-rich, well-structured, and analyzed research topics, TutorBin professionals come up with the best 50 topics. Using these research paper topics eases writing to a great extent without making you feel exhausted.
Science research is a systematic and methodical investigation conducted to expand knowledge, discover new insights, and develop a deeper understanding of natural phenomena. It formulates hypotheses and conducts experiments or observations other than collecting and analyzing data before drawing conclusions based on empirical evidence.
Science research aims to advance scientific theories, inform practical applications, and contribute to the body of scientific knowledge. It drives progress by improving our daily lives. For example, medical research has developed vaccines and disease treatment procedures, while technology research brings innovative gadgets and tools.
Researchers use various methodologies to gather data and test hypotheses. Some key methods include:
Experimental Research: Experimental research manipulates one variable to determine if it causes a change in another variable, often conducted in controlled environments. It is used in psychology, medicine, and the natural sciences to establish cause-and-effect relationships. By controlling extraneous variables, researchers can isolate the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.
Survey Research collects data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics. Experts use this methodology in social sciences, marketing, and health research to gather large amounts of data. Surveys can be administered through questionnaires, interviews, or online platforms, allowing researchers to analyze trends, attitudes, and behaviors.
Case Study Research: In this type of research, an in-depth review of a single subject or a small group is conducted over an extended period. It explores complex issues in real-life contexts, providing detailed insights that might not be achievable through other research methods. Experts use it in psychology, sociology, and business. It develops a deep understanding of phenomena, generates hypotheses, and informs practice.
Ethnographic Research: It is an immersive study of people and cultures in their natural environments. Researchers observe and interact with participants to deeply understand their daily lives, behaviors, and social practices. This qualitative method is commonly utilized in anthropology and sociology. It provides detailed insights into the cultural and social dynamics of specific groups or communities.
Longitudinal Research: Involves studying the same subjects over an extended period, enabling researchers to track changes and developments over time. It helps to understand long-term effects, trends, and patterns in psychology, medicine, and social sciences. Tracking the same individuals or groups provides insights into how specific variables influence outcomes over months, years, or even decades.
Cross-Sectional Research: Experts gather data from a population at a specific time to analyze and compare various variables. This research identifies correlations and differences across various groups, like age, gender, or socioeconomic status, within a specific timeframe. Cross-sectional studies are often used in social sciences, epidemiology, and public health to provide a snapshot of a population’s current state.
Correlational Research: Correlational research explores the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them. This method helps identify whether an association exists, as well as its direction and strength, but it does not establish causation. The correlation technique is frequently used in psychology, education, and other social sciences. It studies connections between variables such as study habits and academic performance.
Content Analysis: Systematically analyzes and interprets textual, visual, or audio content to identify patterns, themes, and meanings. This method involves coding and categorizing content. It uncovers trends and insights within large volumes of data, such as media articles, social media posts, or interview transcripts. Commonly used in media studies, communication research, and qualitative analysis to study how information is presented and perceived.
Meta-Analysis Research: Combines and synthesizes results from multiple studies on a particular topic to derive conclusions and identify patterns or trends. Aggregating data from various studies enhances statistical power and provides more robust estimates of effects or relationships. Experts use this method in medicine, psychology, and social sciences to consolidate evidence and guide evidence-based practice.
Mixed-Methods Research: It integrates qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive analysis of a research question. Combines numerical data with detailed contextual insights to understand complex issues. Mixed-methods research is often used in social sciences, health research, and education. It is valuable for exploring and validating findings from different perspectives.
1. The Theory of Relativity —Albert Einstein’s theory revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and gravity, leading to advancements in physics and cosmology.
2. DNA Structure —James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helix structure of DNA, which paved the way for modern genetics and biotechnology.
3. Germ Theory of Disease —Louis Pasteur’s work established that microorganisms cause diseases, leading to advances in hygiene, vaccines, and antibiotics.
4. Penicillin —Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin marked the beginning of modern antibiotics, drastically improving the treatment of bacterial infections.
5. Newton’s Laws of Motion —Sir Isaac Newton’s laws laid the foundation for classical mechanics, influencing everything from engineering to space exploration.
6. Higgs Boson —The discovery of the Higgs boson particle at CERN confirmed the existence of the Higgs field, which gives mass to other particles, enhancing our understanding of the universe.
7. Electricity and Electromagnetism —Michael Faraday’s and James Clerk Maxwell’s work on electromagnetism revolutionized technology and led to the development of modern electrical engineering.
8. Vaccination —Edward Jenner’s development of the smallpox vaccine initiated the field of immunology and led to the eradication of several deadly diseases.
9. Quantum Mechanics —The development of quantum mechanics by scientists like Niels Bohr and Werner Heisenberg transformed our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.
10. Plate Tectonics —The theory of plate tectonics, developed by Alfred Wegener and later expanded by others, revolutionized our understanding of Earth’s geology, earthquakes, and volcanic activity.
These discoveries emerged from rigorous scientific research, demonstrating its ability to drive innovation and enhance our lives.
Science research topics are constantly evolving. Exploring current trends can make your research both relevant and exciting. Here are some trending topics:
1. COVID-19 and Pandemic Preparedness : This research paper on COVID-19 Pandemic preparations focuses on virus transmission, vaccine efficacy, and long-term health impacts, providing crucial insights for managing current and future pandemics. Studies also emphasize strategies for improving public health responses and preparedness to mitigate the effects of similar global health crises.
2. CRISPR and Gene Editing : CRISPR and gene editing research is revolutionizing genetics by enabling precise modifications to DNA, promising potential cures for genetic disorders. This groundbreaking technology also raises ethical questions and challenges, prompting discussions about the future of genetic engineering and its societal implications.
3. Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies : This research paper states how blockchain and cryptocurrencies transform the financial landscape by providing decentralized, secure, and transparent transaction methods. Their growing popularity and adoption raise important questions about regulation, security, and the future of traditional financial systems.
4. Quantum Computing : The research paper subjecting Quantum computing promises to discuss revolutionizing technology by solving complex problems far beyond the capabilities of classical computers. How potential applications in cryptography, materials science, and artificial intelligence could dramatically reshape industries and scientific research.
5. 5G Technology and Beyond : This topic discusses how 5G technology offers faster speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect more devices simultaneously. Transformation of healthcare, transportation, and entertainment industries and how future networks are expected to enhance these capabilities further.
6. Renewable Energy Innovations : Research on renewable energy innovations explores the development of sustainable technologies like solar, wind, and bioenergy to reduce reliance on fossil fuels and combat climate change. This research is crucial for advancing energy efficiency, lowering costs, and ensuring a greener future.
7. Solar Energy Efficiency in Different Geographic Locations: Research on solar energy efficiency in different geographic locations explores how factors like sunlight intensity, weather patterns, and geographic latitude affect the performance of solar panels. This study is essential for optimizing solar energy systems and maximizing their output in various regions worldwide.
8. Impact of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs: Research on the impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs explores how increasing acidity in ocean waters, primarily due to CO2 absorption, affects the health and survival of coral ecosystems. This study is crucial for understanding the long-term consequences of climate change on marine biodiversity and the future of coral reefs.
9. Benefits of Probiotics on Digestive Health: A research paper on the benefits of probiotics on digestive health examines how these beneficial microorganisms support gut flora, improve digestion, and enhance overall gastrointestinal function. It highlights the potential of probiotics to prevent and treat digestive disorders, contributing to better overall health.
10. Efficiency of Natural vs. Synthetic Pesticides: This research paper topic compares the effectiveness of organic and chemical-based pest control methods in agriculture. It explores each approach’s environmental impact, cost-effectiveness, and long-term sustainability, providing insights into safer and more efficient farming practices.
These topics are both current and tackle major global challenges. Researching them can result in meaningful contributions to scientific advancement and societal welfare.
Which topic is best for research in science.
Choosing the right topic for your science research can be both thrilling and challenging. Here are some fascinating areas you might consider exploring:
Research on quantum particles in technology explores how quantum mechanics can revolutionize computing, communication, and encryption. This field holds the potential to advance technological capabilities, leading to faster processors and more secure data transmission.
Refers to the process by which bacteria develop mechanisms to evade the effects of antibiotics, leading to treatment failures. This growing challenge necessitates continuous research and development of new therapeutic strategies to combat resistant strains.
Renewable energy sources are crucial in mitigating climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels. Research in this area explores the effectiveness of various renewable technologies and their role in achieving global climate targets.
Explores how we experience and interpret the world around us, delving into the nature of awareness and sensory processing. It analyzes the relationship between subjective experiences and the cognitive processes underlying them, revealing insights into human cognition and perception.
These topics not only expand our knowledge but also have real-world applications in technology, healthcare, and environmental sustainability. Exploring these research areas can result in groundbreaking findings and innovative solutions.
Environmental science research topics address critical issues such as climate change, pollution, and conservation. These studies aim to understand the impact of human activities on ecosystems and develop strategies for sustainable environmental management.
Deforestation’s impact on biodiversity explores how forest loss disrupts ecosystems, leading to species extinction and decreased habitat diversity.
The topic of carbon emissions explores the sources and impacts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases on global climate change. It also assesses strategies for reducing emissions and their effectiveness in mitigating environmental harm.
Analyze how plastics accumulate in oceans, affecting marine life and ecosystems. It also explores the consequences of plastic debris on marine organisms and potential strategies for mitigation and cleanup.
Investigates the relationship between exposure to airborne contaminants and the incidence of respiratory diseases. It explores how pollutants like particulate matter and gases affect lung function and overall health outcomes.
1. The Role of Biodiversity in Ecosystem Resilience: This research explores how biodiversity contributes to the stability and resilience of ecosystems. It helps them withstand and recover from disturbances like climate change and habitat loss. By analyzing the interactions between species and their environments, the study could highlight the critical role that diverse ecosystems play in maintaining ecological balance.
2. The Role of Genetics in Personalized Medicine: Explores how genetic variations influence the effectiveness of medical treatments, leading to more tailored and effective healthcare solutions. By understanding an individual’s genetic makeup, personalized medicine aims to optimize treatment plans, reduce adverse effects, and enhance patient outcomes.
3. Nanotechnology Applications in Cancer Treatment: It examines how nanotechnology revolutionizes cancer treatment by enabling targeted drug delivery, reducing damage to healthy cells, and improving treatment efficacy. Through the use of nanoparticles, researchers are developing innovative therapies that offer more precise and less invasive options for cancer patients.
4. The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Explores the transformative impact of AI in healthcare, focusing on its ability to enhance diagnostics, personalize treatment plans, and streamline administrative tasks. By integrating AI into healthcare systems, the paper highlights how AI can improve patient outcomes, reduce costs, and address challenges in medical decision-making.
5. The Neuroscience of Memory and Learning: Delves into the intricate processes of memory formation and learning in the brain, examining the neural circuits and mechanisms involved. It also explores how different factors, such as stress and aging, impact these cognitive functions, offering insights into potential therapeutic approaches for memory-related disorders.
6. Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Explores sustainable agriculture practices that aim to enhance food production while minimizing environmental impact. It examines techniques such as crop rotation, organic farming, and reduced pesticide use, highlighting their benefits for soil health, biodiversity, and long-term agricultural sustainability.
7. The Development of Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on The Environment: Investigates the development of electric vehicles (EV) and their environmental impact, focusing on reductions in greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. Analyzes the challenges and opportunities associated with EV adoption, including the role of renewable energy in powering these vehicles and the sustainability of battery production.
8. The Role of Epigenetics in Disease Development: This paper explores the role of epigenetics in disease development. It studies how changes in gene expression, without altering the DNA sequence, can lead to various health conditions. Discusses the potential for epigenetic therapies to treat or prevent diseases by targeting these modifications.
9. The Potential of Stem Cell Therapy in Regenerative Medicine: The research paper delves into the potential of stem cell therapy in regenerative medicine, highlighting its ability to repair or replace damaged tissues and organs. It also explores current advancements and challenges in the field, emphasizing the promise of stem cell treatments for various medical conditions.
10. The Impact of Space Exploration on Scientific Knowledge: This paper explores how space exploration has expanded our scientific understanding, including breakthroughs in astrophysics, planetary science, and technology. It also discusses the broader implications for innovation and international collaboration driven by space missions.
11. The Role of Microbiomes in Human Health: This research paper explores how microbiomes—communities of microorganisms living in and on the human body—affect various aspects of human health, from digestion to immune function. It also investigates potential therapeutic applications for managing health conditions through microbiome modulation.
12. The Future of Autonomous Vehicles: The research paper explores the advancements in autonomous vehicle technology, including innovations in artificial intelligence and sensor systems. It also discusses the potential impacts of self-driving cars on transportation safety, urban planning, and regulatory frameworks.
13. The Impact of Diet on Mental Health: It investigates how various dietary patterns and nutrients influence mental health, focusing on their effects on mood disorders and cognitive function. It also evaluates the potential mechanisms through which diet can affect mental well-being, including inflammation and gut-brain interactions.
14. The Role of Fungi in Ecosystem Balance: The research paper analyzes how fungi contribute to ecosystem stability by participating in nutrient cycling, symbiotic relationships, and decomposing organic matter. It also investigates the impact of fungal diversity on ecosystem health and resilience.
15. The Role of Big Data in Scientific Research: In this research paper, you can explore how big data analytics enhances scientific research by enabling more comprehensive data collection, pattern recognition, and predictive modeling. It also evaluates big data’s challenges and opportunities in various scientific disciplines.
16. The Impact of Urbanization on Wildlife: This research paper analyzes how urbanization affects wildlife populations by altering habitats, food sources, and migration patterns. This topic also investigates the consequences for biodiversity and ecosystem health as cities expand.
17. The Potential of Wearable Technology in Health Monitoring: You can explore in this paper how wearable technology can enhance health monitoring by providing real-time data on vital signs and physical activity. It also evaluates these devices’ potential benefits and limitations in managing chronic conditions and improving overall health outcomes.
18. The Effects of Pesticides on Pollinators: The topic investigates how pesticide use impacts pollinator populations, including bees and butterflies, and the subsequent effects on ecosystem health and crop productivity. It also examines potential strategies for mitigating these adverse effects to support pollinator conservation.
19. The Role of Ocean Currents in Climate Regulation: The research paper explores how ocean currents influence global climate patterns by distributing heat and regulating atmospheric conditions. It also analyzes the impact of changes in these currents due to climate change on weather systems and marine ecosystems.
20. The Effects of Space Travel on Human Physiology: This paper discusses the physiological changes experienced by astronauts during extended space missions, including effects on muscle mass, bone density, and cardiovascular health. It also investigates potential countermeasures and interventions to mitigate these effects and ensure long-term health in space environments.
21. The Impact of Global Warming on Sea Level Rise: Explores how global warming contributes to rising sea levels through mechanisms such as ice melt and thermal expansion of seawater. It also assesses the potential impacts on coastal communities, ecosystems, and infrastructure, emphasizing the need for adaptive strategies and mitigation measures.
22. The Role of Genetic Diversity in Species Survival: This research paper discusses how genetic diversity within species enhances resilience to environmental changes and disease, contributing to long-term survival. It highlights the critical points or importance of preserving genetic variation to maintain ecosystem stability and adaptability.
23. The Development of Biodegradable Materials: In this paper, the author can explore the advancements in biodegradable materials designed to reduce environmental impact and waste. It assesses various materials’ effectiveness and potential applications, aiming to promote sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics.
24. The Role of Nanomaterials in Environmental Cleanup: It investigates how nanomaterials are utilized for environmental cleanup, focusing on their ability to remove pollutants and toxins from soil and water. It evaluates the effectiveness, challenges, and future prospects of these innovative materials in mitigating environmental contamination.
25. The Impact of Artificial Light on Sleep Patterns: This research paper explores how exposure to artificial light, especially at night, affects sleep patterns and overall sleep quality. It analyzes the mechanisms by which light influences circadian rhythms and the potential long-term health implications.
26. The Potential of Geothermal Energy in Sustainable Power: The paper evaluates the feasibility and benefits of geothermal energy as a sustainable power source. It explores the technological advancements, environmental impacts, and economic potential of harnessing geothermal resources for clean energy production.
27. Cultural Perspectives on Mental Health and Well-Being: It discusses how different cultural perspectives influence the understanding and treatment of mental health and well-being. The paper analyzes variations in mental health practices, stigma, and support systems across diverse cultural contexts. It highlights the impact on individuals’ experiences and outcomes.
28. The Role of Nutrition in Preventing Chronic Diseases: Explores how proper nutrition can play a crucial role in preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity. It evaluates the impact of various dietary patterns and nutrients on disease prevention and overall health outcomes.
29. Impact of Technological Advancements on Modern Education Methods: The topic discusses how technological advancements, such as digital tools and online platforms, have transformed modern education methods and teaching practices. It assesses the benefits and challenges of integrating technology into the classroom and its effects on student learning outcomes.
30. Content Analysis of Media Representations of Climate Change: The paper explores how climate change is portrayed in various media formats, including news articles, television, and social media. It analyzes the accuracy, framing, and impact of these representations on public perception and policy-making regarding climate change.
31. Longitudinal Studies on Aging and Cognitive Decline: The topic of this research paper discusses long-term data on aging to understand how cognitive functions decline over time. It tracks various factors such as lifestyle, genetics, and health conditions to identify patterns and potential interventions for preserving cognitive health in older adults.
32. The Intersection of Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence: It explores how advancements in neuroscience are being integrated with artificial intelligence to enhance cognitive models and computational systems. It examines how insights into brain function can improve AI algorithms and how AI can contribute to understanding complex neural processes.
Exploring these environmental science research topics allows you to address issues, safeguard ecosystems, enhance public health, and support sustainability. These subjects not only underscore the challenges we encounter but also encourage creative solutions for a more sustainable future. Our research experts jotted down all these unique and interesting topics from different fields. It is to ensure that you use these research topics for your papers, making your writing easier and less complicated than anticipated.
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Grief is the anguish experienced after significant loss, usually the death of a beloved person.
Grief often includes physiological distress, separation anxiety, confusion, yearning, obsessive dwelling on the past, and apprehension about the future. Intense grief can become life-threatening through disruption of the immune system, self-neglect, and suicidal thoughts.
Grief may also take the form of regret for something lost, remorse for something done, or sorrow for a mishap to oneself.
Adapted from the APA Dictionary of Psychology
The hidden grief of miscarriage
People coping with pregnancy loss often experience intense grief without the traditional rituals and other supports that accompany loss
Nurturing children through grief with Elmo
New Sesame Workshop resources guided by psychological science help caregivers support children as they navigate the grieving process
Culturally Informed Trauma and Grief Recovery Toolkit
This toolkit will empower communities to mobilize their strengths and utilize their community resources and cultural practices to heal, resist, and thrive despite facing multiple types of discrimination.
Tools from APA on dealing with grief
Explore APA tools on navigating the path to healing and coping, cultivating empathy and resilience, and where to seek help
More resources about grief
Kate, the Ghost Dog
Remembering Ethan
Samantha Jane's Missing Smile
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Something Very Sad Happened
Grief Isn't Something to Get Over
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Grief in Childhood
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1. the presidential matchup: harris, trump, kennedy, table of contents.
Nationally, Vice President Kamala Harris and former President Donald Trump are essentially tied among registered voters in the current snapshot of the presidential race: 46% prefer Harris, 45% prefer Trump and 7% prefer Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Following Biden’s exit from the race, Trump’s support among voters has remained largely steady (44% backed him in July against Biden, while 45% back him against Harris today). However, Harris’ support is 6 percentage points higher than Biden’s was in July . In addition to holding on to the support of those who backed Biden in July, Harris’ bump has largely come from those who had previously said they supported or leaned toward Kennedy.
Harris performs best among the same demographic groups as Biden. But this coalition of voters is now much more likely to say they strongly support her: In July, 43% of Biden’s supporters characterized their support as strong – today, 62% of Harris’ do.
Overall, many of the same voting patterns that were evident in the Biden-Trump matchup from July continue to be seen today. Harris fares better than Trump among younger voters, Black voters, Asian voters and voters with college degrees. By comparison, the former president does better among older voters, White voters and voters without a college degree.
But Harris performs better than Biden across many of these groups – making the race tighter than it was just a few weeks ago.
Harris has gained substantial ground over Biden’s position in July among Black, Hispanic and Asian voters. Most of this movement is attributable to declining shares of support for Kennedy. Trump performs similarly among these groups as he did in July.
While the age patterns present in the Harris-Trump matchup remain broadly the same as those in the Biden-Trump matchup in July, Harris performs better across age groups than Biden did last month. That improvement is somewhat more pronounced among voters under 50 than among older voters.
With Harris now at the top of the Democratic ticket, the race has become tighter.
Much of this is the result of shifting preferences among registered voters who, in July, said they favored Kennedy over Trump or Biden.
Among the same group of voters surveyed in July and early August, 97% of those who backed Biden a few weeks ago say they support or lean toward Harris today. Similarly, Trump holds on to 95% of those who supported him a few weeks ago.
But there has been far more movement among voters who previously expressed support for Kennedy. While Kennedy holds on to 39% of those who backed him in July, the majority of these supporters now prefer one of the two major party candidates: By about two-to-one, those voters are more likely to have moved to Harris (39%) than Trump (20%). This pattern is evident across most voting subgroups.
In July, Trump’s voters were far more likely than Biden’s voters to characterize their support for their candidate as “strong” (63% vs. 43%). But that gap is no longer present in the Harris-Trump matchup.
Today, 62% of Harris voters say they strongly support her, while about a third (32%) say they moderately support her. Trump’s voters are just about as likely to say they strongly back him today as they were in July (64% today, 63% then).
Kennedy’s voters make up a smaller share of voters today than a month ago – and just 18% of his voters say they strongly support him, similar to the 15% who said the same in July.
Among women voters who supported Biden in July, 45% said they did so strongly. That has grown to 65% today among women voters who support Harris.
Increased intensity of support is similar among men voters who back the Democratic candidate: In July, 42% of men voters who supported Biden said they did so strongly. This has since grown to 59% of Harris’ voters who are men.
Across racial and ethnic groups, Harris’ supporters are more likely than Biden’s were to say they back their candidates strongly.
Among White voters, 43% who supported Biden in July did so strongly. Today, Harris’ strong support among White voters sits at 64%.
A near identical share of Harris’ Black supporters (65%) characterize their support for her as strong today. This is up from the 52% of Biden’s Black supporters who strongly backed him in July. Among Harris’ Hispanic supporters, 56% support her strongly, while 45% of Asian Harris voters feel the same. Strong support for Harris among these voters is also higher than it was for Biden in July.
Across all age groups, Harris’ strength of support is higher than Biden’s was. But the shift from Biden is less pronounced among older Democratic supporters than among younger groups.
Still, older Harris voters are more likely than younger Harris voters to describe their support as strong. For instance, 51% of Harris’ voters under 50 say they strongly support her, while 71% of Harris supporters ages 50 and older characterize their support as strong.
Today, about seven-in-ten of both Trump supporters (72%) and Harris supporters (70%) say they are extremely motivated to vote.
Motivation to vote is higher in both the Democratic and Republican coalitions than it was in July .
These shifts have occurred across groups but are more pronounced among younger voters.
Today, half of voters under 30 say they are extremely motivated to vote, up 16 points since July. Motivation is up 11 points among voters ages 30 to 49 and 50 to 64, and up 6 points among those ages 65 and older.
Among the youngest voters, the increased motivation to vote is nearly all driven by shifts among Democratic supporters.
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Many americans are confident the 2024 election will be conducted fairly, but wide partisan differences remain, joe biden, public opinion and his withdrawal from the 2024 race, amid doubts about biden’s mental sharpness, trump leads presidential race, americans’ views of government’s role: persistent divisions and areas of agreement, most popular, report materials.
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Research Topic. Definition: Research topic is a specific subject or area of interest that a researcher wants to investigate or explore in-depth through research. It is the overarching theme or question that guides a research project and helps to focus the research activities towards a clear objective.
A research topic is a subject or issue that a researcher is interested in when conducting research. A well-defined research topic is the starting point of every successful research project. Choosing a topic is an ongoing process by which researchers explore, define, and refine their ideas.
A good research topic will have a body of related research which is accessible and manageable. Identifying a topic with these characteristics at the beginning of the research process will ultimately save you time. Finding a research topic that is interesting, relevant, feasible, and worthy of your time may take substantial effort so you should ...
Microsoft Word - topic.doc. DEVELOPING A RESEARCH TOPIC. Every good research project has a well-defined topic. Selecting and developing a topic is an ongoing process by which you define and refine your ideas. You can then focus your research strategies to find relevant and appropriate information. Before you begin the research process, be sure ...
Whatever your field or discipline, the best advice to give on identifying a research topic is to choose something that you find really interesting. You will be spending an enormous amount of time with your topic, you need to be invested. Over the course of your research design, proposal and actually conducting your study, you may feel like you ...
A research topic and a research problem are two distinct concepts that are often confused. A research topic is a broader label that indicates the focus of the study, while a research problem is an issue or gap in knowledge within the broader field that needs to be addressed.. To illustrate this distinction, consider a student who has chosen "teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom" as ...
Selecting a topic to research is not a one-step task. Identifying and developing your topic is an ongoing process that does not end until you have finished your research project. Start with an idea you are interested in. Find and read some background information to get a better understanding of the topic, then use what you have learned to ...
Conceptualizing a research topic entails formulating a "defensible and researchable" research question. Conducting a literature search as one of the first steps in a graduate degree is often quite helpful as published peer-reviewed research articles are key to identify knowledge gaps in current literature. Thus, students can design and ...
Philosophy of Research. Defining a Topic. Reviewing the Literature. Developing a Researchable Question. Research Design. Planning and Practicalities. Research Ethics. Data Collection. Data Analysis and Interpretation.
Step 1: Check the requirements. Step 2: Choose a broad field of research. Step 3: Look for books and articles. Step 4: Find a niche. Step 5: Consider the type of research. Step 6: Determine the relevance. Step 7: Make sure it's plausible. Step 8: Get your topic approved. Other interesting articles.
Research is defined as a meticulous and systematic inquiry process designed to explore and unravel specific subjects or issues with precision. This methodical approach encompasses the thorough collection, rigorous analysis, and insightful interpretation of information, aiming to delve deep into the nuances of a chosen field of study.
Define a Topic. Effective research takes time. This page will help students: Understand assignment requirements. Select a topic for their research paper. Formulate a research question. Narrow or broaden a research question. Determine keywords and brainstorm search terms. If you are unsure about what is expected about your assignment, consult ...
Research. Definition: Research refers to the process of investigating a particular topic or question in order to discover new information, develop new insights, or confirm or refute existing knowledge.It involves a systematic and rigorous approach to collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data, and requires careful planning and attention to detail. ...
STEP 1: Define Your Topic. The first step when planning and writing a research paper is picking a good topic. A good topic is relevant to the assignment and has enough information available for you to use and is neither too broad nor too narrow. This section will help you pick a subject that interests you, and refine that subject to a specific ...
Answer: A research topic is a specific part of study in a broader area of study. For instance, for your research topic, the broader research area is malaria prevention in households. A research question aims to further narrow down the scope of the study. It is a possibility you explore through your study aiming to solve the problem of your ...
At this point, you are well on your way to formalizing your research topic. The formalization step involves writing research questions, drafting objective statements, and identifying your research contributions. AeroAstro Communications Lab fellows can help you with these next steps through one-on-one appointments! Helping scientists communicate.
A Definition of a Topic. A topic is the main organizing principle of a discussion, either verbal or written. Topics offer us an occasion for speaking or writing and a focus which governs what we say. They are the subject matter of our conversations, and the avenues by which we arrive at other subjects of conversations.
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question:
Research topics verses research questions. A "research topic" is the area of study that you are researching, while a "research question" is the more focused question that you aim to answer. ... Check the definitions of key words in a dictionary, encyclopedia or textbook. Exclude any words that tell you how to answer the question (e.g ...
Finding background information on your topic can also help you to refine your topic. Background research serves many purposes. If you are unfamiliar with the topic, it provides a good overview of the subject matter. It helps you to identify important facts related to your topic: terminology, dates, events, history, and names or organizations. ...
Defining Scope. Once you decide on a research topic, you need to determine the scope of your topic. The scope of a research topic is determined by how detailed you want your project to be. This process will tell you if your topic is already too narrow or too broad. Consider the following when determining the scope of your research topic ...
Definition, Types, and Examples. Research methodology 1,2 is a structured and scientific approach used to collect, analyze, and interpret quantitative or qualitative data to answer research questions or test hypotheses. A research methodology is like a plan for carrying out research and helps keep researchers on track by limiting the scope of ...
Topic definition is an important stage in the legal research process. A clearly defined research topic will steer your research, dictate where to start with your research, and help you more quickly find relevant legal information. If you do not spend time on this Stage, you will likely find yourself down the research rabbit hole looking at ...
A research area is what a research topic is placed into, but is much broader than the scope of the topic. For example a research area can be human physiology, computer science (as you mentioned) or even relate to a specific field within these broader terms such as cardiac electrophysiology or machine learning respectively.
The authors' research found that three persistent problems plague DEI initiatives: They do not connect to operational or strategic goals and objectives; they do not include the rank-and-file ...
Survey Research collects data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics. Experts use this methodology in social sciences, marketing, and health research to gather large amounts of data. Surveys can be administered through questionnaires, interviews, or online platforms, allowing researchers to analyze trends, attitudes, and behaviors.
research to familiarize yourself with the topic, issues, and key voices. It can also direct you to the primary and secondary sources for your research. Typically, these will not appear in your research paper. (Wikipedia should . never. appear in your paper!) Peer-Reviewed "scholars other than the author have read the work and, whether or not they
Grief is the anguish experienced after significant loss, usually the death of a beloved person. Grief often includes physiological distress, separation anxiety, confusion, yearning, obsessive dwelling on the past, and apprehension about the future.
WASHINGTON — A new National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report says the federal government, state and local authorities, clinicians, medical societies and organizations, public health practitioners, employers, educators, and others should adopt a new definition for "Long COVID" — that it is an infection-associated chronic condition that occurs after COVID-19 ...
ABOUT PEW RESEARCH CENTER Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions.