def of face presentation

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INTRODUCTION

Diagnosis and management of face and brow presentations will be reviewed here. Other cephalic malpresentations are discussed separately. (See "Occiput posterior position" and "Occiput transverse position" .)

Prevalence  —  Face and brow presentation are uncommon. Their prevalences compared with other types of malpresentations are shown below [ 1-9 ]:

● Occiput posterior – 1/19 deliveries

● Breech – 1/33 deliveries

Medical Information

Delivery, Face Presentation, and Brow Presentation: Understanding Fetal Positions and Birth Scenarios

Introduction:.

During childbirth, the position of the baby plays a significant role in the delivery process. While the most common fetal presentation is the head-down position (vertex presentation), variations can occur, such as face presentation and brow presentation. This comprehensive article aims to provide a thorough understanding of delivery, face presentation, and brow presentation, including their definitions, causes, complications, and management approaches.

Delivery Process:

• Normal Vertex Presentation: In a typical delivery, the baby is positioned head-down, with the back of the head (occiput) leading the way through the birth canal.
• Engagement and Descent: Prior to delivery, the baby's head engages in the pelvis and gradually descends, preparing for birth.
• Cardinal Movements: The baby undergoes a series of cardinal movements, including flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation, and restitution, which facilitate the passage through the birth canal.

Face Presentation:

• Definition: Face presentation occurs when the baby's face is positioned to lead the way through the birth canal instead of the vertex (head).
• Causes: Face presentation can occur due to factors such as abnormal fetal positioning, multiple pregnancies, uterine abnormalities, or maternal pelvic anatomy.
• Complications: Face presentation is associated with an increased risk of prolonged labor, difficulties in delivery, increased fetal malposition, birth injuries, and the need for instrumental delivery.
• Management: The management of face presentation depends on several factors, including the progression of labor, the size of the baby, and the expertise of the healthcare provider. Options may include closely monitoring the progress of labor, attempting a vaginal delivery with careful maneuvers, or considering a cesarean section if complications arise.

Brow Presentation:

• Definition: Brow presentation occurs when the baby's head is partially extended, causing the brow (forehead) to lead the way through the birth canal.
• Causes: Brow presentation may result from abnormal fetal positioning, poor engagement of the fetal head, or other factors that prevent full flexion or extension.
• Complications: Brow presentation is associated with a higher risk of prolonged labor, difficulty in descent, increased chances of fetal head entrapment, birth injuries, and the potential need for instrumental delivery or cesarean section.
• Management: The management of brow presentation depends on various factors, such as cervical dilation, progress of labor, fetal size, and the presence of complications. Close monitoring, expert assessment, and a multidisciplinary approach may be necessary to determine the safest delivery method, which can include vaginal delivery with careful maneuvers, instrumental assistance, or cesarean section if warranted.

Delivery Techniques and Intervention:

• Obstetric Maneuvers: In certain situations, skilled healthcare providers may use obstetric maneuvers, such as manual rotation or the use of forceps or vacuum extraction, to facilitate delivery, reposition the baby, or prevent complications.
• Cesarean Section: In cases where vaginal delivery is not possible or poses risks to the mother or baby, a cesarean section may be performed to ensure a safe delivery.

Conclusion:

Delivery, face presentation, and brow presentation are important aspects of childbirth that require careful management and consideration. Understanding the definitions, causes, complications, and appropriate management approaches associated with these fetal positions can help healthcare providers ensure safe and successful deliveries. Individualized care, close monitoring, and multidisciplinary collaboration are crucial in optimizing maternal and fetal outcomes during these unique delivery scenarios.

Hashtags: #Delivery #FacePresentation #BrowPresentation #Childbirth #ObstetricDelivery

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Obstetrics Simplified - Diaa M. EI-Mowafi

Face Presentation

It is a cephalic presentation in which the head is completely extended.

About 1:300 labours.

• It is less common.
• It occurs during pregnancy.
• Anencephaly: due to absence of the bony vault of the skull and the scalp while the facial portion is normal.
• Loops of the cord around the neck.
• Tumours of the foetal neck e.g. congenital goitre.
• Hypertonicity of the extensor muscles of the neck.
• Dolicocephaly: long antero-posterior diameter of the head, so as the breadth is less than 4/5 of the length.
• Dead or premature foetus.
• Idiopathic.
• It is more common. 
• It occurs during labour.
• Contracted pelvis particularly flat pelvis which allows descent of the bitemporal but not the biparietal diameter leads to extension of the head.
• Pendulous abdomen or marked lateral obliquity of the uterus.
• Further deflexion of brow or occipito - posterior positions.
• Other causes of malpresentations as polyhydramnios and placenta praevia.
• Right mento-posterior (RMP).           
• Left mento-posterior (LMP).
• Left mento-anterior (LMA).
• Right mento-anterior (RMA), are the more common positions.
• Right mento-transverse (lateral), left mento-transverse, direct mento-posterior and direct mento-anterior are rare and usually transient positions.

The first position (RMP) corresponds to the first normal position (LOA) as the back should be to the left and anterior in the first position. Mento-anterior are more common than mento-posterior as most cases arise from more deflexion of the head in occipito-posterior position usually in flat contracted pelvis.

During pregnancy (difficult)

• The back is difficult to feel.
• The limbs are felt more prominent in mento-anterior position.
• The chin may be felt on the same side of the limbs as a horseshoe-shaped rim in mento-anterior position.
• In mento-posterior, a groove may be felt between the occiput and the back particularly after rupture of the membranes.
• Second pelvic grip: the occiput is at a higher level than the sinciput.
• The FHS are heard below the umbilicus through the foetal chest wall in mento-anterior position.
• Ultrasound or X-ray: confirms the diagnosis and may identify associated foetal anomalies as anencephaly.

During labour

Vaginal examination shows the following identifying features for face:

• supra-orbital ridges,
• the malar processes,
• the nose (rubbery and saddle shaped),
• the mouth with hard areolar ridges.

Late in labour, the face becomes oedematous (tumefaction) so it can be misdiagnosed as a buttock (breech presentation) where the two cheeks are mistaken with buttocks and the mouth with anus and the malar processes with the ischial tuberosities. The following points can differentiate in-between:

Mechanism of Labour

Mento-anterior position

• Engagement by submento-bregmatic diameter 9.5 cm.
• Increased extension.
• Internal rotation of chin 1/8 circle anteriorly.
• Flexion: is the movement by which the head is delivered in mento-anterior position when the submental region hinges below the symphysis. The vulva is much distended by the submento-vertical diameter 11.5 cm.
• Restitution.
• External rotation.

Engagement is delayed because:

• The biparietal diameter does not pass the plane of pelvic inlet until the chin is below the level of the ischial spines and the face begins to distend the perineum.
• Moulding does not occur as in vertex presentation.

Mento-posterior position

• so the head is delivered as mento-anterior.
• Deep transverse arrest of the face: when the chin rotates 1/8 circle anteriorly.
• Persistent mento-posterior: when no rotation occurs.
• Direct mento-posterior: When the chin rotates 1/8 circle posteriorly.

In the last 3 conditions no further progress occurs and labour is obstructed.

Direct mento-posterior, unlike direct occipito-posterior, cannot be delivered because:

• Delivery should occur by extension while the head is already maximally extended.
• As the length of the sacrum is 10 cm and that of neck is only 5 cm, the shoulders enter the pelvis and become impacted while the head still in the pelvis, thus the labour is obstructed.

Management of Labour

Exclude: - Foetal anomalies and - Contracted pelvis.

Mento-anterior

• First stage: as in occipito-posterior.
• Spontaneous delivery usually occurs.
• Forceps delivery may be indicated in prolonged 2nd stage.
• Episiotomy is necessary because of over distension of the vulva.

Mento-posterior

• First stage: as mento-anterior.
• Wait for long anterior rotation of the mentum 3/8 circle and the head will be delivered as mento-anterior. During this period oxytocin is used to compete inertia which is common in such conditions as long as there is no contraindication. Failure of this long rotation is more common than in occipito-posterior position so earlier interference is usually indicated.
• Caesarean section: which is the safest and the current alternative in modern obstetrics.
• Manual rotation and forceps extraction as mento-anterior, or
• Rotation and extraction by Kielland forceps.
• In the last 2 methods the head should be engaged but they are hazardous to both the mother and foetus so they are nearly out of modern obstetrics.
• Craniotomy: if the foetus is dead.

The face of the foetus is oedematous after delivery so the mother is assured that this will be spontaneously relieved within few days.

Complications

See complications of malpresentations and malposition.

• Dystocia : Guidelines, reviews

Fetal Presentation, Position, and Lie (Including Breech Presentation)

• Key Points |

Abnormal fetal lie or presentation may occur due to fetal size, fetal anomalies, uterine structural abnormalities, multiple gestation, or other factors. Diagnosis is by examination or ultrasonography. Management is with physical maneuvers to reposition the fetus, operative vaginal delivery , or cesarean delivery .

Terms that describe the fetus in relation to the uterus, cervix, and maternal pelvis are

Fetal presentation: Fetal part that overlies the maternal pelvic inlet; vertex (cephalic), face, brow, breech, shoulder, funic (umbilical cord), or compound (more than one part, eg, shoulder and hand)

Fetal position: Relation of the presenting part to an anatomic axis; for transverse presentation, occiput anterior, occiput posterior, occiput transverse

Fetal lie: Relation of the fetus to the long axis of the uterus; longitudinal, oblique, or transverse

Normal fetal lie is longitudinal, normal presentation is vertex, and occiput anterior is the most common position.

Abnormal fetal lie, presentation, or position may occur with

Fetopelvic disproportion (fetus too large for the pelvic inlet)

Fetal congenital anomalies

Uterine structural abnormalities (eg, fibroids, synechiae)

Multiple gestation

Several common types of abnormal lie or presentation are discussed here.

Transverse lie

Fetal position is transverse, with the fetal long axis oblique or perpendicular rather than parallel to the maternal long axis. Transverse lie is often accompanied by shoulder presentation, which requires cesarean delivery.

Breech presentation

There are several types of breech presentation.

Frank breech: The fetal hips are flexed, and the knees extended (pike position).

Complete breech: The fetus seems to be sitting with hips and knees flexed.

Single or double footling presentation: One or both legs are completely extended and present before the buttocks.

Types of breech presentations

Breech presentation makes delivery difficult ,primarily because the presenting part is a poor dilating wedge. Having a poor dilating wedge can lead to incomplete cervical dilation, because the presenting part is narrower than the head that follows. The head, which is the part with the largest diameter, can then be trapped during delivery.

Additionally, the trapped fetal head can compress the umbilical cord if the fetal umbilicus is visible at the introitus, particularly in primiparas whose pelvic tissues have not been dilated by previous deliveries. Umbilical cord compression may cause fetal hypoxemia.

Predisposing factors for breech presentation include

Preterm labor

Uterine abnormalities

Fetal anomalies

If delivery is vaginal, breech presentation may increase risk of

Umbilical cord prolapse

Birth trauma

Perinatal death

Face or brow presentation

In face presentation, the head is hyperextended, and position is designated by the position of the chin (mentum). When the chin is posterior, the head is less likely to rotate and less likely to deliver vaginally, necessitating cesarean delivery.

Brow presentation usually converts spontaneously to vertex or face presentation.

Occiput posterior position

The most common abnormal position is occiput posterior.

The fetal neck is usually somewhat deflexed; thus, a larger diameter of the head must pass through the pelvis.

Progress may arrest in the second phase of labor. Operative vaginal delivery or cesarean delivery is often required.

Position and Presentation of the Fetus

If a fetus is in the occiput posterior position, operative vaginal delivery or cesarean delivery is often required.

In breech presentation, the presenting part is a poor dilating wedge, which can cause the head to be trapped during delivery, often compressing the umbilical cord.

For breech presentation, usually do cesarean delivery at 39 weeks or during labor, but external cephalic version is sometimes successful before labor, usually at 37 or 38 weeks.

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Face Presentation

• First Online: 02 August 2023

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• Shubhra Agarwal 2 &
• Suchitra Pandit 3  

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Face presentation is defined as a cephalic presentation in which the presenting part is face and it occurs due to factors that lead to extension of of fetal head. It is a rare obstetric presentation and may not be encountered even in the entire carrier of an obstetrician.

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Shaffer BL. Face presentation: predictors and delivery route. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:e10–2.

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Schwartz Z, Dgani R, Lancet M, Kessler I. Face presentation. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 1986;26:172–6.

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Westgren M, et al. Face presentation in modern obstetrics-a study with special reference to fetal long term morbidity. Z Geburtshilfe Perinatol. 1984;188(2):87–9.

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Agarwal, S., Pandit, S. (2023). Face Presentation. In: Garg, R. (eds) Labour and Delivery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6145-8_6

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Management of face presentation, face and lip edema in a primary healthcare facility case report, Mbengwi, Cameroon

Nzozone henry fomukong.

1 Microhealth Global Medical Centre, Mbengwi, Cameroon

2 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

Ngouagna Edwin

Mandeng ma linwa edgar, ngwayu claude nkfusai.

3 Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon

4 Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS), Yaoundé, Cameroon

Yunga Patience Ijang

5 Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Box 1110, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Joyce Shirinde

6 School of Health Systems and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria Private Bag X323, Gezina, Pretoria, 0001, Pretoria, South Africa

Samuel Nambile Cumber

7 Institute of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine (EPSO), University of Gothenburg, Box 414, SE - 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden

8 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

Face presentation is a rare obstetric event and most practitioners will go through their carriers without ever meeting one. Face presentation can be delivered vaginally only if the foetus is in the mentum anterior position. More than half of the cases of face presentation are delivered by caesarean section. Newborn infants with face presentation usually have severe facial oedema, facial bruising or ecchymosis. These syndromic facial features usually resolved within 24-48 hours.

Introduction

Face presentation is a rare unanticipated obstetric event characterized by a longitudinal lie and full extension of the foetal head on the neck with the occiput against the upper back [ 1 - 3 ]. Face presentation occurs in 0.1-0.2% of deliveries [ 3 - 5 ] but is more common in black women and in multiparous women [ 5 ]. Studies have shown that 60 per cent of face presentations have one or more of the following risk factors: small fetus, large fetus, high parity, previous caesarean section (CS), contracted pelvis, fetopelvic disproportion, cord around the neck multiple pregnancy, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, polyhydramnios, uterine or nuchal cord anomaly. But 40 per cent of face presentations occur with none of these factors [ 6 , 7 ]. A vaginal birth at term is possible only if the fetus is in the mentum anterior position. More than half of cases of face presentation are delivered by caesarean section [ 4 ]. Newborn infants with face presentation usually have severe facial edema, facial bruising or ecchymosis [ 8 ]. Repeated vaginal examination to assess the presenting part and the progress of labor may lead to bruises in the face as well as damage to the eyes.

Patient and observation

Case presentation: a 21 year old primigravida at 40 weeks gestation from the last normal menstrual period referred to our facility for prolonged second stage of labor after visiting two health centres. She labored for a total of 14hrs, membrane ruptured spontaneously 12hrs before referral. Amniotic fluid was documented by midwife to be clear. She attended antenatal clinics in Mbengwi health centre 5 times, was diagnosed of hepatitis B during antenatal consultations, received no treatment. She did not do any ultrasound due to financial constraints. On examination, she was healthy, in painful distress, blood pressure 131/76mmhg, pulse 85 beats/min, temperature 37.2 o C SPO2 98%. On abdominal exams, uterus was gravid, fundal height 35cm, lie longitudinal, fetal heart rate 137bpm, cephalic presentation, engaged 2/5, with moderate contractions of 2 in 10 minutes. On vaginal examination, cervix was fully dilated, membranes ruptured, presenting part was face, mentum anterior. The conclusion made was mento-anterior face presentation ( Figure 1 ). Paturient was counseled, labor was augmented with 1 amp of oxytocin in 500ml of glucose 5% and started at 10drops/mins. Ten minutes later she delivered a male baby with Apgar score 6/10, 8/10 on the first and fifth minute. The baby weighed 3.2kg, length was 50cm, and head circumference was 41cm. Syndromic facial appearance with marked edema at the baby's lips, face and scalp was evident and he had bruising on the right nasolabial groove and right cheeks ( Figure 2 ). Physical examination of the infant's respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and his abdominal examination were normal, as was his neurological examination. Placenta was delivered by controlled cord traction 5mins later with all cotyledons. Delivery was complicated by a second degree perineal tear. Perineal tear was repaired with absorbable suture under local anaesthesia. Estimated blood lost was 350ml. baby received Hepatitis B immunoglobulins, hepatitis B vaccine and vitamin K were administered to the baby. 24 hours later, facial swellings resolved ( Figure 3 ), baby breast feeds well. Baby and mother were discharged on day 3 postpartum all fine.

Men-tum anterior face presentation

Bruising, marked lip and facial edema

Baby 24 hours later with all syndromic facial features resolved

Ethics : informed consent: written informed consent was obtained from the patient's parents for the publication of this case report.

Face presentation is a rare obstetric event and most practitioner will go through their carriers without ever meeting one [ 3 ]. We presented a case of face presentation noticed in the delivery room on digital examination in a patient with no risk factors. In a poor resource setting as ours where ultrasound is not readily available, this event is often scary and confusing to most midwives and nurses. This may prompt repeated vaginal exams for confirmation of presentation. This intend will lead to bruising of the baby's face and delay effective management [ 8 ]. Exact knowledge about the fetal position and level is important for providing the correct management of this malpresentation. When face presentation is diagnosed, around 60% of cases are in the mentum anterior position, 25% are mentum posterior and 15% are mentum transverse [ 5 ]. The patient presented the most common form of face presentation (mentum anterior). Labor was augmented, vaginal delivery was attempted and successfully conducted. Facial bruising, lip and face edema are very common complication of face presentation. These complications usually resolve within 24-48 hours [ 9 , 10 ] in this case facial edema completely resolved within 24hours ( Figure 3 ) and baby breastfeed well.

Repeated vaginal exams should be avoided when presenting part is unsure. Vaginal delivery should be attemped only on mentum anterior face presentation, in other cases, emergency ceserian section should be performed. Syndromic facial features in babies born from face presentation resolve completely within 24-48 hours.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Acknowledgements

We thank the participant of this study.

Authors’ contributions

NHF, NE, MMLE, NCN, YPI, FB, JS and SNC conceived the case series, assisted with the study design and participant enrollment, designed the study protocol and collected the data. NE, MMLE, NCN and SNC assisted in interpretation of results and wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Malpresentations and malpositions

Peer reviewed by Dr Laurence Knott Last updated by Dr Colin Tidy, MRCGP Last updated 22 Jun 2021

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In this article :

Malpresentation, malposition.

Usually the fetal head engages in the occipito-anterior position (more often left occipito-anterior (LOA) rather than right) and then undergoes a short rotation to be directly occipito-anterior in the mid-cavity. Malpositions are abnormal positions of the vertex of the fetal head relative to the maternal pelvis. Malpresentations are all presentations of the fetus other than vertex.

Obstetrics - the pelvis and head

Continue reading below

Predisposing factors to malpresentation include:

Prematurity.

Multiple pregnancy.

Abnormalities of the uterus - eg, fibroids.

Partial septate uterus.

Abnormal fetus.

Placenta praevia.

Primiparity.

Breech presentation

See the separate Breech Presentations article for more detailed discussion.

Breech presentation is the most common malpresentation, with the majority discovered before labour. Breech presentation is much more common in premature labour.

Approximately one third are diagnosed during labour when the fetus can be directly palpated through the cervix.

After 37 weeks, external cephalic version can be attempted whereby an attempt is made to turn the baby manually by manipulating the pregnant mother's abdomen. This reduces the risk of non-cephalic delivery 1 .

Maternal postural techniques have also been tried but there is insufficient evidence to support these 2 .

Many women who have a breech presentation can deliver vaginally. Factors which make this less likely to be successful include 3 :

Hyperextended neck on ultrasound.

High estimated fetal weight (more than 3.8 kg).

Low estimated weight (less than tenth centile).

Footling presentation.

Evidence of antenatal fetal compromise.

Transverse lie 4

When the fetus is positioned with the head on one side of the pelvis and the buttocks in the other (transverse lie), vaginal delivery is impossible.

This requires caesarean section unless it converts or is converted late in pregnancy. The surgeon may be able to rotate the fetus through the wall of the uterus once the abdominal wall has been opened. Otherwise, a transverse uterine incision is needed to gain access to a fetal pole.

Internal podalic version is no longer attempted.

Transverse lie is associated with a risk of cord prolapse of up to 20%.

Occipito-posterior position

This is the most common malposition where the head initially engages normally but then the occiput rotates posteriorly rather than anteriorly. 5.2% of deliveries are persistent occipito-posterior 5 .

The occipito-posterior position results from a poorly flexed vertex. The anterior fontanelle (four radiating sutures) is felt anteriorly. The posterior fontanelle (three radiating sutures) may also be palpable posteriorly.

It may occur because of a flat sacrum, poorly flexed head or weak uterine contractions which may not push the head down into the pelvis with sufficient strength to produce correct rotation.

As occipito-posterior-position pregnancies often result in a long labour, close maternal and fetal monitoring are required. An epidural is often recommended and it is essential that adequate fluids be given to the mother.

The mother may get the urge to push before full dilatation but this must be discouraged. If the head comes into a face-to-pubis position then vaginal delivery is possible as long as there is a reasonable pelvic size. Otherwise, forceps or caesarean section may be required.

Occipito-transverse position

The head initially engages correctly but fails to rotate and remains in a transverse position.

Alternatives for delivery include manual rotation of fetal head using Kielland's forceps, or delivery using vacuum extraction. This is inappropriate if there is any fetal acidosis because of the risk of cerebral haemorrhage.

Therefore, there must be provision for a failure of forceps delivery to be changed immediately to a caesarean. The trial of forceps is therefore often performed in theatre. Some centres prefer to manage by caesarean section without trial of forceps.

Face presentations

Face presents for delivery if there is complete extension of the fetal head.

Face presentation occurs in 1 in 1,000 deliveries 5 .

With adequate pelvic size, and rotation of the head to the mento-anterior position, vaginal delivery should be achieved after a long labour.

Backwards rotation of the head to a mento-posterior position requires a caesarean section.

Brow positions

The fetal head stays between full extension and full flexion so that the biggest diameter (the mento-vertex) presents.

Brow presentation occurs in 0.14% of deliveries 5 .

Brow presentation is usually only diagnosed once labour is well established.

The anterior fontanelle and super orbital ridges are palpable on vaginal examination.

Unless the head flexes, a vaginal delivery is not possible, and a caesarean section is required.

Further reading and references

• Hofmeyr GJ, Kulier R, West HM ; External cephalic version for breech presentation at term. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Apr 1;(4):CD000083. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000083.pub3.
• Hofmeyr GJ, Kulier R ; Cephalic version by postural management for breech presentation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;10:CD000051. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000051.pub2.
• Management of Breech Presentation ; Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (Mar 2017)
• Szaboova R, Sankaran S, Harding K, et al ; PLD.23 Management of transverse and unstable lie at term. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014 Jun;99 Suppl 1:A112-3. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-306576.324.
• Gardberg M, Leonova Y, Laakkonen E ; Malpresentations - impact on mode of delivery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011 May;90(5):540-2. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0412.2011.01105.x.

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Next review due: 21 Jun 2026

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7.9 Face presentation

7.9.1 diagnosis.

• Palpation of the mother's abdomen at the start of labour: palpate the occipital region; a cleft between the head and the back will be palpable, due to hyperextension of the head.
• On vaginal examination: no suture or fontanelle can be felt; orbits, nose, mouth, ears and chin palpable. Palpation of the chin is essential to confirm the diagnosis.

7.9.2 Management

Determine the orientation of the chin—anterior (at the mother's pubis) or posterior.

The chin is anterior

Vaginal delivery is possible. Labour may be slow, patience is required. If uterine contractions are inadequate, oxytocin may be used. Episiotomy is usually needed during delivery (Figures 7.4), given the maximum amount the perineum can stretch. If instrumental delivery is necessary, use forceps. Vacuum extraction is contra-indicated for a live fœtus.

Figures 7.4 - Chin anterior: delivery possible

The chin is posterior

Vaginal delivery is not possible (Figure 7.5). A caesarean section must be arranged. Refer if necessary.

Figure 7.5 - Chin posterior: impaction

If caesarean section is not feasible and referral is not possible, attempt the following manoeuvres:

• Flex the head to obtain a vertex presentation: with one hand in the vagina, grasp the top of the skull and flex the neck, using the other hand, on the abdomen, to apply pressure to the foetal chest and buttocks. Obviously, the presenting part must not be engaged, and it is often hard—or impossible—to keep the head flexed (Figures 7.6).

• Rotate the head to bring the chin anteriorly: push the face and chin back to free the shoulders from the pelvic inlet then, turn the head within the pelvic cavity, using a hand on the abdomen to help the rotation by applying pressure to the shoulders. In this way, the chin is brought to the front (Figures 7.7).

• Version: internal podalic version, then total breech extraction (Figure 7.8).

All these manoeuvres are difficult and pose a significant risk of uterine rupture. They must be done when the uterus is not contracting. Whenever possible, caesarean section should be performed instead.

Face Presentation and Birth Injury

Normally, children are born head-first with the chin tucked towards the chest (vertex presentation). In a face presentation, the chin is not tucked and the neck is hyperextended. This can inhibit the engagement of the head and complicate the labor process. In some cases, a baby in face presentation can be delivered vaginally, but in other cases vaginal delivery is difficult and dangerous. Face presentation increases the risk of facial edema, skull molding, breathing problems (due to tracheal and laryngeal trauma), prolonged labor, fetal distress, spinal cord injuries, permanent brain damage, and neonatal death. Usually, medical staff conduct a vaginal examination to determine the position of the baby. If they suspect an abnormal presentation, they can confirm with an ultrasound and take action to properly handle the delivery of a baby in the face presentation. This includes additional monitoring and in some cases requires a C-Section. Because ventilation issues are more common in babies with face presentation, staff should be ready to intubate immediately after delivery (1).

Risk factors and causes of face presentation

Conditions that may increase the likelihood of a face presentation include the following (1, 2, 3, 4):

• Prematurity
• Very low birth weight
• Fetal macrosomia (large baby)
• Cephalopelvic disproportion, or CPD (a mismatch in size between the mother’s pelvis and the baby’s head)
• Anencephaly (a birth defect in which the baby is missing part of the brain and skull)
• Severe hydrocephalus with enlargement of the head
• Anterior neck mass
• Multiple nuchal cords (umbilical cord wrapped around baby’s neck more than once)
• Maternal pelvis abnormalities
• Maternal obesity
• Multiparity (the mother has previously given birth)
• Polyhydramnios (too much amniotic fluid)
• Previous cesarean delivery

Diagnosing face presentation

Face presentation is diagnosed late in the first or second stage of labor by vaginal examination. The distinctive facial features of the chin, mouth, nose, and cheekbones can be felt.  Face presentation is sometimes confused with breech presentation (because both are characterized by soft tissues with an orifice), which is why it is imperative that a very skilled physician be present during any potentially risky delivery or malpresentation . Diagnosis can be confirmed by an ultrasound, which reveals a deflexed/hyperextended neck (1).

Face presentation and delivery

There are three types of face presentation:

• Mentum anterior (MA) . In this position, the chin is facing the front of the mother, and will be the presenting part of the face. Babies in mentum anterior position are usually delivered vaginally, although in some cases a C-section may be necessary.
• Mentum posterior (MP) . In this position, the chin is facing the mother’s back.  The baby’s head, neck, and shoulders enter the pelvis at the same time, and the pelvis is usually not large enough to accommodate this (however, the baby may spontaneously rotate into mentum anterior position) . Typically, a C-section is indicated, but there are certain circumstances under which vaginal delivery may be attempted (e.g. the mother is multiparous, the infant in face presentation is relatively small compared to her other children, fetal monitoring is reassuring, and the baby is progressing in labor). Regardless, the medical team should be prepared to perform a prompt C-section if there are any complications.
• Mentum transverse (MT) .  In this position, the baby’s chin is facing the side of the birth canal. Doctors may recommend a trial of labor under certain circumstances, but they should promptly proceed to a C-section if there are issues. If labor is progressing and the fetal heart monitor is reassuring when face presentation is present, physician intervention may not be necessary since many MP and MT positions convert to MA.  Oxytocin (Pitocin) augmentation may be used in a face presentation with a normal fetus and abnormally slow progress, as long as fetal heart rate patterns remain reassuring (although there are certain risks associated with this drug, including uterine tachysystole ). Of course, in any face presentation, if progress in dilation and descent ceases despite adequate contractions, delivery must occur by C-section.

There is an increased risk of trauma to the baby when the face presents first, and the physician should not internally manipulate (try to rotate) the baby.  In addition, the physician must not use vacuum extractors or manual extraction (grasping the baby with hands) to pull the baby from the uterine cavity.  Furthermore, midforceps ( forcep extraction when the baby’s station is above +2 cm, but the head is engaged) should never be used. Outlet forceps should only be used by experienced physicians who understand the circumstances under which this is appropriate (1).

Abnormalities of the fetal heart rate occur more frequently with face presentation.  In one study, 59% of infants in face presentation had variable heart decelerations, and 24% had late decelerations. Of the babies who were born live, 37% had 1-minute Apgar scores lower than 7, and 13% had 5-minute Apgar scores lower than 7. The majority of the low 5-minute Apgar scores were babies that had been in mentum posterior position (5).

For these reasons, it is crucial that babies are continuously monitored during labor, ideally with an external heart monitoring device.  An internal device may cause facial or eye injuries if improperly placed. If internal monitoring is needed, the electrode should be cautiously placed over a bony structure such as the forehead, jaw or cheekbone to minimize the risk of trauma (1).

It is always critical that doctors obtain a mother’s informed consent , which means discussing delivery options (vaginal, C-section, enhanced with oxytocin, etc.) with her and explaining the potential risks and benefits of each.  Failure to do so constitutes negligence.

Complications and side effects of face presentation

Complications associated with face presentation include the following:

• Prolonged labor
• Facial trauma
• Facial edema (fluid build up in the face, often caused by trauma)
• Skull molding (abnormal head shape that results from pressure on the baby’s head during childbirth)
• Respiratory distress /difficulty in ventilation due to airway trauma and edema
• Spinal cord injury
• Abnormal fetal heart rate patterns
• Low  Apgar score

A baby may be at increased risk of complications if forceps or oxytocin are used during labor.  Forceps can cause traumatic injury to the head, and oxytocin can deprive a baby of oxygen due to uterine tachysystole/hyperstimulation (strong, frequent contractions). Hyperstimulation increases pressure on the blood vessels in the womb, which can deprive the baby of oxygen-rich blood.

Trauma to the head and decreased oxygenation can cause permanent brain damage, such as hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and cerebral palsy (CP) , as well as fetal deaths.

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Standards of care, medical malpractice, and face presentation

Informed consent must be given during all medical procedures. This means that when a mother has a baby with face presentation, she must be given the option of a C-section versus a vaginal birth. One of the reasons a mother may opt for a C-section is to avoid the extensive facial bruising/trauma that is common in babies with face presentation. In addition to thoroughly explaining the risks and benefits of each type of delivery method, the physician must explain and obtain consent from the mother if forceps or oxytocin are used.

Because there are many complications associated with face presentation, it is essential that the baby be closely monitored and that delivery is handled by a physician with experience in this area. Furthermore, the physician must quickly proceed to a C-section delivery if there are any signs of fetal distress , labor is not progressing, or the baby fails to convert (rotate) to MA position.  In addition, once a face presentation is diagnosed, the physician must check for pelvic adequacy. When the pelvis is inadequate (contracted/small), a C-section is recommended (1).

Since respiratory problems can occur in babies with face presentation, equipment and staff to perform intubation of the baby (placement of a breathing tube) should be readily available at the time of delivery.

Failure to follow any of these standards of care is negligence. If this negligence results in injury to the baby, it is medical malpractice .

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If your baby has HIE, cerebral palsy, periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), developmental delays , a seizure disorder , or any other birth injury , we may be able to help. Unlike other firms, the attorneys at ABC Law Centers (Reiter & Walsh, P.C.) focus solely on birth injury cases and have been helping children throughout the nation since 1997. During your free legal consultation, our attorneys will discuss your case with you, determine if negligence caused your loved one’s injuries, identify the negligent party, and discuss your legal options with you. Moreover, you pay nothing throughout the entire legal process unless we win or favorably settle your case.

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• Testimonials
• Julien, S., Lockwood, C. J., & Barss, V. A. (2014). Face and brow presentations in labor. Up to date.
• Duff, P. (1981). Diagnosis and management of face presentation. Obstetrics and gynecology, 57(1), 105-112.
• S. BHAL NJ DAVIES T. CHUNG, P. (1998). A population study of face and brow presentation. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 18(3), 231-235.
• Shaffer, B. L., Cheng, Y. W., Vargas, J. E., Laros Jr, R. K., & Caughey, A. B. (2006). Face presentation: predictors and delivery route. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 194(5), e10-e12.
• Benedetti, T. J., Lowensohn, R. I., & Truscott, A. M. (1980). Face presentation at term. Obstetrics and gynecology, 55(2), 199-202.

The above information is intended to be an educational resource. It is not meant to be, and should not be interpreted as, medical advice.

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Powerful and Effective Presentation Skills: More in Demand Now Than Ever

When we talk with our L&D colleagues from around the globe, we often hear that presentation skills training is one of the top opportunities they’re looking to provide their learners. And this holds true whether their learners are individual contributors, people managers, or senior leaders. This is not surprising.

Effective communications skills are a powerful career activator, and most of us are called upon to communicate in some type of formal presentation mode at some point along the way.

For instance, you might be asked to brief management on market research results, walk your team through a new process, lay out the new budget, or explain a new product to a client or prospect. Or you may want to build support for a new idea, bring a new employee into the fold, or even just present your achievements to your manager during your performance review.

And now, with so many employees working from home or in hybrid mode, and business travel in decline, there’s a growing need to find new ways to make effective presentations when the audience may be fully virtual or a combination of in person and remote attendees.

Whether you’re making a standup presentation to a large live audience, or a sit-down one-on-one, whether you’re delivering your presentation face to face or virtually, solid presentation skills matter.

Even the most seasoned and accomplished presenters may need to fine-tune or update their skills. Expectations have changed over the last decade or so. Yesterday’s PowerPoint which primarily relied on bulleted points, broken up by the occasional clip-art image, won’t cut it with today’s audience.

The digital revolution has revolutionized the way people want to receive information. People expect presentations that are more visually interesting. They expect to see data, metrics that support assertions. And now, with so many previously in-person meetings occurring virtually, there’s an entirely new level of technical preparedness required.

The leadership development tools and the individual learning opportunities you’re providing should include presentation skills training that covers both the evergreen fundamentals and the up-to-date capabilities that can make or break a presentation.

So, just what should be included in solid presentation skills training? Here’s what I think.

The fundamentals will always apply When it comes to making a powerful and effective presentation, the fundamentals will always apply. You need to understand your objective. Is it strictly to convey information, so that your audience’s knowledge is increased? Is it to persuade your audience to take some action? Is it to convince people to support your idea? Once you understand what your objective is, you need to define your central message. There may be a lot of things you want to share with your audience during your presentation, but find – and stick with – the core, the most important point you want them to walk away with. And make sure that your message is clear and compelling.

You also need to tailor your presentation to your audience. Who are they and what might they be expecting? Say you’re giving a product pitch to a client. A technical team may be interested in a lot of nitty-gritty product detail. The business side will no doubt be more interested in what returns they can expect on their investment.

Another consideration is the setting: is this a formal presentation to a large audience with questions reserved for the end, or a presentation in a smaller setting where there’s the possibility for conversation throughout? Is your presentation virtual or in-person? To be delivered individually or as a group? What time of the day will you be speaking? Will there be others speaking before you and might that impact how your message will be received?

Once these fundamentals are established, you’re in building mode. What are the specific points you want to share that will help you best meet your objective and get across your core message? Now figure out how to convey those points in the clearest, most straightforward, and succinct way. This doesn’t mean that your presentation has to be a series of clipped bullet points. No one wants to sit through a presentation in which the presenter reads through what’s on the slide. You can get your points across using stories, fact, diagrams, videos, props, and other types of media.

Visual design matters While you don’t want to clutter up your presentation with too many visual elements that don’t serve your objective and can be distracting, using a variety of visual formats to convey your core message will make your presentation more memorable than slides filled with text. A couple of tips: avoid images that are cliched and overdone. Be careful not to mix up too many different types of images. If you’re using photos, stick with photos. If you’re using drawn images, keep the style consistent. When data are presented, stay consistent with colors and fonts from one type of chart to the next. Keep things clear and simple, using data to support key points without overwhelming your audience with too much information. And don’t assume that your audience is composed of statisticians (unless, of course, it is).

When presenting qualitative data, brief videos provide a way to engage your audience and create emotional connection and impact. Word clouds are another way to get qualitative data across.

Practice makes perfect You’ve pulled together a perfect presentation. But it likely won’t be perfect unless it’s well delivered. So don’t forget to practice your presentation ahead of time. Pro tip: record yourself as you practice out loud. This will force you to think through what you’re going to say for each element of your presentation. And watching your recording will help you identify your mistakes—such as fidgeting, using too many fillers (such as “umm,” or “like”), or speaking too fast.

A key element of your preparation should involve anticipating any technical difficulties. If you’ve embedded videos, make sure they work. If you’re presenting virtually, make sure that the lighting is good, and that your speaker and camera are working. Whether presenting in person or virtually, get there early enough to work out any technical glitches before your presentation is scheduled to begin. Few things are a bigger audience turn-off than sitting there watching the presenter struggle with the delivery mechanisms!

Finally, be kind to yourself. Despite thorough preparation and practice, sometimes, things go wrong, and you need to recover in the moment, adapt, and carry on. It’s unlikely that you’ll have caused any lasting damage and the important thing is to learn from your experience, so your next presentation is stronger.

How are you providing presentation skills training for your learners?

Manika Gandhi is Senior Learning Design Manager at Harvard Business Publishing Corporate Learning. Email her at [email protected] .

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face presentation noun

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What does the noun face presentation mean?

There is one meaning in OED's entry for the noun face presentation . See ‘Meaning & use’ for definition, usage, and quotation evidence.

How common is the noun face presentation ?

Where does the noun face presentation come from.

Earliest known use

The earliest known use of the noun face presentation is in the late 1700s.

OED's earliest evidence for face presentation is from around 1781, in the writing of W. Perfect.

face presentation is formed within English, by compounding.

Etymons: face n. , presentation n. III.7a

Nearby entries

• facepalm, v. 1996–
• facepalm, int. & n. 1996–
• face physic, n. 1611–1715
• face piece, n. 1779–
• face plan, n. 1875–
• face plant, n. 1981–
• face-plant, v. 1986–
• faceplate, n. 1827–
• face-play, n. 1850–
• face-playing, n. 1773–
• face presentation, n. ?1781–
• face print, n. 1866–
• face-pulling, adj. & n. 1898–
• facer, n. c1500–
• face reading, n. 1926–
• face recognition, n. 1947–
• face-saver, n. 1910–
• face-saving, n. & adj. 1901–
• face screen, n. 1788–
• face-shaft, n. 1835–
• face shield, n. 1842–

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Meaning & use

Entry history for face presentation, n..

Originally published as part of the entry for face, n.

face, n. was revised in September 2009.

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• further revisions to definitions, pronunciation, etymology, headwords, variant spellings, quotations, and dates;
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Earlier versions of this entry were published in:

OED First Edition (1894)

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• View face, n. in OED Second Edition

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Factsheet for face presentation, n., browse entry.

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What It Takes to Give a Great Presentation

• Carmine Gallo

Five tips to set yourself apart.

Never underestimate the power of great communication. It can help you land the job of your dreams, attract investors to back your idea, or elevate your stature within your organization. But while there are plenty of good speakers in the world, you can set yourself apart out by being the person who can deliver something great over and over. Here are a few tips for business professionals who want to move from being good speakers to great ones: be concise (the fewer words, the better); never use bullet points (photos and images paired together are more memorable); don’t underestimate the power of your voice (raise and lower it for emphasis); give your audience something extra (unexpected moments will grab their attention); rehearse (the best speakers are the best because they practice — a lot).

I was sitting across the table from a Silicon Valley CEO who had pioneered a technology that touches many of our lives — the flash memory that stores data on smartphones, digital cameras, and computers. He was a frequent guest on CNBC and had been delivering business presentations for at least 20 years before we met. And yet, the CEO wanted to sharpen his public speaking skills.

• Carmine Gallo is a Harvard University instructor, keynote speaker, and author of 10 books translated into 40 languages. Gallo is the author of The Bezos Blueprint: Communication Secrets of the World’s Greatest Salesman  (St. Martin’s Press).

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The 6 reasons why face-to-face presenting is more persuasive

by Olivia Mitchell | 3 comments

Seth Godin recently posted that as online methods of engaging and interacting improve, the expectations for face-to-face interactions such as sales calls, presentations and conferences will increase:

In other words, “I flew all the way here for this?” is going to be far more common than it used to be.

This got me thinking about whether we will continue to have face-to-face presentations. Does face-to-face presenting have an edge over video-conferencing and other online presentation technology?

I think so. Face-to-face presenting is inherently more persuasive. For many of us this is intuitive . If you want to persuade someone, going to see them is likely to be more effective than the phone, and the phone is likely to be more effective than sending them an e-mail.

Social psychologist Robert Cialdini in his classic work Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion identifies six weapons of influence . Here’s how these factors can be more effective in a face-to-face setting:

1. Reciprocation – we feel some obligation to return favors.

If a person has made the effort to prepare and deliver a face-to-face presentation, we are likely to reciprocate by carefully considering what they say. We owe them that. When I watch a presentation online and the presenter fails to engage me I have no hesitation in clicking away.  I’ve only once left a live presentation – and I felt awful doing it.

2. Commitment and consistency – if people make a commitment, they are likely to follow through on it.

Attending a live presentation and devoting time to it, is a form of commitment. So in order to act consistently with that commitment, audience members may be more likely to take action based on the presentation.

3. Social proof – we look to other people as guidance on how to act.

Being part of an audience is a very different experience to watching a video of the same presentation online by yourself. Could this be because the behaviour of other people helps us form our own response to the presenter.

4. Authority – we tend to obey authority figures.

Are we more likely to judge someone as authoritative when we see them face to face? I think this is likely.

5. Liking – we’re more easily persuaded by people we like.

Deciding whether we like someone we’ve seen or met online, takes time. Meeting people face-to-face, we can make millisecond judgments about whether we like them.

6. Scarcity – believing something is scarce makes us want it.

A live presentation is by definition scarce – being part of it is to feel part of something exclusive and special. When we see something on the internet, in most cases, we know that it’s also available to millions of other people – nothing special or exclusive about that.

You’ve likely visited the TED website. Hundred of good quality videos of fantastic presentations. It’s almost like being there! But it’s not. And despite the fact that I can watch all the presentations online, I would still love to be invited and I would pay to go.

Humans evolved in a face-to-face world.  We are optimised for the face-to-face situation. I believe face-to-face presenting will continue to have a persuasive edge. What do you think?

I wrote all this and then I read Guy Kawasaki’s post about amazing new technology from Cisco and Musion Systems. See it in action here . Three people on stage in Bangalore, India, but only one of them is really there – two of them are “holographic presences” beamed in from San Jose, California. From an audience point of view, there appears to be no distinction between the three men. I believe we would be fooled into reacting as if they were all face-to-face with us.

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Comment from Terry Gault

You are definitely right: face-time is more persuasive for the reasons you gave.

It is much easier to form accurate general impressions of a speaker in person, even if we may not be able to articulate the behaviors and techniques that led us to form them. After all, we’ve all spent a good portion of our lives gaging the truthfulness of the people with whom we interact.

In his book, “Strangers to Ourselves,” Timothy Wilson of the University of Virginia notes that the brain can absorb about 11 million pieces of information a second, of which it can process about 40 consciously. The unconscious brain handles the rest.

Our unconscious brains are gathering up thousands of subtle signals from the speakers that we observe regularly and forming general impressions such as, “He’s lying.” or “She’s arrogant.”

Body-language is often lost on-line, as is tone of voice in e-mail. Thus, we lose a lot of information about a speaker which makes it much harder to be persuaded by them.

Thanks for the post!

Today’s technology does keep us connected. We can attend video conferences, webinars, Second Life events, etc. They serve a purpose.

But they are substitutes that can never supplant the depth, the ability to hear what isn’t being said and opportunity to “read” people that face to face contact offers. We just need to become adept at it. And I am biased as my new book will be out in October: Face to FAce: How to REclaim he Personal Touch in a Digital World.

One techie blogger wrote that there is no such thing as sharing a “virtual beer”.

We must all be digitally adept but those who succeed in the 21st Century will be the people who can “talk to other people” according to Dr. Nathan Keyfitz, of Harvard. Whether it’s the sales call, the delicate conversation, the chance meeting —face to face communication reigns.

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• live your talk » Blog Archive » Students of persuasive speech meet memories of an angry client - [...] talked about different speech devices used in persuasive presentation – and which ones they found most convincing. Some leaned…
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Blog Beginner Guides How To Make a Good Presentation [A Complete Guide]

How To Make a Good Presentation [A Complete Guide]

Written by: Krystle Wong Jul 20, 2023

A top-notch presentation possesses the power to drive action. From winning stakeholders over and conveying a powerful message to securing funding — your secret weapon lies within the realm of creating an effective presentation .  

Being an excellent presenter isn’t confined to the boardroom. Whether you’re delivering a presentation at work, pursuing an academic career, involved in a non-profit organization or even a student, nailing the presentation game is a game-changer.

In this article, I’ll cover the top qualities of compelling presentations and walk you through a step-by-step guide on how to give a good presentation. Here’s a little tip to kick things off: for a headstart, check out Venngage’s collection of free presentation templates . They are fully customizable, and the best part is you don’t need professional design skills to make them shine!

These valuable presentation tips cater to individuals from diverse professional backgrounds, encompassing business professionals, sales and marketing teams, educators, trainers, students, researchers, non-profit organizations, public speakers and presenters. 

No matter your field or role, these tips for presenting will equip you with the skills to deliver effective presentations that leave a lasting impression on any audience.

Click to jump ahead:

What are the 10 qualities of a good presentation?

Step-by-step guide on how to prepare an effective presentation, 9 effective techniques to deliver a memorable presentation, faqs on making a good presentation, how to create a presentation with venngage in 5 steps.

When it comes to giving an engaging presentation that leaves a lasting impression, it’s not just about the content — it’s also about how you deliver it. Wondering what makes a good presentation? Well, the best presentations I’ve seen consistently exhibit these 10 qualities:

1. Clear structure

No one likes to get lost in a maze of information. Organize your thoughts into a logical flow, complete with an introduction, main points and a solid conclusion. A structured presentation helps your audience follow along effortlessly, leaving them with a sense of satisfaction at the end.

Regardless of your presentation style , a quality presentation starts with a clear roadmap. Browse through Venngage’s template library and select a presentation template that aligns with your content and presentation goals. Here’s a good presentation example template with a logical layout that includes sections for the introduction, main points, supporting information and a conclusion: 

2. Engaging opening

Hook your audience right from the start with an attention-grabbing statement, a fascinating question or maybe even a captivating anecdote. Set the stage for a killer presentation!

The opening moments of your presentation hold immense power – check out these 15 ways to start a presentation to set the stage and captivate your audience.

3. Relevant content

Make sure your content aligns with their interests and needs. Your audience is there for a reason, and that’s to get valuable insights. Avoid fluff and get straight to the point, your audience will be genuinely excited.

4. Effective visual aids

Picture this: a slide with walls of text and tiny charts, yawn! Visual aids should be just that—aiding your presentation. Opt for clear and visually appealing slides, engaging images and informative charts that add value and help reinforce your message.

With Venngage, visualizing data takes no effort at all. You can import data from CSV or Google Sheets seamlessly and create stunning charts, graphs and icon stories effortlessly to showcase your data in a captivating and impactful way.

5. Clear and concise communication

Keep your language simple, and avoid jargon or complicated terms. Communicate your ideas clearly, so your audience can easily grasp and retain the information being conveyed. This can prevent confusion and enhance the overall effectiveness of the message. 

6. Engaging delivery

Spice up your presentation with a sprinkle of enthusiasm! Maintain eye contact, use expressive gestures and vary your tone of voice to keep your audience glued to the edge of their seats. A touch of charisma goes a long way!

7. Interaction and audience engagement

Turn your presentation into an interactive experience — encourage questions, foster discussions and maybe even throw in a fun activity. Engaged audiences are more likely to remember and embrace your message.

Transform your slides into an interactive presentation with Venngage’s dynamic features like pop-ups, clickable icons and animated elements. Engage your audience with interactive content that lets them explore and interact with your presentation for a truly immersive experience.

8. Effective storytelling

Who doesn’t love a good story? Weaving relevant anecdotes, case studies or even a personal story into your presentation can captivate your audience and create a lasting impact. Stories build connections and make your message memorable.

A great presentation background is also essential as it sets the tone, creates visual interest and reinforces your message. Enhance the overall aesthetics of your presentation with these 15 presentation background examples and captivate your audience’s attention.

9. Well-timed pacing

Pace your presentation thoughtfully with well-designed presentation slides, neither rushing through nor dragging it out. Respect your audience’s time and ensure you cover all the essential points without losing their interest.

10. Strong conclusion

Last impressions linger! Summarize your main points and leave your audience with a clear takeaway. End your presentation with a bang , a call to action or an inspiring thought that resonates long after the conclusion.

In-person presentations aside, acing a virtual presentation is of paramount importance in today’s digital world. Check out this guide to learn how you can adapt your in-person presentations into virtual presentations . 

Preparing an effective presentation starts with laying a strong foundation that goes beyond just creating slides and notes. One of the quickest and best ways to make a presentation would be with the help of a good presentation software . 

Otherwise, let me walk you to how to prepare for a presentation step by step and unlock the secrets of crafting a professional presentation that sets you apart.

1. Understand the audience and their needs

Before you dive into preparing your masterpiece, take a moment to get to know your target audience. Tailor your presentation to meet their needs and expectations , and you’ll have them hooked from the start!

2. Conduct thorough research on the topic

Time to hit the books (or the internet)! Don’t skimp on the research with your presentation materials — dive deep into the subject matter and gather valuable insights . The more you know, the more confident you’ll feel in delivering your presentation.

3. Organize the content with a clear structure

No one wants to stumble through a chaotic mess of information. Outline your presentation with a clear and logical flow. Start with a captivating introduction, follow up with main points that build on each other and wrap it up with a powerful conclusion that leaves a lasting impression.

Delivering an effective business presentation hinges on captivating your audience, and Venngage’s professionally designed business presentation templates are tailor-made for this purpose. With thoughtfully structured layouts, these templates enhance your message’s clarity and coherence, ensuring a memorable and engaging experience for your audience members.

Don’t want to build your presentation layout from scratch? pick from these 5 foolproof presentation layout ideas that won’t go wrong. 

4. Develop visually appealing and supportive visual aids

Spice up your presentation with eye-catching visuals! Create slides that complement your message, not overshadow it. Remember, a picture is worth a thousand words, but that doesn’t mean you need to overload your slides with text.

Well-chosen designs create a cohesive and professional look, capturing your audience’s attention and enhancing the overall effectiveness of your message. Here’s a list of carefully curated PowerPoint presentation templates and great background graphics that will significantly influence the visual appeal and engagement of your presentation.

5. Practice, practice and practice

Practice makes perfect — rehearse your presentation and arrive early to your presentation to help overcome stage fright. Familiarity with your material will boost your presentation skills and help you handle curveballs with ease.

6. Seek feedback and make necessary adjustments

Don’t be afraid to ask for help and seek feedback from friends and colleagues. Constructive criticism can help you identify blind spots and fine-tune your presentation to perfection.

With Venngage’s real-time collaboration feature , receiving feedback and editing your presentation is a seamless process. Group members can access and work on the presentation simultaneously and edit content side by side in real-time. Changes will be reflected immediately to the entire team, promoting seamless teamwork.

7. Prepare for potential technical or logistical issues

Prepare for the unexpected by checking your equipment, internet connection and any other potential hiccups. If you’re worried that you’ll miss out on any important points, you could always have note cards prepared. Remember to remain focused and rehearse potential answers to anticipated questions.

8. Fine-tune and polish your presentation

As the big day approaches, give your presentation one last shine. Review your talking points, practice how to present a presentation and make any final tweaks. Deep breaths — you’re on the brink of delivering a successful presentation!

In competitive environments, persuasive presentations set individuals and organizations apart. To brush up on your presentation skills, read these guides on how to make a persuasive presentation and tips to presenting effectively . 

Whether you’re an experienced presenter or a novice, the right techniques will let your presentation skills soar to new heights!

From public speaking hacks to interactive elements and storytelling prowess, these 9 effective presentation techniques will empower you to leave a lasting impression on your audience and make your presentations unforgettable.

1. Confidence and positive body language

Positive body language instantly captivates your audience, making them believe in your message as much as you do. Strengthen your stage presence and own that stage like it’s your second home! Stand tall, shoulders back and exude confidence. 

2. Eye contact with the audience

Break down that invisible barrier and connect with your audience through their eyes. Maintaining eye contact when giving a presentation builds trust and shows that you’re present and engaged with them.

3. Effective use of hand gestures and movement

A little movement goes a long way! Emphasize key points with purposeful gestures and don’t be afraid to walk around the stage. Your energy will be contagious!

4. Utilize storytelling techniques

Weave the magic of storytelling into your presentation. Share relatable anecdotes, inspiring success stories or even personal experiences that tug at the heartstrings of your audience. Adjust your pitch, pace and volume to match the emotions and intensity of the story. Varying your speaking voice adds depth and enhances your stage presence.

5. Incorporate multimedia elements

Spice up your presentation with a dash of visual pizzazz! Use slides, images and video clips to add depth and clarity to your message. Just remember, less is more—don’t overwhelm them with information overload. 

Turn your presentations into an interactive party! Involve your audience with questions, polls or group activities. When they actively participate, they become invested in your presentation’s success. Bring your design to life with animated elements. Venngage allows you to apply animations to icons, images and text to create dynamic and engaging visual content.

6. Utilize humor strategically

Laughter is the best medicine—and a fantastic presentation enhancer! A well-placed joke or lighthearted moment can break the ice and create a warm atmosphere , making your audience more receptive to your message.

7. Practice active listening and respond to feedback

Be attentive to your audience’s reactions and feedback. If they have questions or concerns, address them with genuine interest and respect. Your responsiveness builds rapport and shows that you genuinely care about their experience.

8. Apply the 10-20-30 rule

Apply the 10-20-30 presentation rule and keep it short, sweet and impactful! Stick to ten slides, deliver your presentation within 20 minutes and use a 30-point font to ensure clarity and focus. Less is more, and your audience will thank you for it!

9. Implement the 5-5-5 rule

Simplicity is key. Limit each slide to five bullet points, with only five words per bullet point and allow each slide to remain visible for about five seconds. This rule keeps your presentation concise and prevents information overload.

Simple presentations are more engaging because they are easier to follow. Summarize your presentations and keep them simple with Venngage’s gallery of simple presentation templates and ensure that your message is delivered effectively across your audience.

1. How to start a presentation?

To kick off your presentation effectively, begin with an attention-grabbing statement or a powerful quote. Introduce yourself, establish credibility and clearly state the purpose and relevance of your presentation.

2. How to end a presentation?

For a strong conclusion, summarize your talking points and key takeaways. End with a compelling call to action or a thought-provoking question and remember to thank your audience and invite any final questions or interactions.

3. How to make a presentation interactive?

To make your presentation interactive, encourage questions and discussion throughout your talk. Utilize multimedia elements like videos or images and consider including polls, quizzes or group activities to actively involve your audience.

In need of inspiration for your next presentation? I’ve got your back! Pick from these 120+ presentation ideas, topics and examples to get started. 

Creating a stunning presentation with Venngage is a breeze with our user-friendly drag-and-drop editor and professionally designed templates for all your communication needs. 

Here’s how to make a presentation in just 5 simple steps with the help of Venngage:

Step 1: Sign up for Venngage for free using your email, Gmail or Facebook account or simply log in to access your account. 

Step 2: Pick a design from our selection of free presentation templates (they’re all created by our expert in-house designers).

Step 3: Make the template your own by customizing it to fit your content and branding. With Venngage’s intuitive drag-and-drop editor, you can easily modify text, change colors and adjust the layout to create a unique and eye-catching design.

Step 4: Elevate your presentation by incorporating captivating visuals. You can upload your images or choose from Venngage’s vast library of high-quality photos, icons and illustrations. 

Step 5: Upgrade to a premium or business account to export your presentation in PDF and print it for in-person presentations or share it digitally for free!

By following these five simple steps, you’ll have a professionally designed and visually engaging presentation ready in no time. With Venngage’s user-friendly platform, your presentation is sure to make a lasting impression. So, let your creativity flow and get ready to shine in your next presentation!

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8 Strategies To Ace Your Face-To-Face Presentations

Pada halaman ini, it’s time to master your in-person presentations, 1. keep your slides & presentation simple, 2. utilise creative visuals & eliminate wordy texts, 3. plan & structure your speech, 4. create cue cards with key pointers, 5. memorize your introduction & closing, 6. practice your speech & presentation, 7. perfect your posture & hand gestures, 8. practice maintaining eye contact with your audience, master your presentation and pursue your career aspirations with idp, topik yang dibahas.

• 26 May 2024

As the pandemic subsides, students are getting back into the swing of in-person lessons, however, this means that face-to-face interactions will become the norm.

While this might be fine for everyday social conversations, it gets even more challenging when it comes to presenting in front of a group of people in your class - especially if you are being evaluated!

One of the biggest hurdles students face as they head back to learning on campus is interacting with peers and lecturers when many are used to online lessons. However, this is one challenge you will need to overcome.

By mastering the basics of face-to-face presentation, you’ll set yourself up for success, not just in your university education but also equip yourself with an evergreen skill set that will empower you when you enter the workforce.

Thankfully, we have compiled a list of tips and strategies that can kickstart your journey towards acing your presentations one day at a time. Don’t stress yourself out, just keep practicing and you’ll soon become an expert!

There is a very simple acronym every student should learn and it’s K.I.S.S - which stands for Keep It Simple Stupid!

One of the deadliest mistakes students make is fluffing up their presentation slides with too much information. This will not only drain away any hard-won attention from your speech and presentation, but you might also get confused and feel compelled to explain them further.

Remember that slides are there to add context to your presentation and it should be you and your speech that should direct where the narrative goes!

Another key thing to remember is to use charts, data and straight-to-the-point visuals to help your viewers quickly grasp what you are trying to say.

Instead of long wordy sentences, why not substitute it with a graph or a chart that will quickly get the point across within seconds. In fact, if there are big numbers and comparisons, this will add weight to your presentation story and add a ‘wow’ factor to your presentations.

Plus, it will help your speech flow better as well!

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Planning ahead is important and this includes your presentation speech. If you are new to a presentation, especially a face-to-face one, you want to eliminate any nervousness that might cause you to totally forget your speech!

Thankfully by structuring your speech to include an introduction, a compelling hook and the meat of your presentation, you’ll be able to win attention while ensuring you understand the flow of your own thoughts.

While cue cards might seem elementary, sometimes your presentation is a long one and you need reminders or there are certain facts that you need to present.

Cue cards will help you get your bearings in the middle of a presentation, this is exceptionally powerful if this is a group presentation where you can refresh your memory without interrupting the flow.

The most important parts of your presentation are hooking attention and this is the first 30 seconds of your speech as well as the closing 30 seconds that will leave your audience with a deep impact or takeaway.

Try to think in their shoes about what is most important to them. Triggering curiosity or presenting a phenomenal fact are some ways you can make a powerful intro and closing.

While you can have a good structure and introduction laid out, you cannot neglect to practice your speech. Practice makes perfect.

While you practice, be sure to not just repeat your speech, but focus on your pacing, pitch and tempo and also remove filler words as you go through your script or pointers.

Part of the advantage a face-to-face presentation brings is the ability to use your entire body as well.

This means standing confidently, having a perfect posture and utilising hand gestures to direct an idea or emphasise a point!

Lastly, while you might be presenting to a group of people, sometimes even a mini-crowd, you’d want to maintain eye contact to really connect with your audience.

Here’s how you can accomplish it. Visualise your audience as individual listeners, sustain eye contact for 1 to 2 seconds per person and try to involve them in the conversation by asking questions if possible.

Mastering your presentation skills is important but what is your next step towards your dream career?

We can help you in your journey towards your career success!

At  IDP , we have a team of education counsellors that can offer tailored guidance and assist you throughout your journey. This includes further post-graduate courses and training as well as recommendations on your study destination.

No worries about the course application process, we can help guide you through every step of the way.

Get started with your  free counselling session  today.

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The number of Americans applying for jobless benefits inches up, but layoffs remain low

A hiring sign is displayed at a retail store in Vernon Hills, Ill., Tuesday, May 28, 2024. On Thursday, May 30, 2024, the Labor Department reports on the number of people who applied for unemployment benefits last week. (AP Photo/Nam Y. Huh)

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The number of Americans applying for unemployment benefits ticked up last week, but layoffs remain historically low in the face of lingering inflation and high interest rates.

Jobless claims for the week ending May 25 rose by 3,000 to 219,000, up from 216,000 the week before, the Labor Department reported Thursday.

The four-week average of claims, which quiets some of the week-to-week noise, also rose modestly to 222,500. That’s an increase of 2,500 from the previous week.

Weekly unemployment claims are broadly interpreted as a proxy for the number of U.S. layoffs in a given week and a sign of where the job market is headed. They have remained at historically low levels since millions of jobs were lost when the COVID-19 pandemic hit the U.S. in the spring of 2020.

The Federal Reserve raised its benchmark borrowing rate 11 times beginning in March of 2022 in a bid to stifle the four-decade high inflation that took hold after the economy rebounded from the COVID-19 recession of 2020. The Fed’s intention was to cool off a red-hot labor market and slow wage growth, which can fuel inflation.

Many economists had expected the rapid rate hikes would trigger a recession, but that’s been avoided so far thanks to strong consumer demand and sturdier-than-expected labor market.

In April, U.S. employers added just 175,000 jobs , the fewest in six months and a sign that the labor market may be finally cooling off. The unemployment rate inched back up to 3.9% from 3.8% and has now remained below 4% for 27 straight months, the longest such streak since the 1960s.

The government also recently reported 8.5 million job openings in March, the lowest number of vacancies in three years.

Moderation in the pace of hiring, along with a slowdown in wage growth, could give the Fed the data its been seeking to finally bring interest rates back down. A cooler reading on consumer inflation in April could also play into the Fed’s next rate decision.

Though layoffs remain at low levels, companies have been announcing more job cuts recently , mostly across technology and media. Google parent company Alphabet, Apple and eBay have all recently announced layoffs.

Outside of tech and media, Walmart , Peloton, Stellantis, Nike and Tesla have recently announced job cuts.

In total, 1.79 million Americans were collecting jobless benefits during the week that ended May 18. That’s an increase of 4,000 from the previous week.

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When you hear the word symposium , you may—quite understandably—envision conferences full of intellectuals giving heady presentations on various arcana . But it was drinking, more than thinking, that drew people to the original symposia and gave us the word. Symposium ( symposia or symposiums in plural form) comes from the Greek noun symposion , the word ancient Greeks used for a drinking party that follows a banquet. Symposion in turn comes from sympinein , a verb that combines pinein , meaning “to drink,” with the prefix syn -, meaning “together.” Originally, English speakers only used symposium to refer to such an ancient Greek party, but in the 18th century British gentlemen’s clubs started using the word for confabs in which conversation was fueled by drinking. By the end of the 18th century, symposium had gained the more sober sense we know today, referring to meetings in which the focus is more on imbibing ideas and less on imbibing, say, mead .

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US defence secretary raises concerns about China's military activity, Pentagon says

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Reporting by Idrees Ali. Editing by Raju Gopalakrishnan

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India Election Live: Final phase of voting begins

Prime Minister Narendra Modi is seeking a record-equalling third straight term but the gruelling six-week election has been hit by a record heatwave that has left dozens dead, including election officials.