assignment on virus pdf ppt

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Course info, instructors.

• Prof. Barbara Imperiali
• Prof. Adam Martin
• Dr. Diviya Ray

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• Functional Genomics
• Biochemistry
• Cell Biology
• Microbiology
• Molecular Biology

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Introductory biology, lecture 32: infectious disease, viruses, and bacteria, description.

This lecture covers microorganisms and some of the threats they pose to human health, such as infectious diseases. Professor Imperiali also discusses antibiotics and the mechanisms by which bacteria become resistant.

Instructor: Barbara Imperiali

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MBY 2624 Virology Lecture Notes

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This essay is designed to investigate the mystery of the virus: the smallest form of organic material that is able to replicate itself by following a parasitic approach that needs an external, living cell. As it is quite unable to metabolize nutrients, it is not considered to be alive. This essay will share some little known facts about viruses and help to dispel some dangerous myths that evolved about them and the vaccines used against them. Since 1892 when scientists started to investigate these objects, they have been confronted with the primary mystery: what are viruses? How do they survive on their endless quest from host to host? This essay will concentrate on the virulent viruses: those that cause a major threat to humanity; we will focus on the Big Three: smallpox, polio and influenza. The influenza story becomes central because it illustrates the false assumptions that have been made in the past with earlier false alarms, such as the Swine Flu panic of 1976 and the even larger false assumptions about the 'Great Spanish Flu Pandemic' of 1918-1920, where most deaths were due to deadly bacteria. The present covid panic seems to be a reflection of the 1976 Swine Flu panic. Several other viruses are examined (like Hepatitis B and the Herpes family: Herpes Simplex and Epstein-Barr) as they illustrate the successful vaccines used to defeat them; interestingly, this has NOT been used here in the current Covid Panic. This study of viruses has increased my respect for the variety of nature, no matter what its scale but a better understanding of how they function will help us react to their ongoing threats. Knowing their structure, is only the first step in understanding what is going on: processes are more significant than structure (relationships are key to knowledge; not just identifying-and naming-objects). Although written for an educated audience (but not virologists) there is much here of interest to non-scientists to show HOW real virology is done (slowly: one discovery at a time). I hope this great story will appeal to many.

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Enveloped viruses mature by budding at cellular membranes. It has been generally thought that this process is driven by interactions between the viral transmembrane proteins and the internal virion components (core, capsid, or nucleocapsid). This model was particularly applicable to alphaviruses, which require both spike proteins and a nucleocapsid for budding. However, genetic studies have clearly shown that the retrovirus core protein, i.e., the Gag protein, is able to form enveloped particles by itself. Also, budding of negative-strand RNA viruses (rhabdoviruses, orthomyxoviruses, and paramyxoviruses) seems to be accomplished mainly by internal components, most probably the matrix protein, since the spike proteins are not absolutely required for budding of these viruses either. In contrast, budding of coronavirus particles can occur in the absence of the nucleocapsid and appears to require two membrane proteins only. Biochemical and structural data suggest that the proteins, whic...

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