short essay about korean culture

Korean Culture – Guide to History, Customs, People, and Modern Day

Last modified: Nov 07, 2023 | 19 min read | By Joseph Gerocs

Are you curious about Korean culture ? Many people are since the culture in South Korea is becoming more popular all across the globe.

Perhaps you’ve heard about K-Pop , K-Dramas , Korean food , or Korean movies but don’t know much about them. Or maybe you’ve just heard a lot about South Korea in general, and you’re curious what the country is all about .

Rest assured; you’ve come to the right place! This page is chock full of everything you’ve ever wanted to know about South Korean culture .

Read on to find out more!

1 History of Korean Culture
2 Basic Facts about Korea
3 Korean Beliefs
4.1 Korean Ancestral Rites
4.2 Korean Burial Sites
5.1 Korean dance
5.2 Korean painting
5.3 Korean Pottery
5.4 Korean music
6.1 Korean cinema
6.2 Korean dramas
7.1 Korean traditional homes
7.2 Modern Korean House
7.3 Korean clothing
8 Korean cuisine
9 Korean Concept of “Face”
10 What is South Korean culture like?
11 What is the History of Korean culture?
12 What does the dragon mean in Korean culture?
13 Korean Holidays
14 Understanding Korean Culture

History of Korean Culture

The Korean culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures in the whole wide world. Today, starker cultural differences exist in today’s Korea, which has been split into North and South Korea. However, originally this cultural and historical heritage was shared quite identically across the entire Korean peninsula and even southern Manchuria.

Korean culture comprises all of its history, customs, traditions, and beliefs . It has been shaped by each of its different dynasties, wars, changes in religious beliefs, the modernization of the world as a whole, and many other customs and traditions that have been passed on between generations, experiencing slight changes with each generational pass. The lasting tensions between North and South Korea, which were split into their separate countries in 1945, continue to shape up both countries today.

On a perhaps more visible surface, Korean culture also consists of its food, holidays, national sports, and societal norms, as well as its popular culture in the form of music, movies, dramas, and fashion. And those are just some of the small pieces of what the culture is as a whole.

Basic Facts about Korea

The Korean peninsula, consisting of North and South Korea, is one of the most homogeneous regions in the world. Meaning that almost everyone residing in any part of the region is ethnically Korean. In South Korea, the population of Korean people is estimated to be a little over 51 million, and a little over 25 million in North Korea.

Additionally, there are around 7.4 million ethnic Koreans living all around the world. The native language is Korean, which you can read all about here . Lastly, their government type is a republic, with a president as the head of state.

Korean Beliefs

The spiritual ground and beliefs of Koreans are built mainly around the religions of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Christianity. Of these, especially Confucianism has a long record of influence in Korea, and its political and social philosophies can still clearly be seen in today’s Korea.

However, Buddhism and Christianity are also highly visible in the society where Buddhist South Koreans account for 46% of the population, and a lot of the areas in South Korea that are listed as world heritage sites are Buddhist temples.

For example, the concept of hierarchy in Korea comes from Confucianism. The hierarchy is built based on a person’s age , job status, education level, and general social rank. Thanks to Confucianism, a lot of emphases is put upon respecting one’s elders and ancestors .

And although especially the younger generations of South Koreans are becoming more and more individualistic, Korea is still a largely collective society, with the family, workplace, business, and others’ perception of you holding a lot of importance. Therefore, it is not rare to still see the type of family dynamics where the eldest son of the family holds additional responsibilities over the family. He is also expected to take care of the parents when they reach retirement age.

Korean traditions and customs

There are two major holidays in South Korea every year: Lunar New Year’s Day (설날, seollal) in January-February and Korean Thanksgiving (추석) in September-October. Both holidays are celebrated together with family, with respecting ancestors, certain holiday foods and family games playing a big part of the day. These are all part of Korean traditions and customs .

One of the most important parts of 설날 (seollal), both traditionally and today, is to perform a ritual called 세배 (sebae). In it, the whole family, dressed in 한복 | hanbok | Korean traditional dress), performs a traditional deep bow while wishing for the year to bring in a lot of luck. For food, it is normal to eat rice cake soup, savory pancakes, and stir-fried glass noodles with vegetables.

On 추석, on the other hand, it is 차례 (charye), an ancestral memorial rite, that is the most important part of the holiday. It involves a whole lot of preparation in order to create a table of offerings, and on the table will also be two candles at the edges, an incense holder in the middle, and the memorial tablet, symbolizing the spiritual presence of the ancestors, at the very center. For food, stuffed rice cakes (called 송편, songpyeon) are made as to the most traditional one, with a whole lot of others being enjoyed as well.

Korean Ancestral Rites

Koreans hold their ancestral rites for their ancestors through a memorial ceremony called 제사 (jesa) on different occasions, such as on holidays or on the death anniversary.

There are different kinds of Korean ancestral rites that are observed. They are 기제사 (gijesa), 차례 (charye), 성묘 (seongmyo), and 묘사 (myosa).

기제사 (gijesa) is held during the death anniversary of one’s ancestor. 차례 (charye) is done during the traditional holidays in Korea in each of the family’s homes to pay respect to their loved ones. 성묘 (seongmyo) is when Koreans visit the tombs of their ancestors to show love and respect to them. And finally, 묘사 (myosa) is done at the tomb site in the lunar month of October.

Korean Burial Sites

There are 2 common types of Korean burial sites where they enshrine and commemorate the remains of the deceased. One is called 묘지(myoji), which means burial ground. Cemeteries are called 공동 묘지(gongdong myoji).

The other one is called 봉안당 (bongandang), a place where the remains are enshrined after cremating the deceased. There is also 봉안담 (bongandam), which is an outdoor wall-style version of 봉안당 (bongandang).

Korean traditional arts

There are a variety of traditional arts in South Korea that can still be seen and enjoyed today. Thanks to the Korean people who are mastering these arts for many of us to enjoy. You can see them being performed in the country at special events and celebrated in exhibits around the world.

Korean dance

Based on Korean history , dances in Korea were formed as a part of shamanistic rituals an impressive five thousand years ago. Over time and the different dynasties, varieties of folk dances have evolved from these ritualistic dances. There were more than 12 types of Korean dances that were popular to perform in the court in front of royals, for example.

Some of the most popular and common traditional dances, well-known even today, are as follows:

탈춤 (talchum) = a dance performed while wearing a mask
가인전목단 (gainjeonmokdan) = a calm dance where a vase of flowers is placed at the center of the stage, and the dancers will dance around the vase, picking out flowers from the vase
농악 (nongak) = an energetic dance also including drums
부채춤 (buchaechum) = a fan dance

A group fo male dancers dancing and playing traditional Korean instrument

Korean painting

Painting is a type of Korean art that has been a part of Korean culture since prehistoric times. In its earliest form, Korean painting was a form of rock art, where images were created by carving out parts of a rock surface. Once Buddhism arrived in Korea, new painting techniques were introduced, quickly becoming the common and popular way to paint. This includes, for example, calligraphy .

Korean Pottery

The history of pottery and ceramics in Korea goes back thousands of years. The dominant ingredient used in Korean pottery and its style have changed over the dynasties (Goryeo dynasty to Joseon), ranging from coils and clay to pottery to porcelain. Korean ceramics have also had a strong influence on shaping Japanese ceramics.

Korean music

Besides K-pop songs , Korean music is made up of traditional Korean songs ranging from folk and court to religious. This aspect of culture comprises the music in the Korean peninsula (North and South). As a whole, this genre that is made up of traditional Korean songs is known as 국악 (gukak).

Korean Folk Music

The Korean folk song or music is typically referred to as 판소리 (pansori), which has even been designated as an intangible cultural property by UNESCO. Pansori is performed by one singer and one drummer. Some pansori songs also include dancers and/or narrators. Another type of folk music is 풍물 (pungmul), which involves drumming, singing, and dancing; it is traditionally called 농악, which has been mentioned above.

Korean Court Music

Besides folk music, Korean court music is another traditional Korean music. It was developed at the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty, getting some of its influences from Chinese court music. There are also similarities to Japanese and Vietnamese court music.

There are three types of court music. The first form is 아악 (aak), which was drawn directly from the Chinese, performed in state sacrificial rites, and still exists today as music performed in some Confucian ceremonies. The second form is 향악 (hyangak), which was created entirely by Koreans. 향악 was often accompanied by traditional country dances, with the dances being performed for an audience. The third one is 당악 (dangak), which mixes Chinese and Korean court music styles into one style. There are specific types of dances that go along with 당악.

Korean popular culture

Often referred to as “ hallyu ” or the Korean wave, the Korean popular culture is no longer only famous and popular in Korea but becoming widespread across the globe.

Korean wave mainly includes Korean pop music, dramas, and movies. In fact, although K-Pop, through acts like BTS , is a hot topic these days, it was originally Korean dramas that became famous for watching in other countries.

Korean cinema

When speaking of Korean cinema , it usually counts the time from 1945 onward. The movies take a lot of influence from Korea’s own past, featuring a lot of material from the Japanese occupation, the Korean War, the road towards democratization and globalization, and so on. Although there is still present some shyness to putting certain materials on film, simultaneously Korean filmmakers are bold in expressing their views of society through internationally well-received movies like The Handmaiden and Parasite .

Korean dramas

Korean dramas differ from a lot of Western TV content, as they are typically only made to last for one season, with one overarching plot lasting 12 to 16 or so episodes. Historical stories and sitcoms may last longer, even up to 200 episodes, but the majority of prime-time television is set up this way. The dramas range on a variety of topics, from history and action to school and work life.

However, many of the most popular dramas have had a romantic story as their main element. Love stories on screen in Korea often play out quite differently from what is common in the West, with bedroom scenes and even deep kisses still remaining relatively rare to see. In the past few years, Korean dramas have also become more interested in tackling today’s societal issues, such as classism, mental health, bullying, spy cameras, corruption, and so on.

K-Pop is short for Korean pop, Korea’s response to Western mainstream music. The music itself samples different genres, from rock and jazz to hip-hop and techno, influenced by worldwide trends.

However, despite the influences, K-Pop is also quite different from Western pop, with idol groups being its leading force. The K-pop groups are formed by entertainment agencies from hoards of young trainees, who have been signed to the agencies in hopes of debuting as an artist at a young age, often years before getting lucky. In each group, each member plays their own role: there’s a dancer, a rapper, the main singer, a pretty face, and so on.

And although the songs themselves are important, the entire concept of each “comeback” – the term used whenever a group or an artist releases new content – is carefully crafted. From hair styling to dance moves and music videos, there is often a specific theme behind each single or album release, which also influences the mood and tune of the songs.

Korean homes and clothing

As with other aspects of South Korean culture, traditional homes and clothing continue to be visible in today’s Korea, and you’ll be able to see them in your daily life in South Korea. For example, in neighborhoods like Seoul’s Gwanghwamun, it is possible to see modern Korea’s glassy high-rise buildings blend in seamlessly with historical Korea’s traditional palaces, all in one spot, complete with locals and tourists walking about wearing traditional attire.

Korean traditional homes

A traditional Korean home is called 한옥 (hanok). It was thought that they could not be built on any random spot, but the site to build the house on needs to be carefully selected. In detail, this means that the houses should be built against a hill so that they’d receive as much sunlight as possible, a way of thinking that is still shared in modern Korea as well.

These traditional houses typically comprise an inner wing and an outer wing. How these “wings” are used depends on the wealth of the family, and in general, the size of the house was also directly correlated with how rich the family was. However, even if it was the richest family in Korea, the right to the largest house was reserved for the king.

A basic design of the inner wing would include a living room and a kitchen, as well as a central hall. The richer families may have some more rooms attached to this layout. Meanwhile, the poorer families would use the outer wing for their cattle. The most common building materials were wood and clay, followed by tile, stone, and thatch. That is one large reason why so many of these houses are no longer preserved in today’s Korea.

For heating, 온돌 (ondol) was used. 온돌 means floor heating. It has been in use in Korea since prehistoric times, and it is still the main form of heating today, in modern apartments as well, typically heated up using gas.

Modern Korean House

The majority of Koreans live in a modern Korean house . And there are many types of modern Korean houses: apartments, villas, officetel or studios, service residences, and private houses.

A few common characteristics of these houses are having an area where sunshine can come in, open areas, lots of windows, and crystal doors.

Apartments are usually high-rise buildings that you’ll commonly see around the country, especially in Seoul.

Villas are low-rise buildings that typically don’t exceed 5 stories. Officetel, on the other hand, is also known as one-room. This house is inexpensive and is mostly located near subway stations.

Service residences are apartment buildings that have facilities and services similar to a hotel.

Private houses, also known as stand-alone houses, are the most expensive type of house among all the types of houses mentioned above. And you’ll not often see this type of house in urban areas.

Korean clothing

The traditional outfit in Korea is called 한복 (hanbok). It consists of a long-sleeved shirt and a long wide hemmed skirt. The specific styles and colors of each 한복 differ. Even today, it is normal for 한복s to be worn during the big holidays of 설날 and 추석. In addition to which they’re often also worn at weddings by the bride and groom’s parents, as well as the bride and groom at some point after the ceremony. Or even during the ceremony if it’s held in a traditional Korean style. It can also be worn on special events in the family, in the company, or on business events.

There were different types of 한복s in use. There was the kind used for every day, the kind for ceremonial events, and the special kind, which was usually restricted for the use of shamans, officials, and the like.

In general, clothing used to be an important mark of someone’s social rank, with people of different ranks dressing differently. Those of lower ranks typically wore plain clothes of plain colors, whereas upper classes and royals wore heavy and flashy outfits, complete with jewelry.

Korean cuisine

At the very center of Korean cuisine is rice. Korea has a long history of being nearly exclusively an agricultural country, with this having changed only recently, and you can still clearly see this in today’s cuisine. Fish and other seafood also play an integral part in shaping Korean cuisine.

Besides them, fermented dishes are largely important, kimchi being the most famous of them, rich in nutrients. The most common ingredients to use for cooking are 된장 (doenjang) which is a fermented bean paste, ginger, chili powder, fermented hot pepper paste, garlic, salt, sesame oil, and soy sauce.

In general, Koreans eat a lot of rice, vegetables , and meats. It’s typical for each meal to consist of multiple different side dishes, called 반찬 (banchan), in addition to the main course. Of them, kimchi is the staple side dish present at every meal.

Pork is perhaps the meat eaten the most in Korea , with 삼겹살 (samgyeopsal), which is grilled pork belly, one of most Koreans’ favorite foods. Several different chicken dishes also exist, including chicken feet. Beef is seen as the meat with the highest value, which explains its comparatively higher price, although since the latter 20th century, it has become more common to eat on a regular day instead of solely on special occasions.

A lot of Korean food is served grilled, steamed, fermented, or pickled. There are also a large variety of soups and stews, as well as noodles. In addition, several specific foods, such as salty pancakes or tofu with kimchi, are commonly eaten while enjoying alcohol.

Korean Concept of “Face”

To fully understand the way of behaving and thinking of Koreans, you need to understand the concept of the face – 체면 (chaemyeon) in Korean . It is among the most integral and important things in influencing how Koreans behave in their daily life and interactions with others.

체면 (chaemyeon) in meaning translates as the appearance a person wants to – or seeks to – offer others of themselves. It is especially prevalent when it comes to one’s status in society. For example, if someone is going through hardships with a relationship, an employment situation, finances, or even something more simple as struggling to do well in school, they will want to disguise that and instead show a more poised version of themselves.

This concept is also important for interactions with interpersonal relationships. Largely because of Confucian influences, Koreans hold maintaining harmony in high regard. And therefore, all conflict with others is to be avoided, and it is even feared that it could lead to saving face. Thus, it is more sought after to keep harmony and hold in negative thoughts and emotions.

This is an age-old concept in Korea. However, due to the hardships that came from being under Japan’s rule and then the war that led to Korea being split into two, it has regained importance in Korean society.

What is South Korean culture like?

South Korea is a unique culture with influences from China , Japan , and the West. When you first come for a visit, you will notice some things that are familiar to your home country. For example, you will likely see chain restaurants and global stores that are popular back home. At the same time, you’ll notice customs, styles, and social norms that are uniquely South Korean.

What is the History of Korean culture?

Korea is one of the oldest cultures in the world. Koreans have passed down their traditions and stories for centuries. The country started to become split between North Korea and South Korea in 1945, and since then, the two Koreas have increased cultural differences.

Some of the South Korean traditional arts are ceramics, music, crafts, dance, and paintings. You can often see these displayed if you’re visiting the cultural and tourist areas of South Korea, such as 인사동 (Insadong) or 명동 (Myeongdong).

What does the dragon mean in Korean culture?

If you visit traditional buildings or look at Korean artwork , you will often see dragons. For Koreans, the dragon has a positive meaning. It symbolizes water, rain, clouds, and farming. Therefore, Korean dragons are often said to have lived in bodies of water such as oceans, rivers, and lakes. The word for dragon in Korean is 용 (yong).

Korean Holidays

South Korea shares many holidays with the rest of the world but also has some holidays unique to its culture. The most popular holidays are 추석 (Chuseok | Korean Thanksgiving) and 선랄 (Seollal | Korean Lunar New Year). During these two holidays, many Koreans return to their hometowns to visit their families.

What is the most popular national holiday in Korea?

During public holidays in Korea, most offices, banks, and government buildings are closed. However, places like museums, restaurants, cafes, amusement parks, and shopping malls remain open. The night before most public holidays, it is usually very busy in Korea with people going out to celebrate and meet friends.

There are some Korean holidays that are culturally celebrated but are not public holidays. Some examples of those are Pepero Day , Valentine’s Day , White Day , and Black Day . Koreans do not get a day off during these holidays.

Understanding Korean Culture

Korean culture is truly full of history, tradition, and uniqueness. If you want to properly learn about Korea, it is important to educate yourself on its basic pillars, which you have just done by reading our article. Korea’s speedy rise from a war-ridden and undeveloped country to one of the global economy’s high hitters is one reason that allows for South Koreans, and for us, to enjoy such a blend of tradition and modernism in their culture today.

What aspect of the culture are you most excited to get to explore once you’re in Korea yourself one day: the food, the music, the history, or something else?

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39 thoughts on “Korean Culture – Guide to History, Customs, People, and Modern Day”

Thank you for sharing information about Korea. It was amazingly informative and interesting!

It’s our pleasure, Tetyana! ^^ I appreciate your kind words! If you want to know more about the Korean language and culture, you can also check our blog and visit our YouTube channel for articles and videos with great Korean content.

ALWAYS GREAT INFORMATION…THANK YOU!

Awesome, thanks for your comment, Tim!^^ If you want more lesson on Korean, you can also check our check our blog and visit our YouTube channel for articles and videos with great Korean content.

Quite informative article. Thanks for sharing it!

Awesome, thanks for your comment! I’m glad that our article has been helpful to you. ^^ If you want more lesson on Korean, you can also check our check our blog and visit our YouTube channel for articles and videos with great Korean content.

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South Korean Culture

This essay about South Korean culture explores its evolution from traditional roots to its status in the modern world. It highlights the influence of Confucian values, traditional elements like the hanbok and Korean cuisine, and cultural festivals such as Chuseok. Additionally, it examines South Korea’s contemporary global influence through the Korean Wave, including K-pop and cinema. The piece illustrates the seamless integration of tradition and modernity in South Korea, emphasizing its cultural resilience and global significance.

How it works

South Korea, often called the “Land of the Morning Calm,” presents a unique blend of historical richness and contemporary vibrancy. This essay delves into the diverse elements of South Korean culture, tracing its evolution from deep-rooted traditions to its modern-day global cultural stature.

Central to South Korea’s cultural identity are its age-old traditions, underpinned by Confucian principles such as respect for elders, familial loyalty, and societal harmony. These principles are woven into the fabric of Korean life, influencing everything from family dynamics to social interactions.

The hanbok, with its beautiful colors and elegant lines, stands as a powerful symbol of Korean heritage. More than just traditional clothing, the hanbok reflects the cultural ideals of grace and humility, and its vibrant designs celebrate prosperity and good fortune.

Korean cuisine also plays a crucial role in the nation’s culture, characterized by its intense flavors and varied textures. Dishes like kimchi, which uses fermented vegetables, and bibimbap, a versatile rice dish, exemplify Korea’s agricultural heritage and the communal aspect of its food culture, where meals are a time for sharing and unity.

South Korea’s cultural calendar features numerous festivals that highlight its communal spirit and cultural legacy. Chuseok, the Korean harvest festival, symbolizes family unity and respect for ancestors with its traditional foods and folk games. Similarly, the Lunar New Year, or Seollal, is a festive time of family reunions and cultural rituals that strengthen communal ties and ensure the passage of heritage to new generations.

In the realm of modernity, South Korea is a leader in innovation and global culture. The Korean Wave, or Hallyu, has made Korean media a staple worldwide, with K-pop groups like BTS and BLACKPINK leading the charge. This musical genre mixes Korean and Western influences, showcasing South Korea’s knack for hybridization and international appeal.

Korean cinema, too, has made significant inroads globally, with films like “Parasite” by Bong Joon-ho achieving international acclaim and awards, demonstrating Korea’s capacity to produce resonant and globally relevant stories.

Modern South Korea is a place where traditional and contemporary elements intersect seamlessly. Seoul, the capital, epitomizes this blend, with historical palaces and modern skyscrapers coexisting. Traditional hanok houses, now often used as cultural centers or lodgings, epitomize the balance between preserving the old and embracing the new.

Contemporary interests such as K-beauty and e-sports thrive alongside traditional arts like tea ceremonies and taekwondo, reflecting a society that values both its history and its progression into the future.

South Korea’s culture is a dynamic mix of historical traditions and modern influences, making it a rich, vibrant tapestry that continues to evolve. As it embraces the challenges and opportunities of globalization and technological advancements, South Korea remains deeply connected to its cultural roots, showcasing a unique blend of resilience, innovation, and pride. This balance not only defines its cultural identity but also positions it as a significant player on the global stage.

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"South Korean Culture." PapersOwl.com, Apr 22, 2024. Accessed May 11, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/south-korean-culture/

"South Korean Culture," PapersOwl.com , 22-Apr-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/south-korean-culture/. [Accessed: 11-May-2024]

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Korean Culture: History and Principles Essay

Korean culture is historically strongly connected to the Chinese culture. In fact, China has influenced almost every aspect of Korean culture, such as religion, language, and education. In religion, the most widespread confession, Buddhism, came from China during the Three Kingdoms period. In language, Chinese characters became the basis for the Korean writing system. In education, the first recorded schools were founded by Confucian classics. Although this may be true, Korea has its unique features and traditions taken from other cultures that have a more significant impact on Korean society today.

Buddhism has become an integral part of Korean civilization despite the fact that it originated in India. Although most of the Koreans do not belong to any confession, a considerable part of Korea’s population consider themselves Buddhists. Buddhism is a religion founded in 550 BC by an Indian prince Sakyamuni, who is believed to have found a way to overcome human suffering. Buddhism was entered to Korean peninsula in about 333 AD and soon became the state religion. Buddhism’s contributions to literature, art, philosophy, and architecture are tremendous.

In 1860 Ch’oe Che-u introduced a unique ideology called Tonghak. The other name of the religion is Heavenly Way, and it is based upon a sole statement that man is heaven and heaven is man. It means that Ch’oe believed that there is no external God, but only God that is inside of every person. Therefore, people can go to heaven if they treat their neighbor as if God is a part of everyone.

Despite the contributions Buddhism has made to shaping Korean civilization and defending Korean territory in the past, Buddhists have generally not been major players in the 20th century. Today, Christianity plays a far greater role than any other religion in the country. Therefore, while heaving deep historical roots in Buddhism, people of Korea tend to embrace Christianity in the pursuit of modernization.

Korean is one of the top 20 languages in the world in terms of the number of speakers. Korean belongs to the Tungstic branch of the Altaic language family, which includes Turkish, Mongolian, and Tungus. Although some dialects can still be heard in several administrative regions, South Korea shows a tendency towards the widespread use of the standard language. Besides, for Koreans, it is essential to speak honorific, as interpersonal communication is judged more by how one says something than by what one says.

The Korean alphabet, Hangul, was created in 1443 during the reign of King Sejong (1418-1450); before that the Koreans used Chinese characters. The language and literature, like all the other parts of Korean culture, have been greatly influenced by China. According to the Great Dictionary compiled by the Korean Language Society, Korean vocabulary of Chinese origin accounts for more than half (54%) of the words in use today. In brief, the Korean language is a synthesis of Chinese roots and modern developments.

Korean education has been an essential component of culture. On the one hand, classical approach to education deeply embedded in religious teachings of Buddhism and Confucianism. On the other hand, modern Christian approach to learning with an emphasis on sciences and technology was introduced recently. Therefore, it is possible to conclude that Korean education is a unique mixture of long-lasting tradition and present-day tendencies.

Cultural principles affect not only personal lives, but also business. The predominant features of the Korean culture are deep historical roots, strong connections with China in all aspects, and consistent modernization. In conclusion, in their strive to understand Koreans, people are to realize the rare fusion of tradition and innovation that is presented in Korean culture makes it rather progressive and unique.

Chicago (A-D)
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IvyPanda. (2022, January 20). Korean Culture: History and Principles. https://ivypanda.com/essays/korean-culture-history-and-principles/

"Korean Culture: History and Principles." IvyPanda , 20 Jan. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/korean-culture-history-and-principles/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Korean Culture: History and Principles'. 20 January.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Korean Culture: History and Principles." January 20, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/korean-culture-history-and-principles/.

1. IvyPanda . "Korean Culture: History and Principles." January 20, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/korean-culture-history-and-principles/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Korean Culture: History and Principles." January 20, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/korean-culture-history-and-principles/.

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South Korea: History, Facts and Culture

South Korea is a developed country in East Asia with a population of 51 million people. It is located on the Korean Peninsula with a capital in Seoul, the 5 th largest megapolis in the world. Having a rich history that has started in the 7 th century, along with rapid modernization in the last few decades, the country has developed a unique culture that blends traditional and modern elements. I would like to briefly discuss South Korean history and then delve into some of the cultural features that led to South Korea being one of the most prosperous countries in the world.

South Korea was not an independent country until the Korean War that lasted from 1950 to 1953, which resulted in the Korean Peninsula being divided into North and South Korea. Throughout its history, South Korea was a part of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which were united later and ruled by Goryeo and Joseon dynasties of emperors. In 1910 Korea was colonized by Japan and was only freed after World War II when the tension between North and South of Korea started to escalate., The end of authoritarian rule in 1987 established the country as a thriving democratic republic (Central Intelligence Agency, 2020). The economic growth of the country has been steady since then.

The Korean entertainment industry is one of the most influential ones the world. The so-called Korean Wave which has started in the 90s, after Korea became a democracy, signified the rise of Korean cinema, TV, and music. South Korea has been successfully exporting its national goods abroad and making a profit. By now, there are very few people who do not know about K-pop. The first time K-pop won over the whole world was when a Korean artist PSY released his song “Gangnam Style,” which held the first place in the charts for a long time. Now we are witnessing the second coming of K-pop, as the obsession over the groups, such as BTS and BLACKPINK takes the Western world by storm. K-pop industry is centered on making as much money as it can while producing cheap content, so the stream of new music is endless. The music business has also helped South Korea battle the stereotypes about it in recent years, further establishing it as a progressive country in the eyes of the public from around the world.

Another part of the Korean Wave is its TV shows. Even though this type of media has not gained worldwide popularity as K-pop did, Korean television defines the preferences of the whole Asian region, mainly distributing its product there (Ganghariya & Kanozia, 2020). Korean cinema, on the other hand, had a breakthrough in the last few decades, which led to Parasite becoming the first foreign film to win an Oscar. Directors such as Bong Joon-ho and Pak Chan-wook are now very well-known abroad and some Korean films, for example, Oldboy and Train to Busan , have earned cult status.

Korea is also famous for its food and especially for kimchi, a side dish of salted vegetables, that has become the country’s signature specialty. Korea was an isolated country, and it was hard to trade with it, so Koreans got their food from fishing and hunting, and preserving food was always their main priority. Isolation also caused the cuisine to be very simple, as there was no input from neighboring countries (Patra et al., 2016). Kimchi embodies just that – it is simple and can be stored for a very long time.

In conclusion, South Korea has only become independent less than a hundred years ago, but it managed to have a renaissance in the recent decades, developing new cultural staples and preserving the ones that Koreans kept for thousands of years.

Central Intelligence Agency. (2020). East Asia/Southeast Asia: Korea, South . Web.

Ganghariya, G. & Kanozia, R. (2020). Proliferation of Hallyu wave and Korean popular culture across the world: A systematic literature review from 2000–2019. Journal of Content, Community & Communication , 11 , 177–207. Web.

Patra, J. K., Das, G., Paramithiotis, S., & Shin, H. S. (2016). Kimchi and other widely consumed traditional fermented foods of Korea: A review. Frontiers in Microbiology , 7 , 1493.

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Essay on South Korea: Harmony of Tradition and Modernity

Nestled on the Korean Peninsula, South Korea emerges as a captivating blend of tradition and innovation. From the vibrant cityscapes of Seoul to the serene landscapes of Jeju Island, this East Asian nation beckons travelers with its rich cultural tapestry, technological prowess, and historical significance. In this essay, we embark on a journey to explore the multifaceted allure of South Korea, a country that seamlessly marries the past and the present.

Quick Overview:

South Korea stands as a global leader in technology and innovation. Boasting giants like Samsung and LG, the country has played a pivotal role in shaping the digital landscape. Its cutting-edge advancements in electronics, telecommunications, and artificial intelligence have garnered international acclaim.
Rooted in a history spanning millennia, South Korea preserves its cultural heritage with pride. Ancient palaces like Gyeongbokgung, traditional Hanbok attire, and the art of calligraphy reflect the nation’s commitment to honoring its roots. The preservation of cultural practices, such as the intricate tea ceremonies and traditional dance forms, adds a touch of timeless elegance to the modern landscape.
South Korea boasts diverse landscapes, from the bustling urban jungles to serene countryside and pristine coastlines. The enchanting cherry blossoms in spring, vibrant autumn foliage, and the volcanic landscapes of Jeju Island contribute to the country’s aesthetic appeal, drawing nature enthusiasts and adventure seekers alike.
Korean cuisine, renowned for its flavorsome and diverse offerings, has gained global popularity. From the iconic Kimchi to sizzling Bulgogi, the culinary landscape reflects a harmonious blend of spicy, sweet, and savory flavors. The vibrant street food culture, with delicacies like Tteokbokki and Banchan, adds a delightful touch to the gastronomic experience.
South Korea’s influence on global pop culture, particularly through K-Pop and K-Dramas, has reached unprecedented heights. Groups like BTS and dramas like “Descendants of the Sun” have garnered a massive international fan base. The Hallyu wave not only showcases the nation’s entertainment industry but also serves as a cultural ambassador, fostering global connections.

Conclusion: In conclusion, South Korea emerges as a captivating tapestry of innovation, tradition, and natural beauty. Its journey from a nation rebuilding after the Korean War to a technological powerhouse is a testament to resilience and determination. The juxtaposition of ancient palaces against modern skyscrapers, traditional rituals amidst cutting-edge technology, creates a unique narrative that captures the essence of South Korea.

As travelers immerse themselves in the vibrant street markets, explore the UNESCO-listed sites, and indulge in the flavors of Korean cuisine, they witness a nation that cherishes its past while embracing the dynamism of the present. South Korea, with its multifaceted appeal, invites the world to witness the harmonious coexistence of tradition and modernity, proving that in the heart of East Asia, a nation can dance gracefully on the tightrope between heritage and progress.

Rahul Kumar is a passionate educator, writer, and subject matter expert in the field of education and professional development. As an author on CoursesXpert, Rahul Kumar’s articles cover a wide range of topics, from various courses, educational and career guidance.

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Teaching korean culture and history through korean literature.

“What am I looking for? Soul, my blind soul, endlessly darting like children at play by the river, answer me: where am I going?” (note 1)

Written in response to Japan’s occupation of Korea (1910–1945), these lines from nationalist writer Yi Sanghwa’s poem convey a deep sense of desperation and uncertainty. In 1910, Japan annexed Korea and set up a colonial government that would remain in power for thirty-five years. Yi’s poem expresses the alienation Koreans endured because of living under foreign rule. They constitute a lasting image recorded for close inspection and contemplation. When students in my Asian literature classroom are presented with a quality piece of literature like Yi’s, they quickly begin to realize an author has a greater purpose than just simply telling a story or crafting a memorable metaphor; rather, students encounter and welcome an authentic voice that challenges them to consider a perspective other than their own.

Literature has the ability to personalize the narrative and frame the setting in a way that history textbooks often cannot. The short story has proved to be a powerful and meaningful tool for teachers wanting to address the Korean experience in their curriculums. The condensed text facilitates multiple readings and makes historical analysis more accessible for the high school and undergraduate reader. This essay highlights five Korean short stories that humanities and social studies teachers can use to enhance their study of the Korean experience during the twentieth century.

Teaching Korean Literature from the Japanese Colonial Period (1910–1945)

Most of the literature generated during the colonial period examined social problems resulting from Japanese occupation; the preferred genre was the short story, as it could be written and read quickly. Japan’s control of Korea was harsh. The first decade of colonial rule is often referred to as the “dark period,” as Japan dominated all aspects of Korean life. The Koreas editor Mary Connor writes, “The Japanese convinced themselves that despite the fact that Koreans were the same race, they were inferior people.”2 Japan stringently controlled politics, economics, education, religion, morals, health, and public welfare in their new colony. Korean children were taught Japanese language as well as Japanese customs, religion, and culture. Japan worked to efface Korean culture, language, and customs to ensure complete loyalty and obedience to the Japanese emperor.

Korean writers rapidly reacted to the oppression, inequalities, and social decay around them. Objecting to their loss of independence, Korean nationalists used literature, film, drama, and music to foster a national identity that would garner support from the majority of the Korean people. Not all Kore- ans adopted the same approach to eradicating Japanese rule; likewise, not all Koreans held the same vision for the future of their country once released from oppression. Writing produced during this period was highly nationalistic, and literary themes diverged into two directions: One fostered a cultural nationalistic voice, and another endorsed a radical nationalistic voice.

The differing ideologies are especially evident in the short stories generated during this time. Cultural nationalists tended to be a bit more conservative in their approach, promoting revitalization of Korean history, culture, traditions, and the nation; and the radical nationalistic writers presented the leftist or Marxist position, favoring an international classless society over restoring the former Korean nation that existed prior to Japanese occupation.

Colonial Period: The Cultural Conservative Nationalistic Voice

Born in 1897 and educated in Korea and Japan, Yom Sang-sop is often cited as the leader of the White Tide Movement that incorporated European realism into Korean literature; his nationalistic writing exposes the dismal reality of the Korean laborer after the failed March First Movement of 1919.3

Yom Sang-sop’s short story “The Rotary Press” tells the story of a news- paper in crisis. Tensions run high while workers and management await the arrival of their paychecks.4 Workers have not been paid in months and are struggling to feed their families; in desperation, the workers verbally and physically threaten management. Management tries to appease the workers, for fear the laborers will walk off the job, resulting in the governor- general revoking the paper’s publication rights and closing the local news- paper forever. In the midst of this conflict, the workers realize the importance of the newspaper. The workers begin to understand their efforts at the newspaper mean much more than a paycheck and that their labor serves to communicate the Korean voice, the determination and strength of the laborer and the pride they feel in their national identity.

To reinforce the national voice within Yom’s piece, specific events and themes in “The Rotary Press” should be related to historical facts. Drawing parallels between the literature and the historical narrative provides stu- dents with a more thorough understanding of the past. Depending on the students’ ability levels, teachers can either self-select quotes from their favorite historical sources or present students with a general graphic organizer (see Table 1), so they can formulate parallels between the story and the historical record independently.5 Reading Yom’s story with history in mind will help students appreciate how difficult conditions were for Koreans under Japanese rule and provide a personal perspective not as evident from a history text.

Colonial Period: The Radical Leftist Nationalistic Voice

The leftist or Marxist-Leninist ideology also dominated short fiction produced during the colonial period. Bruce Fulton notes, “Proletarian literature [literature describing the lives and struggles of the working class] was tolerated by the Japanese colonial authorities from the mid-1920s to 1935.6 One of the most influential leftist writers was Yi Ki-yong. Yi Ki-yong was born in Chungchong Province in 1896 and, like Yom Song-sop, was also educated in Korea and Japan. Yi helped form the Korean Artist Proletariat Federation (KAPF), a group devoted to “writing about socioeconomic in- equities, the downtrodden proletariat and peasantry, and the class struggle.”7 Yi Ki-yong’s proletarian fable, “A Tale of Rats,” portrays the leftist’s view, rounding out readers’ understanding of the Korean experience dur- ing Japanese colonial rule.8 Yi’s disdain for money, skepticism of capital- ism, and competitiveness are at the center of his short story. Yi’s fable presents his vision of a Korea free of class conflict—an aspiration shared by leftist nationalistic writers (see Table 2).

Evaluating both Yi and Yom’s stories jointly will emphasize the conflicting views among the Korean groups during this uncertain time of foreign rule. Although both camps agreed in a unified Korea, independent of foreign rule, they disagreed over what an independent Korea would look like. Working with the multiple perspectives presented in both stories will serve to establish a foundation for students’ understanding of the convoluted social and political environment of colonial Korea, as well as the eventual division of the country.

South Korean Literature from the Post Liberation Period: Impact of Division

After liberation from Japan in 1945, Korea tried to rebuild a strong, independent nation. Diverging internal as well as external political ideologies, specifically the actions of the USSR and the USA, resulted in Korea’s division. Then, communist North Korea invaded South Korea, thus launching the Korean War (1950–1953). Postwar literature deals with the struggles and pains of the people once again trying to make sense of the uncertainty in their lives.

Hwang Sun-won, born in 1915 in Taedong, modern-day North Korea, is a well-known novelist, poet, and short fiction writer. Just after settling in South Korea in 1953, his short story, “Cranes,” which humanizes the ideo- logical and political division between the Koreas, was published.9 Hwang’s poetic short story evokes childhood memory and hopes to rekindle a bond between two long-lost friends now residing on separate sides of the DMZ. Readers cannot escape the symbolical significance of Hwang’s title recognizing the division between the north and south as unnatural, because the cranes can fly back and forth unrestricted, yet these two friends cannot. The powerful theme presented in Hwang’s piece will deepen readers’ understanding of the Korean experience during this tumultuous time.

The division of Korea was arbitrarily imposed and divided families a well as a nation; postwar literature focuses on the ramifications of division. The website Asia for Educators presents an excellent lesson by Gordon A. Monaghan, titled “Comparing War Monuments in North and South Korea.”10 In examining the photos presented in Monaghan’s lesson, the stalemate clearly presents itself. Students quickly realize that, like the long- lost friends in Hwang’s story who cannot find a way to breach the DMZ, the political beliefs conveyed in each monument showcase the ideological blockade dividing North and South Korea today. Pairing Monaghan’s lesson with a close reading of Hwang’s “Cranes” personalizes the impact of di- vision for students in a profound way (see Table 3).

Contemporary Korean Literature

South Korea’s ability to reinvent and rebuild its economy, government, educational system, and infrastructure after the Korean War understandably presented challenges. Short stories generated from the 1970s often focus on ordinary people whose hard work made the South’s “economic miracle” possible. Today, South Korea has a stable democracy and a thriving market economy; their successful transformation serves as an inspiration— one that contemporary writers have embraced. Exploring the writings of two accomplished female Korean writers is the perfect way to illustrate the dynamics of Korea’s postwar reformation.

table description for examining the dynamics of korean culture: "scarlet fingernails" by kim min-suk prereading questions

The scars of Korea’s past and division are deeply imbedded and serve as the driving force behind Kim Min-Suk’s short story “Scarlet Fingernails.11 This intriguing piece portrays the struggle of a Korean family fighting to overcome a complicated past. After years of living with an absent father, the female narrator, Sung-hye, finally learns her father’s “red” Communist background is to blame for her growing up without a dad. She then dis- covers her Communist defector father has spent the past thirty years in jail, is about to be released, and wants to see her. Sung-hye is at a cross- roads, unsure if she should shun her father for the shame he has inflicted on the family or be an obedient and filial daughter and work to make up for lost time. In examining the main character’s dilemma, readers will investigate the complexities of Korean identity and culture that prevail today, as well as discuss the dynamics of authoritarian rule in the period before South Korea democratized (see Table 4).

An individual’s search for meaning in present-day South Korea is the center of Ha Songnan’s “Waxen Wings.12 Written in 1999, this short, up- lifting piece features a nameless character whose main goal is to fly like a bird. Fearing that she will do something disturbing like jump off the roof, our main character is told by her teacher that “it’s impossible for people to fly,” and she is therefore instructed to copy the phrase “people cannot fly” onto the blackboard repeatedly. At first glance, this is simply a story in which a young girl is made to feel foolish for her dream to fly, left only to seek out her own sense of fulfillment. But when paired with readings on Korea’s postwar transformation, readers will render numerous messages from this allegory that cement their study of twentieth-century Korean history (see Table 5). 13

table showing sample postreading questions for "waxen wings"

Final Thoughts

Studying dates and facts have merit, but these alone will not promote historical inquiry. The Korean short stories highlighted in this article serve to contextualize the political and social history in twentieth-century Korea. With their ability to entertain and educate, these short stories possess a unique voice, one that resonates with readers and encourages them to want to learn more about the Korean experience. In asking students to analyze historical documents and formulate personal opinions in relation to short stories they read, their overall understanding of the writer’s purpose be- comes evident, and historical reasoning becomes clearer. History teachers can easily use the popularity of the short story genre to expand students’ study of colonial and postcolonial Korea.

South Korea: an Amazing Country

Categories: South Korea

About this sample

Words: 828 |

Published: Aug 30, 2022

Words: 828 | Pages: 2 | 5 min read

Works Cited:

Haggis, P. (Director). (2004). Crash [Motion Picture]. United States: Lions Gate Films.
Kellner, D. (2006). Cultural Studies, Multiculturalism, and Media Culture. Film-Philosophy, 10(1), 1-18.
Leavy, P. (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Qualitative Research. Oxford University Press.
Liu, J. H., & Hilton, D. J. (2005). Stereotypes and prejudice: Key readings. Psychology Press.
Martin, M. (2006). Crash: Racism and Hysteria in America. Screen Education, (40), 43-48.
Nakagawa, S. (2006). A Review of the Movie Crash. The Japanese Journal of American Studies, (17), 299-303.
Nayar, P. K. (2009). An interview with Paul Haggis. Post Script: Essays in Film and the Humanities, 28(2), 28-36.
Ponniah, S. (2011). Race and racism in Paul Haggis's Crash: A cultural analysis. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 1(6), 260-268.
Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. Vintage Books.
Shohat, E., & Stam, R. (1994). Unthinking Eurocentrism: Multiculturalism and the Media. Routledge.

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Essays on Korean Culture

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