parts of an essay graphic

How to Use Graphic Organizers to Write Better Essays

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If you’re a student, there’s no way around the inevitable: You’re going to have to write essays. Lots of essays. In fact, the five-paragraph essay is so fundamental to the high school curriculum that it’s still used on the ACTs, and knowing how to recognize the organizational structure of essays will help you score higher on the SATs.

Even though it seems like a chore, knowing how to organize and write an essay can have a lasting effect on your life, from getting into a better college to scoring a better job to performing better in that job long after your high school days are over.

Here’s a secret: Using graphic organizers for writing essays can help you write better essays faster. (And don’t count yourself out if you’re an educator—you can offer these tools to help your students succeed.) We’ll show you exactly how to do it.

Why use graphic organizers

When ACT graders or teachers are looking your essay, they’re looking for very specific criteria; essentially, they’re looking at how well you’ve organized your thoughts. Many students don’t take the time to outline their essay structure before writing, and that always means a lower score on a test and a lower grade on the essay in class.

Using a writing template can feel like an unnecessary step in an already complicated process. If you need extra motivation to implement these organizers into your writing routine, consider all of their benefits. Graphic organizers can help you:

• Save time by showing you where each piece of the essay “lives.”
• Have more productive brainstorming sessions, either by yourself or with a group.
• Make connections between ideas and create a more cohesive argument.
• Pinpoint holes in your arguments and either adjust the thesis or find supporting statements.
• Keep track of your research.
• Organize your thoughts and come to interesting, more compelling conclusions.
• Stay in the right direction when you feel lost in a sea of words.
• Manage anxiety by converting the fear of a blank assignment into an action plan with a clear map.

With all those benefits, it’s hard to ignore how useful and vital graphic organizers are to writing. And once you’ve become adept at organizing your thoughts for something like a school essay, you’ll find that skill carries with you throughout your life, whether you’re trying to become a more intelligent debater to negotiate prices. It goes beyond just the essay to becoming a better thinker. And it starts with a simple template.

We’ll walk you through several use cases for graphic organizers and provide templates for you to download and fill in when you’re ready to write.

Brainstorming graphic organizers

Brainstorming is important, not only to come up with ideas for topics but to determine what information you need to include in the essay once you’ve determined your topic. Though many think of brainstorming as just freeflow thinking, brainstorming is most productive when you work within specific parameters.

That’s why essay brainstorming graphic organizers are useful, whether you’re using one to brainstorm on your own or you’re working with a group.

In Lucidchart, our mind map shapes and templates double as brainstorming graphic organizers. Start with an essay prompt as your central shape and then fill in the shapes that branch off your prompt with topic ideas. Alternatively, you can add your selected topic to the center and start brainstorming the different ideas you need to cover in your paper.

When the template is filled in, you’ll have a clear starting point for your essay or research paper.

Research paper graphic organizers

Nothing paralyzes students with fear quite like a research paper. These long-form papers require—as the name implies—quite a bit of research, and their purpose is to teach students how to look for valid sources to support their arguments.

But keeping track of all those sources and tying them into your argument can be tricky. That’s where a research paper graphic organizer can be a student’s greatest ally.

This template lays out the writing process itself. After you come up with a general topic, like “the disappearance of honey bees,” fill in the “Research Paper Topic” box.

Then, start looking for reputable sources (Wikipedia doesn’t count) and use the five sources boxes to hold the most relevant quotes and statistics you find. Using those quotes and statistics, you can then fill out a thesis statement that is supported by the research.

Then, you’ll be able to focus your paragraphs on a single topic each that supports the thesis statement and your overarching argument. After you’ve filled out the template, the backbone of the research paper is complete: All that’s left to do is fill in the spaces between sources and arguments.

5-paragraph essay graphic organizer

When it comes to writing the five-paragraph essay, writing diagrams are key. By using graphic organizers for writing, you’re no longer staring at a giant blank piece of paper with no idea how or where to begin. Your graphic organizer is your map.

Although using writing diagrams may seem time-consuming, the fact is that taking the time to fill a graphic organizer in before writing actually saves time. If there’s a problem with the argument, it will show up on the diagram, or if there’s not enough evidence to support your argument, you’ll know before you’ve wasted time writing the paper. And, as we said before, even if your writing is terrible, if your argument is sound, you’ll still score a decent grade.

Try this 5-paragraph essay template to get you started.

Don’t feel pressured to come up with a compelling title right away. Instead, it’s more important that you come up with a thesis statement that can be supported by three solid arguments. Fill in that thesis statement and your arguments. Then, for each argument, figure out three supporting details to support your case.

That’s it! You’ve got the most essential parts of your 5-paragraph essay completed.

Now, come up with an introduction that sets the stage for your argument and a conclusion that wraps up and restates your thesis and supporting arguments in a compelling way. Now you have a solid plan for your paper and can approach it with confidence.

If you’d like a more linear graphic that exactly follows the structure of the 5-paragraph, use the writing template below and follow the same process.

Visuals, such as graphic organizers for writing, can help you better understand concepts, think creatively, and collaborate with your classmates—and there are plenty of other templates where these came from.

Lucidchart offers hundreds of templates to help you through your studies, including timelines, Venn diagrams, word maps, and more. Sign up for Lucidchart and upgrade to an Educational account for free.

Resources for teachers

Providing graphic resources to students is essential; after all, many of your students will be visual learners, so while you may beautifully explain how the process works, there will be some who won’t understand until they see a template of the essay itself.

Lucidchart has many resources for teachers, from lesson plans to writing templates. While you’re teaching your students how to write essays or research papers, it’s useful to print out the templates and fill them out together (even using a completed template as a separate assignment with a separate grade) so that your students can get a feel for properly filling out graphic organizers before attempting it on their own.

About Lucidchart

Lucidchart, a cloud-based intelligent diagramming application, is a core component of Lucid Software's Visual Collaboration Suite. This intuitive, cloud-based solution empowers teams to collaborate in real-time to build flowcharts, mockups, UML diagrams, customer journey maps, and more. Lucidchart propels teams forward to build the future faster. Lucid is proud to serve top businesses around the world, including customers such as Google, GE, and NBC Universal, and 99% of the Fortune 500. Lucid partners with industry leaders, including Google, Atlassian, and Microsoft. Since its founding, Lucid has received numerous awards for its products, business, and workplace culture. For more information, visit lucidchart.com.

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Essay Papers Writing Online

Effective graphic organizers to help you write an outstanding essay.

In the realm of academic writing, there is a constant need to effectively convey ideas and present arguments in a coherent and logical manner. This becomes particularly challenging when faced with the daunting task of crafting an essay. However, fear not, for there exists a remarkable tool that can revolutionize your writing process: the strategic deployment of visual aids known as graphic organizers. These invaluable tools empower you to organize your thoughts, enhance the overall structure of your essay, and effortlessly guide your readers through your compelling narrative.

Unlocking the Potential of Visual Representation

Imagine a map that leads you on a journey through your essay, connecting ideas and concepts with clear and concise pathways. Graphic organizers act as this map, providing visual representations of your ideas and helping you create a well-structured and cohesive piece of writing. By utilizing various forms of graphic organizers, such as concept maps, Venn diagrams, and flowcharts, you can transform your essay into a compelling and logical narrative that captivates your readers.

Navigating the Writing Process with Ease

Writing an essay can often feel like navigating through a labyrinth of ideas, arguments, and evidence. Without a clear path to follow, you may find yourself lost in a sea of information and unsure of how to proceed. This is where graphic organizers come to the rescue. These visual tools enable you to break down complex ideas into manageable sections, identify key points, and establish connections between them. By visually representing the structure of your essay, graphic organizers provide a roadmap that guides you through the writing process with ease.

A brief overview of graphic organizers and their importance in essay writing

Essay writing is a complex task that requires careful organization of ideas and thoughts. One effective way to achieve this is by using graphic organizers. These visual tools assist writers in brainstorming ideas, organizing information, and structuring their essays.

Graphic organizers serve as a framework for writers to arrange their thoughts in a logical and coherent manner. They provide a visual representation of the essay’s structure and help writers to see how different ideas and supporting details are connected. By utilizing graphic organizers, writers can easily identify the main points they want to convey and ensure that all supporting information aligns with the essay’s central theme.

One of the key benefits of using graphic organizers is that they promote clarity and coherence in essay writing. They help writers to keep their thoughts organized and prevent them from getting lost in a sea of disorganized ideas. By using visual tools such as flowcharts, mind maps, or Venn diagrams, writers can visually map out their arguments, supporting evidence, and counterarguments, ensuring a clear and concise presentation of their ideas.

In addition to enhancing clarity, graphic organizers also facilitate the writing process by saving time and reducing the risk of missing important points. With a well-structured graphic organizer, writers can easily outline their essays and have a clear roadmap to follow. This not only helps them to stay focused and avoid digressions but also ensures that they cover all the necessary points when constructing their arguments.

Furthermore, graphic organizers can be particularly beneficial for visual learners or individuals who struggle with traditional outlining methods. The visual representation of information provided by graphic organizers allows these individuals to better understand and retain the content. By employing graphic organizers, writers can cater to different learning styles and create a more inclusive and accessible essay.

In conclusion, graphic organizers play a crucial role in essay writing by assisting writers in organizing their thoughts, promoting clarity and coherence, and saving time. By utilizing these visual tools, writers can enhance their essay-writing process and produce well-structured and compelling pieces of writing.

Mind maps are a powerful tool for organizing and structuring thoughts and ideas. They are visual representations that help to connect concepts and create associations. These diagrams can be used to brainstorm ideas, plan essays, and organize information.

When creating a mind map, start by writing down the main topic or idea in the center of the page. From there, branch out and add related subtopics and supporting details. Use symbols, colors, and images to make the mind map visually appealing and easier to understand.

Mind maps are particularly useful for essay writing as they allow you to see the relationships between different ideas and how they fit together. You can use them to outline the main arguments and supporting evidence for your essay, ensuring that your thoughts flow logically.

One of the benefits of using mind maps is that they encourage flexible thinking. They allow you to explore different ideas and connections, and you can easily rearrange and reorganize the information as needed. This flexibility can help you to generate new insights and perspectives for your essay.

Additionally, mind maps are a great tool for visual learners. They engage the visual sense and can make the information more memorable. By using images and colors, you can create a visually stimulating mind map that will help you to remember key points and ideas.

In conclusion, mind maps are a versatile and effective tool for organizing and structuring your thoughts when writing an essay. They allow you to brainstorm ideas, create associations, and visualize the relationships between different concepts. By using mind maps, you can enhance your essay writing process and create well-structured and cohesive essays.

How mind maps can help in brainstorming ideas and organizing thoughts for an essay

Mind maps are an effective tool to help students generate and organize ideas for an essay. By visually representing thoughts and connections, mind maps can aid in the brainstorming process and provide a structure for essay writing.

• Mind maps allow for the exploration of various ideas and perspectives. They help in generating a wide range of ideas surrounding a central topic. By allowing the brain to make connections and associations, mind maps can stimulate creativity and encourage out-of-the-box thinking.
• Mind maps allow for the organization of thoughts and ideas. With the main topic at the center of the map, students can branch out and connect related ideas, subtopics, and supporting evidence. This visual representation helps students see the overall structure of the essay and ensures logical flow between paragraphs.
• Mind maps can help in identifying gaps in knowledge or areas that require further research. By visually mapping out the ideas, students can identify any missing information or weak arguments. This allows for more targeted research and a more comprehensive and informed essay.
• Mind maps can be easily modified and adjusted. As the essay writing process progresses, new ideas or connections may arise. With a mind map, students can easily add, remove, or rearrange branches and subtopics to reflect these changes. This flexibility ensures that the essay remains coherent and well-organized.
• Mind maps can serve as a reference tool during the writing process. By having a visual representation of the essay structure, students can refer back to the mind map to ensure that they are staying on track and addressing all necessary points. This prevents the essay from becoming disjointed or off-topic.

In conclusion, mind maps are a valuable tool for brainstorming ideas and organizing thoughts for an essay. They facilitate the exploration of various ideas, provide a structure for organizing thoughts, help identify gaps in knowledge, and serve as a reference tool during the writing process. By utilizing mind maps, students can enhance their essay writing process and produce more coherent and well-structured essays.

Venn Diagrams

Venn diagrams are a powerful tool for visually organizing information and identifying relationships between different concepts. These diagrams provide a clear and concise way to compare and contrast various elements, allowing writers to effectively analyze and present their ideas in an organized manner.

One of the key features of Venn diagrams is their ability to depict overlapping areas, often referred to as intersections. This element is particularly useful when discussing similarities and differences between different topics or ideas. By using Venn diagrams, writers can easily identify commonalities and distinctions, which can strengthen their arguments and provide clarity to their readers.

Venn diagrams are frequently used in academic writing, as they can help writers structure their thoughts and create logical connections between different concepts. By representing information in a visual format, these diagrams enable writers to explore relationships between various elements and make connections that might not be immediately apparent. This can lead to a deeper understanding of the subject matter and contribute to a more comprehensive and cohesive essay.

Moreover, Venn diagrams can also be utilized as a brainstorming tool, allowing writers to generate ideas and organize their thoughts before embarking on the writing process. By visually mapping out the different components of their essay, writers can see how various ideas relate to each other, identify any gaps or inconsistencies, and ensure that their arguments flow smoothly and coherently.

In conclusion, Venn diagrams are a valuable resource for essay writing. Whether used to compare and contrast different concepts, analyze relationships, or brainstorm ideas, these diagrams can enhance the effectiveness and organization of the writing process. By incorporating Venn diagrams into their essay planning and drafting, writers can create well-structured and cohesive essays that effectively convey their ideas to readers.

Using Venn diagrams to compare and contrast different concepts or ideas in an essay

When crafting an essay, it is often necessary to compare and contrast different concepts or ideas in order to provide a well-rounded analysis. One effective tool for visualizing these comparisons is the Venn diagram. By using a Venn diagram, you can easily identify the similarities and differences between two or more subjects, helping to organize your thoughts and enhance the clarity of your essay.

A Venn diagram consists of overlapping circles that represent different concepts or ideas. The areas where the circles overlap indicate similarities, while the areas outside of the overlapping circles represent differences. By visually representing the connections and distinctions between subjects, a Venn diagram provides a clear and concise way to compare and contrast different concepts within an essay.

One of the main advantages of using a Venn diagram is its ability to highlight both the similarities and differences between subjects. This allows the reader to easily understand the relationships between different concepts and provides a comprehensive view of the topic being discussed. Additionally, a Venn diagram can help you identify any gaps in your analysis and prompt further exploration.

When using a Venn diagram to compare and contrast different concepts or ideas within an essay, it is important to provide clear and concise explanations for each point. This will help the reader understand the connections and distinctions being made. Additionally, it is important to use accurate and relevant information to support your comparisons and contrasts.

In conclusion, utilizing Venn diagrams can be an effective strategy for comparing and contrasting different concepts or ideas within an essay. By visually representing the similarities and differences, a Venn diagram enhances the clarity and organization of your writing. Furthermore, it prompts further exploration and insight, allowing for a more comprehensive analysis of the chosen topic.

Flowcharts are visual representations of processes or systems that can be used to organize and present information in a clear and concise manner. They offer a unique way to illustrate the flow or sequence of steps in a process, making it easier for the reader to understand, follow, and analyze the information presented.

Flowcharts consist of various shapes and lines that are connected to depict the steps or actions involved in a particular process. Each shape represents a specific action or decision, and the lines indicate the direction of the flow. This visual format allows for easy identification of the different components of a process and the relationships between them.

Flowcharts can be particularly useful in essay writing as they provide a framework to organize ideas and ensure logical progression. They allow writers to map out the flow of their thoughts and arguments, helping them to identify any gaps or inconsistencies in their reasoning. By visualizing the overall structure of an essay, flowcharts help writers to analyze the effectiveness of their writing and make necessary revisions.

Furthermore, flowcharts can also be used to outline different essay structures or formats, such as the traditional five-paragraph essay or more complex argumentative essays. They can serve as a guide to help writers understand the order and flow of information within each paragraph or section, ensuring a coherent and logical presentation of ideas.

Overall, flowcharts are a valuable tool in essay writing as they offer a visual representation of the flow and structure of ideas. They can enhance the clarity and organization of an essay, making it easier for both the writer and the reader to navigate and comprehend the information presented.

How flowcharts can be used to outline the structure and flow of an essay

Flowcharts are a visual tool that can be incredibly useful in outlining the structure and flow of an essay. These diagrams provide a clear and organized representation of the main ideas and supporting details, allowing writers to quickly identify the logical progression of their arguments.

By using flowcharts, writers can visually map out the various sections and subsections of their essays, providing a framework for their thoughts and ideas. Each box in the flowchart can represent a different paragraph or section, while the arrows indicate the direction of the flow and logical connections between the different parts of the essay.

Not only do flowcharts help writers stay organized, but they also enable them to see the overall structure of their essays at a glance. This big-picture view allows writers to ensure that their arguments flow smoothly and logically from one point to the next. Writers can easily spot any gaps or inconsistencies in their logic, helping them refine and improve their essays before they even start writing.

Flowcharts also serve as a useful tool for brainstorming and generating ideas. By visually mapping out the main points and supporting evidence, writers can easily identify any missing information or weak arguments. This allows them to fill in the gaps and strengthen their overall thesis statement.

Another benefit of using flowcharts is that they can help writers experiment with different essay structures and arrangements. By rearranging the boxes and arrows, writers can explore different ways of organizing their thoughts and arguments, allowing them to find the most effective and coherent structure for their essay.

In conclusion, flowcharts are a valuable tool for outlining the structure and flow of an essay. They allow writers to organize their thoughts and ideas, ensure logical progression, and identify any weak points in their arguments. By using flowcharts, writers can streamline the writing process and ultimately create more cohesive and compelling essays.

Concept Maps

Concept maps are visual tools that help organize and represent ideas and concepts. They are powerful tools for brainstorming, planning, and understanding complex information. Concept maps allow you to visually connect different concepts and their relationships, making it easier to track the flow of ideas and identify key connections.

Concept maps facilitate the exploration and organization of ideas, serving as a roadmap for the essay writing process. They provide a structured framework for outlining main points, supporting details, and logical connections between different ideas. By visually representing the relationships between concepts, concept maps help to create a clear and cohesive argument.

Concept maps can also be used as a study tool, aiding in the comprehension and retention of information. By visually organizing and linking concepts, they enhance understanding and promote critical thinking. Concept maps can be useful for summarizing key points, identifying gaps in knowledge, and generating new ideas.

Overall, concept maps are an effective and versatile tool for essay writing and knowledge organization. Whether used for brainstorming, planning, or studying, concept maps provide a visual representation of ideas and their relationships, helping to create a coherent and persuasive essay.

Using concept maps to visually represent the relationships between different ideas in an essay

A valuable tool in essay writing is the use of concept maps to visually represent the connections and relationships between various ideas. Concept maps provide a means of organizing and structuring information in a clear and concise manner, allowing the writer to see the overall framework of the essay and how different ideas are interconnected.

Concept maps are particularly useful when brainstorming and planning an essay, as they enable the writer to generate ideas and identify relationships between them. By visually mapping out the concepts, main points, and supporting details, a concept map can serve as a guide throughout the writing process.

Each concept in a concept map is represented by a node or box, with lines connecting the nodes to indicate the relationships between them. These connections can be labelled to show the nature of the relationship, such as cause and effect, similarities and differences, or chronological order. By visually seeing these connections, the writer can ensure that the essay is coherent and logically structured.

Furthermore, concept maps allow the writer to easily rearrange and reorganize ideas as needed. If a new connection or relationship is discovered, or if the writer decides to change the structure of the essay, the concept map can be easily modified to reflect these changes. This flexibility enables the writer to continually refine and improve the essay as they progress in the writing process.

Overall, concept maps offer a powerful visual tool for essay writing, aiding in the organization and development of ideas. By visually representing the relationships between different ideas, concept maps can enhance the clarity and coherence of an essay, making it more compelling and persuasive to the reader.

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Using Graphic Organizers for Writing Essays, Summaries and Research

Ask any student – essay writing is one of the most despised tasks of their educational career. Perhaps there is so much displeasure associated with the task because it’s perceived as too linear – there isn’t enough visual and creative appeal. But if you use graphic organizer for writing essays then you can make writing enjoyable – or at least less terrible.

Not only enjoyable but graphic organizers (or diagrams) can make the writing process a snap. They’ll help you think outside the box, draw conclusions you wouldn’t normally observe, and make the entire process faster and more efficient.

Why Use Graphic Organizers for Writing

The phrase “graphic organizer” is just a fancy way of saying “diagram” or “visual aid.” Basically, they are a visual representation of the information you’ve acquired in the research process. There are quite a few reasons why you should use them when writing essays or summaries.

• Helps you visualize your research and how elements connect with each other
• Enhance your essays, summaries and research papers with visual elements
• Track correlations between your thoughts, observations, facts or general ideas

When it comes to essay writing, the most common graphic organizers are webs, mind maps, and concept maps .

Using Webs for Brainstorming

Webbing is a great way to see how various topics are interrelated. This graphic organizer is particularly useful during the brainstorming step of the writing process.

A web can sometimes get a bit messy. Usually, there are lots of arrows to connect overlapping ideas. However, even with lines crisscrossing every which way, it is still a great way to visualize your thoughts. If you’re using an online diagramming software like Creately you can overcome some of this because we automatically arrange the object for you.

Once you’ve created a map to document all your ideas and establish connections, you can easily transition to other forms of diagramming to better organize the information.

For example if you’re writing a research paper about the food web of the Australian bushes you can start creating a food web diagram similar to the one below. This way you can easily visualize the web while writing the paper. This is a simple example but graphic organizers become even more important when the subject gets complex.

Although simple this example shows the importance of using graphic organizers for writing summaries. A comprehensive diagram pretty much does the summation for you.

Using Mind Maps as Graphic Organizers

Mind maps are a great way to depict a hierarchy. What is hierarchical organization ? The concept is simple: a singular topic dominates with each subsequent idea decreasing in importance.

Usually, the mind map starts with the thesis (or main idea) at the center.  From there, you can branch out with your supporting evidence.

Use this process to replace your traditional note taking technique – note cards, outlines, whatever. You’ll quickly realize a mind map is a great way to formulate the structure of your essay. The thing to note here is that the nature of the mind maps force you think about sub topics and how to organize your ideas. And once the ideas are organized writing the essay become very easy.

Above is a mind map of a research proposal. Click on it to see the full image or you can see the fully editable template via this link . As you can see in this mind map the difference areas of the research proposal is highlighted. Similarly when your writing the research paper you can use a mind map to break it down to sub topics. We have more mind map templates for you to get started.

Concept Maps

A concept map will help you visualize the connection between ideas. You can easily see cause and effect – how one concept leads to another. Often times, concept mapping includes the use of short words or phrases to depict the budding relationship between these concepts.

If you look closely you can see that its very similar to a mind map. But a concept maps gives more of a free reign compares to the rigid topic structure of a mind map. I’d say it’s the perfect graphic organizer for writing research papers where you have the license to explore.

By creating a concept map , you can also see how a broad subject can be narrowed down into specific ideas.  This is a great way to counter writers block.  Often, we look at the big picture and fail to see the specifics that lead to it.  Identifying contributing factors and supporting evidence is difficult. But with a concept map, you can easily see how the smaller parts add up to the whole.

Why Bother With Graphic Organizers?

If you already detest the writing process, adding another step might seem insane. However, there really are several advantages of using them.  If you haven’t already accepted the benefits of each individual diagram style, here are some more perks of graphic organizers in general:

• Quality essays are based on detail. No one is going to accept your opinions and reasoning just because you say so. You’ll need proof. And organizing that proof will require attention to detail. Graphic organizers can help you see that detail and how it contributes to the overall concept.
• Graphic organizers are flexible. You don’t need one of those giant pink erasers. You don’t need to restructure your outline. All you have to do is draw a few arrows and bam – the relationship has totally changed.
• No matter what you are writing about, a graphic organizer can help. They can be used to structure an essay on the Great Wall, theoretical physics, or Spanish speaking countries.
• If you write an outline, can you easily see how point A influences point X? Probably not. But if little thought bubble A is sitting out there all by itself, you can visualize the way it ties into point R, T and X.
• Some of us find it difficult to put our opinions, thoughts, and ideas into writing. However, communicating our feelings with little doodles and sketches is far less threatening.
• As a writer, our brain often feels like a 2-year-old’s toy box – a big jumbled mess. Taking that mess and putting it onto paper with some semblance of organization is challenging. Rather than trying to take your thoughts from total chaos to a perfectly structured list, just try to get them out of your brain and onto paper in the form of a diagram.
• A graphic organizer helps you establish validity and relevance. You can easily nix the ideas that don’t support or enhance your thesis.

The next time you are faced with a writing project, take a few minutes to explore the efficiency of graphic organizers. You can find a wealth of templates here.

Have you ever used a graphic organizer to structure an essay? How did it go? Do you have a diagram suggestion for the writing process that wasn’t mentioned here? Let us know!

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Efficient Essay Writing Using a Graphic Organizer: A Step-by-Step Guide

Introduction to Essay Writing with Graphic Organizers

Essay writing can often pose a significant challenge for students, especially at the high school level. National test scores reveal that only about one-quarter of students in grades 8 through 12 perform proficiently in writing, with a mere 1 percent of 12th-grade students capable of crafting sophisticated, well-organized essays. Additionally, it's surprising to note that over 80 percent of freshmen have never tackled a formal five-page paper. These statistics underscore the struggles many students face when it comes to academic writing.

Graphic organizers play a crucial role in simplifying the essay-writing process by breaking down complex tasks into manageable parts. They serve as visual frameworks that help students compartmentalize the essential elements of an academic paper. By utilizing graphic organizers, students can easily comprehend and organize their thoughts, leading to more coherent and structured compositions.

How a Graphic Organizer Simplifies the Process

A graphic organizer is essentially a visual tool that aids in brainstorming ideas, organizing information logically, and outlining content before diving into the actual writing process. Research has shown that graphic organizers are beneficial for enhancing writing skills by improving vocabulary, creating concept maps, highlighting key points, dividing content into sections, and facilitating prewriting activities.

These tools are particularly valuable for essay writing as they assist students in developing clear thesis statements, organizing supporting arguments effectively, and ensuring a cohesive flow throughout the essay. For instance, when working on a five-paragraph essay structure—which includes an introduction paragraph, three body paragraphs focusing on specific points or topics, and a concluding paragraph—a graphic organizer can provide a roadmap for structuring each section cohesively.

In education across various subject areas, graphic organizers have proven to be versatile tools that cater to different learning styles effectively. They not only aid in organizing thoughts but also provide visual representations of information that enhance comprehension and retention.

By incorporating graphic organizers into the essay-writing process, students can overcome the challenges associated with academic writing and develop essential skills for effective communication and expression.

Understanding the Basics of Essay Writing

Writing an essay is like constructing a building; it requires a solid foundation and a well-thought-out plan. Essay writing involves more than just putting words on paper; it's about structuring your ideas in a coherent and logical manner to communicate effectively with your readers.

The Structure of a Standard Essay

When embarking on an essay-writing journey, it's crucial to understand the fundamental structure that underpins a well-crafted piece. An essay typically consists of three main parts: the introduction, body, and conclusion. Each section plays a vital role in conveying your message clearly and persuasively.

Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

The introduction serves as the gateway to your essay, capturing the reader's attention and providing a roadmap for what lies ahead. It should include a hook to engage the audience, background information to set the context, and most importantly, a thesis statement that articulates the main argument of your essay.

Crafting compelling body paragraphs is where you delve into the heart of your topic. Each paragraph should focus on a single idea or argument supported by evidence and analysis. By organizing your thoughts cohesively within these paragraphs, you create a persuasive narrative that guides the reader through your reasoning.

Finally, the conclusion wraps up your essay by summarizing key points, restating the thesis in different words, and leaving the reader with a lasting impression. It's essential to end on a strong note that reinforces your main argument and provides closure to your discussion.

Crafting a Strong Thesis Statement

At the core of every well-structured essay lies a thesis statement , which acts as the central claim or argument you will explore throughout your writing. A strong thesis statement not only presents your position clearly but also sets the tone for the entire essay. It should be specific, concise, and debatable to spark interest and guide your content effectively.

The Importance of Organizing Your Thoughts

Organizing ideas logically in an essay is akin to creating a roadmap for both yourself as the writer and your readers. Just as travelers rely on maps to navigate unfamiliar terrain, readers depend on clear organization to follow your train of thought effortlessly.

Choosing an appropriate organizational pattern is paramount in maintaining reader interest and clarity throughout your essay. By structuring your content cohesively from introduction to conclusion, you establish connections between different sections while reinforcing the overarching theme or argument.

Effective organization not only aids in conveying information logically but also enhances reader comprehension by presenting ideas in a systematic manner. When thoughts flow seamlessly from one point to another, readers can grasp complex concepts more easily and engage with your content more meaningfully.

In essence, organization is not just about arranging paragraphs; it's about creating coherence and unity within your writing that allows ideas to unfold naturally. A well-organized essay benefits both you as the writer—by clarifying your thoughts—and your readers—by facilitating understanding and retention of key concepts.

The Power of the Graphic Organizer in Essay Writing

In the realm of academic writing, graphic organizers stand out as indispensable tools for students navigating the complexities of essay composition. These visual aids serve as guiding beacons, illuminating the path to structured and coherent essays that captivate readers.

What Is a Graphic Organizer?

A graphic organizer is a visual scaffold that transforms abstract ideas into tangible frameworks. By leveraging shapes, colors, and connecting lines, students can map out their thoughts, creating a blueprint for their essays. This process not only clarifies concepts but also enhances comprehension and retention of information.

One popular type of graphic organizer is the Five Paragraph Essay Graphic Organizer , which divides the essay into distinct sections: introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. This tool streamlines the writing process by prompting students to outline key points before delving into detailed explanations.

Different Types of Graphic Organizers for Essay Writing

The hamburger essay graphic organizer.

Imagine your essay as a delectable burger—the Hamburger Essay Graphic Organizer mirrors this analogy by breaking down your content into layers. The top bun represents the introduction, enticing readers with a hook; the juicy fillings symbolize your supporting arguments; and the bottom bun signifies the conclusion that leaves a lasting impression.

The Paragraph Essay Outline Graphic

For those embarking on paragraph-based essays, the Paragraph Essay Outline Graphic offers a structured approach to organizing ideas effectively. Each section corresponds to a paragraph, delineating topic sentences, supporting details, and transitions between thoughts. This visual aid ensures coherence and flow within each paragraph.

When considering graphic organizers for writing , it's essential to choose tools that align with your essay's structure and objectives. Whether crafting an argumentative piece or a narrative exposition, selecting the right graphic organizer can streamline your thought process and elevate your writing prowess.

Utilizing these organizational aids fosters clarity in expression while honing critical thinking skills essential for academic success. As students delve into English Language Arts assignments, incorporating graphic organizers becomes synonymous with mastering the art of persuasive communication through written discourse.

Educational Benefits of Graphic Organizers

Research underscores the educational benefits of integrating graphic organizers into writing instruction. These tools not only enhance brainstorming capabilities but also foster organization skills crucial for developing coherent essays. By visually representing information, graphic organizers cater to diverse learning styles and empower students to structure their ideas effectively.

Moreover, differentiated graphic organizers cater to individual student needs by providing tailored support in essay writing tasks. Whether tackling expository compositions or informative analyses, these tools serve as companions in navigating complex writing assignments with confidence.

In essence, embracing graphic organizers in English Language Arts education nurtures a generation of proficient writers equipped with essential skills for articulating ideas persuasively. Through color-coded schemes and interactive formats, these tools transform mundane writing tasks into engaging ventures that inspire creativity and critical thinking among students.

Step-by-Step Guide to Using a Graphic Organizer for Your Essay

Embarking on the journey of essay writing can be daunting, especially when faced with a blank page and a myriad of ideas swirling in your mind. This is where graphic organizers come to the rescue, serving as navigational tools that guide you through the intricate process of crafting a well-structured and coherent essay.

Selecting the Right Graphic Organizer

Before diving into the writing process, it's essential to choose the appropriate graphic organizer that aligns with your essay's type and purpose. Whether you are working on an expository piece or a persuasive argument, selecting a graphic organizer tailored to your needs can streamline your thought process and enhance the clarity of your writing.

Consider utilizing tools like the Opinion Essay Planning Organizer , which provides a structured framework for organizing opinions, supporting details, and counterarguments effectively. By selecting a graphic organizer that complements your essay topic and objectives, you set yourself up for success in articulating your ideas persuasively.

Filling in Your Graphic Organizer

From thesis to conclusion.

Once you've selected the right graphic organizer for your essay, it's time to populate it with essential elements that form the backbone of your composition. Begin by crafting a compelling thesis statement that encapsulates the main argument or claim you intend to explore in your essay. This serves as the guiding beacon that directs the flow of your writing towards a cohesive conclusion.

As Mrs. Lindquist aptly notes, filling out a graphic organizer while conducting research not only aids in organizing ideas but also serves as a roadmap during the writing process. By outlining key points from thesis to conclusion within your graphic organizer, you establish a clear trajectory for developing each section cohesively.

Organizing Your Supporting Points

Just as constructing a building requires sturdy pillars to uphold its structure, organizing supporting points in your essay is crucial for reinforcing your main argument. Utilize the sections within your graphic organizer to delineate supporting evidence, examples, and analysis that bolster each aspect of your thesis statement.

Hello Tennessee Teacher emphasizes how argument writing graphic organizers empower students to structure their thoughts systematically while incorporating evidence effectively. By populating each section of your graphic organizer with relevant supporting points, you create a robust foundation upon which to build persuasive arguments within your essay.

Translating Your Organizer into an Essay

As you fill out each section of your graphic organizer with meticulous detail and precision, you pave the way for seamlessly translating these organized thoughts into a coherent essay. Remember that every element within your graphic organizer—from introductory hooks to concluding summaries—plays a pivotal role in shaping the narrative flow of your writing.

Despite initial perceptions that using graphic organizers may consume additional time, empirical evidence suggests that investing effort in this prewriting stage ultimately saves time during actual composition. Personal narrative graphic organizers serve as invaluable tools for guiding students through narrative writing tasks by breaking down complex narratives into manageable segments without overwhelming them.

By translating insights gleaned from interactive worksheets and argumentative essay planners into tangible written content, students hone their ability to articulate ideas logically and persuasively. The transition from filling out structured diagrams to drafting comprehensive essays marks a significant milestone in developing proficient writing skills efficiently.

In essence, leveraging graphic organizers throughout the essay-writing process not only enhances organizational skills but also fosters critical thinking abilities essential for effective communication through written discourse.

Reflecting on the Essay Writing Process

As an educator deeply invested in enhancing students' writing skills, I have witnessed firsthand the transformative impact of incorporating graphic organizers into the essay-writing process. These visual tools serve as invaluable assets that not only streamline the composition journey but also empower students to articulate their thoughts with clarity and precision.

The Benefits of Using a Graphic Organizer

In the words of Hello Tennessee Teacher , these argument writing graphic organizers provide students with a structured approach to organizing their ideas, opinions, and evidence findings. By breaking down complex essay tasks into manageable components, these tools enable students to navigate the intricacies of academic writing effectively. As students engage with graphic organizers, they develop essential skills in brainstorming, organizing information logically, and crafting coherent arguments—a testament to the educational benefits these tools offer.

Similarly, Mrs. Lindquist underscores the significance of graphic organizers in guiding students through expository and persuasive essays. By filling out these visual aids while conducting research, students gain a roadmap that directs them through each stage of the writing process. This hands-on approach not only fosters organization skills but also instills confidence in students as they transform their ideas into well-structured compositions.

The utilization of graphic organizers transcends mere academic support; it serves as a catalyst for fostering critical thinking and analytical skills among students. By encouraging learners to dissect complex topics into digestible components, graphic organizers prompt deeper engagement with content and facilitate a more profound understanding of key concepts.

In essence, integrating graphic organizers into essay writing cultivates a culture of strategic thinking and meticulous planning—a foundation upon which students can build their proficiency in written communication.

Tips for Effective Essay Writing

Start with a Strong Thesis : A compelling thesis statement serves as the cornerstone of your essay, guiding your arguments and shaping the narrative flow. Ensure your thesis is specific, debatable, and reflective of your main argument to captivate readers from the outset.

Organize Your Thoughts : Before diving into writing, take time to outline your ideas using a graphic organizer or structured framework. By mapping out key points and supporting evidence beforehand, you establish a cohesive structure that enhances readability and coherence.

Craft Cohesive Body Paragraphs : Each body paragraph should focus on a single idea or argument supported by relevant evidence. Ensure seamless transitions between paragraphs to maintain a logical progression of thought throughout your essay.

Utilize Transitional Phrases : Transition words and phrases act as signposts that guide readers through your essay's progression. Incorporate transitions like "furthermore," "however," or "in contrast" to connect ideas smoothly and enhance overall cohesion.

Revise and Edit Diligently : Once you've drafted your essay, allocate time for thorough revision and editing. Check for grammar errors, clarity of expression, consistency in argumentation, and adherence to formatting guidelines before finalizing your work.

Seek Feedback : Don't hesitate to seek feedback from peers or instructors on your essay drafts. External perspectives can offer valuable insights into areas for improvement and help refine your arguments for greater impact.

Embrace Revision as Growth : View revision not as a chore but as an opportunity for growth and refinement. Embrace constructive criticism as a means to enhance your writing skills and elevate the quality of your essays over time.

By incorporating these tips into your essay-writing practice alongside graphic organizer utilization, you equip yourself with essential tools for crafting compelling narratives that resonate with readers effectively.

Conclusion and Next Steps

As we conclude this comprehensive guide on efficient essay writing using a Graphic Organizer Bundle , it's essential to recap the key points that underscore the significance of incorporating visual tools in the essay composition process. Throughout our exploration, we have delved into the transformative impact of graphic organizers in simplifying complex tasks, organizing thoughts cohesively, and fostering critical thinking skills among students.

Recap of Key Points

Graphic Organizers Enhance Organization : By breaking down essay components into manageable sections, graphic organizers serve as navigational aids that guide students through the writing process effectively.

Thesis Statement Importance : Crafting a strong thesis statement is paramount in articulating the main argument concisely and setting the tone for the entire essay.

Structured Essay Components : Understanding the structure of an essay—introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion—provides a framework for conveying ideas logically and persuasively.

Educational Benefits : Research underscores the educational benefits of integrating graphic organizers into writing instruction, enhancing brainstorming capabilities and organization skills crucial for developing coherent essays.

Moving forward, it is imperative to encourage students to practice and explore diverse forms of essay writing with the aid of graphic organizers. The lack of practice in middle and high school settings often hinders students from honing their writing skills effectively. Experts emphasize that students must dedicate more time to crafting evidence-based essays to overcome proficiency struggles commonly observed in academic writing.

Encouragement to Practice and Explore

Incorporating expert insights into essay writing not only enriches content but also enhances the quality of written work significantly. Writers and scientists stress the importance of interviewing experts to gain valuable information that may not be readily available through traditional research methods. By seeking guidance from professionals in various fields, writers can elevate their essays by incorporating unique perspectives and nuanced arguments.

As students embark on their writing journeys, it is crucial to embrace practice as a means of refining their skills continually. Regular engagement with diverse forms of writing—from analytical essays to narrative compositions—fosters versatility and adaptability in expressing ideas effectively. Moreover, exploring different genres and styles broadens students' creative horizons while strengthening their ability to communicate persuasively through written discourse.

In essence, cultivating a culture of continuous learning and exploration in essay writing empowers students to transcend proficiency barriers and unlock their full potential as proficient writers. By embracing challenges as opportunities for growth and refinement, individuals can navigate complex writing tasks with confidence while honing essential skills essential for academic success.

About the Author : Quthor, powered by Quick Creator , is an AI writer that excels in creating high-quality articles from just a keyword or an idea. Leveraging Quick Creator 's cutting-edge writing engine, Quthor efficiently gathers up-to-date facts and data to produce engaging and informative content. The article you're reading? Crafted by Quthor, demonstrating its capability to produce compelling content. Experience the power of AI writing. Try Quick Creator for free at quickcreator.io and start creating with Quthor today!

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Figures and Charts

What this handout is about.

This handout will describe how to use figures and tables to present complicated information in a way that is accessible and understandable to your reader.

Do I need a figure/table?

When planning your writing, it is important to consider the best way to communicate information to your audience, especially if you plan to use data in the form of numbers, words, or images that will help you construct and support your argument.  Generally speaking, data summaries may take the form of text, tables or figures. Most writers are familiar with textual data summaries and this is often the best way to communicate simple results. A good rule of thumb is to see if you can present your results clearly in a sentence or two. If so, a table or figure is probably unnecessary. If your data are too numerous or complicated to be described adequately in this amount of space, figures and tables can be effective ways of conveying lots of information without cluttering up your text. Additionally, they serve as quick references for your reader and can reveal trends, patterns, or relationships that might otherwise be difficult to grasp.

So what’s the difference between a table and a figure anyway?

Tables present lists of numbers or text in columns and can be used to synthesize existing literature, to explain variables, or to present the wording of survey questions. They are also used to make a paper or article more readable by removing numeric or listed data from the text. Tables are typically used to present raw data, not when you want to show a relationship between variables.

Figures are visual presentations of results. They come in the form of graphs, charts, drawings, photos, or maps.  Figures provide visual impact and can effectively communicate your primary finding. Traditionally, they are used to display trends and patterns of relationship, but they can also be used to communicate processes or display complicated data simply.  Figures should not duplicate the same information found in tables and vice versa.

Using tables

Tables are easily constructed using your word processor’s table function or a spread sheet program such as Excel. Elements of a table include the Legend or Title, Column Titles, and the Table Body (quantitative or qualitative data). They may also include subheadings and footnotes. Remember that it is just as important to think about the organization of tables as it is to think about the organization of paragraphs. A well-organized table allows readers to grasp the meaning of the data presented with ease, while a disorganized one will leave the reader confused about the data itself, or the significance of the data.

Title: Tables are headed by a number followed by a clear, descriptive title or caption. Conventions regarding title length and content vary by discipline. In the hard sciences, a lengthy explanation of table contents may be acceptable. In other disciplines, titles should be descriptive but short, and any explanation or interpretation of data should take place in the text. Be sure to look up examples from published papers within your discipline that you can use as a model. It may also help to think of the title as the “topic sentence” of the table—it tells the reader what the table is about and how it’s organized. Tables are read from the top down, so titles go above the body of the table and are left-justified.

Column titles: The goal of column headings is to simplify and clarify the table, allowing the reader to understand the components of the table quickly. Therefore, column titles should be brief and descriptive and should include units of analysis.

Table body: This is where your data are located, whether they are numerical or textual. Again, organize your table in a way that helps the reader understand the significance of the data. Be sure to think about what you want your readers to compare, and put that information in the column (up and down) rather than in the row (across). In other words, construct your table so that like elements read down, not across. When using numerical data with decimals, make sure that the decimal points line up. Whole numbers should line up on the right.

Other table elements

Tables should be labeled with a number preceding the table title; tables and figures are labeled independently of one another. Tables should also have lines demarcating different parts of the table (title, column headers, data, and footnotes if present). Gridlines or boxes should not be included in printed versions. Tables may or may not include other elements, such as subheadings or footnotes.

Quick reference for tables

Tables should be:

• Centered on the page.
• Numbered in the order they appear in the text.
• Referenced in the order they appear in the text.
• Labeled with the table number and descriptive title above the table.
• Labeled with column and/or row labels that describe the data, including units of measurement.
• Set apart from the text itself; text does not flow around the table.

Table 1. Physical characteristics of the Doctor in the new series of Doctor Who

Table 2. Physical characteristics of the Doctor in the new series of Doctor Who

Using figures

Figures can take many forms. They may be graphs, diagrams, photos, drawings, or maps. Think deliberately about your purpose and use common sense to choose the most effective figure for communicating the main point. If you want your reader to understand spatial relationships, a map or photograph may be the best choice. If you want to illustrate proportions, experiment with a pie chart or bar graph. If you want to illustrate the relationship between two variables, try a line graph or a scatterplot (more on various types of graphs below). Although there are many types of figures, like tables, they share some typical features: captions, the image itself, and any necessary contextual information (which will vary depending on the type of figure you use).

Figure captions

Figures should be labeled with a number followed by a descriptive caption or title. Captions should be concise but comprehensive. They should describe the data shown, draw attention to important features contained within the figure, and may sometimes also include interpretations of the data. Figures are typically read from the bottom up, so captions go below the figure and are left-justified.

The most important consideration for figures is simplicity. Choose images the viewer can grasp and interpret clearly and quickly. Consider size, resolution, color, and prominence of important features. Figures should be large enough and of sufficient resolution for the viewer to make out details without straining their eyes. Also consider the format your paper will ultimately take. Journals typically publish figures in black and white, so any information coded by color will be lost to the reader.  On the other hand, color might be a good choice for papers published to the web or for PowerPoint presentations. In any case, use figure elements like color, line, and pattern for effect, not for flash.

Additional information

Figures should be labeled with a number preceding the table title; tables and figures are numbered independently of one another. Also be sure to include any additional contextual information your viewer needs to understand the figure. For graphs, this may include labels, a legend explaining symbols, and vertical or horizontal tick marks. For maps, you’ll need to include a scale and north arrow. If you’re unsure about contextual information, check out several types of figures that are commonly used in your discipline.

Quick reference for figures

Figures should be:

• Labeled (under the figure) with the figure number and appropriate descriptive title (“Figure” can be spelled out [“Figure 1.”] or abbreviated [“Fig. 1.”] as long as you are consistent).
• Referenced in the order they appear in the text (i.e. Figure 1 is referenced in the text before Figure 2 and so forth).
• Set apart from the text; text should not flow around figures.

Every graph is a figure but not every figure is a graph. Graphs are a particular set of figures that display quantitative relationships between variables. Some of the most common graphs include bar charts, frequency histograms, pie charts, scatter plots, and line graphs, each of which displays trends or relationships within and among datasets in a different way. You’ll need to carefully choose the best graph for your data and the relationship that you want to show. More details about some common graph types are provided below. Some good advice regarding the construction of graphs is to keep it simple. Remember that the main objective of your graph is communication. If your viewer is unable to visually decode your graph, then you have failed to communicate the information contained within it.

Pie charts are used to show relative proportions, specifically the relationship of a number of parts to the whole. Use pie charts only when the parts of the pie are mutually exclusive categories and the sum of parts adds up to a meaningful whole (100% of something). Pie charts are good at showing “big picture” relationships (i.e. some categories make up “a lot” or “a little” of the whole thing). However, if you want your reader to discern fine distinctions within your data, the pie chart is not for you. Humans are not very good at making comparisons based on angles. We are much better at comparing length, so try a bar chart as an alternative way to show relative proportions. Additionally, pie charts with lots of little slices or slices of very different sizes are difficult to read, so limit yours to 5-7 categories.

The chart shows the relative proportion of fifteen elements in Martian soil, listed in order from “most” to “least”: oxygen, silicon, iron, magnesium, calcium, sulfur, aluminum, sodium, potassium, chlorine, helium, nitrogen, phosphorus, beryllium, and other. Oxygen makes up about ⅓ of the composition, while silicon and iron together make up about ¼. The remaining slices make up smaller proportions, but the percentages aren’t listed in the key and are difficult to estimate. It is also hard to distinguish fifteen colors when comparing the pie chart to the color coded key.

The chart shows the relative proportion of five leisure activities of Venusian teenagers (tanning, trips to Mars, reading, messing with satellites, and stealing Earth cable). Although each of the five slices are about the same size (roughly 20% of the total), the percentage of Venusian teenagers engaging in each activity varies widely (tanning: 80%, trips to Mars: 40%, reading: 12%, messing with satellites: 30%, stealing Earth cable: 77%). Therefore, there is a mismatch between the labels and the actual proportion represented by each activity (in other words, if reading represents 12% of the total, its slice should take up 12% of the pie chart area), which makes the representation inaccurate. In addition, the labels for the five slices add up to 239% (rather than 100%), which makes it impossible to accurately represent this dataset using a pie chart.

Bar graphs are also used to display proportions. In particular, they are useful for showing the relationship between independent and dependent variables, where the independent variables are discrete (often nominal) categories. Some examples are occupation, gender, and species. Bar graphs can be vertical or horizontal. In a vertical bar graph the independent variable is shown on the x axis (left to right) and the dependent variable on the y axis (up and down). In a horizontal one, the dependent variable will be shown on the horizontal (x) axis, the independent on the vertical (y) axis. The scale and origin of the graph should be meaningful. If the dependent (numeric) variable has a natural zero point, it is commonly used as a point of origin for the bar chart. However, zero is not always the best choice. You should experiment with both origin and scale to best show the relevant trends in your data without misleading the viewer in terms of the strength or extent of those trends.

The graph shows the number of male and female spaceship crew members for five different popular television series: Star Trek (1965), Battlestar (1978), Star Trek: TNG (1987), Stargate SG-1 (1997), and Firefly (2002). Because the television series are arranged chronologically on the x-axis, the graph can also be used to look for trends in these numbers over time.

Although the number of crew members for each show is similar (ranging from 9 to 11), the proportion of female and male crew members varies. Star Trek has half as many female crew members as male crew members (3 and 6, respectively), Battlestar has fewer than one-fourth as many female crew members as male crew members (2 and 9, respectively), Star Trek: TNG has four female crew members and six male crew members, Stargate SG-1 has less than one-half as many female crew members as male crew members (3 and 7, respectively), and Firefly has four female and five male crew members.

Frequency histograms/distributions

Frequency histograms are a special type of bar graph that show the relationship between independent and dependent variables, where the independent variable is continuous, rather than discrete. This means that each bar represents a range of values, rather than a single observation. The dependent variables in a histogram are always numeric, but may be absolute (counts) or relative (percentages). Frequency histograms are good for describing populations—examples include the distribution of exam scores for students in a class or the age distribution of the people living in Chapel Hill. You can experiment with bar ranges (also known as “bins”) to achieve the best level of detail, but each range or bin should be of uniform width and clearly labeled.

XY scatter plots

Scatter plots are another way to illustrate the relationship between two variables. In this case, data are displayed as points in an x,y coordinate system, where each point represents one observation along two axes of variation. Often, scatter plots are used to illustrate correlation between two variables—as one variable increases, the other increases (positive correlation) or decreases (negative correlation). However, correlation does not necessarily imply that changes in one variable cause changes in the other. For instance, a third, unplotted variable may be causing both. In other words, scatter plots can be used to graph one independent and one dependent variable, or they can be used to plot two independent variables. In cases where one variable is dependent on another (for example, height depends partly on age), plot the independent variable on the horizontal (x) axis, and the dependent variable on the vertical (y) axis. In addition to correlation (a linear relationship), scatter plots can be used to plot non-linear relationships between variables.

The scatter plot shows the relationship between temperature (x-axis, independent variable) and the number of UFO sightings (y-axis, dependent variable) for 53 separate data points. The temperature ranges from about 0°F and 120°F, and the number of UFO sightings ranges from 1 to 10. The plot shows a low number of UFO sightings (ranging from 1 to 4) at temperatures below 80°F and a much wider range of the number of sightings (from 1 to 10) at temperatures above 80°F. It appears that the number of sightings tends to increase as temperature increases, though there are many cases where only a few sightings occur at high temperatures.

XY line graphs

Line graphs are similar to scatter plots in that they display data along two axes of variation. Line graphs, however, plot a series of related values that depict a change in one variable as a function of another, for example, world population (dependent) over time (independent). Individual data points are joined by a line, drawing the viewer’s attention to local change between adjacent points, as well as to larger trends in the data. Line graphs are similar to bar graphs, but are better at showing the rate of change between two points. Line graphs can also be used to compare multiple dependent variables by plotting multiple lines on the same graph.

Example of an XY line graph:

The line graph shows the age (in years) of the actor of each Doctor Who regeneration for the first through the eleventh regeneration. The ages range from a maximum of about 55 in the first regeneration to a minimum of about 25 in the eleventh regeneration. There is a downward trend in the age of the actors over the course of the eleven regenerations.

General tips for graphs

Strive for simplicity. Your data will be complex. Don’t be tempted to convey the complexity of your data in graphical form. Your job (and the job of your graph) is to communicate the most important thing about the data. Think of graphs like you think of paragraphs—if you have several important things to say about your data, make several graphs, each of which highlights one important point you want to make.

Strive for clarity. Make sure that your data are portrayed in a way that is visually clear. Make sure that you have explained the elements of the graph clearly. Consider your audience. Will your reader be familiar with the type of figure you are using (such as a boxplot)? If not, or if you’re not sure, you may need to explain boxplot conventions in the text. Avoid “chartjunk.” Superfluous elements just make graphs visually confusing. Your reader does not want to spend 15 minutes figuring out the point of your graph.

Strive for accuracy. Carefully check your graph for errors. Even a simple graphical error can change the meaning and interpretation of the data. Use graphs responsibly. Don’t manipulate the data so that it looks like it’s saying something it’s not—savvy viewers will see through this ruse, and you will come off as incompetent at best and dishonest at worst.

How should tables and figures interact with text?

Placement of figures and tables within the text is discipline-specific. In manuscripts (such as lab reports and drafts) it is conventional to put tables and figures on separate pages from the text, as near as possible to the place where you first refer to it. You can also put all the figures and tables at the end of the paper to avoid breaking up the text. Figures and tables may also be embedded in the text, as long as the text itself isn’t broken up into small chunks. Complex raw data is conventionally presented in an appendix. Be sure to check on conventions for the placement of figures and tables in your discipline.

You can use text to guide the reader in interpreting the information included in a figure, table, or graph—tell the reader what the figure or table conveys and why it was important to include it.

When referring to tables and graphs from within the text, you can use:

• Clauses beginning with “as”: “As shown in Table 1, …”
• Passive voice: “Results are shown in Table 1.”
• Active voice (if appropriate for your discipline): “Table 1 shows that …”
• Parentheses: “Each sample tested positive for three nutrients (Table 1).”

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

American Psychological Association. 2010. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association . 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Bates College. 2012. “ Almost everything you wanted to know about making tables and figures.” How to Write a Paper in Scientific Journal Style and Format , January 11, 2012. http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/writing/HTWtablefigs.html.

Cleveland, William S. 1994. The Elements of Graphing Data , 2nd ed. Summit, NJ: Hobart Press..

Council of Science Editors. 2014. Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers , 8th ed. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.

University of Chicago Press. 2017. The Chicago Manual of Style , 17th ed. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Graphic Essays and Comics

Overview   |   Recommended Software   |   Student-Made Examples   |   Other Examples   |   Instructional Video

A graphic essay (sometimes called a visual essay) uses a combination of text and images to explore a specific topic. Graphic essays can look like comics, graphic novels, magazines, collages, artist books, textbooks, or even websites. Graphic essays often first take the form of written essays and then have graphic elements added to enrich the reader experience. Unlike infographics, which also combine text and images, graphic essays are often more text-based and usually have a narrative arc or specific reading order.

Comics are a genre used to express ideas through images combined with text or other visual information. Comics can take the form of a single panel or a series of juxtaposed panels of images, sometimes called a strip. Text is conveyed via captions below the panel(s), or speech bubbles and onomatopoeias within the panel(s), to indicate dialogue, narration, sound effects, or other information. Graphic novels are often considered to be a longer form of comics, typically in book form.

A web-based graphic essay can take the form of a blog or a single page website, such as a Microsoft Sway page or an interactive Prezi. For Microsoft Sway and Prezi graphic essays, see the examples below. If you are creating a blog we recommend visiting the Web-Based Projects page .

Graphic Essay Design Tip: Graphic essays can take many forms, so we recommend being creative within the scope of your project! Get some help from DesignLab to brainstorm options and talk through the various tools available!

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Recommended Software

There are many different software programs that can be used to create graphic essays. Below is a list of the software that we recommend for making a graphic essay. We organized the software by category and put the software from top to bottom from best to worst. We recommend using a software you know well or learning the software well enough to establish an easy workflow, so you can spend less time troubleshooting and spend more time on your project. Check out our Software Support page for links to tutorials for all of these programs.

General Graphic Essay Software

Web-Based Graphic Essay Software

Comic-Specific Graphic Essay Software

Student-Made Examples

Print style graphic essay.

Becoming a Witness by Jessica Posnock

Creative Graphic Essay

Virtual Communication by Max Hautala   *Award Winning*

Curb Magazine (2012) by Journalism 417

Web-Based (Magazine) Graphic Essay

Curb Magazine (Current) by Journalism 417

Web-Based (Sway) Graphic Essay

Language Influences Culture, Thoughts, and Identity by Kristen Luckow   *Award Winning*

Dyslexia by Maria Swanke *Award Winning*

Other Examples

Web-based (blog) graphic essay.

Switch It Up: Graphic Essay by Amanda Zieba

Graphic Novel

Graphic Novels in the Classroom by Gene Yang

Instructional Video

I think all teachers would agree that teaching writing is a grueling process.  Narrative writing, in particular, is tough because it involves many different components.  Whether students are writing a personal narrative or a fictional narrative, it is critical that they learn to correctly construct their writing in a way that highlights their storyline.  Flowing through the elements of plot, character, and dialogue can quickly become overwhelming. In order to ease the feelings of overwhelm, I like to utilize graphic organizers throughout the entire writing process.  That way, students get a visual representation for each component of their narrative. Each organizer and the specific order of implementation is detailed below.

Narrative Concept Map

It might be obvious, but starting the teaching process by defining the term “narrative” is critical.  Of course, students know what stories are, but the word narrative might be new to them. The concept map provides a space to record the definition, add synonyms, construct an original sentence, and develop concrete examples.  If done well, students will start the writing process with a strong understanding of the expectations for narrative writing.

Theme Concept Map

The next graphic organizer is focused on the concept of theme .  In order for students to start thinking about possible themes ahead of time, I like to complete it with students before they start writing.  If students are clear on their theme, their stories tend to have more depth and meaning. The theme organizer is similar to the narrative organizer outlined above.  Students write the definition, provide a synonym or two, write an original sentence, then generate theme examples from familiar stories they have read in the past.

Plot Terms Concept Map

It is hard to write a narrative without a basic understanding of plot.  The ability to differentiate and understand the elements of plot is necessary for crafting an effective story.  Using a concept map to define each term will help students when it comes time to construct each part of their story.  Each element of the plot serves a specific purpose, which will hopefully be clear to students after they have completed the concept map for each term.

Literary Devices Concept Map

I like to spend a bit more time teaching students about the different literary devices they might want to include in their narratives.  Typically, I focus on one device at a time, possibly even creating a separate lesson plan for each one. The graphic organizer is nice because students can refer back to it when writing their narratives.  I like to require students to use three examples of literary devices in their story, which makes this graphic organizer a great point of reference later on in the writing process.

Character Traits Bubble Map

Brainstorming character traits is always fun because it gives students a chance to think about their favorite fictional characters and the specific traits those characters possess.  Filling up the bubble map also gives students a great deal of inspiration to work with when it’s time for them to start constructing characters of their own.

Character Maps

The character maps provide students with space to dive deeper into character creation.  It forces them to think about each character’s physical description, actions, feelings, and thoughts.  Without the character maps, students run the risk of creating flat characters. Taking the time to create deep and meaningful characters is an integral part of crafting a narrative.

Transition Words Bubble Map

Teaching students to incorporate different transition words into their narratives is so important.  Transition words are extremely helpful for the reader to be able to follow along and keep pace with the narrative.  Without them, the story might feel jumpy and disconnected. Providing the reader with transition words, helps them understand how the ideas flow together.  Like the literacy devices map described above, the transition words bubble map works well as a reference tool when students begin writing their narratives.

Types of Characters Double Bubble Map

Comparing and contrasting character types will give students a stronger foundation for developing their own characters.  It is important for students to know the difference between static characters and dynamic characters, not only for writing purposes, but for reading comprehension as well.  Your students might be creating both types of characters, but not know the terms used to define each type. The double bubble map helps to reinforce this concept.

Types of Conflict Double Bubble Map

Delving into the different types of conflict is also something I like to do before students start writing their narratives.  Conflict is a major component of all narratives, so I want to make sure students are extremely clear on the type of conflict they are presenting in their own story.  We take the time to compare and contrast both conflict types and look at examples of each. In my experience, external conflicts are more popular with fictional narratives, and internal conflicts are more popular with personal narratives.  That being said, both work well in either scenario.

Tone vs. Mood Double Bubble Map

Possibly the most difficult literary concept for students to understand is the difference between tone and mood.  I like to dedicate time for a stand-alone lesson on creating and utilizing tone and mood.  Overall, my goal is for students to have a general understanding of tone and mood, so they can successfully apply both to their own stories.

Sensory Words Tree Map

I love teaching imagery! The sensory words tree map encourages imagination and gives students a chance to get creative with their writing.  We start the tree map together as a class, and students finish on their own. I like to teaching students to use sensory details by describing their favorite meal.  Food is something that usually appeals to all five senses. When it’s time for students to add imagery to their own stories, they just need to think back to how they described their favorite meal.  They can also look back to their completed tree map for additional ideas.

Figurative Language Tree Map

Figurative language is a concept that is weaved throughout the entire school year.  I use the tree map to focus on the most common types of figurative language, and the devices that students are most likely going to add to their stories.  We work together to define and add an example for each type of figurative language. The tree map works well as a quick review and as a place for students to refer back to when they are looking to add figurative language to their narrative.

Point of View Tree Map

Understanding the differences in point of view is an important part of narrative writing.  If students are writing a personal narrative, they will most likely be writing in first person.  On the other hand, if students are writing a fictional narrative, they will most likely be writing in third person.  While understanding the differences in point of view can be tricky, most students will naturally gravitate to the correct use of point of view for their particular story.

Click here to download all fifteen Narrative Graphic Organizers from Literacy in Focus on TpT. 

Narrative Flow Map

The narrative flow map presents a different way of diagraming the plot.  It is essential that students work through each element of their story before they start writing.  Otherwise, the narrative may contain unnecessary elements or skip over critical components that are needed for a cohesive storyline.  The narrative flow map is a way for students to ensure that their story is complete and contains all necessary elements.

Plot Diagram

Most students will be familiar with a plot diagram.  Like the narrative flow map, the plot diagram ensures that students add all the necessary story elements to their narratives.  The plot diagram also serves as a great storytelling visual. Students can see how their story begins with the exposition, takes the reader up with the rising action, peaks at the climax, brings the reader back down with the falling action, and ties up all loose ends with the resolution.

Teaching students how to write a narrative doesn’t have to be difficult! You can pick and choose your favorite graphic organizers to use, or, if you have time, you can use all fifteen!  If you are interested in downloading all fifteen graphic organizers, click here to visit Literacy in Focus on TpT , and make them yours today!  All of the narrative organizers are printable and digital, making it easy for you to implement with or without technology!

“Very straightforward and easy to incorporate into my narrative writing unit. The digital copies were great for students who need technology to help with writing.” -Andrew M

Argumentative Essay Graphic Organizer Freebie

Argumentative writing may sound like a new concept or approach, but it is not.  This term basically means to argue one’s opinion while understanding that there is an opposing side. 

Brought to the forefront with the adoption of the new ELA Common Core Standards, middle and high school students alike need practice in developing argumentative writing.  This allows them to increase their comfort level in choosing a side on a controversial issue and developing their opinion using persuasive language and techniques.  From there, writers should be able to think about the arguments or counterclaims that the opposing side would make in response.  Not only should the author seek to provide these counterclaims, but to add support that dismisses the opposition’s argument.  

The argumentative graphic organizer is a strategic teaching tool that better equips students to develop this type of writing.  This graphic organizer is designed to anticipate the needs of the readers, as well as have the author utilize a variety of detail types to develop their opinion with more than just fluffy, eloquent language.  

To download this resource for free click here and to view over 100 of our resources click here

Kevin has worked in education for over two decades. He has a Masters degree in Educational Technologies and runs two companies providing educational content to schools, students and teachers.

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• Writing Tips

When to Use an Image in an Essay

• 3-minute read
• 30th June 2019

Pages of text alone can look quite dull. And while “dull” may seem normal enough for an essay , using images and charts can make a document more visually interesting. It can even help you boost your grades if done right! Here, then, is our guide on how to use an image in academic writing .

Usually, you will only need to add an image in academic writing if it serves a specific purpose (e.g., illustrating your argument). Even then, you need to make sure images are presently correctly. As such, try asking yourself the following questions whenever you add picture or chart in an essay:

• Does it add anything useful? Any image or chart you include in your work should help you make your argument or explain a point more clearly. For instance, if you are analyzing a movie, you may need to include a still from a scene to illustrate your point.
• Is the image clearly labelled? All images in your essay should come with clear captions (e.g., “Figure 1” plus a title or description). Without these, your reader may not know how images relate to the surrounding text.
• Have you mentioned the image in the text? Make sure to reference any images you use in the text of your essay. If you have included an image to illustrate a point, for instance, you would include something along the lines of “An example of this can be seen in Figure 1.”

The key, then, is that images in an essay are not just decoration. Rather, they should fit with and add to the arguments you make in the text.

Citing Images and Illustrations

If you have created all the images you are using in your essay yourself, then all you need to do is label them clearly (as described above). But if you want to use an existing image you found somewhere else, you will need to cite your source as well, just as you would when quoting someone.

The format for this will depend on the referencing system you’re using. However, with author–date referencing, it usually involves giving the source author’s name and a year of publication. For example:

In the caption above, we have cited the page of the paper the image comes from using an APA-style citation. We would then need to add the full paper to the reference list at the end of the document:

Gramblička, S., Kohar, R., & Stopka, M. (2017). Dynamic analysis of mechanical conveyor drive system. Procedia Engineering , 192, 259–264. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.045

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You can also cite an image directly if it not part of a larger publication or document. If we wanted to cite an image found online in APA referencing , for example, we would use the following format:

Surname, Initial(s). (Role). (Year).  Title or description of image  [Image format]. Retrieved from URL.

In practice, then, we could cite a photograph as follows:

Booth, S. (Photographer). (2014). Passengers [Digital image]. Retrieved from https://www.flickr.com/photos/stevebooth/35470947736/in/pool-best100only/

Make sure to check your style guide if you are not sure which referencing system to use when citing images in your work. And don’t forget to have your finished document proofread before you submit it for marking.

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• The four main types of essay | Quick guide with examples

The Four Main Types of Essay | Quick Guide with Examples

Published on September 4, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on July 23, 2023.

An essay is a focused piece of writing designed to inform or persuade. There are many different types of essay, but they are often defined in four categories: argumentative, expository, narrative, and descriptive essays.

Argumentative and expository essays are focused on conveying information and making clear points, while narrative and descriptive essays are about exercising creativity and writing in an interesting way. At university level, argumentative essays are the most common type. 

In high school and college, you will also often have to write textual analysis essays, which test your skills in close reading and interpretation.

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Table of contents

Argumentative essays, expository essays, narrative essays, descriptive essays, textual analysis essays, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about types of essays.

An argumentative essay presents an extended, evidence-based argument. It requires a strong thesis statement —a clearly defined stance on your topic. Your aim is to convince the reader of your thesis using evidence (such as quotations ) and analysis.

Argumentative essays test your ability to research and present your own position on a topic. This is the most common type of essay at college level—most papers you write will involve some kind of argumentation.

The essay is divided into an introduction, body, and conclusion:

• The introduction provides your topic and thesis statement
• The body presents your evidence and arguments
• The conclusion summarizes your argument and emphasizes its importance

The example below is a paragraph from the body of an argumentative essay about the effects of the internet on education. Mouse over it to learn more.

A common frustration for teachers is students’ use of Wikipedia as a source in their writing. Its prevalence among students is not exaggerated; a survey found that the vast majority of the students surveyed used Wikipedia (Head & Eisenberg, 2010). An article in The Guardian stresses a common objection to its use: “a reliance on Wikipedia can discourage students from engaging with genuine academic writing” (Coomer, 2013). Teachers are clearly not mistaken in viewing Wikipedia usage as ubiquitous among their students; but the claim that it discourages engagement with academic sources requires further investigation. This point is treated as self-evident by many teachers, but Wikipedia itself explicitly encourages students to look into other sources. Its articles often provide references to academic publications and include warning notes where citations are missing; the site’s own guidelines for research make clear that it should be used as a starting point, emphasizing that users should always “read the references and check whether they really do support what the article says” (“Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia,” 2020). Indeed, for many students, Wikipedia is their first encounter with the concepts of citation and referencing. The use of Wikipedia therefore has a positive side that merits deeper consideration than it often receives.

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An expository essay provides a clear, focused explanation of a topic. It doesn’t require an original argument, just a balanced and well-organized view of the topic.

Expository essays test your familiarity with a topic and your ability to organize and convey information. They are commonly assigned at high school or in exam questions at college level.

The introduction of an expository essay states your topic and provides some general background, the body presents the details, and the conclusion summarizes the information presented.

A typical body paragraph from an expository essay about the invention of the printing press is shown below. Mouse over it to learn more.

The invention of the printing press in 1440 changed this situation dramatically. Johannes Gutenberg, who had worked as a goldsmith, used his knowledge of metals in the design of the press. He made his type from an alloy of lead, tin, and antimony, whose durability allowed for the reliable production of high-quality books. This new technology allowed texts to be reproduced and disseminated on a much larger scale than was previously possible. The Gutenberg Bible appeared in the 1450s, and a large number of printing presses sprang up across the continent in the following decades. Gutenberg’s invention rapidly transformed cultural production in Europe; among other things, it would lead to the Protestant Reformation.

A narrative essay is one that tells a story. This is usually a story about a personal experience you had, but it may also be an imaginative exploration of something you have not experienced.

Narrative essays test your ability to build up a narrative in an engaging, well-structured way. They are much more personal and creative than other kinds of academic writing . Writing a personal statement for an application requires the same skills as a narrative essay.

A narrative essay isn’t strictly divided into introduction, body, and conclusion, but it should still begin by setting up the narrative and finish by expressing the point of the story—what you learned from your experience, or why it made an impression on you.

Mouse over the example below, a short narrative essay responding to the prompt “Write about an experience where you learned something about yourself,” to explore its structure.

Since elementary school, I have always favored subjects like science and math over the humanities. My instinct was always to think of these subjects as more solid and serious than classes like English. If there was no right answer, I thought, why bother? But recently I had an experience that taught me my academic interests are more flexible than I had thought: I took my first philosophy class.

Before I entered the classroom, I was skeptical. I waited outside with the other students and wondered what exactly philosophy would involve—I really had no idea. I imagined something pretty abstract: long, stilted conversations pondering the meaning of life. But what I got was something quite different.

A young man in jeans, Mr. Jones—“but you can call me Rob”—was far from the white-haired, buttoned-up old man I had half-expected. And rather than pulling us into pedantic arguments about obscure philosophical points, Rob engaged us on our level. To talk free will, we looked at our own choices. To talk ethics, we looked at dilemmas we had faced ourselves. By the end of class, I’d discovered that questions with no right answer can turn out to be the most interesting ones.

The experience has taught me to look at things a little more “philosophically”—and not just because it was a philosophy class! I learned that if I let go of my preconceptions, I can actually get a lot out of subjects I was previously dismissive of. The class taught me—in more ways than one—to look at things with an open mind.

A descriptive essay provides a detailed sensory description of something. Like narrative essays, they allow you to be more creative than most academic writing, but they are more tightly focused than narrative essays. You might describe a specific place or object, rather than telling a whole story.

Descriptive essays test your ability to use language creatively, making striking word choices to convey a memorable picture of what you’re describing.

A descriptive essay can be quite loosely structured, though it should usually begin by introducing the object of your description and end by drawing an overall picture of it. The important thing is to use careful word choices and figurative language to create an original description of your object.

Mouse over the example below, a response to the prompt “Describe a place you love to spend time in,” to learn more about descriptive essays.

On Sunday afternoons I like to spend my time in the garden behind my house. The garden is narrow but long, a corridor of green extending from the back of the house, and I sit on a lawn chair at the far end to read and relax. I am in my small peaceful paradise: the shade of the tree, the feel of the grass on my feet, the gentle activity of the fish in the pond beside me.

My cat crosses the garden nimbly and leaps onto the fence to survey it from above. From his perch he can watch over his little kingdom and keep an eye on the neighbours. He does this until the barking of next door’s dog scares him from his post and he bolts for the cat flap to govern from the safety of the kitchen.

With that, I am left alone with the fish, whose whole world is the pond by my feet. The fish explore the pond every day as if for the first time, prodding and inspecting every stone. I sometimes feel the same about sitting here in the garden; I know the place better than anyone, but whenever I return I still feel compelled to pay attention to all its details and novelties—a new bird perched in the tree, the growth of the grass, and the movement of the insects it shelters…

Sitting out in the garden, I feel serene. I feel at home. And yet I always feel there is more to discover. The bounds of my garden may be small, but there is a whole world contained within it, and it is one I will never get tired of inhabiting.

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Though every essay type tests your writing skills, some essays also test your ability to read carefully and critically. In a textual analysis essay, you don’t just present information on a topic, but closely analyze a text to explain how it achieves certain effects.

Rhetorical analysis

A rhetorical analysis looks at a persuasive text (e.g. a speech, an essay, a political cartoon) in terms of the rhetorical devices it uses, and evaluates their effectiveness.

The goal is not to state whether you agree with the author’s argument but to look at how they have constructed it.

The introduction of a rhetorical analysis presents the text, some background information, and your thesis statement; the body comprises the analysis itself; and the conclusion wraps up your analysis of the text, emphasizing its relevance to broader concerns.

The example below is from a rhetorical analysis of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech . Mouse over it to learn more.

King’s speech is infused with prophetic language throughout. Even before the famous “dream” part of the speech, King’s language consistently strikes a prophetic tone. He refers to the Lincoln Memorial as a “hallowed spot” and speaks of rising “from the dark and desolate valley of segregation” to “make justice a reality for all of God’s children.” The assumption of this prophetic voice constitutes the text’s strongest ethical appeal; after linking himself with political figures like Lincoln and the Founding Fathers, King’s ethos adopts a distinctly religious tone, recalling Biblical prophets and preachers of change from across history. This adds significant force to his words; standing before an audience of hundreds of thousands, he states not just what the future should be, but what it will be: “The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.” This warning is almost apocalyptic in tone, though it concludes with the positive image of the “bright day of justice.” The power of King’s rhetoric thus stems not only from the pathos of his vision of a brighter future, but from the ethos of the prophetic voice he adopts in expressing this vision.

Literary analysis

A literary analysis essay presents a close reading of a work of literature—e.g. a poem or novel—to explore the choices made by the author and how they help to convey the text’s theme. It is not simply a book report or a review, but an in-depth interpretation of the text.

Literary analysis looks at things like setting, characters, themes, and figurative language. The goal is to closely analyze what the author conveys and how.

The introduction of a literary analysis essay presents the text and background, and provides your thesis statement; the body consists of close readings of the text with quotations and analysis in support of your argument; and the conclusion emphasizes what your approach tells us about the text.

Mouse over the example below, the introduction to a literary analysis essay on Frankenstein , to learn more.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific advancement unrestrained by ethical considerations. In this reading, protagonist Victor Frankenstein is a stable representation of the callous ambition of modern science throughout the novel. This essay, however, argues that far from providing a stable image of the character, Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to portray Frankenstein in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as. This essay begins by exploring the positive portrayal of Frankenstein in the first volume, then moves on to the creature’s perception of him, and finally discusses the third volume’s narrative shift toward viewing Frankenstein as the creature views him.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

• Ad hominem fallacy
• Post hoc fallacy
• Appeal to authority fallacy
• False cause fallacy
• Sunk cost fallacy

College essays

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At high school and in composition classes at university, you’ll often be told to write a specific type of essay , but you might also just be given prompts.

Look for keywords in these prompts that suggest a certain approach: The word “explain” suggests you should write an expository essay , while the word “describe” implies a descriptive essay . An argumentative essay might be prompted with the word “assess” or “argue.”

The vast majority of essays written at university are some sort of argumentative essay . Almost all academic writing involves building up an argument, though other types of essay might be assigned in composition classes.

Essays can present arguments about all kinds of different topics. For example:

• In a literary analysis essay, you might make an argument for a specific interpretation of a text
• In a history essay, you might present an argument for the importance of a particular event
• In a politics essay, you might argue for the validity of a certain political theory

An argumentative essay tends to be a longer essay involving independent research, and aims to make an original argument about a topic. Its thesis statement makes a contentious claim that must be supported in an objective, evidence-based way.

An expository essay also aims to be objective, but it doesn’t have to make an original argument. Rather, it aims to explain something (e.g., a process or idea) in a clear, concise way. Expository essays are often shorter assignments and rely less on research.

The key difference is that a narrative essay is designed to tell a complete story, while a descriptive essay is meant to convey an intense description of a particular place, object, or concept.

Narrative and descriptive essays both allow you to write more personally and creatively than other kinds of essays , and similar writing skills can apply to both.

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EL Education Curriculum

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• ELA 2019 G7:M2:U2:L9

Write an Informative Essay: Draft an Introduction

In this lesson, daily learning targets, ongoing assessment.

• Technology and Multimedia

Supporting English Language Learners

Materials from previous lessons, new materials, closing & assessments, you are here:.

• ELA 2019 Grade 7
• ELA 2019 G7:M2
• ELA 2019 G7:M2:U2

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Focus Standards:  These are the standards the instruction addresses.

• W.7.2a, L.7.1a

Supporting Standards:  These are the standards that are incidental—no direct instruction in this lesson, but practice of these standards occurs as a result of addressing the focus standards.

• RI.7.1, RI.7.2, W.7.4, W.7.5, W.7.10, L.7.6
• I can write an introduction for my essay giving context on crime detection and epidemiology, clearly stating the focus of the piece. ( W.7.2a )
• Opening A: Entrance Ticket, Unit 2, Lesson 9 ( W.7.2a )
• Work Time A: Annotated, color-coded model informative essay introduction ( W.7.2a )
• Work Time B: Language Dive: Model Essay, Focus Statement note-catcher ( W.7.2a, L.7.1a )
• Closing and Assessment A: Introductory Paragraph of Pair Informative Essay ( W.7.2a )

• Ensure there is a copy of Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 9 at each student's workspace.
• Prepare Organize the Model: Introduction strips (one strip per pair) for Work Time A.
• Strategically pair students for work in Opening A with at least one strong reader per pair.
• Cut apart the introduction paragraph strips, and organize them using envelopes or paperclips so that each pair will have one set.
• Review the Informative Writing checklist to become familiar what will be required of students over the remainder of the unit.
• Post the learning targets and applicable anchor charts (see Materials list).

Tech and Multimedia

• Continue to use the technology tools recommended throughout previous modules to create anchor charts to share with families; to record students as they participate in discussions and protocols to review with students later and to share with families; and for students to listen to and annotate text, record ideas on note-catchers, and word-process writing.

Supports guided in part by CA ELD Standards 7.I.A.1, 7.I.C.10, and 7.II.C.6.

Important Points in the Lesson Itself

• To support ELLs, this lesson includes use of manipulatives to understand the key structures of an essay introduction. Also, the collaboration of writing a peer essay supports students.
• ELLs may find it challenging to generate language for writing their introduction. Encourage students to use oral processing and their home language to assist them in articulating their ideas.
• context (A)

(A): Academic Vocabulary

(DS): Domain-Specific Vocabulary

• Close Readers Do These Things anchor chart (one for display; from Module 1, Unit 1, Lesson 4, Opening A)
• Academic word wall (one for display; from Module 1, Unit 1, Lesson 1, Opening A)
• Criteria of an Effective Informative Essay anchor chart (one for display; from Module 1, Unit 2, Lesson 7, Work Time B)
• Domain-specific word wall (one for display; from Module 1, Unit 1, Lesson 1, Work Time B)
• Model Informative Essay: "Computer Programs and Animal Behavior" (for teacher reference) (from Module 2, Unit 2, Lesson 8, Work Time A)
• Informative Writing Plan graphic organizer (example for teacher reference) (from Module 2, Unit 2, Lesson 8, Closing and Assessment A)
• Vocabulary log (one per student; from Module 1, Unit 1, Lesson 2, Opening A)
• Model Informative Essay: “Computer Programs and Animal Behavior” (one per student and one for display; from Module 2, Unit 2, Lesson 8, Work Time A)
• Painted Essay® template (one per student and one for display; from Module 1, Unit 2, Lesson 7, Closing and Assessment A)
• Colored pencils (red, yellow, blue, light green, dark green; one of each per student)
• Informative Writing Plan graphic organizer (one per student; from Module 2, Unit 2, Lesson 8, Closing and Assessment A)
• Informative Writing Plan graphic organizer ▲
• Directions for Pair Informative Essay (one per student; from Module 2, Unit 2, Lesson 8, Work Time A)
• Patient Zero by Marilee Peters (text; one per student; from Module 2, Unit 1, Lesson 1, Work Time C)
• Homework: Read “Crime-Solving Strategies” (one per student; from Module 2, Unit 2, Lessons 6–7, Homework B)
• Independent reading journal (one per student; begun in Module 1, Unit 1, Lesson 6, Work Time B)
• Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 9 (for teacher reference)
• Organize the Model: Introduction strips (for teacher reference)
• Language Dive Guide: Model Informative Essay, Paragraph 1 (answers for teacher reference)
• Writing implement (red)
• Language Dive: Model Informative Essay, Paragraph 1 note-catcher (for teacher reference)
• Informative Writing checklist (example for teacher reference)
• Entrance Ticket: Unit 2, Lesson 9 (one per student)
• Organize the Model: Introduction strips (one strip per pair)
• Colored pencils (red, green; one of each per student)
• Language Dive: Model Informative Essay, Paragraph 1 note-catcher (one per student)
• Language Dive: Model Informative Essay, Paragraph 1 sentence chunk strips (one per pair of students)
• Informative Writing checklist (one per student and one to display)
• Lined paper (one per student)
• Online or print dictionaries (including ELL and home language dictionaries)

Each unit in the 6-8 Language Arts Curriculum has two standards-based assessments built in, one mid-unit assessment and one end of unit assessment. The module concludes with a performance task at the end of Unit 3 to synthesize students' understanding of what they accomplished through supported, standards-based writing.

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