compound assignment operators in c with example

Example of Augmented Arithmetic and Assignment Operators

There can be five combinations of bitwise operators with the assignment operator, "=". Let's look at them one by one.

Example of Augmented Bitwise and Assignment Operators

Practice problems on assignment operators in c, 1. what will the value of "x" be after the execution of the following code.

The correct answer is 52. x starts at 50, increases by 5 to 55, then decreases by 3 to 52.

2. After executing the following code, what is the value of the number variable?

The correct answer is 144. After right-shifting 73 (binary 1001001) by one and then left-shifting the result by two, the value becomes 144 (binary 10010000).

Benefits of Using Assignment Operators

• Simplifies Code: For example, x += 1 is shorter and clearer than x = x + 1.
• Reduces Errors: They break complex expressions into simpler, more manageable parts thus reducing errors.
• Improves Readability: They make the code easier to read and understand by succinctly expressing common operations.
• Enhances Performance: They often operate in place, potentially reducing the need for additional memory or temporary variables.

Best Practices and Tips for Using the Assignment Operator

While performing arithmetic operations with the same variable, use compound assignment operators

• Initialize Variables When Declaring int count = 0 ; // Initialization
• Avoid Complex Expressions in Assignments a = (b + c) * (d - e); // Consider breaking it down: int temp = b + c; a = temp * (d - e);
• Avoid Multiple Assignments in a Single Statement // Instead of this a = b = c = 0 ; // Do this a = 0 ; b = 0 ; c = 0 ;
• Consistent Formatting int result = 0 ; result += 10 ;

When mixing assignments with other operations, use parentheses to ensure the correct order of evaluation.

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What is the difference between += and =+ C assignment operators [duplicate]

I was wondering if there was a difference between =+ and += (and other assignment operators too). I tried and both did the same thing. So is there a difference or is there a convention? Do both work because my compilers dont check for standarts?

Edit: I made a mistake. I used bad inputs during my testing which led me to thinking they are both doing the same thing. Turns out they are two different things.

+= adds rvalue to lvalue

=+ assigns rvalue to lvalue

• assignment-operator
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• 16 There is no =+ operator in C. –  Eugene Sh. Jan 12, 2017 at 15:07
• 6 I works as two different operators. Assignment and unary + . –  Eugene Sh. Jan 12, 2017 at 15:08
• 9 @EugeneSh.: strictly, there is no longer a =+ operator in C. It ceased to be a part of C in the mid-70s. Note that =+ , =- , =& can both appear in modern C — even =* if the term following is a pointer. Most of the others can't. However, the meaning is of the two separate operators; the fact that they're touching is immaterial. –  Jonathan Leffler Jan 12, 2017 at 15:13
• 2 If you have: int main(void) { int i = 2, j = 3; i =+ j; printf("%d\n", i); return 0; } , do you get 3 or 5 printed? Standard C says it should be 3. Even I've never worked with a compiler that gives a different result — the change from the original =+ to += occurred years before I started coding in C. –  Jonathan Leffler Jan 12, 2017 at 15:16
• 1 @SunggukLim: There's nothing surprising about that. =+ is two operators, = and + . See my answer for details. –  Keith Thompson May 31, 2018 at 17:48

In modern C, or even moderately ancient C, += is a compound assignment operator, and =+ is parsed as two separate tokens. = and + . Punctuation tokens are allowed to be adjacent.

So if you write:

it's equivalent to

except that x is only evaluated once (which can matter if it's a more complicated expression).

If you write:

then it's parsed as

and the + is a unary plus operator.

Very early versions of C (around the mid 1970s, before the publication of K&R1 in 1978) used different symbols for compound assignments. Where modern C uses += , early C used =+ . Early C had no unary + operator, but it did have a unary - operator, and the use of =- caused problems; programmers would write x=-y intending it to mean x = -y , but it was silently interpreted as x =- y . The language was changed some time between 1975 and 1978 to avoid that problem. As late as 1999, I worked with a compiler (VAXC on VMS) that would warn about an ambiguous use of =- , but would use the older meaning. That shouldn't be a concern now unless you're a hobbyist playing with some very old software and/or hardware.

(A 1975 C Reference Manual shows the old =- , =+ , et al forms of the compound assignment operators. The first edition of The C Programming Language by Kernighan and Ritchie, published in 1978, shows the modern -= , += , et al, but mentions the older forms under "Anachronisms".)

• 2 To this day I still put a space after the = so a = -7; is not misinterpreted as a -= 7; . –  chux - Reinstate Monica Mar 28, 2020 at 22:48
• 1 @chux-ReinstateMonica So do I, but only because I find it more legible. –  Keith Thompson Mar 28, 2020 at 23:16

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged c assignment-operator compound-assignment or ask your own question .

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Assignment operators.

Assignment operators modify the value of the object.

[ edit ] Definitions

Copy assignment replaces the contents of the object a with a copy of the contents of b ( b is not modified). For class types, this is performed in a special member function, described in copy assignment operator .

For non-class types, copy and move assignment are indistinguishable and are referred to as direct assignment .

Compound assignment replace the contents of the object a with the result of a binary operation between the previous value of a and the value of b .

[ edit ] Assignment operator syntax

The assignment expressions have the form

• ↑ target-expr must have higher precedence than an assignment expression.
• ↑ new-value cannot be a comma expression, because its precedence is lower.

[ edit ] Built-in simple assignment operator

For the built-in simple assignment, the object referred to by target-expr is modified by replacing its value with the result of new-value . target-expr must be a modifiable lvalue.

The result of a built-in simple assignment is an lvalue of the type of target-expr , referring to target-expr . If target-expr is a bit-field , the result is also a bit-field.

[ edit ] Assignment from an expression

If new-value is an expression, it is implicitly converted to the cv-unqualified type of target-expr . When target-expr is a bit-field that cannot represent the value of the expression, the resulting value of the bit-field is implementation-defined.

If target-expr and new-value identify overlapping objects, the behavior is undefined (unless the overlap is exact and the type is the same).

In overload resolution against user-defined operators , for every type T , the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every enumeration or pointer to member type T , optionally volatile-qualified, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:

For every pair A1 and A2 , where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signature participates in overload resolution:

[ edit ] Built-in compound assignment operator

The behavior of every built-in compound-assignment expression target-expr   op   =   new-value is exactly the same as the behavior of the expression target-expr   =   target-expr   op   new-value , except that target-expr is evaluated only once.

The requirements on target-expr and new-value of built-in simple assignment operators also apply. Furthermore:

• For + = and - = , the type of target-expr must be an arithmetic type or a pointer to a (possibly cv-qualified) completely-defined object type .
• For all other compound assignment operators, the type of target-expr must be an arithmetic type.

In overload resolution against user-defined operators , for every pair A1 and A2 , where A1 is an arithmetic type (optionally volatile-qualified) and A2 is a promoted arithmetic type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every pair I1 and I2 , where I1 is an integral type (optionally volatile-qualified) and I2 is a promoted integral type, the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

For every optionally cv-qualified object type T , the following function signatures participate in overload resolution:

[ edit ] Example

Possible output:

[ edit ] Defect reports

The following behavior-changing defect reports were applied retroactively to previously published C++ standards.

[ edit ] See also

Operator precedence

Operator overloading

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Time estimate: 45 min.

1.5. Compound Assignment Operators ¶

Compound assignment operators are shortcuts that do a math operation and assignment in one step. For example, x += 1 adds 1 to the current value of x and assigns the result back to x . It is the same as x = x + 1 . This pattern is possible with any operator put in front of the = sign, as seen below. If you need a mnemonic to remember whether the compound operators are written like += or =+ , just remember that the operation ( + ) is done first to produce the new value which is then assigned ( = ) back to the variable. So it’s operator then equal sign: += .

Since changing the value of a variable by one is especially common, there are two extra concise operators ++ and -- , also called the plus-plus or increment operator and minus-minus or decrement operator that set a variable to one greater or less than its current value.

Thus x++ is even more concise way to write x = x + 1 than the compound operator x += 1 . You’ll see this shortcut used a lot in loops when we get to them in Unit 4. Similarly, y-- is a more concise way to write y = y - 1 . These shortcuts only exist for + and - as they don’t really make sense for other operators.

If you’ve heard of the programming language C++, the name is an inside joke that C, an earlier language which C++ is based on, had been incremented or improved to create C++.

Here’s a table of all the compound arithmetic operators and the extra concise incremend and decrement operators and how they relate to fully written out assignment expressions. You can run the code below the table to see these shortcut operators in action!

Run the code below to see what the ++ and shorcut operators do. Click on the Show Code Lens button to trace through the code and the variable values change in the visualizer. Try creating more compound assignment statements with shortcut operators and work with a partner to guess what they would print out before running the code.

If you look at real-world Java code, you may occassionally see the ++ and -- operators used before the name of the variable, like ++x rather than x++ . That is legal but not something that you will see on the AP exam.

Putting the operator before or after the variable only changes the value of the expression itself. If x is 10 and we write, System.out.println(x++) it will print 10 but aftewards x will be 11. On the other hand if we write, System.out.println(++x) , it will print 11 and afterwards the value will be 11.

In other words, with the operator after the variable name, (called the postfix operator) the value of the variable is changed after evaluating the variable to get its value. And with the operator before the variable (the prefix operator) the value of the variable in incremented before the variable is evaluated to get the value of the expression.

But the value of x after the expression is evaluated is the same in either case: one greater than what it was before. The -- operator works similarly.

The AP exam will never use the prefix form of these operators nor will it use the postfix operators in a context where the value of the expression matters.

1-5-2: What are the values of x, y, and z after the following code executes?

• x = -1, y = 1, z = 4
• This code subtracts one from x, adds one to y, and then sets z to to the value in z plus the current value of y.
• x = -1, y = 2, z = 3
• x = -1, y = 2, z = 2
• x = 0, y = 1, z = 2
• x = -1, y = 2, z = 4

1-5-3: What are the values of x, y, and z after the following code executes?

• x = 6, y = 2.5, z = 2
• This code sets x to z * 2 (4), y to y divided by 2 (5 / 2 = 2) and z = to z + 1 (2 + 1 = 3).
• x = 4, y = 2.5, z = 2
• x = 6, y = 2, z = 3
• x = 4, y = 2.5, z = 3
• x = 4, y = 2, z = 3

1.5.1. Code Tracing Challenge and Operators Maze ¶

Use paper and pencil or the question response area below to trace through the following program to determine the values of the variables at the end.

Code Tracing is a technique used to simulate a dry run through the code or pseudocode line by line by hand as if you are the computer executing the code. Tracing can be used for debugging or proving that your program runs correctly or for figuring out what the code actually does.

Trace tables can be used to track the values of variables as they change throughout a program. To trace through code, write down a variable in each column or row in a table and keep track of its value throughout the program. Some trace tables also keep track of the output and the line number you are currently tracing.

Trace through the following code:

1-5-4: Write your trace table for x, y, and z here showing their results after each line of code.

After doing this challenge, play the Operators Maze game . See if you and your partner can get the highest score!

1.5.2. Summary ¶

Compound assignment operators ( += , -= , *= , /= , %= ) can be used in place of the assignment operator.

The increment operator ( ++ ) and decrement operator ( -- ) are used to add 1 or subtract 1 from the stored value of a variable. The new value is assigned to the variable.

The use of increment and decrement operators in prefix form (e.g., ++x ) and inside other expressions (i.e., arr[x++] ) is outside the scope of this course and the AP Exam.

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Compound Assignment Operators in C++

The compound assignment operators are specified in the form e1 op= e2, where e1 is a modifiable l-value not of const type and e2 is one of the following −

• An arithmetic type
• A pointer, if op is + or –

The e1 op= e2 form behaves as e1 = e1 op e2, but e1 is evaluated only once.

The following are the compound assignment operators in C++ −

Let's have a look at an example using some of these operators −

This will give the output −

Note that Compound assignment to an enumerated type generates an error message. If the left operand is of a pointer type, the right operand must be of a pointer type or it must be a constant expression that evaluates to 0. If the left operand is of an integral type, the right operand must not be of a pointer type.

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• Assignment Operator in C

In the realm of computer programming , specifically in the C programming language, understanding and utilising assignment operators effectively is essential for developing efficient and well-organised code. The assignment operator in C plays a fundamental role in assigning values to variables, and this introductory piece will elaborate on its definition, usage and importance. Gain insights on different types of assignment operators, such as compound assignment operators and the assignment operator for strings in C. As you delve deeper, practical examples of the assignment operator in C will be provided, enabling you to gain a firm grasp on the concept and apply this knowledge for successful programming endeavours.

Create learning materials about Assignment Operator in C with our free learning app!

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Assignment Operator in C Definition and Usage

The assignment operator in C is denoted with an equal sign (=) and is used to assign a value to a variable. The left operand is the variable, and the right operand is the value or expression to be assigned to that variable.

int main() { int x; x = 5; printf("The value of x is: %d", x); return 0; } ``` In this example, the assignment operator (=) assigns the value 5 to the variable x, which is then printed using the `printf()` function.

Basics of Assignment Operator in C

It is essential to understand basic usage and functionality of the assignment operator in C: - Variables must be declared before they can be assigned a value. - The data type on the right-hand side of the operator must be compatible with the data type of the variable on the left-hand side. Here are some more examples of using the assignment operator in C:

int a = 10; // Declare and assign in a single line float b = 3.14; char c = 'A';

Additionally, you can use the assignment operator with various arithmetic, relational, and logical operators:

`+=`: Add and assign

`-=`: Subtract and assign

`*=`: Multiply and assign

`/=`: Divide and assign

For example: int x = 5; x += 2; // Equivalent to x = x + 2; The value of x becomes 7

Importance of Assignment Operator in Computer Programming

The assignment operator in C plays a crucial role in computer programming. Its significance includes:

- Initialization of variables: The assignment operator is used to give an initial value to a variable, as demonstrated in the earlier examples.

- Modification of variable values: It allows you to change the value of a variable throughout the program. For example, you can use the assignment operator to increment the value of a counter variable in a loop.

- Expressions: The assignment operator is often used in expressions, such as calculating and storing the result of an arithmetic operation.

Example: Using the assignment operator with arithmetic operations:

#include int main() { int a = 10, b = 20, sum; sum = a + b; printf("The sum of a and b is: %d", sum); return 0; }

In this example, the assignment operator is used to store the result of the arithmetic operation `a + b` in the variable `sum`.

In conclusion, the assignment operator in C is an essential tool for computer programming. Understanding its definition, usage, and importance will significantly improve your programming skills and enable you to create more efficient and effective code.

Different Types of Assignment Operators in C

Compound assignment operators in c.

Compound assignment operators in C combine arithmetic, bit manipulation, or other operations with the basic assignment operator. This enables you to perform certain calculations and assignments of new values to variables in a single statement. Compound assignment operators are efficient, as they perform the operation and the assignment in one step rather than two separate steps. Let's examine the various compound assignment operators in C.

Addition Assignment Operator in C

The addition assignment operator (+=) in C combines the addition operation with the assignment operator, allowing you to increment the value of a variable by a specified amount. It essentially means "add the value of the right-hand side of the operator to the value of the variable on the left-hand side and then assign the new value to the variable". The general syntax for the addition assignment operator in C is: variable += value;

Using the addition assignment operator has some advantages:

- Reduces the amount of code you need: It is more concise and easier to read.

- Increases efficiency: It is faster because it performs the operation and assignment in one step.

Here's an example of the addition assignment operator in C: #include int main() { int a = 5; a += 3; // Equivalent to a = a + 3; The value of a becomes 8 printf("The value of a after addition assignment: %d, a); return 0; }

Compound assignment operators also include subtraction (-=), multiplication (*=), division (/=), modulo (%=), and bitwise operations like AND (&=), OR (|=), and XOR (^=). Their usage is similar to the addition assignment operator in C.

Assignment Operator for String in C

In C programming, strings are arrays of characters, and dealing with strings requires a careful approach. Direct assignment of a string using the assignment operator (=) is not possible, because arrays cannot be assigned using this operator. To assign a string to a character array, you need to use specific functions provided by the C language or develop your own custom function. Here are two commonly used methods for assigning a string to a character array:

1. Using the `strcpy()` function:

In this example, the `strcpy()` function from the `string.h` library is used to copy the contents of the `source` string into the `destination` character array.

2. Custom assignment function:

In this example, a custom function called `assignString()` is created to assign strings. It iterates through the characters of the `source` string, assigns each character to the corresponding element in the `destination` character array, and stops when it encounters the null character ('\0') at the end of the source string. Understanding assignment operators in C and the various types of assignment operators can help you write more efficient and effective code. It also enables you to work effectively with different data types, including strings and arrays of characters, which are essential for creating powerful and dynamic software applications.

Practical Examples of Assignment Operator in C

In this section, we will explore some practical examples of the assignment operator in C. Examples will cover simple assignments and discuss usage scenarios for compound assignment operators, as well as demonstrating the implementation of the assignment operator for strings in C.

Assignment Operator in C Example: Simple Assignments

Simple assignment operations in C involve assigning a single value to a variable. Here are some examples of simple assignment operations:

1. Assigning an integer value to a variable: int age = 25;

2. Assigning a floating-point value to a variable: float salary = 50000.75;

3. Assigning a character value to a variable: char grade = 'A';

4. Swapping the values of two variables:

In this swapping example, the assignment operator is used to temporarily store the value of one variable and then exchange the values of two variables.

Usage Scenarios for Compound Assignment Operators

Compound assignment operators in C provide shorthand ways of updating the values of variables with arithmetic, bitwise, or other operations. Here are some common usage scenarios for compound assignment operators:

1. Incrementing a counter variable in a loop: for(int i = 0; i < 10; i += 2) { printf("%d ", i); } Here, the addition assignment operator (+=) is used within a `for` loop to increment the counter variable `i` by 2 at each iteration.

2. Accumulating the sum of elements in an array: #include int main() { int array[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; int sum = 0; for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { sum += array[i]; // Equivalent to sum = sum + array[i]; } printf("Sum of array elements: %d", sum); return 0; } In this example, the addition assignment operator (+=) is used to accumulate the sum of the array elements.

3. Calculating the product of two numbers using bitwise operations:

I n this example, the bitwise AND operation is combined with the addition assignment operator (+=) along with bitwise shift and compound assignment operators to perform multiplication without using the arithmetic `*` operator.

Implementing Assignment Operator for String in C with Examples

As discussed earlier, assigning strings in C requires a different approach, as the assignment operator (=) cannot be used directly. Here are some practical examples that demonstrate how to implement the assignment operator for strings in C:

1. Using the `strcpy()` function from the `string.h` library:

2. Defining a custom function to assign strings, which takes two character pointers as arguments:

These examples showcase the implementation of the assignment operator for strings in C, enabling you to effectively manipulate and work with strings in your C programs. By using built-in C functions or defining your own custom functions, you can assign strings to character arrays, which allow you to perform various operations on strings, such as concatenation, comparison, substring search, and more.

Assignment Operator in C - Key takeaways

Assignment Operator in C: represented by the equal sign (=), assigns a value to a variable

Compound assignment operators in C: combine arithmetic or bitwise operations with the assignment operator, such as +=, -=, and *=

Addition assignment operator in C: represented by (+=), adds a value to an existing variable and assigns the new value

Assignment operator for string in C : requires specific functions like strcpy() or custom functions, as direct assignment with = is not possible

Assignment Operator in C example: int x = 5; assigns the value 5 to the variable x

Flashcards in Assignment Operator in C 11

What symbol is used as the assignment operator in C programming?

An equal sign (=)

What is the syntax for the addition assignment operator in C?

variable += value;

What is the compound assignment operator for multiplication in C?

Why is direct assignment of a string using the assignment operator (=) not possible in C?

Arrays cannot be assigned using the assignment operator.

How can a string be assigned to a character array using the `strcpy()` function in C?

GetString(destination, source);

Which function or method can be used to assign a string to a character array in C programming?

Using the `strcpy()` function or a custom assignment function.

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Expressions and operators

This chapter documents all the JavaScript language operators, expressions and keywords.

Expressions and operators by category

For an alphabetical listing see the sidebar on the left.

Primary expressions

Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript. These expressions have the highest precedence (higher than operators ).

The this keyword refers to a special property of an execution context.

Basic null , boolean, number, and string literals.

Array initializer/literal syntax.

Object initializer/literal syntax.

The function keyword defines a function expression.

The class keyword defines a class expression.

The function* keyword defines a generator function expression.

The async function defines an async function expression.

The async function* keywords define an async generator function expression.

Regular expression literal syntax.

Template literal syntax.

Grouping operator.

Left-hand-side expressions

Left values are the destination of an assignment.

Member operators provide access to a property or method of an object ( object.property and object["property"] ).

The optional chaining operator returns undefined instead of causing an error if a reference is nullish ( null or undefined ).

The new operator creates an instance of a constructor.

In constructors, new.target refers to the constructor that was invoked by new .

An object exposing context-specific metadata to a JavaScript module.

The super keyword calls the parent constructor or allows accessing properties of the parent object.

The import() syntax allows loading a module asynchronously and dynamically into a potentially non-module environment.

Increment and decrement

Postfix/prefix increment and postfix/prefix decrement operators.

Postfix increment operator.

Postfix decrement operator.

Prefix increment operator.

Prefix decrement operator.

Unary operators

A unary operation is an operation with only one operand.

The delete operator deletes a property from an object.

The void operator evaluates an expression and discards its return value.

The typeof operator determines the type of a given object.

The unary plus operator converts its operand to Number type.

The unary negation operator converts its operand to Number type and then negates it.

Bitwise NOT operator.

Logical NOT operator.

Pause and resume an async function and wait for the promise's fulfillment/rejection.

Arithmetic operators

Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value.

Exponentiation operator.

Multiplication operator.

Division operator.

Remainder operator.

Addition operator.

Subtraction operator.

Relational operators

A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a boolean value based on whether the comparison is true.

Less than operator.

Greater than operator.

Less than or equal operator.

Greater than or equal operator.

The instanceof operator determines whether an object is an instance of another object.

The in operator determines whether an object has a given property.

Note: => is not an operator, but the notation for Arrow functions .

Equality operators

The result of evaluating an equality operator is always of type boolean based on whether the comparison is true.

Equality operator.

Inequality operator.

Strict equality operator.

Strict inequality operator.

Bitwise shift operators

Operations to shift all bits of the operand.

Bitwise left shift operator.

Bitwise right shift operator.

Bitwise unsigned right shift operator.

Binary bitwise operators

Bitwise operators treat their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeros and ones) and return standard JavaScript numerical values.

Bitwise AND.

Bitwise OR.

Bitwise XOR.

Binary logical operators

Logical operators implement boolean (logical) values and have short-circuiting behavior.

Logical AND.

Logical OR.

Nullish Coalescing Operator.

Conditional (ternary) operator

The conditional operator returns one of two values based on the logical value of the condition.

Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

Assignment operator.

Multiplication assignment.

Division assignment.

Remainder assignment.

Addition assignment.

Subtraction assignment

Left shift assignment.

Right shift assignment.

Unsigned right shift assignment.

Bitwise AND assignment.

Bitwise XOR assignment.

Bitwise OR assignment.

Exponentiation assignment.

Logical AND assignment.

Logical OR assignment.

Nullish coalescing assignment.

Destructuring assignment allows you to assign the properties of an array or object to variables using syntax that looks similar to array or object literals.

Yield operators

Pause and resume a generator function.

Delegate to another generator function or iterable object.

Spread syntax

Spread syntax allows an iterable, such as an array or string, to be expanded in places where zero or more arguments (for function calls) or elements (for array literals) are expected. In an object literal, the spread syntax enumerates the properties of an object and adds the key-value pairs to the object being created.

Comma operator

The comma operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated in a single statement and returns the result of the last expression.

Specifications

Browser compatibility

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• Operator precedence

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Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example, + is an operator used for addition, while - is an operator used for subtraction.

Operators in C++ can be classified into 6 types:

• Arithmetic Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Other Operators

1. C++ Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on variables and data. For example,

Here, the + operator is used to add two variables a and b . Similarly there are various other arithmetic operators in C++.

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

Here, the operators + , - and * compute addition, subtraction, and multiplication respectively as we might have expected.

/ Division Operator

Note the operation (a / b) in our program. The / operator is the division operator.

As we can see from the above example, if an integer is divided by another integer, we will get the quotient. However, if either divisor or dividend is a floating-point number, we will get the result in decimals.

% Modulo Operator

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a = 9 is divided by b = 4 , the remainder is 1 .

Note: The % operator can only be used with integers.

• Increment and Decrement Operators

C++ also provides increment and decrement operators: ++ and -- respectively.

• ++ increases the value of the operand by 1
• -- decreases it by 1

For example,

Here, the code ++num; increases the value of num by 1 .

Example 2: Increment and Decrement Operators

In the above program, we have used the ++ and -- operators as prefixes (++a and --b) . However, we can also use these operators as postfix (a++ and b--) .

To learn more, visit increment and decrement operators .

2. C++ Assignment Operators

In C++, assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. For example,

Here, we have assigned a value of 5 to the variable a .

Example 3: Assignment Operators

3. c++ relational operators.

A relational operator is used to check the relationship between two operands. For example,

Here, > is a relational operator. It checks if a is greater than b or not.

If the relation is true , it returns 1 whereas if the relation is false , it returns 0 .

Example 4: Relational Operators

Note : Relational operators are used in decision-making and loops.

4. C++ Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is true or false . If the expression is true , it returns 1 whereas if the expression is false , it returns 0 .

In C++, logical operators are commonly used in decision making. To further understand the logical operators, let's see the following examples,

Example 5: Logical Operators

Explanation of logical operator program

• (3 != 5) && (3 < 5) evaluates to 1 because both operands (3 != 5) and (3 < 5) are 1 (true).
• (3 == 5) && (3 < 5) evaluates to 0 because the operand (3 == 5) is 0 (false).
• (3 == 5) && (3 > 5) evaluates to 0 because both operands (3 == 5) and (3 > 5) are 0 (false).
• (3 != 5) || (3 < 5) evaluates to 1 because both operands (3 != 5) and (3 < 5) are 1 (true).
• (3 != 5) || (3 > 5) evaluates to 1 because the operand (3 != 5) is 1 (true).
• (3 == 5) || (3 > 5) evaluates to 0 because both operands (3 == 5) and (3 > 5) are 0 (false).
• !(5 == 2) evaluates to 1 because the operand (5 == 2) is 0 (false).
• !(5 == 5) evaluates to 0 because the operand (5 == 5) is 1 (true).

5. C++ Bitwise Operators

In C++, bitwise operators are used to perform operations on individual bits. They can only be used alongside char and int data types.

To learn more, visit C++ bitwise operators .

6. Other C++ Operators

Here's a list of some other common operators available in C++. We will learn about them in later tutorials.

• C++ Operators Precedence and Associativity

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Ternary Operator in Python

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Python Assignment Operators

Assignment operators in python.

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In Python programming, Operators in general are used to perform operations on values and variables. These are standard symbols used for logical and arithmetic operations. In this article, we will look into different types of Python operators. 

• OPERATORS: These are the special symbols. Eg- + , * , /, etc.
• OPERAND: It is the value on which the operator is applied.

Types of Operators in Python

• Arithmetic Operators
• Comparison Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Identity Operators and Membership Operators

Arithmetic Operators in Python

Python Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication , and division .

In Python 3.x the result of division is a floating-point while in Python 2.x division of 2 integers was an integer. To obtain an integer result in Python 3.x floored (// integer) is used.

Example of Arithmetic Operators in Python

Division operators.

In Python programming language Division Operators allow you to divide two numbers and return a quotient, i.e., the first number or number at the left is divided by the second number or number at the right and returns the quotient. 

There are two types of division operators: 

Float division

• Floor division

The quotient returned by this operator is always a float number, no matter if two numbers are integers. For example:

Example: The code performs division operations and prints the results. It demonstrates that both integer and floating-point divisions return accurate results. For example, ’10/2′ results in ‘5.0’ , and ‘-10/2’ results in ‘-5.0’ .

Integer division( Floor division)

The quotient returned by this operator is dependent on the argument being passed. If any of the numbers is float, it returns output in float. It is also known as Floor division because, if any number is negative, then the output will be floored. For example:

Example: The code demonstrates integer (floor) division operations using the // in Python operators . It provides results as follows: ’10//3′ equals ‘3’ , ‘-5//2’ equals ‘-3’ , ‘ 5.0//2′ equals ‘2.0’ , and ‘-5.0//2’ equals ‘-3.0’ . Integer division returns the largest integer less than or equal to the division result.

Precedence of Arithmetic Operators in Python

The precedence of Arithmetic Operators in Python is as follows:

• P – Parentheses
• E – Exponentiation
• M – Multiplication (Multiplication and division have the same precedence)
• D – Division
• A – Addition (Addition and subtraction have the same precedence)
• S – Subtraction

The modulus of Python operators helps us extract the last digit/s of a number. For example:

• x % 10 -> yields the last digit
• x % 100 -> yield last two digits

Arithmetic Operators With Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Modulo and Power

Here is an example showing how different Arithmetic Operators in Python work:

Example: The code performs basic arithmetic operations with the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ . It adds (‘+’) , subtracts (‘-‘) , multiplies (‘*’) , computes the remainder (‘%’) , and raises a to the power of ‘b (**)’ . The results of these operations are printed.

Note: Refer to Differences between / and // for some interesting facts about these two Python operators.

Comparison of Python Operators

In Python Comparison of Relational operators compares the values. It either returns True or False according to the condition.

= is an assignment operator and == comparison operator.

Precedence of Comparison Operators in Python

In Python, the comparison operators have lower precedence than the arithmetic operators. All the operators within comparison operators have the same precedence order.

Example of Comparison Operators in Python

Let’s see an example of Comparison Operators in Python.

Example: The code compares the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ using various comparison Python operators and prints the results. It checks if ‘a’ is greater than, less than, equal to, not equal to, greater than, or equal to, and less than or equal to ‘b’ .

Logical Operators in Python

Python Logical operators perform Logical AND , Logical OR , and Logical NOT operations. It is used to combine conditional statements.

Precedence of Logical Operators in Python

The precedence of Logical Operators in Python is as follows:

• Logical not
• logical and

Example of Logical Operators in Python

The following code shows how to implement Logical Operators in Python:

Example: The code performs logical operations with Boolean values. It checks if both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are true ( ‘and’ ), if at least one of them is true ( ‘or’ ), and negates the value of ‘a’ using ‘not’ . The results are printed accordingly.

Bitwise Operators in Python

Python Bitwise operators act on bits and perform bit-by-bit operations. These are used to operate on binary numbers.

Precedence of Bitwise Operators in Python

The precedence of Bitwise Operators in Python is as follows:

• Bitwise NOT
• Bitwise Shift
• Bitwise AND
• Bitwise XOR

Here is an example showing how Bitwise Operators in Python work:

Example: The code demonstrates various bitwise operations with the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ . It performs bitwise AND (&) , OR (|) , NOT (~) , XOR (^) , right shift (>>) , and left shift (<<) operations and prints the results. These operations manipulate the binary representations of the numbers.

Python Assignment operators are used to assign values to the variables.

Let’s see an example of Assignment Operators in Python.

Example: The code starts with ‘a’ and ‘b’ both having the value 10. It then performs a series of operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and a left shift operation on ‘b’ . The results of each operation are printed, showing the impact of these operations on the value of ‘b’ .

Identity Operators in Python

In Python, is and is not are the identity operators both are used to check if two values are located on the same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal do not imply that they are identical. 

Example Identity Operators in Python

Let’s see an example of Identity Operators in Python.

Example: The code uses identity operators to compare variables in Python. It checks if ‘a’ is not the same object as ‘b’ (which is true because they have different values) and if ‘a’ is the same object as ‘c’ (which is true because ‘c’ was assigned the value of ‘a’ ).

Membership Operators in Python

In Python, in and not in are the membership operators that are used to test whether a value or variable is in a sequence.

Examples of Membership Operators in Python

The following code shows how to implement Membership Operators in Python:

Example: The code checks for the presence of values ‘x’ and ‘y’ in the list. It prints whether or not each value is present in the list. ‘x’ is not in the list, and ‘y’ is present, as indicated by the printed messages. The code uses the ‘in’ and ‘not in’ Python operators to perform these checks.

in Python, Ternary operators also known as conditional expressions are operators that evaluate something based on a condition being true or false. It was added to Python in version 2.5. 

It simply allows testing a condition in a single line replacing the multiline if-else making the code compact.

Syntax :   [on_true] if [expression] else [on_false] 

Examples of Ternary Operator in Python

The code assigns values to variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ (10 and 20, respectively). It then uses a conditional assignment to determine the smaller of the two values and assigns it to the variable ‘min’ . Finally, it prints the value of ‘min’ , which is 10 in this case.

In Python, Operator precedence and associativity determine the priorities of the operator.

Operator Precedence in Python

This is used in an expression with more than one operator with different precedence to determine which operation to perform first.

Let’s see an example of how Operator Precedence in Python works:

Example: The code first calculates and prints the value of the expression 10 + 20 * 30 , which is 610. Then, it checks a condition based on the values of the ‘name’ and ‘age’ variables. Since the name is “ Alex” and the condition is satisfied using the or operator, it prints “Hello! Welcome.”

Operator Associativity in Python

If an expression contains two or more operators with the same precedence then Operator Associativity is used to determine. It can either be Left to Right or from Right to Left.

The following code shows how Operator Associativity in Python works:

Example: The code showcases various mathematical operations. It calculates and prints the results of division and multiplication, addition and subtraction, subtraction within parentheses, and exponentiation. The code illustrates different mathematical calculations and their outcomes.

To try your knowledge of Python Operators, you can take out the quiz on Operators in Python . 

Python Operator Exercise Questions

Below are two Exercise Questions on Python Operators. We have covered arithmetic operators and comparison operators in these exercise questions. For more exercises on Python Operators visit the page mentioned below.

Q1. Code to implement basic arithmetic operations on integers

Q2. Code to implement Comparison operations on integers

Explore more Exercises: Practice Exercise on Operators in Python

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