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113 Great Research Paper Topics

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One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
Should graduate students be able to form unions?

What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
How does stress affect the body?
Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
What were the causes of the Civil War?
How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
What caused Hitler's rise to power?
Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
What are the pros and cons of fracking?
What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
What have NASA's biggest successes and failures been?
How can we improve access to clean water around the world?
Does ecotourism actually have a positive impact on the environment?
Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
What can be done to save amphibian species currently at risk of extinction?
What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
How are black holes created?
Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
How will the loss of net neutrality affect internet users?
Analyze the history and progress of self-driving vehicles.
How has the use of drones changed surveillance and warfare methods?
Has social media made people more or less connected?
What progress has currently been made with artificial intelligence ?
Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
When is the best age for a child to begin owning a smartphone?
Has frequent texting reduced teen literacy rates?

How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

What's Next?

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Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).

These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

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The Top 10 Most Interesting Climate Change Research Topics

Finishing your environmental science degree may require you to write about climate change research topics. For example, students pursuing a career as environmental scientists may focus their research on environmental-climate sensitivity or those studying to become conservation scientists will focus on ways to improve the quality of natural resources.

Climate change research paper topics vary from anthropogenic climate to physical risks of abrupt climate change. Papers should focus on a specific climate change research question. Read on to learn more about examples of climate change research topics and questions.

Find your bootcamp match

What makes a strong climate change research topic.

A strong climate change research paper topic should be precise in order for others to understand your research. You must use research methods to find topics that discuss a concern about climate issues. Your broader topic should be of current importance and a well-defined discourse on climate change.

Tips for Choosing a Climate Change Research Topic

Research what environmental scientists say. Environmental scientists study ecological problems. Their studies include the threat of climate change on environmental issues. Studies completed by these professionals are a good starting point.
Use original research to review articles for sources. Starting with a general search is a good place to get ideas. However, as you begin to refine your search, use original research papers that have passed through the stage of peer review.
Discover the current climatic conditions of the research area. The issue of climate change affects each area differently. Gather information on the current climate and historical climate conditions to help bolster your research.
Consider current issues of climate change. You want your analyses on climate change to be current. Using historical data can help you delve deep into climate change effects. First, however, it needs to back up climate change risks.
Research the climate model evaluation options. There are different approaches to climate change evaluation. Choosing the right climate model evaluation system will help solidify your research.

What’s the Difference Between a Research Topic and a Research Question?

A research topic is a broad area of study that can encompass several different issues. An example might be the key role of climate change in the United States. While this topic might make for a good paper, it is too broad and must be narrowed to be written effectively.

A research question narrows the topic down to one or two points. The question provides a framework from which to start building your paper. The answers to your research question create the substance of your paper as you report the findings.

How to Create Strong Climate Change Research Questions

To create a strong climate change research question, start settling on the broader topic. Once you decide on a topic, use your research skills and make notes about issues or debates that may make an interesting paper. Then, narrow your ideas down into a niche that you can address with theoretical or practical research.

2. Economic Impact of Climate Change

Climate can have a negative effect on both local and global economies. While the costs may vary greatly, even a slight change could cost the United States a loss in the Global Domestic Product (GDP). For example, rising sea levels may damage the fiber optic infrastructure the world relies on for trade and communication.

3. Solutions for Reducing the Effect of Future Climate Conditions

Solutions for reducing the effect of future climate conditions range from reducing the reliance on fossil fuels to reducing the number of children you have. Some of these solutions to climate change are radical ideas and may not be accepted by the general population.

4. Federal Government Climate Policy

The United States government’s climate policy is extensive. The climate policy is the federal government’s action for climate change and how it hopes to make an impact. It includes adopting the use of electric vehicles instead of gas-powered cars. It also includes the use of alternative energy systems such as wind energy.

5. Understanding of Climate Change

Understanding climate change is a broad climate change research topic. With this, you can introduce different research methods for tracking climate change and showing a focused effect on specific areas, such as the impact on water availability in certain geographic areas.

6. Carbon Emissions Impact of Climate Change

Carbon emissions are a major factor in climate change. Due to the greenhouse effect they cause, the world is seeing a higher number of devastating weather events. An increase in the number and intensity of tsunamis, hurricanes, and tornados are some of the results.

7. Evidence of Climate Change

There is ample evidence of climate change available, thanks to the scientific community. However, some of these implications of climate change are hotly contested by those with poor views about climate scientists. Proof of climate change includes satellite images, ice cores, and retreating glaciers.

8. Cause and Mitigation of Climate Change

The causes of climate change can be either human activities or natural causes. Greenhouse gas emissions are an example of how human activities can alter the world’s climate. However, natural causes such as volcanic and solar activity are also issues. Mitigation plans for these effects may include options for both causes.

9. Health Threats and Climate Change

Climate change can have an adverse effect on human health. The impacts on health from climate change can include extreme heat, air pollution, and increasing allergies. The CDC warns these changes can cause respiratory threats, cardiovascular issues, and heat-related illnesses.

10. Industrial Pollution and the Effects of Climate Change

Just as car emissions can have an adverse effect on the climate, so can industrial pollution. It is one of the leading factors in greenhouse gas effects on average temperature. While the US has played a key role in curtailing industrial pollution, other countries need to follow suit to mitigate the negative impacts it causes.

Climate Change Research Questions

What are some mitigation and adaptation to climate change options for farmers?
How do alternative energy sources play a role in climate change?
Do federal policies on climate change help reduce carbon emissions?
What impacts of climate change affect the environment?
Do climate change and social movements mean the end of travel?

Choosing the Right Climate Change Research Topic

Choosing the correct climate change research paper topic takes continuous research and refining. Your topic starts as a general overview of an area of climate change. Then, after extensive research, you can narrow it down to a specific question.

You need to ensure that your research is timely, however. For example, you don’t want to address the effects of climate change on natural resources from 15 or 20 years ago. Instead, you want to focus on views about climate change from resources within the last five years.

Climate Change Research Topics FAQ

A climate change research paper has five parts, beginning with introducing the problem and background before moving into a review of related sources. After reviewing, share methods and procedures, followed by data analysis . Finally, conclude with a summary and recommendations.

A thesis statement presents the topic of your paper to the reader. It also helps you as you begin to organize your paper, much like a mission statement. Therefore, your thesis statement may change during writing as you start to present your arguments.

According to the US Forest Service, climate change issues are related to topics regarding forest management, biodiversity, and species distribution. Climate change is a broad focus that affects many topics.

To write a research paper title, a good strategy is not to write the title right away. Instead, wait until the end after you finish everything else. Then use a short and to-the-point phrase that summarizes your document. Use keywords from the paper and avoid jargon.

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Climate change, energy, environment and sustainability topics research guide

What is climate change.

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns. The world is now warming faster than at any point in recorded history, which disrupts the usual balance of nature and is a threat to human beings and other forms of life on Earth. This topic guide includes sample keywords and search terms, databases to find sources, and samples of online books.

Example keywords and subtopics

Example keywords or search terms:

Climate change
global warming
greenhouse effect or greenhouse gas
climate crisis
environmental change
clean energy
alternative energy or renewable energy
green energy or renewable energy or clean energy
Low carbon or carbon neutral
Carbon offsetting
sustainability environment or sustainability
environmental protection
pollution or contamination
impact or effect or influence
cost or price or expense or money or financial
fossil fuels or coal or oil or gas

Tip: This is a big topic with lots written so you can often focus on one or two subtopics. This will help to find more relevant sources, more quickly and be a better fit for an assignment.

Possible subtopics ideas: Pick one or two subtopics and then add those words to your search.

Health impacts of climate changes (e.g. air pollution, water pollution, etc.)
impacts on a specific city, state, region or country
political impacts (e.g. voting, government policy, etc.)
impact on specific population or culture (e.g. children, elderly, racial or ethic group, country, etc.)
specific types of renewable or alternative energy (e.g. solar, wind, bio, etc.)
example of new technology (e.g. electric cars or electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles
economic impacts (e.g. business, employment, industry (e.g. oil, coal, etc.)
weather and impacts (e.g. rising sea levels, flooding, droughts or heat waves, etc.)
media aspects (e.g. news coverage, advertising, misinformation, movies, music, etc.)
Tutorial: Creating an effective search strategy

Creating an effective search strategy tutorial video. 3 minutes 24 seconds.

Use meaningful keywords to find the best sources
Apply search strategies like AND and OR to connect keywords
Tutorial: What is a library database and why should I use one?

What is a library database and why should I use one tutorial video. 3 minutes.

Identify what a library database is
Recognize the two main types of library databases
Know why you should use them
Understand why searching a library database is different than searching the general internet

Databases for finding sources

Article Databases -

Use articles to find new research, specific information and evidence to support or refute a claim. You can also look at the bibliography or works cited to find additional sources. Some articles give an overview of a specific topic -- sometimes called "review articles" or "meta-analyses" or "systematic review." Databases are like mini-search engines for finding articles (e.g. Business Source Premier database searches business journals, business magazines and business newspapers). Pick a database that searches the subject of articles you want to find.

Agricultural & Environmental Science Database Search journals and literature on agriculture, pollution, animals, environment, policy, natural resources, water issues and more. Searches tools like AGRICOLA, Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management (ESPM), and Digests of Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) databases.
GreenFILE Collection of scholarly, government and general-interest titles. Multidisciplinary by nature, GreenFILE draws on the connections between the environment and agriculture, education, law, health and technology. Topics covered include global climate change, green building, pollution, sustainable agriculture, renewable energy, recycling, and more.
Ethnic NewsWatch Ethnic NewsWatch is a current resource of full-text newspapers, magazines, and journals of the ethnic and minority press from 1990, providing researchers access to essential, often overlooked perspectives.
Opposing Viewpoints in Context Find articles on current issues, including viewpoint articles, topic overviews, statistics, primary documents, magazine and newspaper articles.

Sample of online books

Below are a selection of online books and readings on the broad topic. We have more online books, journal articles, and sources in our Libraries Search and article databases.

A climate policy revolution : what the science of complexity reveals about saving our planet by Roland Kupers ISBN: 9780674246812 Publication Date: 2020 "In this book, Roland Kupers argues that the climate crisis is well suited to the bottom-up, rapid, and revolutionary change complexity science theorizes; he succinctly makes the case that complexity science promises policy solutions to address climate change."

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110 Social Change Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best social change topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on social change, ⭐ simple & easy social change essay titles, ❓ questions about social change.

Social Changes in Human Relationships and Interactions To achieve this goal, the paper will include the following sections: population social change, how the change is taking place, the engines driving the change, data demonstrating that this change is taking place and will […]
The Position of Women in Society and Social Change 5Jean Elshtain in her works ‘Women and War’, alleges that the role of women in society should be comprehended in relation to the actuality that war is presently institutionalized in the international system.
Social Change With Technology: Ogburn’s Model Thirdly, the invention of the steam engine improved transport and communication while the invention of the computer has led to the massive change in all societies.
Role of Social Change in Personal Development 4% of the population and the married constituting 1. 4% of the population and the married constituting 1.
History of Pop Music in the World: Cultural and Social Changes Later, following the evolvement of industries and development of urban centers, also the lifestyle of poor people improved considerably and this lead to the improvement of music among the poor and the rich.
Pinel and Brace as Social Workers and Change Agents The nature of the targeted challenge is what informs an agent of change to come up with the most desirable initiatives.
Social Exchange and Expectancy Theory Effects in Human Resource Development The reality is that the more the employees are sure of getting out of their relationship with organization the more their productivity and the more the effort they put into their work.
Conflict and Social Change The primary differences of views between Weber, Durkheim, and Marx are based on the sources and approaches regarding social change and conflict.
Social Entrepreneurship and Social Change The positive externality theory assumes that the allocation of social entrepreneurship is largely for the benefit of the society and not targeted towards the profit analysis.
Nursing Education and Social Changes Evidence-based nursing is deeply rooted in the development of life-long learners, which is also one of the pillars of contemporary nursing education.
Exploring Social Change in Song “Crazy World” The song is about social change since it describes situations where people are confronted with the reality that has been built by enabler’s egos and the need to dominate. Lucky Dube has used the song […]
Social Change and the Role of Environmental Factors Social change refers to the alteration or change in the social order of a given society or group of people especially with regard to nature, relationships, behavioral patterns in the society and the social institutions […]
Adult Education for Social Change: The Role of a Grassroots Organization in Canada The ‘SUCCESS’ education programs and services addressed the needs of the adult immigrant community, and as such, facilitated social change. In Vancouver, prior to the inception of the SUCCESS program, the lack educational programs and […]
Popular Music: Meaningful Contributions to Social and Political Change Music has different classifications depending on various factors including the period in which the music was developed, the type of instruments that the musicians use, the cultural identity of the society that subscribes to the […]
Modernity Theory and Social Change Modernity, science and technology tries to educate the society in letting go of cultural as well as traditional values and embrace modern technology which enhances the progress of a society.
How Sociologists Understood Social and Cultural Change The approach involved the comparison of the various components of a society to appendages of an organism. The fundamental characteristic of the organizations in the society is the scheme of principles required for the pursuit […]
Popular Culture and Social Change Across Cultures Popular culture surrounds us everywhere: in our computers and phones, in our homes and outside. It has several functions and a vast potential to unite and divide people.
Social Change in the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was also characterized by the movement of people from rural to urban areas in search of a better life.
Communities and Social Change Almost every country in the world has contributed to the invention of new technologies and ideas that put them on the same level as the rest of the world.
Personal and Social Changes The paper will focus on personal and social changes in the lives of two characters, Hem and Haw, and how the changes that take place depend on morality and ethics.
Sociological Perspective: Social Change and Environment The validity of the provided definition can be well illustrated, in regards to the fact that, unlike what it used to be the case with them, even as recently as a hundred years ago, today’s […]
Social Media and Socio-Political Change Social media and politics Social media has had a lot of impacts on the political happenings that have been witnessed in recent months.
A Healthcare Proposal for a Social Change Moreover, a healthy diet is critical for the overall health of a community and its population and thus will have to be included in the proposal.
Promoting Social Change in Healthcare through Student-University Alignment Therefore, it is very important for student goals and university mission to match. Otherwise, some of the effort is wasted, and has to be made up for.
Power and Social Change in the Election System The United States’ election system is more complicated than most countries worldwide because it is a two-party system, and the voters do not directly participate in the governmental decision.
Theories of Social Change: The Role of Technology Civilizations’ rise and fall are the subjects of cyclical theories of social change, which aim to identify and explain the patterns of growth and disintegration.
Exploring Social Change in America and the World Economic and social distress were the leading causes of the revolution, as well as unemployment and political factors. The valued ideologies of the times of the French Revolution were mainly liberty and equality.
The Process of Social Change and Resistance Moreover, the black riders were required to pay a fare at the front of the bus and then go to the back of it where the area for people with the “untouchable” status was1.
Review of “Making Social Change: Engaging a Desire for Social Change” Chapter 9 One should note that Chapter 9 explains some concepts and ideas about the future and progress of society and the state as a whole.
Analysis of Social Change Ways Fourth, huge companies control the physical environment with their images, goods and services, and the sensitivities that push people to engage to the fullest of their capability in the realm of product consumption and beyond.
Social Movements and Meaningful Social Change The Black Lives Matter movement is not about individual flaws but the perceived general injustice of the American system, capitalism, and white people’s supremacy.
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Heat waves: a hot topic in climate change research

Werner marx.

1 Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany

Robin Haunschild

Lutz bornmann.

2 Science Policy and Strategy Department, Max Planck Society, Administrative Headquarters, Hofgartenstr. 8, 80539 Munich, Germany

Associated Data

Not applicable.

Research on heat waves (periods of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity) is a newly emerging research topic within the field of climate change research with high relevance for the whole of society. In this study, we analyzed the rapidly growing scientific literature dealing with heat waves. No summarizing overview has been published on this literature hitherto. We developed a suitable search query to retrieve the relevant literature covered by the Web of Science (WoS) as complete as possible and to exclude irrelevant literature ( n = 8,011 papers). The time evolution of the publications shows that research dealing with heat waves is a highly dynamic research topic, doubling within about 5 years. An analysis of the thematic content reveals the most severe heat wave events within the recent decades (1995 and 2003), the cities and countries/regions affected (USA, Europe, and Australia), and the ecological and medical impacts (drought, urban heat islands, excess hospital admissions, and mortality). An alarming finding is that the limit for survivability may be reached at the end of the twenty-first century in many regions of the world due to the fatal combination of rising temperatures and humidity levels measured as “wet-bulb temperature” (WBT). Risk estimation and future strategies for adaptation to hot weather are major political issues. We identified 104 citation classics, which include fundamental early works of research on heat waves and more recent works (which are characterized by a relatively strong connection to climate change).

Introduction

As a consequence of the well-documented phenomenon of global warming, climate change has become a major research field in the natural and medical sciences, and more recently also in the social and political sciences. The scientific community has contributed extensively to a comprehensive understanding of the earth’s climate system, providing various data and projections on the future climate as well as on the effects and risks of anticipated global warming (IPCC 2014; CSSR 2017; NCA4 2018; and the multitude of references cited therein). During recent decades, climate change has also become a major political, economic, and environmental issue and a central theme in political and public debates.

One consequence of global warming is the increase of extreme weather events such as heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires. Some severe heat waves occurring within the last few decades made heat waves a hot topic in climate change research, with “hot” having a dual meaning: high temperature and high scientific activity. “More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the twenty-first century” is the title of a highly cited paper published 2004 in Science (Meehl and Tebaldi 2004 ). This title summarizes in short what most climate researchers anticipate for the future. But what are heat waves (formerly also referred to as “heatwaves”)? In general, a heat wave is a period of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity. Since heat waves vary according to region, there is no universal definition, but only definitions relative to the usual weather in the area and relative to normal temperatures for the season. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) defines a heat wave as 5 or more consecutive days of prolonged heat in which the daily maximum temperature is higher than the average maximum temperature by 5 °C (9 °F) or more ( https://www.britannica.com/science/heat-wave-meteorology ).

Europe, for example, has suffered from a series of intense heat waves since the beginning of the twenty-first century. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and various national reports, the extreme 2003 heat wave caused about 70,000 excess deaths, primarily in France and Italy. The 2010 heat wave in Russia caused extensive crop loss, numerous wildfires, and about 55,000 excess deaths (many in the city of Moscow). Heat waves typically occur when high pressure systems become stationary and the winds on their rear side continuously pump hot and humid air northeastward, resulting in extreme weather conditions. The more intense and more frequently occurring heat waves cannot be explained solely by natural climate variations and without human-made climate change (IPCC 2014; CSSR 2017; NCA4 2018). Scientists discuss a weakening of the polar jet stream caused by global warming as a possible reason for an increasing probability for the occurrence of stationary weather, resulting in heavy rain falls or heat waves (Broennimann et al. 2009 ; Coumou et al. 2015 ; Mann 2019 ). This jet stream is one of the most important factors for the weather in the middle latitude regions of North America, Europe, and Asia.

Until the end of the twentieth century, heat waves were predominantly seen as a recurrent meteorological fact with major attention to drought, being almost independent from human activities and unpredictable like earthquakes. However, since about 1950, distinct changes in extreme climate and weather events have been increasingly observed. Meanwhile, climate change research has revealed that these changes are clearly linked to the human influence on the content of greenhouse gases in the earth’s atmosphere. Climate-related extremes, such as heat waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, and wildfires, reveal significant vulnerability to climate change as a result of global warming.

In recent years, research on heat waves has been established as an emerging research topic within the large field of current climate change research. Bibliometric analyses are very suitable in order to have a systematic and quantitative overview of the literature that can be assigned to an emerging topic such as research dealing with heat waves (e.g., Haunschild et al. 2016 ). No summarizing overview on the entire body of heat wave literature has been published until now. However, a bibliometric analysis of research on urban heat islands as a more specific topic in connection with heat waves has been performed (Huang and Lu 2018 ).

In this study, we analyzed the publications dealing with heat waves using appropriate bibliometric methods and tools. First, we determined the amount and time evolution of the scientific literature dealing with heat waves. The countries contributing the most papers are presented. Second, we analyzed the thematic content of the publications via keywords assigned by the WoS. Third, we identified the most important (influential) publications (and also the historical roots). We identified 104 citation classics, which include fundamental early works and more recent works with a stronger connection to climate change.

Heat waves as a research topic

The status of the current knowledge on climate change is summarized in the Synthesis Report of the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (IPCC 2014, https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ ). This panel is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. The Synthesis Report is based on the reports of the three IPCC Working Groups , including relevant Special Reports . In its Summary for Policymakers , it provides an integrated view of climate change as the final part of the Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC 2014, https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf ).

In the chapter Extreme Events , it is stated that “changes in many extreme weather and climate events have been observed since about 1950. Some of these changes have been linked to human influences, including a decrease in cold temperature extremes, an increase in warm temperature extremes, an increase in extreme high sea levels and an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events in a number of regions … It is very likely that the number of cold days and nights has decreased and the number of warm days and nights has increased on the global scale. It is likely that the frequency of heat waves has increased in large parts of Europe, Asia and Australia. It is very likely that human influence has contributed to the observed global scale changes in the frequency and intensity of daily temperature extremes since the mid-twentieth century. It is likely that human influence has more than doubled the probability of occurrence of heat waves in some locations” (p. 7–8). Under Projected Changes , the document summarizes as follows: “Surface temperature is projected to rise over the twenty-first century under all assessed emission scenarios. It is very likely that heat waves will occur more often and last longer, and that extreme precipitation events will become more intense and frequent in many regions” (p. 10).

With regard to the USA, the Climate Science Special Report of the U.S. Global Change Research Program (CSSR 2017, https://science2017.globalchange.gov/ ) mentions quite similar observations and states unambiguously in its Fourth National Climate Assessment (Volume I) report ( https://science2017.globalchange.gov/downloads/CSSR2017_FullReport.pdf ) under Observed Changes in Extremes that “the frequency of cold waves has decreased since the early 1900s, and the frequency of heat waves has increased since the mid-1960s (very high confidence). The frequency and intensity of extreme heat and heavy precipitation events are increasing in most continental regions of the world (very high confidence). These trends are consistent with expected physical responses to a warming climate [p. 19]. Heavy precipitation events in most parts of the United States have increased in both intensity and frequency since 1901 (high confidence) [p. 20]. There are important regional differences in trends, with the largest increases occurring in the northeastern United States (high confidence). Recent droughts and associated heat waves have reached record intensity in some regions of the United States … (very high confidence) [p. 21]. Confidence in attribution findings of anthropogenic influence is greatest for extreme events that are related to an aspect of temperature” (p. 123).

Among the key findings in the chapter on temperature changes in the USA, the report states that “there have been marked changes in temperature extremes across the contiguous United States. The frequency of cold waves has decreased since the early 1900s, and the frequency of heat waves has increased since the mid-1960s (very high confidence). Extreme temperatures in the contiguous United States are projected to increase even more than average temperatures. The temperatures of extremely cold days and extremely warm days are both expected to increase. Cold waves are projected to become less intense while heat waves will become more intense (very high confidence) [p. 185]. Most of this methodology as applied to extreme weather and climate event attribution, has evolved since the European heat wave study of Stott et al.” (p. 128).

Heat waves are also discussed in the Fourth National Climate Assessment (Volume II) report (NCA4 2018, https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/ ). The Report-in-Brief ( https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads/NCA4_Report-in-Brief.pdf ) for example states: “More frequent and severe heat waves and other extreme events in many parts of the United States are expected [p. 38]. Heat waves and heavy rainfalls are expected to increase in frequency and intensity [p. 93]. The season length of heat waves in many U.S. cities has increased by over 40 days since the 1960s [p. 30]. Cities across the Southeast are experiencing more and longer summer heat waves [p. 123]. Exposure to hotter temperatures and heat waves already leads to heat-associated deaths in Arizona and California. Mortality risk during a heat wave is amplified on days with high levels of ground-level ozone or particulate air pollution” (p. 150).

In summary, climate change research expects more frequent and more severe heat wave events as a consequence of global warming. It is likely that the more frequent and longer lasting heat waves will significantly increase excess mortality, particularly in urban regions with high air pollution. Therefore, research around heat waves will become increasingly important and is much more than a temporary research fashion.

Methodology

Dataset used.

This analysis is based on the relevant literature retrieved from the following databases accessible under the Web of Science (WoS) of Clarivate Analytics: Web of Science Core Collection: Citation Indexes, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI), Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Science (CPCI-S), Conference Proceedings Citation Index—Social Science & Humanities (CPCI-SSH), Book Citation Index—Science (BKCI-S), Book Citation Index—Social Sciences & Humanities (BKCI-SSH), Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI).

We applied the search query given in Appendix 1 to cover the relevant literature as completely as possible and to exclude irrelevant literature. We practiced an iterative query optimization by identifying and excluding the WoS subject categories with most of the non-relevant papers. For example, heat waves are also mentioned in the field of materials science but have nothing to do with climate and weather phenomena. Unfortunately, WoS obviously assigned some heat wave papers related to climate to materials science-related subject categories. Therefore, these subject categories were not excluded. By excluding the other non-relevant subject categories, 597 out of 8,568 papers have been removed, resulting in a preliminary publication set of 7,971 papers (#2 of the search query). But this is no safe method, since the excluded categories may well include some relevant papers. Therefore, we have combined these 597 papers with search terms related to climate or weather and retrieved 62 relevant papers in addition, which we added to our preliminary paper subset, eventually receiving 8,033 publications (#3 to #5 of the search query).

Commonly, publication sets for bibliometric analyses are limited to articles, reviews, and conference proceedings as the most relevant document types and are restricted to complete publication years. In this study, however, we have included all relevant WoS document types for a better literature coverage of the research topic analyzed. For example, conference meetings and early access papers may well be interesting for the content analysis of the literature under study. Such literature often anticipates important results, which are published later as regular articles. Furthermore, we have included the literature until the date of search for considering the recent rapid growth of the field. Our search retrieved a final publication set of 8,011 papers indexed in WoS until the date of search (July 1, 2021) and dealing with heat waves (#6 of the search query). We have combined this publication set with climate change-related search terms from a well-proven search query (Haunschild et al. 2016 ) resulting in 4,588 papers dealing with heat waves in connection with climate change or global warming (# 11 of the search query). Also, we have selected a subset of 2,373 papers dealing with heat waves and mortality (#13 of the search query). The complete WoS search query is given in Appendix 1.

The final publication set of 8,011 papers dealing with heat waves still contains some non-relevant papers primarily published during the first half of the twentieth century, such as some Nature papers within the WoS category Multidisciplinary Sciences . Since these papers are assigned only to this broad subject category and have no abstracts and no keywords included, they cannot be excluded using the WoS search and refinement functions. We do not expect any bias through these papers, because their keywords do not appear in our maps. Also, they normally contain very few (if any) cited references, which could bias/impact our reference analysis.

We used the VOSviewer software (Van Eck and Waltman 2010 ) to map co-authorship with regard to the countries of authors (88 countries considered) of the papers dealing with heat waves ( www.vosviewer.com ). The map of the cooperating countries presented is based on the number of joint publications. The distance between two nodes is proportionate to the number of co-authored papers. Hence, largely cooperating countries are positioned closer to each other. The size of the nodes is proportionate to the number of papers published by authors of the specific countries.

The method that we used for revealing the thematic content of the publication set retrieved from the WoS is based on the analysis of keywords. For better standardization, we chose the keywords allocated by the database producer (keywords plus) rather than the author keywords. We also used the VOSviewer for mapping the thematic content of the 104 key papers selected by reference analysis. This map is also based on keywords plus.

The term maps (keywords plus) are based on co-occurrence for positioning the nodes on the maps. The distance between two nodes is proportionate to the co-occurrence of the terms. The size of the nodes is proportionate to the number of papers with a specific keyword. The nodes on the map are assigned by VOSviewer to clusters based on a specific cluster algorithm (the clusters are highlighted in different colors). These clusters identify closely related (frequently co-occurring) nodes, where each node is assigned to only one cluster.

Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy

A bibliometric method called “Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy” (RPYS, Marx et al. 2014 ) in combination with the tool CRExplorer ( http://www.crexplorer.net , Thor et al. 2016a , b ) has proven useful for exploring the cited references within a specific publication set, in order to detect the most important publications of the relevant research field (and also the historical roots). In recent years, several studies have been published, in which the RPYS method was basically described and applied (Marx et al. 2014 ; Marx and Bornmann 2016 ; Comins and Hussey 2015 ). In previous studies, Marx et al. have analyzed the roots of research on global warming (Marx et al. 2017a ), the emergence of climate change research in combination with viticulture (Marx et al. 2017b ), and tea production (Marx et al. 2017c ) from a quantitative (bibliometric) perspective. In this study, we determined which references have been most frequently cited by the papers dealing with heat waves.

RPYS is based on the assumption that peers produce a useful database by their publications, in particular by the references cited therein. This database can be analyzed statistically with regard to the works most important for their specific research field. Whereas individual scientists judge their research field more or less subjectively, the overall community can deliver a more objective picture (based on the principle of “the wisdom of the crowds”). The peers effectively “vote” via their cited references on which works turned out to be most important for their research field (Bornmann and Marx 2013 ). RPYS implies a normalization of citation counts (here: reference counts) with regard to the research area and the time of publication, which both impact the probability to be cited frequently. Basically, the citing and cited papers analyzed were published in the same research field and the reference counts are compared with each other only within the same publication year.

RPYS relies on the following observation: the analysis of the publication years of the references cited by all the papers in a specific research topic shows that publication years are not equally represented. Some years occur particularly frequently among the cited references. Such years appear as distinct peaks in the distribution of the reference publication years (i.e., the RPYS spectrogram). The pronounced peaks are frequently based on a few references that are more frequently cited than other references published in the same year. The frequently cited references are—as a rule—of specific significance to the research topic in question (here: heat waves) and the earlier references among them represent its origins and intellectual roots (Marx et al. 2014 ).

The RPYS changes the perspective of citation analysis from a times cited to a cited reference analysis (Marx and Bornmann 2016 ). RPYS does not identify the most highly cited papers of the publication set being studied (as is usually done by bibliometric analyses in research evaluation). RPYS aims to mirror the knowledge base of research (here: on heat waves).

With time, the body of scientific literature of many research fields is growing rapidly, particularly in climate change research (Haunschild et al. 2016 ). The growth rate of highly dynamic research topics such as research related to heat waves is even larger. As a consequence, the number of potentially citable papers is growing substantially. Toward the present, the peaks of individual publications lie over a broad continuum of newer publications and are less numerous and less pronounced. Due to the many publications cited in the more recent years, the proportion of individual highly cited publications in specific reference publication years falls steadily. Therefore, the distinct peaks in an RPYS spectrogram reveal only the most highly cited papers, in particular the earlier references comprising the historical roots. Further inspection and establishing a more entire and representative list of highly cited works requires consulting the reference table provided by the CRExplorer. The most important references within a specific reference publication year can be identified by sorting the cited references according to the reference publication year (RPY) and subsequently according to the number of cited references (N_CR) in a particular publication year.

The selection of important references in RPYS requires the consideration of two opposing trends: (1) the strongly growing number of references per reference publication year and (2) the fall off near present due to the fact that the newest papers had not sufficient time to accumulate higher citation counts. Therefore, we decided to set different limits for the minimum number of cited references for different periods of reference publication years (1950–1999: N_CR ≥ 50, 2000–2014: N_CR ≥ 150, 2015–2020: N_CR ≥ 100). This is somewhat arbitrary, but is helpful in order to adapt and limit the number of cited references to be presented and discussed.

In order to apply RPYS, all cited references ( n = 408,247) of 216,932 unique reference variants have been imported from the papers of our publication set on heat waves ( n = 8,011). The cited reference publication years range from 1473 to 2021. We removed all references (297 different cited reference variants) with reference publication years prior to 1900. Due to the very low output of heat wave-related papers published before 1990, no relevant literature published already in the nineteenth century can be expected. Also, global warming was no issue before 1900 since the Little Ice Age (a medieval cold period) lasted until the nineteenth century. The references were sorted according to RPY and N_CR for further inspection.

The CRExplorer offers the possibility to cluster and merge variants of the same cited reference (Thor et al. 2016a , b ). We clustered and merged the associated reference variants in our dataset (which are mainly caused by misspelled references) using the corresponding CRExplorer module, clustering the reference variants via volume and page numbers and subsequently merging aggregated 374 cited references (for more information on using the CRExplorer see “guide and datasets” at www.crexplorer.net ).

After clustering and merging, we applied a further cutback: to focus the RPYS on the most pronounced peaks, we removed all references ( n = 212,324) with reference counts below 10 (resulting in a final number of 3,937 cited references) for the detection of the most frequently cited works. A minimum reference count of 10 has proved to be reasonable, in particular for early references (Marx et al. 2014 ). The cited reference publication years now range from 1932 to 2020.

In this study, we have considered all relevant WoS document types for a preferably comprehensive coverage of the literature of the research topic analyzed. The vast majority of the papers of our publication set, however, have been assigned to the document types “article” ( n = 6.738, 84.1%), “proceedings paper” ( n = 485, 6.1%), and “review” ( n = 395 papers, 4.9%). Note that some papers belong to more than one document type.

Time evolution of literature

In Fig. 1 , the time evolution between 1990 and 2020 of the publications dealing with heat waves is shown (there are only 109 pre-1990 publications dealing with heat waves and covered by the WoS).

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Time evolution of the overall number of heat wave publications, of heat wave publications in connection with climate change, and of heat wave publications in connection with mortality, each between 1990 and 2020. For comparison, the overall number of publications (scaled down) in the field of climate change research and the total number of publications covered by the WoS database (scaled down, too) are included

According to Fig. 1 , research dealing with heat waves is a highly dynamic research topic, currently doubling within about 5 years. The number of papers published per year shows a strong increase: since around 2000, the publication output increased by a factor of more than thirty, whereas in the same period, the overall number of papers covered by the WoS increased only by a factor of around three. Also, the portion of heat wave papers dealing with climate change increased substantially: from 16.1 in the period 1990–1999 to 25.7% in 2000, reaching 66.9% in 2020. The distinct decrease of the overall number of papers covered by the WoS between 2019 and 2020 might be a result of the Covid-19 pandemic.

With regard to the various impacts of heat waves, excess mortality is one of the most frequently analyzed and discussed issues in the scientific literature (see below). Whereas the subject specific literature on heat waves increased from 2000 to 2020 by a factor of 33.6, literature on heat waves dealing with mortality increased from 2000 to 2020 by a factor of 51.5. The dynamics of the research topic dealing with heat waves is mirrored by the WoS Citation Report , which shows the time evolution of the overall citation impact of the papers of the publication set (not presented). The citation report curve shows no notable citation impact before 2005, corresponding to the increase of the publication rate since about 2003 as shown in Fig. 1 .

Countries of authors

In Table Table1, 1 , the number of papers assigned to the countries of authors with more than 100 publications dealing with heat waves is presented, showing the national part of research activities on this research topic. For comparative purposes, the percentage of overall papers in WoS of each country is shown. As a comparison with the overall WoS, we only considered WoS papers published between 2000 and 2020, because the heat wave literature started to grow substantially around 2000.

Top countries of authors with more than 100 papers dealing with heat waves up to the date of the search

Country of authors	#Papers	%Papers heat waves	%Papers overall in WoS
USA	2081	26.0	27.4
Australia	1026	12.8	3.1
Peoples Republic of China	965	12.0	12.1
England	760	9.5	6.7
Germany	737	9.2	6.3
France	638	8.0	4.3
Italy	536	6.7	3.9
Spain	506	6.3	3.1
Switzerland	361	4.5	1.6
Canada	356	4.4	4.0
India	236	2.9	3.3
Netherlands	227	2.8	2.2
South Korea	206	2.6	2.5
Sweden	206	2.6	1.4
Portugal	204	2.5	0.7
Belgium	176	2.2	1.2
Japan	168	2.1	5.2
Greece	163	2.0	0.7
Russia	149	1.9	2.1
Poland	141	1.8	1.4
Austria	137	1.7	0.9
Czech Republic	130	1.6	0.7
Denmark	119	1.5	0.9
South Africa	119	1.5	0.6
Brazil	116	1.4	2.1
Scotland	106	1.3	1.0

The country-specific percentages from Table Table1 1 are visualized in Fig. 2 . Selected countries are labeled. Countries with a higher relative percentage of more than two percentage points in heat wave research than in WoS overall output are marked blue (blue circle). Countries with a relative percentage at least twice as high in heat wave research than in overall WoS output are marked green (green cross), whereas countries with a relative percentage at most half as much in heat wave research than in overall WoS output are marked with a yellow cross. Only Japan has a much lower output in heat wave research than in WoS overall output, as indicated by the red circle and yellow cross. Most countries are clustered around the bisecting line and are marked gray (gray circle). China and the USA are outside of the plot region. Both countries are rather close to the bisecting line. Some European countries show a much larger activity in heat wave research than in overall WoS output. Australia shows the largest difference and ratio in output percentages as shown by the blue circle and green cross.

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Publication percentages of countries in Table Table1. 1 . Countries with large deviations between heat wave output and overall WoS output are labeled. Countries with an absolute percentage of more than two percentage points higher (lower) in heat wave research than in overall WoS output are marked blue (red). Countries with a relative percentage at least twice as high (at most half as much) in heat wave research than in overall WoS output are marked green (yellow)

The results mainly follow the expectations of such bibliometric analyses, with one distinct exception: Australia increasingly suffers from extreme heat waves and is comparatively active in heat wave research—compared with its proportion of scientific papers in general. The growth factor of the Australian publication output since 2010 is 8.5, compared to 5.3 for the USA and 3.3 for Germany.

Figure 3 shows the co-authorship network with regard to the countries of authors of the papers dealing with heat waves using the VOSviewer software.

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Co-authorship overlay map with regard to the countries of authors and their average publication years from the 8,011 papers dealing with heat waves. The minimum number of co-authored publications of a country is 5; papers with more than 25 contributing countries are neglected; of the 135 countries, 89 meet the threshold, and 88 out of 89 countries are connected and are considered (one country, Armenia, that is disconnected from the network has been removed). The co-authorship network of a single country can be depicted by clicking on the corresponding node in the interactive map. Readers interested in an in-depth analysis can use VOSviewer interactively and zoom into the map via the following URL: https://tinyurl.com/3ywkwv8t

According to Fig. 3 and in accordance with Table Table1, 1 , the USA is most productive in heat wave research. This is not unexpected, because the US publication output is at the top for most research fields. However, this aside, the USA has been heavily affected by heat wave events and is leading with regard to the emergence of the topic. Australia appears as another major player and is strongly connected with the US publications within the co-authorship network and thus appears as a large node near the US node in the map. Next, the leading European countries England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain appear.

The overlay version of the map includes the time evolution of the research activity in the form of coloring of the nodes. The map shows the mean publication year of the publications for each specific author country. As a consequence, the time span of the mean publication years ranges only from 2014 to 2018. Nevertheless, the early activity in France and the USA and the comparatively recent activity in Australia and China, with the European countries in between, become clearly visible.

Topics of the heat wave literature

Figure 4 shows the keywords (keywords plus) map for revealing the thematic content of our publication set using the VOSviewer software. This analysis is based on the complete publication set ( n = 8,011). The minimum number of occurrences of keywords is 10; of the 10,964 keywords, 718 keywords met the threshold. For each of the 718 keywords, the total strength of the co-occurrence links with other keywords was calculated. The keywords with the greatest total link strength were selected for presentation in the map.

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Co-occurrence network map of the keywords plus from the 8,011 papers dealing with heat waves for a rough analysis of the thematic content. The minimum number of occurrences of keywords is 10; of the 10,964 keywords, 718 meet the threshold. Readers interested in an in-depth analysis can use VOSviewer interactively and zoom into the map via the following URL: https://tinyurl.com/enrdbw

According to Fig. 4 , the major keywords are the following: climate change, temperature, mortality, impact, heat waves (searched), and variability. The colored clusters identify closely related (frequently co-occurring) nodes. The keywords marked red roughly originate from fundamental climate change research focused on the hydrological cycle (particularly on drought), the keywords of the green cluster are around heat waves and moisture or precipitation, the keywords marked blue result from research concerning impacts of heat waves on health, the keywords marked yellow are focused on the various other impacts of heat waves, and the keywords of the magenta cluster are around adaptation and vulnerability in connection with heat waves.

The clustering by the VOSviewer algorithm provides basic categorizations, but many related keywords also appear in different clusters. For example, severe heat wave events are marked in different colors. For a better overview of the thematic content of the publications dealing with heat waves, we have assigned the keywords of Fig. 4 (with a minimum number of occurrences of 50) to ten subject categories (each arranged in the order of occurrence):

Countries/regions: United-States, Europe, France, China, Pacific, Australia, London, England
Cities: cities, city, US cities, Chicago, communities
Events: 2003 heat-wave, 1995 heat-wave
Impacts: impact, impacts, air-pollution, drought, soil-moisture, exposure, heat-island, urban, islands, photosynthesis, pollution, heat-island, air-quality, environment, precipitation extremes, biodiversity, emissions
Politics: risk, responses, vulnerability, adaptation, management, mitigation, risk-factors, scenarios
Biology: vegetation, forest, diversity, stomatal conductance
Medicine: mortality, health, stress, deaths, morbidity, hospital admissions, public-health, thermal comfort, population, heat, sensitivity, human health, disease, excess mortality, heat-stress, heat-related mortality, comfort, behavior, death, stroke
Climate research: climate change, temperature, climate, model, simulation, energy, projections, simulations, cmip5, ozone, el-nino, parametrization, elevated CO 2 , models, climate variability, carbon, carbon-dioxide
Meteorology: heat waves, variability, precipitation, summer, heat-wave, weather, ambient-temperature, waves, extremes, wave, cold, water, rainfall, circulation, heat, air-temperature, extreme heat, climate extremes, heatwaves, temperature extremes, temperatures, temperature variability, high-temperature, ocean, extreme temperatures, atmospheric circulation, interannual variability, sea-surface temperature, oscillation, surface temperature, surface
Broader terms (multi-meaning): trends, events, patterns, growth, performance, time-series, indexes, system, dynamics, association, index, tolerance, productivity, ensemble, resilience, increase, quality, prediction, frequency, particulate matter, future, framework, 20 th -century, time, reanalysis, systems

Although allocated by the database provider, the keywords are not coherent. For example, the same keyword may appear as singular or plural, and complex keywords are written with and without hyphens.

In order to compare the thematic content of the complete publication set with the earlier literature on heat waves, we have analyzed the pre-2000 publications ( n = 297) separately. Figure 5 shows the keywords (keywords plus) map for revealing the thematic content of the pre-2000 papers.

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Co-occurrence network map of the keywords plus from the 297 pre-2000 papers dealing with heat waves for a rough analysis of the thematic content. The minimum number of occurrences of keywords is 1; of the 389 keywords, 277 keywords are connected, and all items are shown. Readers interested in an in-depth analysis can use VOSviewer interactively and zoom into the map via the following URL: https://tinyurl.com/u2zzr399

The major nodes in Fig. 5 are heat waves (searched), temperature, United States, and mortality, with climate change appearing only as a smaller node here. Obviously, the connection between heat waves and climate change was not yet pronounced, which can also be seen from Fig. 1 . Compared with Fig. 4 , the thematic content of the clusters is less clear and the clusters presented in Fig. 5 can hardly be assigned to specific research areas. For a better overview of the thematic content of the early publications dealing with heat waves, we have assigned the connected keywords of Fig. 5 to seven subject categories:

Countries/regions: United-States, Great-Plains
Cities: St-Louis, Athens, Chicago
Events: 1980 heat-wave, 1995 heat-wave
Impacts: impacts, responses, drought, precipitation, comfort, sultriness
Climate research: climate, climate change, model, temperature, variability
Medicine: cardiovascular deaths, mortality, air pollution
Meteorology: atmospheric flow, weather, heat, humidity index

Important publications

Figures 6 – 8 show the results of the RPYS analysis performed with the CRExplorer and present the distribution of the number of cited references across the reference publication years. Figure 6 shows the RPYS spectrogram of the full range of reference publication years since 1925. Figure 7 presents the spectrogram for the reference publication year period 1950–2000 for better resolving the historical roots. Figure 8 shows the spectrogram for the period 2000–2020, comprising the cited references from the bulk of the publication set analyzed.

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Annual distribution of cited references throughout the time period 1925–2020, which have been cited in heat wave-related papers (published between 1964 and 2020). Only references with a minimum reference count of 10 are considered

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Annual distribution of cited references throughout the time period 1950–2000, which have been cited in heat wave-related papers (published between 1972 and 2020). Only references with a minimum reference count of 10 are considered

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Annual distribution of cited references throughout the time period 2000–2020, which have been cited in heat wave-related papers (published between 2000 and 2020). Only references with a minimum reference count of 10 are considered

The gray bars (Fig. 6 ) and red lines (Figs. (Figs.7 7 – 8 ) in the graphs visualize the number of cited references per reference publication year. In order to identify those publication years with significantly more cited references than other years, the (absolute) deviation of the number of cited references in each year from the median of the number of cited references in the two previous, the current, and the two following years (t − 2; t − 1; t; t + 1; t + 2) is also visualized (blue lines). This deviation from the 5-year median provides a curve smoother than the one in terms of absolute numbers. We inspected both curves for the identification of the peak papers.

Which papers are most important for the scientific community performing research on heat waves? We use the number of cited references (N_CR) as a measure of the citation impact within the topic-specific literature of our publication set. N_CR should not be confused with the overall number of citations of the papers as given by the WoS citation counts (times cited). These citation counts are based on all citing papers covered by the complete database (rather than a topic-specific publication set) and are usually much higher.

Applying the selection criteria mentioned above (minimum number of cited references between 50 and 150 in three different periods), 104 references have been selected as key papers (important papers most frequently referenced within the research topic analyzed) and are presented in Table Table2 2 in Appendix 2. The peak papers corresponding to reference publication years below about 2000 can be seen as the historical roots of the research topic analyzed. Since around 2000, the number of references with the same publication year becomes increasingly numerous, usually with more than one highly referenced (cited) paper at the top. Although there are comparatively fewer distinct peaks visible in the RPYS spectrogram of Fig. 8 , the most frequently referenced papers can easily be identified via the CRE reference listing. Depending on the specific skills and needs (i.e., the expert knowledge and the intended depth of the analysis), the number of top-referenced papers considered key papers can be defined individually.

Listing of the key papers ( n = 104) revealed by RPYS via CRE ( RPY reference publication year, N_CR number of cited references, Title title of the cited reference, DOI allows easily to retrieve the full paper via WoS or Internet)


1945	94	Mann, H.B	Nonparametric tests against trend	Not available
1968	108	Sen, P.K	Estimates of regression coefficient based on Kendalls Tau	Not available
1972	72	Schuman, S.H	Patterns of urban heat-wave deaths and implications for prevention—Data from New York and St-Louis during July, 1966
1973	81*	Oke, T.R	City size and urban heat island
1979	110*	Steadman, R.G	The assessment of sultriness. Part I: A temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science	<0861:TAOSPI>2.0.CO;2
1980	62	Berry, J	Photosynthetic response and adaptation to temperature in higher-plants
1982	175	Oke, T.R	The energetic basis of the urban heat island
1982	107*	Jones, T.S	Morbidity and mortality associated with the July 1980 heat-wave in St.-Louis and Kansas-City, MO
1982	88	Kilbourne, E.M	Risk-factors for heat-stroke—A case–control study
1984	112*	Steadman, R.G	A universal scale of apparent temperature	<1674:AUSOAT>2.0.CO;2
1984	52	Mearns, L.O	Extreme high-temperature events—Changes in their probabilities with changes in mean temperature	<1601:EHTECI>2.0.CO;2
1986	59	Kalkstein, L.S	An evaluation of summer discomfort in the United-States using a relative climatological index	<0842:AEOSDI>2.0.CO;2
1986	53	Keatinge, W.R	Increased platelet and red-cell counts, blood-viscosity, and plasma-cholesterol levels during heat stress, and mortality from coronary and cerebral thrombosis
1987	71	Mayer, H	Thermal comfort of man in different urban environments
1989	87*	Kalkstein, L.S	Weather and human mortality—An evaluation of demographic and interregional responses in the United-States
1989	65	Dudhia, J	Numerical study of convection observed during the winter monsoon experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model	<3077:NSOCOD>2.0.CO;2
1989	53	Joseph, D.D	Heat waves
1992	85*	Katz, R.W	Extreme events in a changing climate—Variability is more important than averages
1993	74*	Kunst, A.E	Outdoor air temperature and mortality in the Netherlands: A time-series analysis
1993	52	Katsouyanni, K	Evidence for interaction between air-pollution and high-temperature in the causation of excess mortality
1995	52	Sartor, F	Temperature, ambient ozone levels, and mortality during summer, 1994, in Belgium
1996	368*	Semenza, J.C	Heat-related deaths during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago
1996	327*	Kalnay, E	The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project	<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2
1996	106*	Changnon, S.A	Impacts and responses to the 1995 heat wave: A call to action	<1497:IARTTH>2.0.CO;2
1996	84	Kunkel, K.E	The July 1995 heat wave in the midwest: A climatic perspective and critical weather factors	<1507:TJHWIT>2.0.CO;2
1996	63	Kalkstein, L.S	The Philadelphia hot weather-health watch warning system: Development and application, summer 1995	<1519:TPHWHW>2.0.CO;2
1997	180*	Whitman, S	Mortality in Chicago attributed to the July 1995 heat wave
1997	116*	Kalkstein, L.S	An evaluation of climate/mortality relationships in large US cities and the possible impacts of a climate change
1997	105*	Karl, T.R	The 1995 Chicago heat wave: How likely is a recurrence?	<1107:TCHWHL>2.0.CO;2
1997	74	Mlawer, E.J	Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave
1997	72	Keatinge, W.R	Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe	Not available
1997	53	Easterling, D.R	Maximum and minimum temperature trends for the globe
1997	53	Mantua, N.J	A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production	<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2
1997	50	Ballester, F	Mortality as a function of temperature. A study in Valencia, Spain, 1991–1993
1998	105*	Rooney, C	Excess mortality in England and Wales, and in Greater London, during the 1995 heatwave
1998	81*	Dematte, J.E	Near-fatal heat stroke during the 1995 heat wave in Chicago
1998	55	Smoyer, K.E	A comparative analysis of heat waves and associated mortality in St. Louis, Missouri—1980 and 1995
1998	53	Gaffen, D.J	Increased summertime heat stress in the US
1999	200*	Semenza, J.C	Excess hospital admissions during the July 1995 heat wave in Chicago
1999	91	Hoppe, P	The physiological equivalent temperature—A universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment
1999	56	Matzarakis, A	Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature
1999	52*	Kunkel, K.E	Temporal fluctuations in weather and climate extremes that cause economic and human health impacts: A review	<1077:TFIWAC>2.0.CO;2
2000	275*	Easterling, D.R	Climate extremes: observations, modelling, and impacts
2001	277*	Robinson, P.J	On the definition of a heat wave	<0762:OTDOAH>2.0.CO;2
2001	203*	Hynen, M.M.T.E	The impact of heat waves and cold spells on mortality rates in the Dutch population
2002	286*	Basu, R	Relation between elevated ambient temperature and mortality: A review of the epidemiologic evidence
2002	279*	Curriero, F.C	Temperature and mortality in 11 cities of the eastern United States
2002	233*	Frich, P	Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century
2002	156*	Bouchama, A	Medical progress—Heat stroke
2004	1099*	Meehl, G.A	More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the twenty-first century
2004	562*	Schaer, C	The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves
2004	326*	Stott, P.A	Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003
2004	232*	Beniston, P.M	The 2003 heat wave in Europe: A shape of things to come? An analysis based on Swiss climatological data and model simulations
2004	209*	Black, E	Factors contributing to the summer 2003 European heatwave
2004	180*	Luterbacher, J	European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500
2004	152	Kovats, R.S	Contrasting patterns of mortality and hospital admissions during hot weather and heat waves in Greater London, UK
2005	313*	Ciais, P	Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003
2005	161*	Patz, J.A	Impact of regional climate change on human health
2005	157*	Conti, S	Epidemiologic study of mortality during the Summer 2003 heat wave in Italy
2006	298*	Fouillet, A	Excess mortality related to the August 2003 heat wave in France
2006	257*	Alexander, L.V	Global observed changes in daily climate extremes of temperature and precipitation
2006	190*	Seneviratne, S.I	Land–atmosphere coupling and climate change in Europe
2006	180*	Vandentorren, S	August 2003 heat wave in France: Risk factors for death of elderly people living at home
2006	177*	Hajat, S	Impact of high temperatures on mortality—Is there an added heat wave effect?
2006	153*	Kovats, R.S	Heatwaves and public health in Europe
2007	238*	Fischer, E.M	Soil moisture—Atmosphere interactions during the 2003 European summer heat wave
2007	156*	Della-Marta, P.M	Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880
2008	372*	Robine, J.M	Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003
2008	287*	Kovats, R.S	Heat stress and public health: A critical review
2008	178*	Baccini, M	Heat effects on mortality in 15 European cities
2008	175*	Luber, G	Climate change and extreme heat events
2008	160*	Fouillet, A	Has the impact of heat waves on mortality changed in France since the European heat wave of summer 2003? A study of the 2006 heat wave
2009	339*	Anderson, Brooke G	Weather-related mortality: How heat, cold, and heat waves affect mortality in the United States
2009	212*	Basu, R	High ambient temperature and mortality: A review of epidemiologic studies from 2001 to 2008
2009	205*	Knowlton, K	The 2006 California heat wave: Impacts on hospitalizations and emergency department visits
2010	282*	Fischer, E.M	Consistent geographical patterns of changes in high-impact European heatwaves
2010	208*	D’Ippoliti, D	The impact of heat waves on mortality in 9 European cities: results from the EuroHEAT project
2010	208*	Seneviratne, S.I	Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate: A review
2010	196*	Garcia-Herrera, R	A review of the European summer heat wave of 2003
2011	381*	Dee, D.P	The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system
2011	355*	Barriopedro, D	The hot summer of 2010: Redrawing the temperature record map of Europe
2011	303*	Anderson, G.B	Heat waves in the United States: Mortality risk during heat waves and effect modification by heat wave characteristics in 43 U.S. communities
2011	198*	Dole, R	Was there a basis for anticipating the 2010 Russian heat wave?
2011	154*	Gasparrini, A	The Impact of Heat Waves on Mortality
2012	243	Taylor, K.E	An overview of CMIP5 and the experiment design
2012	236	Perkins, S.E	Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of observed global heatwaves and warm spells
2012	204	Coumou, D	A decade of weather extremes
2013	289	Perkins, S.E	On the measurement of heat waves
2013	159	Wernberg, T	An extreme climatic event alters marine ecosystem structure in a global biodiversity hotspot
2014	197	Miralles, D.G	Mega-heatwave temperatures due to combined soil desiccation and atmospheric heat accumulation
2014	171	Russo, S	Magnitude of extreme heat waves in present climate and their projection in a warming world
2015	182	Gasparrini, A	Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: A multicountry observational study
2015	168	Perkins, S.E	A review on the scientific understanding of heatwaves—Their measurement, driving mechanisms, and changes at the global scale
2015	159	Russo, S	Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades
2015	131	Bond, N.A	Causes and impacts of the 2014 warm anomaly in the NE Pacific
2015	111	Christidis, N	Dramatically increasing chance of extremely hot summers since the 2003 European heatwave
2016	197	Hobday, A.J	A hierarchical approach to defining marine heatwaves
2016	121	Wernberg, T	Climate-driven regime shift of a temperate marine ecosystem
2016	113	Di Lorenzo, E.	Multi-year persistence of the 2014/15 North Pacific marine heatwave
2017	125	Mora, C	Global risk of deadly heat
2017	112	Hughes, T.P	Global warming and recurrent mass bleaching of corals
2018	209	Oliver, E.C.J	Longer and more frequent marine heatwaves over the past century
2018	124	Frolicher, T.L	Marine heatwaves under global warming
2019	126	Smale, D.A	Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services

*N_TOP10 > 9; the N_TOP10 indicator is the number of reference publication years in which a focal cited reference belongs to the 10% most referenced publications.

Table Table2 2 lists the first authors and titles of the 104 key papers selected, their number of cited references (N_CR), and the DOIs for easy access. Some N_CR values are marked by an asterisk, indicating a high value of the N_TOP10 indicator implemented in the CRExplorer. The N_TOP10 indicator value is the number of reference publication years in which a focal cited reference belongs to the 10% most referenced publications. In the case of about half of the cited references in Table Table2 2 ( n = 58), the N_TOP10 value exceeded a value of 9. The three highest values in our dataset are 24, 21, and 20.

Out of the 104 key papers from Table Table2, 2 , 101 have a DOI of which we found 101 papers in the WoS. Three papers have no DOI but could be retrieved from WoS. The altogether 104 papers were exported and their keywords (keywords plus) were displayed in Fig. 9 for revealing the thematic content of the key papers from the RPYS analysis at a glance.

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Co-occurrence network map of the keywords plus of the 104 key papers dealing with heat waves selected applying RPYS via CRE software and listed in Table Table2. 2 . The minimum number of occurrences of keywords is 2; of the 310 keywords, 91 meet the threshold. Readers interested in an in-depth analysis can use VOSviewer interactively and zoom into the map via the following URL: https://tinyurl.com/4vwpc4t2

Overall, the keywords mapped in Fig. 9 are rather similar to the keywords presented in Fig. 4 . Besides climate change, temperature, weather, and air-pollution, the keywords deaths, health, mortality, and United-States appear as the most pronounced terms.

The key papers presented in Table Table2 2 can be categorized as follows: (1) papers dealing with specific heat wave events, (2) the impact of heat waves on human health, (3) heat wave-related excess mortality and implications for prevention, (4) the interaction between air pollution and high temperature, (5) circulation pattern and the meteorological basis, (6) future perspectives and risks, and (7) climate models, indicators, and statistics.

Today, the hypothesis of a human-induced climate change is no longer abstract but has become a clear fact, at least for the vast majority of the scientific community (IPCC 2014; CSSR 2017; NCA4 2018; and the multitude of references cited therein). The consequences of a warmer climate are already obvious. The rapidly growing knowledge regarding the earth’s climate system has revealed the connection between global warming and extreme weather events. Heat waves impact people directly and tangibly and many people are pushing for political actions. Research on heat waves came up with the occurrence of some severe events in the second half of the twentieth century and was much stimulated by the more numerous, more intense, and longer lasting heat waves that have occurred since the beginning of the twenty-first century.

As already mentioned in Sect. 1 , the more intense and more frequently occurring heat waves cannot be explained solely by natural climate variations but only with human-made climate change. As a consequence, research on heat waves has become embedded into meteorology and climate change research and has aimed to understand the specific connection with global warming. Scientists discuss a weakening of the polar jet stream as a possible reason for an increasing probability for the occurrence of heat waves (e.g., Broennimann et al. 2009 ; Coumou et al. 2015 ; Mann 2019 ). Climate models are used for projections of temperature and rainfall variability in the future, based on various scenarios of greenhouse gas emissions. As a result, the corresponding keywords appear in the maps of Figs. Figs.4 4 and and9. 9 . Also, the application of statistics plays a major role in the papers of our publication set; some of the most highly referenced (early) papers in Table Table2 2 primarily deal with statistical methods. These methods provide the basis for research on heat waves.

Our analysis shows that research on heat waves has become extremely important in the medical area, since severe heat waves have caused significant excess mortality (e.g., Kalkstein and Davis 1989 ; Fouillet et al. 2006 ; Anderson and Bell 2009 , 2011 ). The most alarming is that the limit for survivability may be reached at the end of the twenty-first century in many regions of the world due to the fatal combination of rising temperatures and humidity levels (e.g., Pal and Eltahir 2016 ; Im et al. 2017 ; Kang and Eltahir 2018 ). The combination of heat and humidity is measured as the “wet-bulb temperature” (WBT), which is the lowest temperature that can be reached under current ambient conditions by the evaporation of water. At 100% relative humidity, the wet-bulb temperature is equal to the air temperature and is different at lower humidity levels. For example, an ambient temperature of 46 °C and a relative humidity of 50% correspond to 35 °C WBT, which is the upper limit that can kill even healthy people within hours. By now, the limit of survivability has almost been reached in some places. However, if global warming is not seriously tackled, deadly heat waves are anticipated for many regions that have contributed little to climate change.

According to high-resolution climate change simulations, North China and South Asia are particularly at risk, because the annual monsoon brings hot and humid air to these regions (Im et al. 2017 ; Kang and Eltahir 2018 ). The fertile plain of North China has experienced vast expansion of irrigated agriculture, which enhances the intensity of heat waves. South Asia, a region inhabited by about one-fifth of the global human population, is likely to approach the critical threshold by the late twenty-first century, if greenhouse gas emissions are not lowered significantly. In particular, the densely populated agricultural regions of the Ganges and Indus river basins are likely to be affected by extreme future heat waves. Also, the Arabic-speaking desert countries of the Gulf Region in the Middle East and the French-speaking parts of Africa are expected to suffer from heat waves beyond the limit of human survival. But to date, only 12 papers have been published on heat waves in connection with wet-bulb temperature (#15 of the search query); no paper was published before 2016. Some papers report excess hospital admissions during heat wave events (e.g., Semenza et al. 1999 ; Knowlton et al. 2009 ), with the danger of a temporary capacity overload of local medical systems in the future. Presumably, this will be an increasingly important issue in the future, when more and larger urban areas are affected by heat waves beyond the limit of human survival indicated by wet-bulb temperatures above 35° C.

The importance of heat waves for the medical area is underlined by the large portion of papers discussing excess hospital admissions and excess mortality during intense heat wave events, particularly in urban areas with a high population density. As was the case during the boom phase of the Covid-19 pandemic, local medical health care systems may become overstressed by long-lasting heat wave events and thus adaptation strategies are presented and discussed. Finally, the analysis of the keywords in this study reveals the connection of heat wave events with air pollution in urban regions. There seems to be evidence of an interaction between air pollution and high temperatures in the causation of excess mortality (e.g., Katsouyanni et al. 1993 ). Two more recent papers discuss the global risk of deadly heat (Mora et al. 2017 ) and the dramatically increasing chance of extremely hot summers since the 2003 European heat wave (Christidis et al. 2015 ).

Another important topic of the heat wave papers is related to the consequences for agriculture and forestry. Reduced precipitation and soil moisture result in crop failure and put food supplies at risk. Unfortunately, large regions of the world that contribute least to the emission of greenhouse gases are affected most by drought, poor harvests, and hunger. Some more recent papers discuss the increasing probability of marine heat waves (Oliver et al. 2018 ) and the consequences for the marine ecosystem (Smale et al. 2019 ).

The results of this study should be interpreted in terms of its limitations:

We tried to include in our bibliometric analyses all relevant heat wave papers covered by the database. Our long-standing experience in professional information retrieval has shown, however, that it is sheer impossible to get complete and clean results by search queries against the backdrop of the search functions provided by literature databases like WoS or others. Also, the transition from relevant to non-relevant literature is blurred and is a question of the specific needs. In this study, we used bibliometric methods that are relatively robust with regard to the completeness and precision of the publication sets analyzed. For example, it is an advantage of RPYS that a comparatively small portion of relevant publications (i.e., an incomplete publication set) contains a large amount of the relevant literature as cited references. The number of cited references is indeed lowered as a consequence of an incomplete publication set. However, this does not significantly affect the results, since the reference counts are only used as a relative measure within specific publication years.

Two other limitations of this study refer to the RPYS of the heat wave paper set:

There are numerous rather highly cited references retrieved by RPYS via CRExplorer but not considered in the listing of Table Table2 2 due to the selection criteria applied. Many of these non-selected papers have N_CR values just below the limits that we have set. Therefore, papers not included in our listing are not per se qualified as much less important or even unimportant.
In the interpretation of cited references counts, one should have in mind that they rely on the “popularity” of a publication being cited in subsequent research. The counts measure impact but not scientific importance or accuracy (Tahamtan and Bornmann 2019 ). Note that there are many reasons why authors cite publications (Tahamtan and Bornmann 2018 ), thus introducing a lot of “noise” in the data (this is why RPYS focuses on the cited reference peaks).

Our suggestions for future empirical analysis refer to the impact of the scientific heat wave discourse on social networks and funding of basic research on heat waves around topics driven by political pressure. Whereas this paper focuses on the scientific discourse around heat waves, it would be interesting if future studies were to address the policy relevance of the heat waves research.

Appendix 1 1)

WoS search query (date of search: July 1, 2021)

# 15		#14 AND #6 = =
# 14		("wet bulb temperature*" OR WBT) = =
# 13		#6 AND TS = mortality = =
# 12		#2 OR #4 ( ARTICLE OR MEETING ABSTRACT OR CORRECTION OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER OR LETTER OR REVIEW OR NEWS ITEM OR BOOK CHAPTER OR EARLY ACCESS OR EDITORIAL MATERIAL OR BOOK REVIEW) AND ( 1984 OR 1967 OR 1983 OR 1966 OR 1982 OR 1965 OR 1999 OR 1981 OR 1964 OR 1998 OR 1980 OR 1963 OR 1997 OR 1979 OR 1962 OR 1996 OR 1978 OR 1961 OR 1995 OR 1977 OR 1959 OR 1994 OR 1976 OR 1954 OR 1993 OR 1975 OR 1949 OR 1992 OR 1974 OR 1940 OR 1991 OR 1973 OR 1938 OR 1990 OR 1972 OR 1930 OR 1989 OR 1971 OR 1926 OR 1988 OR 1970 OR 1914 OR 1987 OR 1969 OR 1912 OR 1986 OR 1968 OR 1906 OR 1985) = =
# 11		#10 AND #6 = =
# 10		#9 OR #8 OR #7 = =
# 9		(climat* OR palaeoclimat* OR paleoclimat*) = =
# 8		("global temperature" OR "global warm" OR "greenhouse effect" OR "greenhouse gas" OR "greenhouse warm") = =
# 7		("climate chang" OR "climatic chang" OR "climate varia" OR "climatic varia" OR "climate warm" OR "climatic warm") = =
# 6		#2 OR #4 ( ARTICLE OR MEETING ABSTRACT OR CORRECTION OR PROCEEDINGS PAPER OR LETTER OR REVIEW OR NEWS ITEM OR BOOK CHAPTER OR EARLY ACCESS OR EDITORIAL MATERIAL OR BOOK REVIEW) = =
# 5		#2 OR #4 = =
# 4		#3 AND TS = (climat* OR greenhouse OR warming OR atmospher* OR tropospher* OR weather) = =
# 3		#1 NOT #2 = =
# 2		("heat wave" OR "heat waves" OR heatwave OR heatwaves OR "hot spell" OR "hot spells") [excluding] ( NANOSCIENCE NANOTECHNOLOGY OR ASTRONOMY ASTROPHYSICS OR NUCLEAR SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY OR PHYSICS APPLIED OR PHYSICS ATOMIC MOLECULAR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICS CONDENSED MATTER OR PHYSICS FLUIDS PLASMAS OR PHYSICS MATHEMATICAL OR PHYSICS MULTIDISCIPLINARY OR LITERARY REVIEWS OR MECHANICS) = =
# 1		("heat wave" OR "heat waves" OR heatwave OR heatwaves OR "hot spell" OR "hot spells") = =

Table Table2 2

Author contribution

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Werner Marx, Robin Haunschild, and Lutz Bornmann. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Werner Marx and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

Data availability

Code availability, declarations.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Change history

The original version of this paper was updated to add the missing compact agreement Open Access funding note.

Contributor Information

Werner Marx, Email: [email protected] .

Robin Haunschild, Email: [email protected] .

Lutz Bornmann, Email: [email protected] , Email: ed.gpm.vg@nnamnrob .

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Topics for Research Papers: Diverse Research Ideas Across Disciplines

Table of contents

1 Why Is the Choice of Subject in Research Papers So Important?
2 How to Choose a Research Paper Topic?
3 Business Research Paper Topics
4 Media and Communications Research Paper Topics
5 Psychology Research Paper Topics
6 Argumentative Research Paper Topics
7 Controversial Topics for Research Paper
8 Easy Research Paper Topics
9 Research Topic in Natural Sciences
10 Sociology Research Paper Topics
11 Family Research Paper Topics
12 Discrimination Research Paper Topics
13 Law Research Paper Topics
14 Environmental Research Paper Topics
15 Education Research Paper Topics
16 Science and Technology Research Paper Topics
17 College Research Paper Topics
18 Health Research Paper Topics
19 Politics Research Paper Topics
20 History Research Paper Topics
21 Music Research Paper Topics
22.1 After Choosing the Research Topic
22.2 Closing Thoughts

When students approach the final stage of their academic journey, they immediately begin to think about the need to develop their research project to add to their college curriculum. To do this, students start searching for the best research paper topics. From then on, many insecurities and doubts will haunt the minds of these college education students who will have a big job ahead of them with the best research paper topic.

To help students during this challenging phase of their education, we can help them explore various interesting research paper topics, figure out which one aligns with their interests, and start working on it well ahead of the deadline.

Why Is the Choice of Subject in Research Papers So Important?

The final project of a student who is in college is a research paper. However, the student needs to start working on it before the end of their program. It is known that the sooner you begin this process, the more time and tranquility you will find to develop it. Therefore, a research paper will review what experts on a given subject have published in the literature, making the student choose and defend a point of view concerning a thesis statement. Writing one successfully requires surveys and data to back your idea or topic and choose a good research paper topic.

How to Choose a Research Paper Topic?

Choosing a research paper topic is a crucial step in the research process . It’s important to select a topic that interests you, aligns with your academic goals, and is feasible to research. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to pick a good research paper topic :

Pick a subject that you’re passionate about! If you’re passionate about your subject, the research process will be more relevant, and you will have more research topic ideas.
Concentrate on a doable topic.
You will only be able to focus if your topic is narrow enough.
Examine the subject selection instructions provided in your assignment—request advice from your lecturer or TA.
Always refer to important materials and notes about classes so that you are up to date on the topic.
Brainstorm research topics with a friend. They will be able to help you write your emphasis and raise concerns that will not be present at the time of your presentation.
Consider the following questions for your research topic ideas: who, what, when, where, and why:

WHY did you choose this particular topic? What piques your curiosity about it?

WHO are the sources of information, and who is impacted?

WHAT are the most important questions about this subject?

WHERE does your topic matter most: locally, nationally, or internationally?

WHEN did your topic become important? Is this a current issue or one from the past?

Business Research Paper Topics

A study of the business is current and significant. It allows data and information to be collected about commercial relationships worldwide. In this way, students can delve deeper into an important economics and professional development topic, finding solutions and discussing results. Sometimes, one can get research paper writing to assist in situations where it is inconvenient. Some examples of these business research paper topics include:

The influence of employee benefits on representative efficiency.
The difficulties of managing workgroup conflict.
Start-ups: Examining the challenges that arise during the early stages of a business.
How to work with open and closed systems in business.
Workgroups’ ability to evolve to meet the needs of the future.
Inter-authoritative networks and leadership strategies.
Product and service improvements made in significant cooperation.
How to manage an organization’s emergencies.
The effect of full quality management practices on client retention and satisfaction.
Effective time management as a tool for authoritative endurance.

Media and Communications Research Paper Topics

The research work developed in the area of the media manages to provide students with information about mass communication and its importance. With the advent of the internet and all its nuances, it is increasingly important to develop studies and research to understand the effects of media and communication in the social context. Some communication research topics can explore include:

The influence of the media on real-life relationships.
The role of the media in the expression of social issues.
Consequences of mass media on society’s ethical well-being.
The advantages of using the media to anticipate a crisis.
How the media infringes on citizens’ rights.
What role does the media play in spreading awareness?
The significance of trustworthy ads.
The impact of the media on a country’s political elite.
Is the media good or harmful to the economy?
What role does the media play in technological advancement?

Psychology Research Paper Topics

Many subjects can be approached within the theme of psychology. It is an area of science that allows us to carry out different studies with various themes and views. However, the student must be able to choose an important topic for the psychology and academic context. Your teacher’s attention is drawn to an engaging and novel topic. Here are some ideas for you:

What impact do violent video games have on children’s brain development?
Do violent cartoons impact our children’s behavior and mental health?
What impact does divorce have on a child’s emotional blooming?
An introverted child’s social anxiety and sadness.
How does bullying affect high school or college students’ social interactions?
When a person is in love, how does the brain work?
Differences in the way a man’s and a woman’s brains work
Is there a link between PTSD and Alzheimer’s disease?
Sleep paralysis causes and effects
What is the best way to deal with multiple personality disorders?

Argumentative Research Paper Topics

The student must choose an argumentative research paper topic because you will have to defend a thesis during the work. By opting for a good research paper topic of your interest, you will base yourself on various materials already published on the subject to develop your thoughts and arguments to defend your initial idea chosen as the main subject of your work.

The role of government in addressing income inequality.
The pros and cons of school uniform policies.
Analyzing the effects of violent video games on behavior.
The effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education programs.
The impact of fast food advertising on childhood obesity.
The role of government in regulating online privacy.
The pros and cons of school voucher programs.
Examining the impact of standardized testing on education.
The ethics of capital punishment for juveniles.
The ethics of human organ trafficking.

Controversial Topics for Research Paper

High times or high risks? The legalization of recreational marijuana use.
Locked and loaded: The endless debate on gun control policies.
To kill or not to kill: The ongoing debate on capital punishment.
Drones in the crosshairs: Balancing security and privacy.
The ethics of human cloning and genetic engineering.
Vaccination controversies: Mandates, exemptions, and public health.
Affirmative action under scrutiny: Equity in college admissions.
The ethics of assisted suicide and euthanasia.
Balancing surveillance and civil liberties.
Nuclear power and weapons: Weighing the benefits and risks.
Solitary confinement: Cruel punishment or necessary measure?
Rise of the machines: Artificial intelligence, employment, and ethics.
Animals in entertainment: Whose amusement at what cost?
Privacy vs. security: Government surveillance and individual rights.
Playing God: The ethics of human gene editing and designer babies.
Statues and symbols: The controversy surrounding Confederate memorials.
Fracking unveiled: The controversy surrounding hydraulic fracturing.

Easy Research Paper Topics

The effects of fast food consumption on health.
The benefits of reading for personal development.
Strategies for stress reduction in everyday life.
The role of family in child development.
The history of famous inventions.
Strategies for effective communication in relationships.
The history and impact of social movements.
The influence of advertising on consumer choices.
Strategies for healthy eating on a budget.
The importance of setting goals in life.

Research Topic in Natural Sciences

The impact of ocean acidification on marine life
Exploring the genetic diversity of soil microbes and their influence on crop health.
Studying the impacts of emerging contaminants on freshwater ecosystems.
Understanding the dynamics of emerging zoonotic diseases in wildlife populations.
The use of CRISPR in gene editing.
The use of drones in disaster response.
The effects of light pollution on nocturnal insect communities in urban areas.
Natural toxins in plants: mechanisms, benefits, and risks in agriculture.
Climate change and its effects on algal blooms and water quality in 2023.
The ecological significance of wetland restoration efforts in 2023.

Sociology Research Paper Topics

The sociology discipline is responsible for studying human behavior within society. These studies will address how people behave in social relationships and groups and how cultures and customs emerge. The possibilities for research are endless regarding sociology’s enormous reach and continually changing societal trends. Choose the best easy sociology research topics for yourself. Some topic ideas are:

Is emotional intelligence as crucial as everyone claims?
Is there a misconception that males are better professionals than women?
Is homeschooling a hindrance to children’s socialization?
Abuse marriages have both causes and effects.
We spend too much time on our phones.
The ethics of animal experimentation.
Is recycling beneficial to the environment?
In the United States, is there a stereotype about Mexicans?
Racial preconceptions ruin people.
The need for sex education.

Family Research Paper Topics

It’s not always easy to research family issues. This is mainly because some students may be coming from pleased families. Thus, many concepts might be difficult to comprehend. However, this field of study has the potential to significantly improve the psychological climate in many households throughout the world. Some topics one can research include:

In the family, there has been sexual abuse. The escape plan and organizations that can assist.
Resolving religious issues in families.
Is it possible to rescue oneself from substance abuse in a family if others engage?
Saving family connections while not inheriting the family business.
Balancing between family support and allowing young adults to experience living on their own in the transition to adulthood.
A relationship that is toxic and abusive. Breaking up with a toxic spouse has psychological ramifications.
Children and adults go through phases of grieving after losing a family member. How can we cope as a group?
What issues might parents confront when fostering a child?
When does teen misbehavior become more than a normal desire for independence?
A generational divide exists. The moral and cultural differences. Is this typical?

Discrimination Research Paper Topics

It is undeniable the massive impact that discrimination has in the society of the past and also of the present. Therefore, articles on discrimination and race relations must be the subject of academic research. Research papers on it can probe and proffer solutions through data found. Much research in this area can be developed, addressing relations of age, religion, race, sexual orientation, and any existing social conflict. Some topics to explore are:

Colorism as a kind of discrimination.
Discrimination Against Muslims in the Workplace.
Discrimination Against Asian Americans in Colleges.
Discrimination in the Workplace.
Discrimination against people of color as a result of racial profiling.
Discrimination Against Muslims in the Workplace is an issue that has to be addressed.
Discrimination in the Workplace: How to Manage in an Inclusive Environment.
Discrimination, social exclusion, and violence against LGBT people are issues that the LGBT community faces.
Discrimination and Equality Struggle.
Discrimination based on age in the workplace.

Law Research Paper Topics

Another fundamental form of research is legal research. It is a significant topic and one that allows us to have different approaches and points of view. Each country and each historical time will give us an even greater immersion in laws and legal conduct.

The law can be divided into 21 major areas. Just choose one of them to be the topic of your law research . Some areas of law are constitutional law, environmental law, and criminal law, among others. Some good topics include:

What are the benefits of business rules for institutions and organizations?
What is business law’s actual nature?
What do we know about the classification of business rules and the legal regulation of non-consensual adoption in the United States?
How does the law handle marriage and divorce for mentally ill people?
The cultural influence of transgender marriage and its legal status in different countries.
The environment and private property.
Equal protection under the law and the principle of equality.
The financial pyramid’s legal aspects.
Environment-related crimes.
Exchange Commission and Securities.

Environmental Research Paper Topics

To improve our relationship with nature and preserve it, it is necessary to carry out a lot of debate and research in this area. In this way, we will learn about the importance of ecology and the environment in the lives of all living beings. Developing work on this subject means containing the adverse effects of globalization, industrialization, and the use of nature. This way, we can save ecosystems, avoiding irreparable losses to our planet. Some environment research paper topics are:

Analysis and proposed remedies for lung cancer and radon.
The negative impact of acid rain on aquatic life and natural resources.
What can we do to protect wildlife from being killed by acid rain?
What role did prehistoric creatures have in today’s ecosystems?
The repercussion of air pollution and global warming on human health.
Can recycling assist people worldwide in improving their health?
What can be done to protect coral reefs from being destroyed?
How much are garbage and pesticides to blame for our soil contamination?
How big is the problem of ocean acidification?
Permafrost melting and its impact on climate change.

Education Research Paper Topics

It is known that improving the educational system worldwide is imperative, better serving students and society. However, how can we do this? This type of research aims to make education more efficient and accessible for everyone. Some topics to consider are:

Will one of the aims of modern education be the growth of emotional intelligence?
Discrimination in education and its impact on students’ futures.
Mentally ill persons need to be educated and socialized. There are some similarities and some variances.
Education and censorship. Do we want to protect the pupils, or do we want to help them learn what they need to know?
How do students in inclusive classrooms perform compared to students in non-inclusive classes?
Is it still necessary to have grades in today’s education?
Education and incentive: how to pique the interest of students.
In what ways may modern education be compared to traditional schooling?
Bullying and a negative psychological climate in the classroom. Its influence on educational quality.
The importance of discipline in education and how it affects the learning process.

Science and Technology Research Paper Topics

We can see many positive technical advances in the world these days. However, some have negative consequences. Students must prioritize topics that influence many people’s lives and help develop technological research. At the same time, look at the advantages and preservation of technology in today’s world. Some technology topics include:

What effect does alcohol intake have on athletes who are training?
What influence does ADCC activity research have on HIV treatment?
What function does CDfT-Cell Subsets play in HIV patient progression?
What is the most significant technical breakthrough of the twentieth century?
Is it possible for tech to ever replace human intelligence?
What impact does tech play in genetic engineering’s advancement?
Can microbial factories help solve the raw metals shortage?
Is the paleo diet representative of ancient life? Is it the best diet for people?
Is Europe’s objection to genetically modified crops motivated by science or economic considerations?
Could molecular biology study into uncommon genetic abnormalities possibly lead to new insights into cancer and other diseases?

College Research Paper Topics

Developing research about the dilemmas faced daily by many students within the university environment is also extremely important. In this way, it becomes possible to analyze more objectively all social relations within the college, the influence of social media, the academic development of students, and especially the results that will be reaped in their profession in the future. The education system is an extensive topic with possibilities to develop easy research paper topics. In addition, it is an environment you are probably already familiar with, thus facilitating the data and information collection process. Some topics about it:

The importance of higher education in a professional career for middle ages people.
What are the main reasons that lead students to drop out of college?
Why should people study foreign languages in college?
The influence of the digital world on the university world.
College and the financial hardship faced by many students.
Doubts about choosing the right college.
How to enter the job market after completing college.
What are the main differences between public and private colleges?
The effects of cyberbullying in the university context.
What is the ideal human behaviour in the university environment?

Health Research Paper Topics

Academic work must be developed in Health subjects, seeking to understand better the dynamics of health in different world countries and how this influences people’s lives to have physical well-being. We have recently seen the impact of the Covid-19 virus pandemic on our planet. We have seen the collapse of many health systems in many countries’ human relationships. In addition, we also saw despair and suffering in many families with mental health problems. Therefore, we see how necessary it is to develop research projects that help consolidate better care for the population, promoting health and preventing the emergence of new diseases, especially in third-world countries. Some health research paper topics are:

Support for family members who have lost loved ones to COVID-19.
Adolescent violence as a public health problem.
Assistance for people with disabilities living in rural areas.
Adolescent mental health in public health.
The evolution of the human body over the years.
Health problems caused by the use of pesticides.
How does social media addiction influence people’s health?
Obesity as a public health problem.
Health education in schools and through social media.
How does water quality interfere with public health?

Politics Research Paper Topics

Another research paper topic is politics. Politics is a topic that directly or indirectly involves the lives of all world inhabitants. Through it, we seek our rights, have the strength to fight for our ideologies, and become citizens. Here are some politics research paper topics :

Policies to face global warming.
The presence of politics within the education system.
The influences of the cultural industry in the constitution of public policies.
Political relations during World War I and World War II.
The importance of feminism in the political achievement of women’s right to vote.
Best professional writers on political topics.
Public policy related to an all-female working environment.
The importance of public policies that make people aware of drug use.
The emergence of extremist political ideologies in the 21st century.
The importance of democracy in politics.

History Research Paper Topics

History is essential for humanity to understand the facts that occurred and their relationship with time. From history, we can develop several exciting research topics as it can investigate what men did, thought, felt, and set in all social dynamics thousands of years ago. Historical knowledge is capable of helping to understand human beings, their attitudes, and their evolution. Some history research paper topics are:

The historical development of the electoral college.
Major terrorist attacks throughout history.
The historical and social importance of gender psychology.
The changes that came with the end of the Soviet Union.
The progression of the minimum wage over the years.
The worldwide impacts of the war between Russia and Ukraine.
The emergence of offshore bank accounts work and their social impact.
The Mayan Civilization and Its Cultural Legacy.
The history of dictatorships in South America and funding from the United States.
The democratization of access to course material at History College.

Music Research Paper Topics

Music has been present in humanity since the most remote times. Through music, people can express themselves, have fun, relax, and express their opinions. As it is a vast topic, it is possible to do extensive research. Music also allows you to find funny research paper topics to develop. We selected a few good research paper topics here:

The evolution of the music industry globally.
The influence of music in the treatment of depression.
The importance of still producing and listening to traditional music.
The presence of music in film.
The main legacies of classical music.
Songs about self-esteem that encourage obese people.
School development through music.
The aid of artificial intelligence in the creation of new songs.
The effects of music on brain development.
Songs that address controversial topics and their importance.

Literature Research Paper Topics

Literature is everything that involves the art of the word. We consider literature an instrument capable of making us communicate and interact socially. With literature, we can transmit knowledge, emotions, and stories, and that’s why literature has many good research topics. Literature can provide us with the most interesting research topics. Here are some research paper ideas.

Literature as a tool of corporate social responsibility.
The first forms of literature found.
The use of social media as a way to propagate literature.
A sensitive approach to child abuse in the literature.
Are people switching from literature to social media?
The change of literature after the Industrial Revolution.
Literature as a way to protect children online.
The development of scientific literature for standardized tests in science.
Literature review on computer science.
The importance of developing a thesis statement in literature.

After Choosing the Research Topic

Well, after finding great research paper topics, you will decide which one you like the most and which you are more comfortable writing about. So, once you’ve decided which college research paper topics to cover in your thesis, it’s time to start writing. It is important, right at the beginning, to define your main research question to start researching websites, books, articles, etc. A tip is always to opt for a broader research question, so your first research will have a greater amount of material on your research topics, which will make it easier when choosing an approach and focusing on the main subject of your thesis. Before starting the process of submitting research papers, it is important that an advisor can read and review your text on the chosen research topics.

Closing Thoughts

When you have to choose your research paper topic, there are tons of ideas you can use to embark on your research journey. It is very important that you first carry out thorough research about a good research paper topic so that you can start writing your thesis statement. You can read materials online to know if the topic you want to write on is relevant and has enough data. I hope you can take advantage of all our tips to develop your research papers. The most important thing to consider is that you need to like the topic you choose for a good research paper because it’ll help make writing fun.

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Published: 01 December 2021

Bridging research and policy

Nature Climate Change volume 11 , page 1003 ( 2021 ) Cite this article

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Climate-change policy
Communication
Media formats

This month, Nature Climate Change formally introduces a new content type, Policy Brief. We hope it will help to bridge the gap between researchers and policy professionals.

Combatting the increasing threat from climate change requires strong and effective collaboration between researchers and policy professionals. It is essential that policy decisions, which directly impact society and wellbeing, are based on solid scientific evidence. Meanwhile, climate researchers may wish to engage with the policy community and to increase the practical impact of their research. Nature Climate Change has published many papers that have been used to support policy decisions: from research on global flood losses 1 to explorations of food-demand-mitigation options 2 and individual support for carbon taxes 3 .

Beyond conducting high-quality research, influencing policy requires the production of scientific findings that are relevant, readable and accessible. A trusting and transparent relationship between researchers and policy professionals is essential for enduring real-world impacts 4 , yet communication between researchers and policy professionals remains challenging. On the one hand, many researchers lack the appropriate resources to promote their findings. On the other hand, policy professionals may find it difficult to engage with the research outputs. Research papers published in academic journals usually target fellow academics and follow a general scientific writing style. Although this guarantees the reliability and validity of the research, it inevitably creates a barrier for time-poor policy professionals trying to rapidly identify the relevant information. For example, discussions of policy implications are often found at the end of an academic paper, meaning that policy professionals need to go through all of the technical details before they reach the information that is important to them. Furthermore, not all research papers have direct policy implications, yet there is no efficient approach that allows policy professionals to readily access the pieces relevant to their work without digging through piles of literature.

To increase the accessibility of policy-relevant work published in our journal, this month Nature Climate Change launches a new format: Policy Briefs . The same format was first launched in our sister journal, Nature Energy , in 2019 (ref. 5 ). Policy Briefs provide a short summary of selected research papers (Articles, Analyses and Brief Communications) published in the journal. This new format aims to help researchers to succinctly deliver their message and to provide policy professionals with the most policy-relevant work in an accessible format. Non-specialist readers should also be able to readily understand the key policy messages and main findings.

Policy Briefs will be 1.5-page pieces with a highly structured template, including a text box with a bullet-point list of ‘Messages for Policy’; a summary of the problem, findings and study design; and a section with suggestions for further reading. This structure allows policy professionals to quickly figure out whether the research is relevant to their work, and the take-away messages. There are several clear distinctions between Policy Briefs and our other article types. First, we only publish Policy Briefs linked to research papers that we have published. Second, Policy Briefs are written by the authors of the source paper. In other words, we do not accept submissions of uncommissioned Policy Briefs. Lastly, all information included in the Policy Brief must be present in the original paper to ensure it underwent peer review.

In our November issue, ahead of COP 26, we published four Policy Briefs based on research papers published from July 2020 onwards. These examples cover topics including state-driven carbon policy 6 , public support 7 , deforestation monitoring 8 and trade policy 9 . COP26 was an ideal opportunity to highlight some of our most policy-relevant work. This month, alongside this Editorial, we have a Policy Brief from Budolfson et al. on their Article showing that the revenue recycling of carbon taxes could help to reduce inequality and poverty. Moving forward, we will publish Policy Briefs at the same time as the source paper, as this format could help the original paper to have a greater impact at the time of publication.

Climate policy with a solid scientific foundation is now more important than ever. We encourage you to share the new format with others, especially policy professionals. To ensure the widest reach and to remove barriers to access, these new pieces will initially be open access for one year after they are published online. We hope that Policy Briefs will empower policymakers with the information they need to design and implement more effective policies. We are very interested in your feedback on the new format, and we would particularly like to hear from policy professionals, as we want the format to be fit for purpose. Please do not hesitate to contact us if you have any questions or comments. Eventually, we hope that Policy Briefs will be a bridge for increased exchange between academics and policy communities.

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Research Topics & Ideas: Environment

100+ Environmental Science Research Topics & Ideas

Research topics and ideas within the environmental sciences

Finding and choosing a strong research topic is the critical first step when it comes to crafting a high-quality dissertation, thesis or research project. Here, we’ll explore a variety research ideas and topic thought-starters related to various environmental science disciplines, including ecology, oceanography, hydrology, geology, soil science, environmental chemistry, environmental economics, and environmental ethics.

NB – This is just the start…

The topic ideation and evaluation process has multiple steps . In this post, we’ll kickstart the process by sharing some research topic ideas within the environmental sciences. This is the starting point though. To develop a well-defined research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , along with a well-justified plan of action to fill that gap.

If you’re new to the oftentimes perplexing world of research, or if this is your first time undertaking a formal academic research project, be sure to check out our free dissertation mini-course. Also be sure to also sign up for our free webinar that explores how to develop a high-quality research topic from scratch.

Overview: Environmental Topics

Ecology /ecological science
Atmospheric science
Oceanography
Soil science
Environmental chemistry
Environmental economics
Environmental ethics
Examples of dissertations and theses

Topics & Ideas: Ecological Science

The impact of land-use change on species diversity and ecosystem functioning in agricultural landscapes
The role of disturbances such as fire and drought in shaping arid ecosystems
The impact of climate change on the distribution of migratory marine species
Investigating the role of mutualistic plant-insect relationships in maintaining ecosystem stability
The effects of invasive plant species on ecosystem structure and function
The impact of habitat fragmentation caused by road construction on species diversity and population dynamics in the tropics
The role of ecosystem services in urban areas and their economic value to a developing nation
The effectiveness of different grassland restoration techniques in degraded ecosystems
The impact of land-use change through agriculture and urbanisation on soil microbial communities in a temperate environment
The role of microbial diversity in ecosystem health and nutrient cycling in an African savannah

Topics & Ideas: Atmospheric Science

The impact of climate change on atmospheric circulation patterns above tropical rainforests
The role of atmospheric aerosols in cloud formation and precipitation above cities with high pollution levels
The impact of agricultural land-use change on global atmospheric composition
Investigating the role of atmospheric convection in severe weather events in the tropics
The impact of urbanisation on regional and global atmospheric ozone levels
The impact of sea surface temperature on atmospheric circulation and tropical cyclones
The impact of solar flares on the Earth’s atmospheric composition
The impact of climate change on atmospheric turbulence and air transportation safety
The impact of stratospheric ozone depletion on atmospheric circulation and climate change
The role of atmospheric rivers in global water supply and sea-ice formation

Topics & Ideas: Oceanography

The impact of ocean acidification on kelp forests and biogeochemical cycles
The role of ocean currents in distributing heat and regulating desert rain
The impact of carbon monoxide pollution on ocean chemistry and biogeochemical cycles
Investigating the role of ocean mixing in regulating coastal climates
The impact of sea level rise on the resource availability of low-income coastal communities
The impact of ocean warming on the distribution and migration patterns of marine mammals
The impact of ocean deoxygenation on biogeochemical cycles in the arctic
The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in regulating rainfall in arid regions
The impact of ocean eddies on global ocean circulation and plankton distribution
The role of ocean-ice interactions in regulating the Earth’s climate and sea level

Tops & Ideas: Hydrology

The impact of agricultural land-use change on water resources and hydrologic cycles in temperate regions
The impact of agricultural groundwater availability on irrigation practices in the global south
The impact of rising sea-surface temperatures on global precipitation patterns and water availability
Investigating the role of wetlands in regulating water resources for riparian forests
The impact of tropical ranches on river and stream ecosystems and water quality
The impact of urbanisation on regional and local hydrologic cycles and water resources for agriculture
The role of snow cover and mountain hydrology in regulating regional agricultural water resources
The impact of drought on food security in arid and semi-arid regions
The role of groundwater recharge in sustaining water resources in arid and semi-arid environments
The impact of sea level rise on coastal hydrology and the quality of water resources

Research Topic Kickstarter - Need Help Finding A Research Topic?

Topics & Ideas: Geology

The impact of tectonic activity on the East African rift valley
The role of mineral deposits in shaping ancient human societies
The impact of sea-level rise on coastal geomorphology and shoreline evolution
Investigating the role of erosion in shaping the landscape and impacting desertification
The impact of mining on soil stability and landslide potential
The impact of volcanic activity on incoming solar radiation and climate
The role of geothermal energy in decarbonising the energy mix of megacities
The impact of Earth’s magnetic field on geological processes and solar wind
The impact of plate tectonics on the evolution of mammals
The role of the distribution of mineral resources in shaping human societies and economies, with emphasis on sustainability

Topics & Ideas: Soil Science

The impact of dam building on soil quality and fertility
The role of soil organic matter in regulating nutrient cycles in agricultural land
The impact of climate change on soil erosion and soil organic carbon storage in peatlands
Investigating the role of above-below-ground interactions in nutrient cycling and soil health
The impact of deforestation on soil degradation and soil fertility
The role of soil texture and structure in regulating water and nutrient availability in boreal forests
The impact of sustainable land management practices on soil health and soil organic matter
The impact of wetland modification on soil structure and function
The role of soil-atmosphere exchange and carbon sequestration in regulating regional and global climate
The impact of salinization on soil health and crop productivity in coastal communities

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Chemistry

The impact of cobalt mining on water quality and the fate of contaminants in the environment
The role of atmospheric chemistry in shaping air quality and climate change
The impact of soil chemistry on nutrient availability and plant growth in wheat monoculture
Investigating the fate and transport of heavy metal contaminants in the environment
The impact of climate change on biochemical cycling in tropical rainforests
The impact of various types of land-use change on biochemical cycling
The role of soil microbes in mediating contaminant degradation in the environment
The impact of chemical and oil spills on freshwater and soil chemistry
The role of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in shaping water and soil chemistry
The impact of over-irrigation on the cycling and fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Economics

The impact of climate change on the economies of developing nations
The role of market-based mechanisms in promoting sustainable use of forest resources
The impact of environmental regulations on economic growth and competitiveness
Investigating the economic benefits and costs of ecosystem services for African countries
The impact of renewable energy policies on regional and global energy markets
The role of water markets in promoting sustainable water use in southern Africa
The impact of land-use change in rural areas on regional and global economies
The impact of environmental disasters on local and national economies
The role of green technologies and innovation in shaping the zero-carbon transition and the knock-on effects for local economies
The impact of environmental and natural resource policies on income distribution and poverty of rural communities

Topics & Ideas: Environmental Ethics

The ethical foundations of environmentalism and the environmental movement regarding renewable energy
The role of values and ethics in shaping environmental policy and decision-making in the mining industry
The impact of cultural and religious beliefs on environmental attitudes and behaviours in first world countries
Investigating the ethics of biodiversity conservation and the protection of endangered species in palm oil plantations
The ethical implications of sea-level rise for future generations and vulnerable coastal populations
The role of ethical considerations in shaping sustainable use of natural forest resources
The impact of environmental justice on marginalized communities and environmental policies in Asia
The ethical implications of environmental risks and decision-making under uncertainty
The role of ethics in shaping the transition to a low-carbon, sustainable future for the construction industry
The impact of environmental values on consumer behaviour and the marketplace: a case study of the ‘bring your own shopping bag’ policy

Examples: Real Dissertation & Thesis Topics

While the ideas we’ve presented above are a decent starting point for finding a research topic, they are fairly generic and non-specific. So, it helps to look at actual dissertations and theses to see how this all comes together.

Below, we’ve included a selection of research projects from various environmental science-related degree programs to help refine your thinking. These are actual dissertations and theses, written as part of Master’s and PhD-level programs, so they can provide some useful insight as to what a research topic looks like in practice.

The physiology of microorganisms in enhanced biological phosphorous removal (Saunders, 2014)
The influence of the coastal front on heavy rainfall events along the east coast (Henson, 2019)
Forage production and diversification for climate-smart tropical and temperate silvopastures (Dibala, 2019)
Advancing spectral induced polarization for near surface geophysical characterization (Wang, 2021)
Assessment of Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter and Thamnocephalus platyurus as Tools to Monitor Cyanobacterial Bloom Development and Toxicity (Hipsher, 2019)
Evaluating the Removal of Microcystin Variants with Powdered Activated Carbon (Juang, 2020)
The effect of hydrological restoration on nutrient concentrations, macroinvertebrate communities, and amphibian populations in Lake Erie coastal wetlands (Berg, 2019)
Utilizing hydrologic soil grouping to estimate corn nitrogen rate recommendations (Bean, 2019)
Fungal Function in House Dust and Dust from the International Space Station (Bope, 2021)
Assessing Vulnerability and the Potential for Ecosystem-based Adaptation (EbA) in Sudan’s Blue Nile Basin (Mohamed, 2022)
A Microbial Water Quality Analysis of the Recreational Zones in the Los Angeles River of Elysian Valley, CA (Nguyen, 2019)
Dry Season Water Quality Study on Three Recreational Sites in the San Gabriel Mountains (Vallejo, 2019)
Wastewater Treatment Plan for Unix Packaging Adjustment of the Potential Hydrogen (PH) Evaluation of Enzymatic Activity After the Addition of Cycle Disgestase Enzyme (Miessi, 2020)
Laying the Genetic Foundation for the Conservation of Longhorn Fairy Shrimp (Kyle, 2021).

Looking at these titles, you can probably pick up that the research topics here are quite specific and narrowly-focused , compared to the generic ones presented earlier. To create a top-notch research topic, you will need to be precise and target a specific context with specific variables of interest . In other words, you’ll need to identify a clear, well-justified research gap.

Need more help?

If you’re still feeling a bit unsure about how to find a research topic for your environmental science dissertation or research project, be sure to check out our private coaching services below, as well as our Research Topic Kickstarter .

Need a helping hand?

12 Comments

research topics on climate change and environment

Researched PhD topics on environmental chemistry involving dust and water

I wish to learn things in a more advanced but simple way and with the hopes that I am in the right place.

Thank so much for the research topics. It really helped

the guides were really helpful

Research topics on environmental geology

Thanks for the research topics….I need a research topic on Geography

hi I need research questions ideas

Implications of climate variability on wildlife conservation on the west coast of Cameroon

I want the research on environmental planning and management

I want a topic on environmental sustainability

It good coaching

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762 Research Paper Topics & Good Ideas

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Research paper topics serve as the pillars upon which the whole study hinges, including the problem statement, primary objectives, and underlying research questions. They represent different domains, ranging from social sciences to STEM disciplines, often connected with current global trends and issues. These topics may encompass intricate scientific studies on climate change, cutting-edge breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, evolving social dynamics, political ideologies, or richly layered analyses of historical events. Selecting a good research topic is a delicate task, seeking to fill gaps in current knowledge while maintaining the researcher’s personal interest and expertise. While a well-chosen topic sets a clear pathway for successful research, people also need to add value to the existing academic discourse, promoting critical thinking and inspiring intellectual curiosity.

Best Research Topics

Exploring the Future of Renewable Energy Sources
The Influence of Climate Change on Global Politics
Analyzing the Evolution of Human Rights Legislation
Technology and Privacy: Navigating the Digital Age
Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
The Psychology Behind Consumer Spending Habits
Roles of Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
Media Representation of Minorities: A Critical Analysis
Impacts of Remote Work on Organizational Culture
Cybersecurity Threats in the Era of the Internet of Things
Gender Disparity in the Tech Industry: A Case Study
Examining the Effectiveness of Wildlife Conservation Strategies
Understanding the Role of Nanotechnology in Medicine
Debating the Ethical Boundaries of Genetic Testing
The Future of Space Travel and Colonization
Impact of Globalization on Emerging Economies
Modern Diplomacy: The Role of Social Media in International Relations
Multilingual Education: Benefits and Challenges
The Connection Between Nutrition and Cognitive Performance

Easy Research Topics

Understanding the Impact of Diet on Health
Climate Change and Its Effect on Agriculture
Analyzing the Role of Technology in Education
Cultural Diversity in Literature: A Comparative Study
Examining the Psychological Effects of Bullying
The Future of Virtual Reality in Gaming
Roles of Meditation in Stress Management
The Importance of Ethics in Business Practices
Strategies for Wildlife Conservation in the 21st Century
The Social Impact of Reality Television
Online Privacy: Rights and Responsibilities
Causes and Solutions to the Problem of the Global Water Crisis
Understanding the Connection Between Sleep and Productivity
Renewable Energy Sources: Prospects and Challenges
Influences of Advertising on Consumer Behavior
Benefits and Risks of Genetically Modified Foods
The Impact of the Fast Fashion Industry on the Environment
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Online Learning
The Role of Nutrition in Cognitive Development

Interesting Research Topics

Exploring the Implications of Quantum Computing
Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Unraveling Cosmic Mysteries
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Climate Change Solutions
Sociocultural Impact of Science Fiction in Literature and Film
Unpacking the Psychology Behind Procrastination
The Influence of Gut Microbiome on Human Health
Historical Evolution and Future Prospects of Cryptocurrencies
Analyzing the Impact of Veganism on Environmental Sustainability
Decoding the Mystery of Dreams: Scientific and Psychological Perspectives
Telemedicine and Its Potential in Transforming Healthcare Delivery
Language Extinction: Causes, Consequences and Preservation Efforts
The Paradox of Choice: Analyzing Consumer Behavior in the Age of Plenty
Extraterrestrial Life: Probabilities and Possibilities
Positive Impacts of Autonomous Vehicles on Society and Economy
Understanding the Concept of Emotional Intelligence in Modern Workplaces
Sustainable Architecture: Designing Buildings for the Future
Human Augmentation: Ethical Concerns and Future Prospects
Examining the Global Rise of Populist Politics
Roles of Music Therapy in Mental Health Treatment
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality: Implications for Education and Training

Research Topics for High School Students

Artificial Intelligence: Prospects and Ethical Dilemmas
Climate Change: Analyzing Its Impact on Biodiversity
The Influence of Social Media on Modern Political Activism
Cybersecurity in the Digital Age: Importance and Challenges
Unpacking the Psychology of Peer Pressure Among Teenagers
Examining the Impact of Diet on Mental Health
The Role of Art in Enhancing Mental Health and Well-Being
Exploring the Link Between Video Games and Aggression
Evolution of Cryptocurrency: Revolutionizing Financial Transactions
Impacts of Animal Extinction on Ecosystem Balance
The Role of Music in Cognitive Development
Understanding the Socioeconomic Effects of Globalization
Examining Gender Stereotypes in Popular Media
Renewable Energy Sources: Potential Solutions to Energy Crisis
Investigating the Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance
Virtual Reality and Its Implications for Future Education
Sustainable Agriculture: A Key to Addressing World Hunger?
The Significance of Cultural Diversity in a Globalized Society
Effects of Pollution on Human Health: A Comprehensive Study
The Impact of Modern Technology on Interpersonal Communication

Research Topics for Middle School Students

Climate Change: Understanding Its Impact on Our Planet
The Influence of Video Games on Cognitive Development
Cyberbullying: Causes, Effects, and Prevention Strategies
How Is Robotics Shaping the Future of Technology?
Animals in Captivity: Ethical Implications of Zoos
Significance of Healthy Eating Habits for Middle School Students
The History and Impact of Comic Books on Popular Culture
Roles of Women in the History of American Society
Solar Energy: An In-Depth Look at Its Benefits and Drawbacks
Importance of Physical Activity for Youth Wellness
Exploring the World of Dinosaurs: Facts and Mysteries
The Impact of Social Media on Adolescents’ Self-Image
Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Religion, Culture, and Achievements
The Journey of a Plastic Bottle: Unveiling the Reality of Recycling
Roles of Dogs in Human Health: Emotional Support and Therapy Animals
Science and Knowledge of Sleep: Why Do We Need It?
Exploring the Space: Past, Present, and Future Missions
Studying the Impact of Invasive Species on Local Ecosystems
Deep Sea Exploration: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Ocean

Research Topics for College Students

Roles of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Modern Business
Mental Health Issues Among College Students: Causes and Solutions
Exploring the Ethics of Genetic Engineering
Influence of Social Media on Political Campaigns
The Intersection of Technology and Privacy: An Analysis
Roles of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development
Gender Representation in Contemporary Cinema
Impacts of Globalization on Developing Economies
Cultural Identity and Heritage in the Age of the Internet
Cybersecurity: Threats and Solutions in the Digital Age
Impact of Immigration Policies on National Economies
Analyzing the Role of NGOs in Humanitarian Aid
Understanding the Effects of Overpopulation on Natural Resources
The Influence of Pop Culture on Youth Behavior
Virtual Reality and Its Potential in Education
The Power of Advertising in Shaping Consumer Behavior
The Ethical Implications of Autonomous Vehicles
Analysis of Mental Health Policies in the Workplace
The Impact of Cryptocurrencies on Global Finance.

Argumentative Research Paper Topics

Universal Healthcare: A Right or a Privilege?
Capital Punishment: An Examination of Ethics and Effectiveness
Evaluating the True Impact of Technology on Human Interaction
Climate Change and Global Policy: An Analysis of Effectiveness
The Role of Artificial Intelligence and Robots in Shaping the Future of Work
Genetically Modified Organisms: Balancing Risks and Rewards
Nuclear Energy: Solution to Climate Change or Disaster Waiting to Happen?
Assessing the Ethical Implications of Animal Testing in Research
Is Modern Education Adequately Preparing Students for the Future?
The Future of Privacy and Safety in the Age of Big Data
Vaccination Policies: Balancing Individual Rights and Public Health
Are Mandatory Minimum Sentences Effective in Deterring Crime?
The Ethical Dilemmas of Human Cloning: A Comprehensive Analysis
Legalization of Drugs: A Solution to the War on Drugs or a Recipe for Disaster?
The Influence and Regulation of Social Media on Politics
Space Exploration: A Necessary Investment or an Unaffordable Luxury?
The Role of Surveillance Technology in Safeguarding National Security vs. Protecting Privacy
Universal Basic Income: A Sustainable Solution or a Financial Fallacy?
Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Ethical Considerations and Legal Implications
An Evaluation of Affirmative Action Policies in Higher Education

Persuasive Research Paper Topics

Elucidating the Impact of Autonomous Vehicles on Urban Traffic Patterns
The Nexus Between Globalization and Income Inequality: A Comprehensive Study
Cognitive Enhancement Through Neurotechnology: Ethical Implications and Policy Recommendations
Investigating the Possible Outcomes of Climate Change on Global Food Security
The Role of Quantum Computing in Revolutionizing Data Encryption Standards
Examining the Intersection of Artificial Intelligence and Bioethics: A Deep Dive
Digital Divide in the 21st Century: Addressing Education Inequities
Cryptocurrency, Alternative Money, and Their Potential to Disrupt Traditional Financial Systems
Space Colonization: Exploring the Future of Human Survival
Blockchain Technology in Healthcare: Potential and Challenges
The Psychological Impact of Augmented Reality: A Detailed Analysis
Synthetic Biology and its Implications for Sustainable Agriculture
Nanotechnology in Medical Science: Assessing Prospects and Risks
Unmasking the Societal Consequences of the Surveillance State
The Future of Work: Impact of Automation on Labor Markets
Dark Web Commerce: Understanding Cybersecurity Threats and Opportunities
The Promise and Peril of Human Genome Editing via CRISPR-Cas9
Mitigating Biodiversity Loss: Effective Strategies for Conservation Efforts
The Role of Social Entrepreneurship in Alleviating Poverty: A Comparative Study
Analyzing the Impact of the Internet of Things on Privacy and Security

Controversial Research Paper Topics

Revealing the Ethical Dilemmas of Genetic Editing in Humans
The Contentious Role of Vaccines in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Examining the Ethics of Animal Testing in Scientific Research
The Debate Over Physician-Assisted Suicide: Ethical Implications and Legal Perspectives
Unraveling the Morality of Cloning: Ethical Considerations and Potential Applications
Analyzing the Ethical and Legal Dimensions of Artificial Intelligence and Automation in the Workforce
The Ethics of Privacy Invasion: Balancing National Security and Individual Rights
The Controversial Practice of Capital Punishment: Legal Perspectives and Moral Debates
Examining the Ethical Implications of Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research
The Debate Over Animal Rights: Balancing Scientific Progress and Ethical Treatment
Analyzing the Morality of Animal Trophy Hunting: Conservation vs. Cruelty
The Controversial Role of Religion in Public Education: Separation of Church and State
Unveiling the Ethics of Surrogacy: Commercialization, Exploitation, and Reproductive Rights
The Debate Over Climate Change: Scientific Consensus, Skepticism, and Policy Implications
Analyzing the Controversy Surrounding Euthanasia: Right to Die vs. Sanctity of Life
The Ethical Implications of Human Enhancement Technologies: Enhancing Abilities or Creating Inequalities?
The Controversial Use of Corporal Punishment in Schools: Discipline or Abuse?
Analyzing the Ethical Dimensions of Big Data: Privacy, Surveillance, and Data Governance
The Debate Over Abortion: Reproductive Rights, Fetal Rights, and Moral Perspectives

Research Paper Topics in Education

Fostering Critical Thinking Skills in Elementary Education: Effective Approaches and Strategies
Technology Integration in Higher Education: Examining its Impact on Student Engagement
Strategies for Inclusive Education: Supporting Students Living With Disabilities in Mainstream Classrooms
Teacher-Student Relationships and Academic Achievement: A Comparative Study
Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Education: Enhancing Student Well-Being and Academic Performance
Gamification in Mathematics Education: Motivation, Engagement, and Learning Outcomes
Culturally Responsive Teaching: Promoting Equity and Inclusion in Diverse Classroom Settings
Professional Development for Teachers and Student Achievement: A Meta-analysis
Parental Involvement and Student Success in Early Childhood Education: An Examination of the Relationship
Socioeconomic Factors in Educational Attainment and Academic Achievement
Inquiry-Based Learning Approaches in Science Education: Effects on Learning Outcomes
Online Learning in Higher Education: Assessing Student Satisfaction and Performance
Enhancing Digital Literacy Skills in K-12 Education: Best Practices and Strategies
Project-Based Learning in Secondary Education: Impact on Student Engagement and Critical Thinking
Early Childhood Education and Long-Term Educational and Social Outcomes: Exploring the Effects
School Climate and Student Well-Being: Promoting Positive Environments for Learning
Emotional Intelligence and Teacher Effectiveness: Implications for Student Success
Supporting Mental Health and Well-Being in Educational Settings: Interventions and Strategies
Collaborative Learning in Higher Education: Effects on Student Achievement
Teacher Evaluation Systems: Impact on Teacher Performance and Student Learning Outcomes

Research Topics on Technology & Science

The Ethical Implications of Artificial Intelligence in Scientific Research
Advancing Data Analytics: Innovations and Challenges in Scientific Discoveries
Exploring the Potential of Blockchain Technology in Scientific Data Management
Technology-Enhanced Laboratory Practices: Optimizing Efficiency and Accuracy
The Integration of Virtual Reality in Science Education: Enhancing Learning Experiences
Precision Medicine: Leveraging Technology for Personalized Healthcare Solutions
The Intersection of Robotics and Scientific Exploration: Pushing Boundaries in Space and Beyond
Augmented Reality in Scientific Visualization: Enhancing Understanding and Communication
Cybersecurity in Scientific Research: Safeguarding Sensitive Data and Intellectual Property
Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies: Revolutionizing Genomic Studies
Innovations in Nanotechnology: Transforming Materials Science and Engineering
Blockchain Applications in Scientific Peer Review: Enhancing Transparency and Accountability
The Use of Machine Learning Technology in Drug Discovery: Accelerating the Development of Therapeutics
Enhancing Scientific Communication: Leveraging Social Media and Digital Platforms
Advancements in Quantum Computing: Exploring the Potential for Scientific Breakthroughs
Bioinformatics: Unraveling Complex Biological Systems Through Computational Analysis
Cyber-Physical Systems in Scientific Instrumentation: Bridging the Gap Between Virtual and Physical Worlds
Wearable Technologies for Health Monitoring and Disease Prevention: From Sensors to Diagnostics
3D Printing in Science: Revolutionizing Prototyping and Manufacturing Processes

History Research Paper Topics

Intellectual Exchange Between Eastern and Western Philosophies during the Renaissance Explored
Exploration and Colonization of the Pacific Islands: Comparative Analysis of European and Polynesian Navigational Techniques
Socioeconomic Impact of the Silk Road on Eurasian Civilizations Examined
Cross-Cultural Exchange and Development of Artistic Styles in Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt Analyzed
Role of Women in Medieval European Courts: Queens, Consorts, and Political Power Explored
Influence of Islamic Scholarship on European Renaissance Humanism Investigated
Enlightenment and Emergence of Modern Political Thought: Comparative Study of Voltaire and Rousseau
Indigenous Resistance Movements in the Americas: Comparative Analysis of Aztec and Inca Empires
Atlantic Slave Trade and Its Long-Term Socioeconomic Consequences in Africa Explored
Impact of Industrial Revolution on Gender Roles and Women’s Suffrage Movement Examined
Cultural Encounters and Interactions in the Age of Exploration: Exploring Native American and European Perspectives
Nationalism and Formation of Modern Nation-States: Comparative Study of Italy and Germany
Role of Propaganda in Totalitarian Regimes: Comparative Analysis of Nazi Germany and Stalinist Russia
Enlightenment and Birth of Modern Science: Comparative Analysis of Newton and Descartes
Decolonization Movements in Africa and Asia: Comparative Analysis of Gandhi and Mandela
Impact of the French Revolution on European Political and Social Structures Explored
Religious Reformation and Its Influence on Early Modern European Society: Comparative Study of Luther and Calvin
Arab Spring and Its Aftermath: Comparative Analysis of Tunisia and Egypt
Rise of Nationalism in 19th-century Latin America: Comparative Analysis of Bolivar and San Martin
Cold War Ideologies and Proxy Conflicts: Comparative Study of Korean War and Vietnam War

Research Paper Topics on Medicine

Advances in Genomic Medicine: Unraveling the Complexity of Hereditary Diseases
Pediatric Mental Health: Exploring Early Intervention Strategies
Personalized Medicine and Its Challenges: Ethical, Legal, and Social Aspects
Nanotechnology in Oncology: A New Frontier for Cancer Treatment
Telemedicine Efficacy: Evaluating Patient Outcomes in Remote Care
Chronic Diseases in Aging Populations: An Epidemiological Perspective
Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: Enhancements in Diagnostic Precision
Endocrine Disruptors: Investigating Links to Metabolic Disorders
Emerging Viral Threats: Pandemic Preparedness and Response in the 21st Century
Disparities in Access to Healthcare: A Comparative Analysis Across Socioeconomic Strata
Neuroplasticity and Stroke Rehabilitation: Examining Techniques for Recovery
Application of CRISPR-Cas9 in Human Disease: Current State and Future Directions
Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics: Strategies for Preventing a Post-Antibiotic Era
Stem Cell Therapy: Potential Breakthroughs in Regenerative Medicine
Innovations in Cardiac Surgery: Minimally Invasive Procedures and Patient Outcomes
Understanding Psychosomatic Disorders: A Deep Dive Into Mind-Body Interactions
Therapeutic Use of Psychedelics: Examining Efficacy in Treatment-Resistant Depression
Addressing the Opioid Epidemic: Strategies for Prevention and Treatment
Neural Interfaces and Prosthetics: Pioneering Advances in Bioengineering
Epigenetic Influences on Human Health: A New Perspective on Disease and Wellness

Environmental Research Paper Topics

Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems: Assessing Prevalence and Ecological Consequences
Climate Change Mitigation: Opportunities in Carbon Capture and Storage
Urban Green Spaces: An Analysis of Mental Health Benefits
Agricultural Sustainability: Novel Strategies for Soil Conservation
Geoengineering Solutions for Global Warming: A Critical Appraisal
Polar Ice Melt: Understanding Its Influence on Global Ocean Circulation
Ecosystem Services Valuation: A Comprehensive Approach to Conservation Planning
Integrating Renewable Energy: Challenges for Grid Infrastructure
Air Quality in Urban Areas: Health Effects and Mitigation Measures
Aquifer Depletion and Water Security: A Future Perspective
Biodiversity Loss in Tropical Rainforests: Underlying Causes and Remediation Strategies
Greenhouse Gas Emissions From Livestock Farming: Opportunities for Reduction
Nuclear Energy Safety: Evaluating Long-Term Environmental Hazards
Forest Fire Management: Analysis of Adaptive Strategies
Coral Reefs and Ocean Acidification: Examining Threats to Marine Biodiversity
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Wastewater: Innovative Treatment Methods
Land Use Change: Its Relation to Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function
Sustainable Waste Management: Circular Economy Approaches
Biofuels and Food Security: Balancing Energy Production and Agricultural Demands

Research Paper Topics on Media

Media Literacy in the Digital Age: Enhancing Critical Thinking Skills
Analyzing the Echo Chamber Effect in Social Media Platforms
User-Generated Content: Opportunities and Challenges for Traditional Media
Streaming Services and Their Influence on Film Industry Dynamics
Political Bias in Media: An Empirical Analysis
Augmented Reality in Advertising: Novel Approaches and Consumer Responses
Self-Representation on Social Media: Implications for Personal Identity
Artificial Intelligence in Journalism: Opportunities for Automated Reporting
Cybersecurity Threats in Media: Evaluating Protective Strategies
Sensationalism in News Reporting: An Examination of Audience Perceptions
Media Multitasking: Cognitive Effects and Implications for Learning
Immersive Journalism: Utilizing Virtual Reality for Storytelling
Podcasting Trends: Analyzing Listener Behavior and Preferences
Media Regulation in the Era of Globalization: Challenges and Solutions
Representation of Minority Groups in Mainstream Media: A Comparative Study
Media Consumption Habits: Understanding Patterns Across Generations
Digital Media and Childhood Development: Opportunities for Learning and Risk Factors
Internet Censorship: Examining Its Influence on Freedom of Speech
Blockchain Technology: Potential Applications in Media Industries
Media Psychology: Exploring the Interplay of Media Use and Mental Health

Art Research Paper Ideas

Digital Art Mediums: Unveiling New Aesthetics in the 21st Century
Decoding Symbolism in Renaissance Art: A Comparative Analysis
Street Art as Social Commentary: Exploring Global Movements
Cultural Appropriation in Contemporary Art: Ethical Boundaries and Controversies
Video Games as an Art Form: Aesthetic and Narrative Considerations
Synesthesia in Visual Art: Exploring Sensory Experiences and Perception
Abstract Expressionism: Investigating Its Influence on Post-War American Art
Feminism and Visual Art: Analysis of Women’s Representation in Different Eras
Graffiti and Urban Identity: A Sociocultural Perspective
Virtual Reality in Installation Art: Understanding Spatial Experiences
BioArt: Intersection of Biotechnology and Aesthetic Expressions
Art Censorship: Assessing Its Effect on Creative Freedom
Art Market Dynamics: Examining Economic Factors and Valuation
Public Art Policies: A Comparative Study Across Different Cities
Artificial Intelligence and Art: Exploring Creativity in Machine Learning
Performance Art in the Digital Age: New Formats and Audience Engagement
Art Therapy: Psychological Mechanisms and Clinical Effectiveness
Interactive Art: Implications for Audience Engagement and Participation
Ancient Mosaic Art: Techniques and Cultural Significance

Literature Research Paper Topics

Postmodern Narratives: Deconstructing Metanarratives in Select Novels
Feminist Perspectives in Virginia Woolf’s Works: A Detailed Analysis
Dystopian Literature: A Comparative Study of Orwellian and Huxleyan Visions
Magical Realism in Gabriel Garcia Marquez’s Novels: Interpretations and Themes
William Shakespeare and the Art of Tragicomedy: An Analytical Overview
Detective Fiction: Unraveling Social Commentary in Arthur Conan Doyle’s Works
Contemporary African Literature: Exploring Themes of Post-Colonial Identity
Posthumanism in Science Fiction: Examining Philip K. Dick’s Novels
Epic Poetry: Unveiling Historical Context in Homer’s ‘Iliad’ and ‘Odyssey’
Intertextuality in ‘Ulysses’: Unfolding James Joyce’s Literary References
Haiku Tradition: Understanding Cultural Connotations and Aesthetic Principles
Cyberpunk Literature: Analyzing Futuristic Visions of William Gibson
Victorian Gothic Literature: A Study of Gender Roles and Social Class
Stream of Consciousness Technique in Faulkner’s Works: Narrative Complexity
Transgressive Fiction: Exploring Themes of Rebellion in Chuck Palahniuk’s Novels
Irony in Jane Austen’s Novels: A Sociocultural Perspective
Fantasy Literature: Analyzing Archetypes in J.R.R. Tolkien’s Middle Earth Saga
Magical Realism and Narrative Style in Salman Rushdie’s ‘Midnight’s Children’
Existentialist Themes in Albert Camus’ ‘The Stranger’: A Philosophical Analysis
Children’s Literature: Unraveling Hidden Adult Themes in Lewis Carroll’s ‘Alice in Wonderland’

Research Paper Topics on Law, Criminal Justice & Criminology

Forensic Science in Criminal Investigations: Challenges and Opportunities
Assessing the Effectiveness of Rehabilitation Programs in Prisons
Cybersecurity Laws: An International Comparative Study
Juvenile Justice Systems: A Cross-Cultural Examination
Hate Crime Legislation: An Analysis of Effectiveness and Fairness
Human Trafficking: Legal Responses and Victim Support Mechanisms
Privacy Rights in the Age of Digital Surveillance: A Legal Perspective
Mental Health Considerations in Criminal Sentencing: A Critical Appraisal
International Law and Climate Change: Addressing Environmental Crimes
Criminal Profiling in Serial Crimes: A Comparative Study of Techniques
Legal Ethics in Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications
White-Collar Crime: Analyzing Penalties and Prevention Strategies
Intellectual Property Law in the Era of the Internet Technology: Challenges and Solutions
Restorative Justice: Evaluating Victim-Offender Mediation Outcomes
Constitutional Law and LGBTQ+ Rights: A Global Comparative Analysis
Immigration Laws: A Critical Examination of Detention Policies
Forensic Psychology: Interplay Between Mental Health and Criminal Behavior
Predictive Policing: Ethical Considerations and Legal Boundaries
DNA Evidence: Admissibility and Reliability in Criminal Trials
Corporate Law and Sustainability: Analyzing Regulations for Environmental Accountability

World History Research Paper Topics

Comparative Analysis of Ancient River Civilizations: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and Yellow River
Diplomacy in the Cold War: Tactics and Consequences
Rise and Fall of the Ottoman Empire: An In-Depth Examination
Indigenous Populations of the Americas: Pre-Columbian Civilizations and Post-Colonial Effects
Cultural Exchange Along the Silk Road: Crossroads of East and West
African Kingdoms in the Medieval Period: Wealth, Power, and Influence
Decolonization Processes in the 20th Century: A Comparative Study
Industrial Revolution: Social Changes and Labor Conditions
German Unification: Bismarck’s Politics and the Birth of Modern Germany
Byzantine Empire: Influence on Art, Religion, and Politics
British Empire in the Middle East: Legacy and Current Repercussions
Modernization of Japan in the Meiji Era: Rapid Transition From Feudal to Industrial
French Revolution: Analyzing the Reign of Terror
Exploration Age: Navigational Advancements and Global Impact
Spanish Civil War: Causes, Key Figures, and International Involvement
Mughal Empire: Contributions to Art, Architecture, and Administration
World War II: Resistance Movements Across Occupied Europe
Enlightenment Era: Philosophy, Science, and Revolution
Slavery and the Atlantic World: The Transatlantic Slave Trade and Its Long-Lasting Effects

Health Research Paper Topics

Precision Medicine: Opportunities and Challenges for Personalized Treatment
Health Disparities in Marginalized Communities: A Sociocultural Analysis
Technological Innovations in Telehealth: A New Era of Healthcare Delivery
Mental Health Stigma: Cultural Differences and Effects on Treatment Seeking
Alzheimer’s Disease: Exploring Preventive Strategies and Early Detection
Globalization and Emerging Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Study
Gene Therapy: Opportunities for Rare Disease Treatment
Artificial Intelligence in Radiology: Current Applications and Future Perspectives
Mindfulness and Chronic Pain Management: Exploring Therapeutic Mechanisms
Childhood Obesity: Analysis of Preventive Interventions and Programs
Antimicrobial Resistance: Innovations in Drug Discovery
Nutrition and Cognitive Function: Unraveling Diet-Brain Relationships
Maternal Mortality Rates: Global Trends and Interventions
Health Literacy: Enhancing Patient Understanding and Self-Care
Substance Use Disorders: Recent Advances in Treatment Approaches
Air Pollution and Respiratory Diseases: A Public Health Perspective
Wearable Technology: Assessing its Utility in Chronic Disease Management
Long-Term Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Environmental Toxins
Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment: Current Practices and Future Prospects
Sleep Deprivation: Neurobiological Mechanisms and Effects on Cognitive Function

Research Topics on Sports

Sports Medicine: Injury Prevention Strategies for Elite Athletes
Biomechanics of Golf Swing: Optimizing Performance and Minimizing Risk
Psychological Factors in Sports Performance: The Case of Mental Toughness
Women’s Soccer: An Analysis of Gender Disparities in Compensation and Opportunities
Sports Analytics: Modern Data Techniques in Baseball Decision-Making
Youth Sports Participation: Examining Long-Term Health Outcomes
Athlete Activism and Social Justice: Case Studies From the NBA
The Use of Performance Enhancing Drugs: Ethical Dilemmas and Health Consequences
Extreme Sports: A Psychological Perspective on Risk-Taking Behavior
Professional Esports: An Emerging Field of Sports Marketing
Motor Skills Acquisition: Developmental Aspects in Youth Gymnastics
Rugby Injuries: Epidemiology and Prevention Strategies
The Olympics and Host Cities: Assessing Economic Benefits and Costs
Doping Scandals in Cycling: Regulatory Measures and Detection Techniques
Nutrition in Athletes: Key Components for Enhanced Performance
Cricket and Globalization: The Rise of T20 Leagues
Paralympic Games: Advances in Prosthetic Technology and Athlete Performance
Mindfulness Training in Athletes: Techniques and Performance Outcomes
Scuba Diving: Physiological Demands and Safety Procedures
Sports Betting Legislation: A Comparative Analysis of Gambling Laws Across Countries

Research Paper Topics on Politics

Cyber Warfare in International Politics: An Emerging Landscape
Populism in Contemporary European Politics: Identifying Causes and Consequences
Immigration Policies: Comparative Analysis of Right-Wing Populist Governments
Analyzing the Dynamics of Modern Democracy in East Asian Countries
Feminist Perspectives in International Relations: A Critical Analysis
Secessionist Movements in the 21st Century: A Global Overview
Intersection of Climate Change and Global Security: Anticipating Future Challenges
Peacekeeping Efforts in Post-Conflict Zones: Examining the Efficacy of UN Interventions
Political Polarization in the U.S.: Causes and Potential Remedies
Internet Censorship and Government Control: A Comparative Study
Public Opinion and Policy Making: Exploring the Interplay
Technocratic Governance: Advantages and Limitations in Modern Democracies
Post-Soviet Transition: A Comparative Study of Political and Economic Reforms
International Law and Territorial Disputes: Resolving Conflicts Peacefully
Neo-Colonialism in Africa: External Influence on Domestic Politics
Religious Fundamentalism and Politics: Case Studies From the Middle East
Decentralization of Power: Case Studies of Federal Systems
Indigenous Rights in Global Politics: A Look at Representation and Autonomy
Humanitarian Intervention: Evaluating the Responsibility to Protect Doctrine

Psychology Research Paper Topics

Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Phantom Limb Pain: A Comprehensive Review
Effects of Social Media Usage on Adolescent Mental Health
Emotional Intelligence in Leadership: A Critical Examination
Stigma Associated with Mental Health: Influences on Help-Seeking Behavior
Neuropsychology of Creativity: Unraveling the Mystery
Positive Psychology Interventions in Clinical Settings: A Meta-Analysis
Animal-Assisted Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evaluating Effectiveness
Mental Health Consequences of Cyberbullying Among Adolescents
Psychological Factors Influencing Adherence to Chronic Disease Management
Dark Triad Personality Traits: Exploring Relationships with Antisocial Behaviors
Post-Traumatic Growth: From Tragedy to Personal Transformation
Parental Attachment Styles and Their Influence on Child Development
Biofeedback Interventions for Stress and Anxiety: A Review of Effectiveness
Music Therapy for Dementia Patients: Evaluating Cognitive and Emotional Benefits
Psychosocial Predictors of Resilience in Trauma Survivors
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A Meta-Analysis
Personality Traits as Predictors of Occupational Success
Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Function: A Review
Attachment Styles in Adult Romantic Relationships: A Comprehensive Analysis
Psychological Techniques for Pain Management: A Comparative Study.

IT Research Paper Topics

Cybersecurity and Internet of Things: Examining the Vulnerabilities
Blockchain Technology: Prospects for the Banking Industry
Data Privacy in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Addressing the Concerns
Augmented Reality in Education: Evaluating Potential Benefits
Quantum Computing: Prospects for the Future of Information Technology
Enhancing User Experience: The Science of Web Design
Digital Forensics: Techniques and Tools for Cybercrime Investigation
Big Data Analytics in Healthcare: Unleashing the Potential
Machine Learning Algorithms for Predictive Maintenance in Manufacturing
Cloud Computing: Emerging Trends and Future Directions
Virtual Reality for Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Therapy: A Review
Role of IT in Sustainable Business Practices: A Comprehensive Analysis
5G Technology: Analyzing Its Potential Impact on Telecommunications
Advanced Analytics for Customer Relationship Management: Case Studies
Information Systems for Disaster Management: Best Practices and Challenges
Social Media Data Mining: Techniques, Challenges, and Opportunities
Digital Transformation: Examining Success Factors in Organizations
Bioinformatics: Harnessing IT for Advanced Genomic Research
High-Performance Computing: Advances and Applications
Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence: Navigating the Landscape.

Research Paper & Topic Ideas on Culture

Cultural Adaptations and Mental Health: Cross-Cultural Analysis
Preservation of Indigenous Cultures: Challenges and Strategies
Analyzing Cultural Influence on Consumer Behavior: A Global Perspective
Multicultural Education: Examining Outcomes and Implications
Examination of Cultural Appropriation in the Fashion Industry
Power Dynamics in Cultural Representation in Media
Heritage Tourism: Cultural Significance and Economic Implications
Food and Identity: A Study of Culinary Cultures
Pop Culture and Its Influence on Youth Identity Formation
Intercultural Communication in Multinational Corporations: An Analysis
Cultural Narratives in Contemporary Literature: A Comparative Study
Gender Roles in Different Cultures: Exploring Diversity and Complexity
Cultural Intelligence in International Business: Analyzing Its Significance
Influence of Cultural Background on Conflict Resolution Styles
Urbanization and Its Effects on Indigenous Cultures
Influence of Technological Advancements on Cultural Practices
Migration and Cultural Change: A Longitudinal Study
Analysis of Cultural Diplomacy and International Relations
Globalization and Its Impact on Local Cultures: A Critical Review.

Research Paper Topics on Math

Graph Theory in Network Optimization: Case Studies and Applications
Cryptography: Exploring Mathematical Foundations and Challenges
Advanced Topics in Differential Geometry: A Comprehensive Review
Mathematical Modelling in Epidemiology: Addressing Pandemics
Number Theory in Cryptography: Examining Practical Applications
Knot Theory: Insights and Applications in Quantum Physics
Non-Euclidean Geometry: Relevance to Modern Physics and Cosmology
Chaos Theory and Its Implications for Climate Models
Mathematical Logic: An Examination of Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems
Use of Statistics in Quality Control: Methodologies and Implications
Game Theory: Strategic Decision-Making in Economics
Analysis of Mathematical Patterns in Nature and Art
Combinatorics: Strategies for Solving Complex Mathematical Problems
Advanced Algebraic Topology: Concepts and Applications
Fractal Geometry in Nature: Insights and Interpretations
Mathematical Forecasting Models in Financial Markets: Effectiveness and Limitations
Quantum Computing: Exploring the Mathematics Behind the Phenomenon
Mathematics of Machine Learning: Deep Learning, Algorithms, and Complexity
Stochastic Processes in Financial Mathematics: A Comprehensive Review
Dynamics of Complex Systems: Insights From Mathematical Modelling.

Research Paper Topics on Business

Consumer Behavior in Digital Markets: Insights and Implications
Disruption in Traditional Business Models: The Uberization Phenomenon
Mergers and Acquisitions: Analyzing Success Factors and Pitfalls
Supply Chain Optimization in E-Commerce: Techniques and Strategies
Business Ethics in a Globalized World: Cross-Cultural Analysis
Corporate Social Responsibility: Examining Stakeholder Perceptions
Sustainability Practices in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Case Studies
Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Effectiveness: A Meta-Analysis
Diversity, Culture, and Inclusion in the Workplace: Benefits and Challenges
Corporate Governance Methodology and Firm Performance: An Empirical Investigation
Marketing Strategies and Techniques in the Age of Social Media: Evaluating Effectiveness
Examining Factors Influencing Customer Loyalty in Online Retailing
Entrepreneurial Ecosystems: Insights From Silicon Valley
Human Resource Management in the Gig Economy: Adapting to Change
Financial Risk Management in Fintech Companies: A Comprehensive Review
Organizational Culture and Employee Retention: A Correlation Study
Predictive Analytics for Business Forecasting: Best Practices
Cross-Border E-Commerce: Market Trends and Consumer Behavior
Agile Project Management in Business: Benefits and Implementation Challenges.

Religion Research Paper Topics

Faith and Politics: Examining the Intersection in Modern Society
Comparative Analysis of Monotheistic Religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
Reinterpretation of Sacred Texts in Contemporary Contexts
Secularism and Its Influence on Modern Religious Thought
Zen Buddhism and Western Psychology: Shared Concepts and Practices
Feminist Theology: A Review of Major Contributions and Challenges
Rituals and Community Cohesion: A Study Across Different Faiths
Religion in Public Schools: Constitutional and Ethical Dimensions
Mysticism in Major World Religions: A Comparative Analysis
Religion and Environmentalism: Exploring Linkages and Conflicts
Sikhism: Historical Origins and Modern Practices
Exploring Conversion Experiences: Psychological and Sociological Perspectives
New Age Movement: Beliefs, Practices, and Critiques
Theodicy in Different Religious Traditions: A Comparative Study
Interfaith Dialogue: Challenges and Opportunities in a Pluralistic Society
Secular Humanism: A Review of Philosophical Underpinnings and Critiques
Taoism and Environmental Ethics: An Analysis of Core Principles
Neo-Pagan Movements: Beliefs, Rituals, and Societal Reactions
Analyzing Atheism: Philosophical Arguments and Societal Perceptions
Religion and Bioethics: Navigating Moral Dilemmas in Healthcare.

Ethics Research Paper Topics

Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Deployment
Navigating Privacy Concerns in the Era of Big Data
Balancing Freedom of Speech and Hate Speech in Digital Media
Ethical Issues in Genomic Research and Personalized Medicine
Responsibility and Accountability in Autonomous Vehicle Technology
Considering the Right to Be Forgotten in the Age of Information
Ethical Dilemmas in Human Enhancement Technologies
Corporate Social Responsibility: Between Profit and Ethics
Ethics of Animal Experimentation: Evaluating Alternatives and Necessity
Biometric Data Collection: Privacy and Consent Issues
Balancing Security and Individual Rights: The Ethics of Surveillance
Analyzing Ethical Issues in Clinical Trials Involving Vulnerable Populations
Equity and Justice in the Age of Climate Change
Ethical Boundaries of Genetic Engineering and CRISPR Technology
Implications of Deepfake Technologies: Ethical and Legal Perspectives
Data Bias and Discrimination in Machine Learning: Ethical Concerns
Ethical Implications of Humanoid Robots and Sentience
Integrity in Scientific Research: Addressing Plagiarism and Fraud
Ethical Challenges in Global Health: Resource Allocation and Access to Care

Government Policy Research Paper Topics

Comparative Analysis of Healthcare Policies Across Developed Nations
Cybersecurity Legislation and Its Effectiveness in Protecting National Security
Unraveling the Politics of Climate Change Policy: A Cross-National Study
Digital Privacy Laws: A Comparative Study Between Europe and the United States
Immigration Policies and Their Influence on Labor Markets
Evaluating the Success of Poverty Reduction Policies in Developing Countries
Affirmative Action Policies: Assessing Merit and Fairness
Education Reforms and Equity: A Comprehensive Analysis
Policies for Combating Drug Abuse: An International Perspective
Influence of International Trade Policies on Domestic Economies
Gun Control Legislation: Comparative Analysis and Policy Outcomes
Criminal Justice Reforms: Effects on Incarceration Rates and Recidivism
Public Policy and Gender Equality: Progress and Challenges
Green Energy Policies: Adoption and Effectiveness Across Nations
Analyzing the Efficacy of Anti-Corruption Policies in Developing Countries
Government Policies on Artificial Intelligence and Automation: A Global Study
Housing Policies and Their Effect on Urban Development
Public Transportation Policies: Addressing Sustainability and Accessibility
Comparative Analysis of Social Welfare Systems Across Nations
Government Regulations on Genetically Modified Organisms: Global Perspectives

Sociological Research Paper Topics

Social Implications of Artificial Intelligence on Future Societies
Migration and Cultural Identity: A Sociological Perspective
Cyberbullying: A Sociological Analysis of Causes and Effects
Exploring the Sociological Context of Mental Health Stigma
Modern Social Movements and the Power of Social Media
Interplay Between Globalization and Cultural Preservation
Homelessness in the 21st Century: Causes, Challenges, and Solutions
Influence of Family Structure on Child Development: A Comparative Study
Racial Disparities in Healthcare: A Sociological Analysis
Digital Divide: Socioeconomic Implications in the Information Age
Urbanization and Its Effects on Social Inequality
Consumerism and Its Influence on Social Identity
Climate Change and Social Justice: A Global Perspective
Sociological Examination of Religion in Modern Societies
Education and Social Mobility: An Empirical Study
Internet and Social Behavior: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly
Gentrification and Its Sociological Impact on Urban Communities
Aging Populations: Social Implications and Challenges
Social Impacts of Pandemics: A Comprehensive Study of COVID-19

English Linguistics Research Paper Topics

Comparative Analysis of Old English and Modern English Syntax
Influence of Technological Innovation on English Vocabulary Development
Sociolinguistics of Code-Switching in Bilingual English Speakers
Diglossia and Its Effect on English Language Learners
Investigating the English Language Change in the Digital Age
English Language Variation Across Different Regions of the United States
Theories of Syntax in Generative Grammar: A Study in English
Exploring English Semantics: The Intersection of Meaning and Context
Factors Affecting English Phonetics and Phonology: A Comparative Study
Semantic Change in English Lexicology: A Historical Perspective
Language Shift, Popularity, and Language Death: The Case of Endangered English Dialects
Computational Linguistics and Machine Learning: English Language Processing
Second Language Acquisition: Understanding the Challenges in Learning English
Analysis of Prosody and Intonation in Spoken English
Linguistic Forensics: Uncovering Authorship in English Texts
English Idiomatic Expressions: Origins, Usage, and Evolution
Pragmatics in the English Language: Implicature and Speech Acts
Gender Differences in the English Language Usage: A Sociolinguistic Perspective
Pidgins and Creoles: English-based Language Formation
Influence of Bilingualism on Cognitive Abilities: The Case of English Speakers

Zoology Research Paper Topics

Bioluminescence in Marine Creatures: A Detailed Analysis
Ecological Dynamics of Invasive Species: A Zoological Perspective
Primate Social Structure and Behavior: An In-depth Study
Conservation Challenges for Endangered Bird Species
Animal Adaptation in Extreme Habitats: Polar Regions
Molecular Approaches to Understanding Animal Phylogeny
Ecological Implications of Predatory-Prey Interactions
Insect Behavior and Its Influence on Ecosystem Dynamics
Exploring Avian Migration Patterns: Causes and Consequences
Biodiversity Loss and Extinction Risk in Mammals
Animal Communication Systems: An Investigation Into Bioacoustics
Metamorphosis Mechanisms in Amphibians: Insights and Applications
Animal Camouflage: Techniques and Survival Advantage
Reproductive Strategies in Marine Mammals
Unveiling the Mysteries of Deep-Sea Creatures
Comparative Study of Vertebrate and Invertebrate Nervous Systems
Behavioral Aspects of Social Insects: Case Study on Ant Colonies
Understanding Venom: Biochemistry and Function in Predatory Animals
Conservation Genetics: Preserving Biodiversity in Threatened Species

Fun Research Topics

Laugh It Out: The Science Behind Humor
Incredible World of Superheroes: A Psychological Perspective
Culinary Experiments: Molecular Gastronomy in Action
Music Genres and Their Influence on Mood
Virtual Reality: More than Just Gaming?
Travel Influencers: Shaping Tourism in the Digital Age
Memes Culture and Internet Linguistics
Fascinating Phenomenon of Earworms: Why Get Songs Stuck in Our Heads?
Dogs vs. Cats: Who Makes a Better Pet and Why?
Foodie Culture: Social Media’s Delicious Influence
Animal Companions: Emotional Connections Between Pets and Humans
Digital Art Revolution: From Paintbrushes to Pixels
Sneaker Culture: The Rise of Athletic Footwear Fashion
Street Art as a Form of Social Commentary
Pop Culture and Its Influence on Language Evolution
Alien Life: Exploring Possibilities Beyond Our Planet
Theme Parks and Their Economic Contribution
Astrology and Its Appeal in Contemporary Society
“Netflix and Chill”: How Do Streaming Services Change TV Consumption?
Green Fashion: Sustainability in the Clothing Industry

Nursing Research Topics

Burnout Among Nurses: Understanding Causes and Solutions
Palliative Care Practices in Nursing: A Comparative Study
Patient Safety Culture: Strategies and Outcomes in Nursing
Management of Chronic Pain: New Insights and Approaches
Technological Advancements in Nursing: Benefits and Challenges
Ethical Dilemmas in Pediatric Nursing: A Case Study Approach
Innovative Approaches in Diabetic Patient Education
Interprofessional Collaboration in Healthcare Settings
Home Healthcare: Exploring Nurse-Patient Relationships
Postoperative Care: Evaluating Pain Management Techniques
Mental Health Nursing: Approaches for Enhancing Patient-Centered Care
Nursing Leadership: Influence on Patient Satisfaction and Care Quality
Preventive Healthcare: Role of Nurses in Promoting Health Literacy
Oncology Nursing: Comprehensive Care for Cancer Patients
Understanding Stress Factors in Critical Care Nursing
Family-Centered Care: Integrating Family in the Care Process
Exploring Cultural Competence in Nursing Practice
Holistic Nursing: Addressing Physical, Mental, and Spiritual Health
Cardiovascular Nursing: Advances in Patient Care and Rehabilitation
Telehealth and Nursing Practice: Prospects and Challenges

Music Research Topics

Transformations in Jazz: An Exploration of the Post-Bop Period
Classical Music Influence on Cognitive Functioning: An Empirical Study
Hip-Hop and Social Change: A Cultural Perspective
Rhythm and Blues: Origins and Evolutionary Pathways
Analysis of Compositional Techniques in the Baroque Era
Cross-Cultural Influences in Contemporary Popular Music
Technological Innovations in Music Production: A Historical Perspective
Emotional Responses to Music: A Neuroscientific Investigation
Music Education’s Influence on Academic Performance
Exploring the Sociopolitical Significance of Punk Rock
Women in Opera: Roles, Challenges, and Triumphs
Experimental Music: Origins, Concepts, and Influence
Examination of the Choral Tradition in Eastern Orthodoxy
Music Copyright Laws: Analysis and Recommendations
Ethnomusicology: Tradition and Change in Indigenous Music Forms
Ambient Music: The Art and Science of Background Noise
Music, Ritual, and Power: The Case of Shamanic Traditions
Country Music and American Identity: A Sociological Perspective

Food Research Topics

Fermentation: Cultural Practices and Health Benefits
Molecular Gastronomy: Combining Food Science and Culinary Arts
Food Deserts: Exploring Solutions for Better Access
Nutrition Education: Effective Strategies for Promoting Healthy Eating
Sustainable Agriculture: A Pathway to Food Security
Plant-Based Diets: Analyzing Health and Environmental Benefits
Exploration of Indigenous Food Systems and Their Sustainability
Food Safety Measures in Developing Countries
Relationship Between Fast Food Consumption and Obesity
Flavor Science: Understanding the Chemistry of Taste
Food Packaging Innovations and Their Impact on Waste Reduction
Allergenic Foods: Identifying Causes and Developing Solutions
Implications of Genetically Modified Crops for Global Food Supply
Cultural Appropriation in Food: A Sociological Perspective
Organic vs. Conventional Farming: Nutritional Differences
Dietary Trends and Their Effect on Public Health
Aquaculture and Its Potential for Meeting Global Protein Demand
Food Policy: Evaluating Impacts of Agricultural Subsidies
Culinary Tourism: Its Influence on Destination Attractiveness
Effects of Climate Change on Crop Diversity and Food Availability

Social Studies Topics for Your Research Project

Comparative Study of Democracy in Different Cultural Contexts
Social Stratification: Understanding Its Effects on Education Access
Populism and Its Influence on Contemporary Politics
Migration Patterns: Causes and Consequences on Global Economies
Racial Disparities in Healthcare: Policy Recommendations for Equity
Unpacking the Social Construction of Gender Across Cultures
Urbanization and Its Effect on Community Structures
Globalization’s Effect on Cultural Diversity: A Critical Analysis
Human Rights Discourse in International Relations: A Paradigm Shift?
Power Dynamics in Modern Corporate Culture
Economic Inequalities: Effects on Social Mobility in Developed Countries
Intersectionality: Examining Race, Class, and Gender Simultaneously
Climate Change and Environmental Justice: A Sociopolitical Analysis
Marriage Customs Across Different Cultures: A Comparative Study
Cybersecurity and Privacy: Societal Concerns in the Digital Age
Language Diversity and Cultural Identity: An Ethnographic Study
Human Trafficking: Analyzing Policies for Prevention and Intervention
Social Implications of Artificial Intelligence Advancements
Social Capital and Community Development: Case Studies From Rural Areas

Computer Science Research Paper Topics

Comparative Analysis: Machine Learning Algorithms for Sentiment Analysis in Social Media
Novel Approaches: Detecting Deepfake Videos using Generative Adversarial Networks
Quantum Computing Feasibility: Solving NP-Complete Problems
Enhancing Security: Internet of Things (IoT) Networks Through Blockchain Technology
Exploring Potential: Explainable Artificial Intelligence for Decision Support Systems
Robustness Analysis: Deep Neural Networks Against Adversarial Attacks
Reinforcement Learning: Autonomous Vehicle Navigation in Dynamic Environments
Application Investigation: Natural Language Processing in Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
Unsupervised Learning Techniques: Anomaly Detection in Network Intrusion Detection Systems
Privacy-Preserving Mechanisms: Big Data Analytics in Cloud Computing Environments
Augmented Reality: Enhancing User Experience for Virtual Meetings
Edge Computing Impact: Real-Time Data Processing in the Internet of Things Applications
Blockchain Technology Potential: Secure and Transparent Supply Chain Management
Comparative Study: Deep Learning Architectures for Image Classification in Medical Imaging
Efficient Algorithm Design: Large-Scale Graph Processing in Distributed Computing Systems
Hybrid Recommender Systems: Personalized Content Recommendation Performance Evaluation
Application Investigation: Deep Reinforcement Learning in Resource Allocation for Cloud Computing
Effectiveness Evaluation: Privacy-Preserving Machine Learning Techniques for Sensitive Data Analysis
Explainable Artificial Intelligence: Role in Ethical Decision-Making
Machine Learning Application: Predicting and Preventing Cybersecurity Attacks

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500 Good Research Paper Topics

Bonus Material: Essential essay checklist

Writing a research paper for a class and not sure how to start?

One of the most important steps to creating a great paper is finding a good topic!

Here’s a hand-drafted list from a Princeton grad who has helped professors at Harvard and Yale edit their papers for publication and taught college writing at the University of Notre Dame and .

What’s more, we give you some foolproof formulas for creating your own paper topic to fit the requirements of your class.

Using these simple formulas, we’ve helped hundreds of students turn a B- paper topic into an A+ paper topic.

Keep reading for our list of 500 vetted research paper topics and our magic formulas for creating your own topic!

Of course, if you want help learning to write research papers tailored to your individual needs, check out our one-on-one writing coaching or academic writing workshop . Set up a free consultation to see how we can help you learn to write A+ papers!

Jump to paper topics in:

European & Mediterranean History

African history, asian history, history of the pre-columbian americas.

Latin American History

History of Science

Politics & public policy, education & education policy, political theory, science policy.

Health Sciences & Psychology

What is a research paper?

In order to write a good research paper, it’s important to know what it is!

In general, we can divide academic writing into three broad categories:

Analytical: analyze the tools an author uses to make their point
Research: delve deeply into a research topic and share your findings
Persuasive : argue a specific and nuanced position backed by evidence

What’s the difference between an analytical paper and a research paper? For an analytical paper, it’s okay to just use one or two sources (a book, poem, work of art, piece of music, etc.) and examine them in detail. For a research paper, however, the expectation is that you do, well . . . research .

The depth of research that you’re expected to do will depend on your age and the type of class you’re taking.

In elementary or middle school, a “research paper” might mean finding information from a few general books or encyclopedias in your school library.

In high school, your teachers might expect you to start using information from academic articles and more specific books. You might use encyclopedias and general works as a starting point, but you’ll be expected to go beyond them and do more work to synthesize information from different perspectives or different types of sources. You may also be expected to do “primary research,” where you study the source material yourself, instead of synthesizing what other people have written about the source material.

In college, you’ll be required to use academic journals and scholarly books, and your professors will now expect that you be more critical of these secondary sources, noticing the methodology and perspectives of whatever articles and books you’re using.

In more advanced college courses, you’ll be expected to do more exhaustive surveys of the existing literature on a topic. You’ll need to conduct primary research that makes an original contribution to the field—the kind that could be published in a journal article itself.

For a walkthrough of the 12 essential steps to writing a good paper, check out our step-by-step guide .

Working on a research paper? Grab our free checklist to make sure your essay has everything it needs to earn an A grade.

Get the essential essay checklist

What makes a good research paper topic?

One of the most important features of a research paper topic is that it has a clear, narrow focus.

For example, your teacher may assign you to write a research paper related to the US Revolutionary War. Does that mean that your topic should be “the US Revolutionary War”?

Definitely not! There’s no way to craft a good paper with in-depth research with such a broad topic. (Unless you’re in elementary or middle school, in which case it’s okay to have a more general topic for your research paper.)

Instead, you need to find a more specific topic within this broader one. There are endless ways that you can make this narrower! Some ideas generated from this one broader topic might be:

Causes of the US Revolutionary War
Changes in military strategy during the Revolutionary War
The experiences of Loyalists to England who remained in the American colonies during the Revolutionary War
How the Revolutionary War was pivotal for the career of Alexander Hamilton
The role of alliances with France during the US Revolutionary War
The experiences of people of color during the Revolutionary War
How George Washington’s previous military career paved the way for his leadership in the Revolutionary War
The main types of weaponry during the Revolutionary War
Changes in clothing and fashion over the courses of the Revolutionary War
How Valley Forge was a key moment in the Revolutionary War
How women contributed to the Revolutionary War
What happened in Amherst, Massachusetts during the Revolutionary War
Field medicine during the Revolutionary War
How the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the Revolutionary War
How different opinions about the Revolutionary War were reflected in poetry written during that time
Debates over abolition during the Revolutionary War
The importance of supply chains during the Revolutionary War
Reactions to the US Revolutionary war in Europe
How the US Revolutionary war impacted political theory in England and France
Similarities and differences between the US Revolutionary War and the French Revolution
Famous paintings inspired by the US Revolutionary War
Different ways that the US Revolutionary War has been depicted in modern contemporary culture
The appropriation of the “Boston Tea Party” by US politicians in the 2010s

This list could go on forever!

good research paper topics about the US Revolution

In fact, any of these topics could become even more specific. For example, check out the evolution of this topic:

Economic causes of the Revolutionary war
The way that tax policies helped lead to the Revolutionary War
How tax laws enacted 1763–1775 helped lead to the Revolutionary War
How the tax-free status of the British East India Company helped lead to the Revolutionary War
How the 1773 tax-free status of the British East India Company helped lead to the Revolutionary War, as reflected in letters written 1767–1775
How the 1773 tax-free status of the British East India Company helped lead to the Revolutionary War, as reflected in letters written by members of the Sons of Liberty 1767–1775

As you advance in your educational career, you’ll need to make your topic more and more specific. Steps 1–3 of this topic might be okay in high school, but for a college research paper steps 4–7 would be more appropriate!

As you craft your research paper topic, you should also keep in mind the availability of research materials on your subject. There are millions of topics that would make interesting research papers, but for which you yourself might not be able to investigate with the primary and secondary sources to which you have access.

Access to research materials might look like:

To the best of our knowledge, the sources exist somewhere
The source isn’t behind a paywall (or you or your school can pay for it)
Your school or local library has a copy of the source
Your school or local library can order a copy of the source for you
The source is in a language that you speak
The source has been published already (there’s tons of amazing research that hasn’t been published yet, a frustrating problem!)
You can access the archive, museum, or database where the primary source is held—this might mean online access or travel! To access a source in an archive or museum you’ll often need permission, which often requires a letter of support from your school.

If you’re not sure about access to source materials, talk to a librarian! They’re professionals for this question.

Finally, pick a research topic that interests you! Given that there are unlimited research topics in the world and many ways to adapt a broad topic, there should absolutely be a way to modify a research topic to fit your interests.

Want help learning to write an amazing research paper? Work one-on-one with an experienced Ivy-League tutor to improve your writing skills or sign up for our bestselling academic writing workshop .

Insider tips to generate your own research paper topic

Use these formulas to generate your own research paper topics:

How did X change over a period of time (year, decade, century)?
What is the impact (or consequences) of X?
What led to X?
What is the role of X in Y?
How did X influence Y?
How did X become Y?
How was X different from Y?
How is X an example of Y?
How did X affect Y?
What were some reactions to X?
What are the most effective policies to produce X result?
What are some risks of X?
How is our current understanding of X incorrect? (advanced)
What happens if we look at X through the lens of Y theory or perspective? (advanced)

A good research paper topic often starts with the question words—why, how, what, who, and where. Remember to make it as specific as possible!

Good research paper topics

These research paper topics have been vetted by a Princeton grad and academic book editor!

How did European rivalries (British vs French) impact North American history?
What was the role of British and French alliances with indigneous tribes during the Seven Years’ War?
Reactions to the 1754 Albany Congress among North American intellectual figures
How the Albany Plan served as a model for future attempts at union among the North American colonies
How did different religious identities (Calvinist, Catholic, etc.) play a role in the aftermath of the Seven Years’ War?
What were the consequences of the 1763 Treaty of Paris?
How did the Seven Years’ War impact British debt and colonial economics?
What were some causes of the US Revolutionary War?
How did military strategy change during the Revolutionary War?
What were the experiences of Loyalists to England who remained in the American colonies during the Revolutionary War?
How was the Revolutionary War pivotal for the career of Alexander Hamilton?
What was the role of alliances with France during the US Revolutionary War?
What were the experiences of people of color during the Revolutionary War?
How did George Washington’s previous military career pave the way for his leadership in the Revolutionary War?
What were the main types of weaponry during the Revolutionary War? How did that affect the options for military strategies?
How did clothing and fashion change over the courses of the Revolutionary War?
How was Valley Forge a key moment in the Revolutionary War?
How did women contribute to the Revolutionary War?
What happened in Amherst, Massachusetts (or any other specific location) during the Revolutionary War?
What was field medicine like during the Revolutionary War?
How was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point in the Revolutionary War?
How were different opinions about the Revolutionary War reflected in poetry written during that time?
What were the debates over abolition during the Revolutionary War?
What was the role of supply chains during the Revolutionary War?
What were reactions to the US Revolutionary war like in Europe? What does that tell us about politics in England, France, the Netherlands, etc?
How did the US Revolutionary war impact political theory in England and France?
What are similarities and differences between the US Revolutionary War and the French Revolution?
What are some famous paintings inspired by the US Revolutionary War? What do differences between these paintings tell us about how the artists who created them saw the war?
What are some different ways that the US Revolutionary War has been depicted in modern contemporary culture? What does that tell us?
How was the story of the “Boston Tea Party” appropriated by US politicians in the 2010s, and why?
What was the difference between the Federalists and the Jeffersonians?
How did the 1797 XYZ Affair lead to the Quasi-War with France?
How were loans from European countries and companies (France, Spain, Dutch bankers) key to the early US?
What were reactions to the Constitutional Convention of 1787?
Why did the US remain neutral during the French Revolution?
How did the Alien and Sedition acts contribute to the election of Thomas Jefferson as president?
What was the US’s reaction to the Haitian revolution? Why did the US not recognize Haitian independence until 1862?
What were the reactions to John Jay’s Treaty of 1794?
How have the remarks made by George Washington in his Farewell Address inspired isolationist policies?
How did interpretations of the Monroe Doctrine change over the decades since its creation?
How did the Roosevelt Corollary and Lodge Corollary change and expand the Monroe Doctrine?
How did the presence of US companies like the United Fruit Company affect US military interventions in Latin America?
How was the Monroe Doctrine invoked in the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962?
How was US culture shaped by the Cold War?
How did ecology play a role in the rise of Ancient Egypt?
How did water management technologies impact Ancient Egypt?
How did bureaucracies function in Ancient Egypt?
How did Egyptian art influence Ancient Greek art?
Who could be a citizen in Athens in the 5th century BCE? What does this tell us about classical Athenian society?
What was the impact of the Peloponnesian War?
What was the impact of Alexander the Great’s attempt to create an empire?
How does the way that Alexander the Great is represented in art demonstrate conceptions about the relationship between the human and the divine?
Was there a conception of race in the ancient world? How were these ideas different from our own modern conceptions of race?
What was the role of debt slavery in the Roman republic? How were these policies ended, and what is the significance of the end of debt slavery? What kinds of slavery remained?
To what degree does the movie Gladiator accurately the Roman Empire in 176–192 CE?
What was the role of slavery in managing the large latifundia ?
How and why did the emperor Constantine I adopt Christianity?
How did patterns of urbanism in the latter Roman empire change? What does this tell us about challenges being faced at that time?
What do reactions to the Byzantine empress Theodora tell us about ideas of gender in 6th-century Byzantium?
How did scientific advancements in Islamic Spain influence the rest of Europe?
What was the relationship between Muslim, Christian, and Jewish populations in Islamic Spain? How does this compare to the experience of Muslim and Jewish populations in Christian Spain?
How did medieval troubadour poetry represent a new idea of romantic relationships?
What are similarities and differences between medieval troubadour poetry and lyric poetry in Ancient Greece?
What do letters between women and popes tell us about gender, power, and religion in medieval Europe?
In what ways was Hildegard of Bingen groundbreaking for her time?
Who produced beer in medieval England, and what does this tell us about society?
How did the adoption of hops affect the production and distribution of beer?
How did beer production allow some women a way to be financially independent?
How was clothing used to mark religious and cultural identities in 15th- and 16th-century Spain?
How did print culture change relationships and courting in Georgian England?
How did churches function as social gathering spaces in Georgian England?
To what degree is Netflix’s Bridgerton series historically accurate?
How did ideas of love change in the 18th century? How did philosophy play a role in this?
When were Valentine cards first commercially available? What does that show us about cultural ideas of love and courtship?
What were the consequences of the desertification of the Sahara?
How did trade links on the Red Sea influence Nubian culture?
How did Carthage build power in Northern Africa around 600–500 BCE?
What was the impact of the Mercenary War (241–238 BCE) in Carthage?
How did the Roman province of Africa play a key role in financing the Roman Empire?
What were the consequences of the Donatist division in the 300s in Northern Africa?
What was the impact of the large-scale movement of Bedouins from the Arabian peninsula into the Maghreb?
How was Mande society organized in the Mali Empire?
What was the role of the book trade in Timbuktu? What does this tell us about culture and learning in the Mali Empire?
How did Aksum use trade to build wealth and power?
What do Nok terracotta sculptures tell us about Nok culture?
How did the Luba Empire create a centralized political system? How did the idea of spiritual kins ( balopwe ) play a role in this system?
How did tax collection work in the Lunda empire?
What does it mean to say that the Ajuran Empire was a hydraulic empire? How did control over water resources allow the Ajuran Empire to build and consolidate power?
What is the significance of diplomatic ties between the Somai Ajuran Empire and Ming dynasty China?
How did the tribute system in the Kingdom of Kongo help to stimulate interregional trade?
What was the impact of the introduction of maize and cassava to the Kingdom of Kongo?
How did women wield influence in the Kingdom of Benin?
How did the Industrial Revolution in Europe help lead to the Scramble for Africa 1878–1898?
What were the consequences of the Second Boer War?
What happened in the Year of Africa (1960)?
How did the Han dynasty consolidate power in frontier regions?
How and why did the Han dynasty nationalize the private salt and iron industries in 117 BCE?
What are the earliest records of papermaking, and what is the significance of this invention?
What was the role of Daoist religious societies in rebellions at the end of the Han dynasty (Yellow Turban Rebellion, Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion)?
What do tomb paintings tell us about ancient Chinese society?
What was the impact of the Sui dynasty’s standardization and re-unification of the coinage?
What was the role of standardized testing in Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty China?
Why is the Tang dynasty often regarded as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture in Chinese history?
What was the role of slavery in imperial China?
How did the rise of jiedushi (regional military governments) undermine the civil-service system? What were the consequences of this?
How did Tang dynasty China exert power over Japan and Korea?
What was the Three Departments and Six Ministries system in imperial China and how did it work?
What does the appearance of Inca, Maya, and Aztec goods in North America (Utah, Canada) and the appearance of goods from the Great Lakes region in Maya and Aztec ruins tell us about trade in the Pre-Columbian Americas?
How did celebration of maize play a central role in Mesoamerican cultures?
How did the Aztec empire use relationships with client city-states to establish power? How did the Aztec empire use taxation to exert power?
How did the luxury good trade impact Aztec political power?
How did the building of roads play a key role in the Aztec empire?
How and why has archaeology played a pivotal role in expanding our understanding of the pre-Columbian Americas?
What are some common misconceptions about the Americas in the year 1491? Why do these misconceptions exist?

Latin American History (post-1492)

How and why did the Spanish appropriate Aztec sites of significance (e.g. Mexico City at the site of Tenochtitlan)?
What were reactions among Latin American intellectuals (e.g. Luis María Drago, Alejandro Álvarez and Baltasar Brum) to the Monroe Doctrine?
How was the US’s involvement in the Venezuela Crisis of 1902–1903 a pivotal turning point in the relationship between the US and Latin American countries?
What were the effects of the US’s involvement in the Cuban War for Independence?
How did the Roosevelt Corollary of 1904 benefit the US?
How did Simon Bolivar’s time in Europe affect his ideas about Latin American independence?
How did 19th century academic societies play a role in the advancement of scientific discoveries? Who was excluded from these societies?
How was music connected to the sciences in medieval thinking?
When was the concept of zero first used, and how was it instrumental for advancements in math?
What role did Islamic Spain play in the spread of scientific advancements in medieval Europe?
What role has translation between languages played in the development of sciences?
Why were Galileo’s ideas about astronomy controversial at the time?
What was the connection between art and advancements in human anatomy?
Why were Darwin’s ideas about natural selection controversial at the time?
To what degree does the film Master and Commander accurately depict the voyages of Charles Darwin?
How did the discovery of quinine and other medical innovations help to facilitate the European colonization of Africa?
How and why was the internet invented?
Does Virgil’s Aeneid celebrate the new Roman Empire or subvert it?
Why was the poet Ovid exiled from Rome?
What are the pagan influences in Beowulf ? What are the Christian elements in Beowulf ? What does that tell us about late Anglo-Saxon England?
How does Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales reflect gender roles in late medieval England?
How does Dante’s Inferno draw on book IV of Virgil’s Aeneid ?
How are gender roles presented and subverted in Shakespeare’s plays?
To what degree did Henry David Thoreau live out the ideals he described in Walden in his own life?
How did the serialized publication of novels affect the way that they were written?
Does Dickens’ novel A Tale of Two Cities accurately portray the French Revolution?
How did 18th-century novels propagate the idea of marrying for love?
What did contemporary readers think about Jane Austen and her novels?
To what degree do Jane Austen’s novels reflect economic realities for women in Regency England? What do they leave out?
How did Lord Byron’s personal life affect his poetry?
What do we know about the romantic life of Emily Dickinson?
What were the religious movements that influenced the writer George Eliot, and how do those influences appear in her novels?
In what ways were Walt Whitman’s writings new or different?
How did British poets react to the horrors of Word War I?
What do Tolkien’s letters reveal about the ways in which the two world wars influenced his writings?
How did the friendship between CS Lewis and Tolkien affect their respective writings?
What are the arguments for and against Catalonian independence from Spain?
What are the arguments for and against Scottish independence from the United Kingdom?
What are some risks of contact sports, especially for children?
What are the most effective policies for combating childhood obesity?
What are the most effective policies for reducing gun violence?
Which countries have the longest life expectancy and why?
What are some differences between the healthcare system in the US and in European countries? Which country has the most similar system to the US?
What policies for parental leave exist in different countries? What are some effects of these policies?
Has the drinking age in the US always been 21? What have been some different policies, and what were some consequences of them?
What is the debate around museum artifacts like the Elgin Marbles in London or the Benin Bronzes in Berlin?
How have politicians attempted to control population growth in different countries, either directly or indirectly? What have been some effects of these policies?
Which countries have the most gender parity reflected in national governments? How have they accomplished this?
How has public funding of K-12 education changed since the 1930s in the US?
How has public funding of higher education changed in the US?
What is early childhood education like in different countries?
What are some effects of free or reduced-cost meals in schools?
How does access to menstrual products affect education outcomes for girls in different countries?
What was the impact of Rousseau’s writings on education?
How did Plato’s ideal forms of government reflect contemporary Athenian concerns about the unruly masses ( demos )?
How did Aristotle justify slavery?
How has wealth inequality increased in recent decades?
How is inflation calculated, and what are the implications of this methodology?
How have genetically-engineered crops changed the way that the planet feeds itself?
How has animal testing changed since 2000?
How is animal testing regulated differently in different countries?

Health Sciences and Psychology

How do different societies reflect the natural circadian rhythms of the human body?
How does secondhand smoke affect the human body?
How does lack of sleep affect the body?
How does stress affect the body?
What are some ways to reduce stress?
How have cancer treatments changed in the past 30 years?
Why is it hard to find a “cure” for cancer?
How has the Human Genome Project changed medical science?
How were the Covid vaccines developed so quickly? What is the difference between the various Covid vaccines that have been developed?

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Research Paper Topics

Choose your Topic Smart

What starts well, ends well, so you need to be really careful with research paper topics. The topic of a research paper defines the whole piece of writing. How often have you chosen the book by its title? First impression is often influential, so make sure your topic will attract the reader instantly. By choosing your topic smart, the half of your job is done. That is why we have singled out several secrets on how to pick the best topic for you. Also see the list of 1000 thesis topics .

Browse Research Paper Topics by Category:

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What is the Key to a Perfect Topic for a Research Paper?

The key to a perfect topic includes three main secrets: interest, precision, and innovation.

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It is impossible to do something great if you have no interest in what you are doing. For this reason, make sure you choose the topic that drives you. If you are bored by what you investigate, do not expect that your paper will be exciting. Right now, spend some minutes or even hours thinking about what interests you. Jot down all your preferences in life, science, politics, social issues etc. It will help you get the idea what you can write about.

After realizing what drives you, narrow this general idea to a more specific one. A research paper is not about beating around the bush. You will need clear facts and data. You will have to provide evidence to your ideas. You will need to be precise, specific and convincing.

Finally, the idea of any research is that it should be surprising and distinctive. Think what makes your perspective and approach special. What is the novelty of your research?

Use Technology

If you are still stuck, use technology. Today we have an opportunity to make our lives easier with a bit of technology used. You can find paper topic generators online. This software will examine the category you want to investigate and the keywords from your research. Within several seconds, this program generates paper topics, so you can try it yourself. It can help you get started with your assignment.

100% Effective Advice

We will now give you advice that is 100% effective when picking the topic. Firstly, forget about what others may think about your topic. This is your topic and this is your perception of the world. Stay personal and let your personal style get you the top grades. Secondly, never decide on the topic before analyzing the background for your research. By this we mean, investigate the topic before you start the research proper. It happens quite often that students choose the topic and later they realize there is no data or information to use. That is why conduct some research beforehand. Thirdly, read other researchers’ papers on the topic you want to write about. It will help you get the idea of the investigation. Moreover, it will help you understand whether you truly want to write a paper on this topic. Finally, when you have picked the topic, started your research, make sure you dedicate your time and energy. If you want to get high results, you need to study every little details of your research.

Examine Different Ideas

People often come up with genius ideas after analyzing thousands of other people’s ideas. This is how our brain works. That is why you can analyze other people’s ideas for research paper topics and think up your own. If you have never written any paper of that kind, it will help you understand the gist of this assignment, the style and the requirements. By comparing different topics, you can motivate yourself and get inspired with these ideas. Luckily, you have come to the right place. Here is our list of top 100 research paper topics.

What Makes a Good Topic for a Research Paper?

A good research paper topic is the one that is successful and manageable in your particular case. A successful research paper poses an interesting question you can actually answer. Just as important, it poses a question you can answer within the time available. The question should be one that interests you and deserves exploration. It might be an empirical question or a theoretical puzzle. In some fields, it might be a practical problem or policy issue. Whatever the question is, you need to mark off its boundaries clearly and intelligently so you can complete the research paper and not get lost in the woods. That means your topic should be manageable as well as interesting and important.

A topic is manageable if you can:

Master the relevant literature
Collect and analyze the necessary data
Answer the key questions you have posed
Do it all within the time available, with the skills you have

A topic is important if it:

Touches directly on major theoretical issues and debates, or
Addresses substantive topics of great interest in your field

Ideally, your topic can do both, engaging theoretical and substantive issues. In elementary education, for example, parents, teachers, scholars, and public officials all debate the effectiveness of charter schools, the impact of vouchers, and the value of different reading programs. A research paper on any of these would resonate within the university and well beyond it. Still, as you approach such topics, you need to limit the scope of your investigation so you can finish your research and writing on time. After all, to be a good research paper, it first has to be a completed one. A successful research paper poses an interesting question you can actually answer within the time available for the project. Some problems are simply too grand, too sweeping to master within the time limits. Some are too minor to interest you or anybody else.

The solution, however, is not to find a lukewarm bowl of porridge, a bland compromise. Nor is it to abandon your interest in larger, more profound issues such as the relationship between school organization and educational achievement or between immigration and poverty. Rather, the solution is to select a well-defined topic that is closely linked to some larger issue and then explore that link. Your research paper will succeed if you nail a well-defined topic. It will rise to excellence if you probe that topic deeply and show how it illuminates wider issues.The best theses deal with important issues, framed in manageable ways. The goal is to select a well-defined topic that is closely linked to some larger issue and can illuminate it.

You can begin your project with either a large issue or a narrowly defined topic, depending on your interests and the ideas you have generated. Whichever way you start, the goals are the same: to connect the two in meaningful ways and to explore your specific topic in depth.

Of course, the choice of a particular research paper topic depends on the course you’re taking. Our site can offer you the following research paper topics and example research papers:

Moving from a Research Paper Idea to a Research Paper Topic

Let’s begin as most students actually do, by going from a “big issue” to a more manageable research paper topic. Suppose you start with a big question such as, “Why has the United States fought so many wars since 1945?” That’s certainly a big, important question. Unfortunately, it’s too complex and sprawling to cover well in a research paper. Working with your professor or instructor, you could zero in on a related but feasible research topic, such as “Why did the Johnson administration choose to escalate the U.S. war in Vietnam?” By choosing this topic, your research paper can focus on a specific war and, within that, on a few crucial years in the mid-1960s.

You can draw on major works covering all aspects of the Vietnam War and the Johnson administration’s decision making. You have access to policy memos that were once stamped top secret. These primary documents have now been declassified, published by the State Department, and made available to research libraries. Many are readily available on the Web. You can also take advantage of top-quality secondary sources (that is, books and articles based on primary documents, interviews, and other research data).

Drawing on these primary and secondary sources, you can uncover and critique the reasons behind U.S. military escalation. As you answer this well-defined question about Vietnam, you can (and you should) return to the larger themes that interest you, namely, “What does the escalation in Southeast Asia tell us about the global projection of U.S. military power since 1945?” As one of America’s largest military engagements since World War II, the war in Vietnam should tell us a great deal about the more general question.

The goal here is to pick a good case to study, one that is compelling in its own right and speaks to the larger issue. It need not be a typical example, but it does need to illuminate the larger question. Some cases are better than others precisely because they illuminate larger issues. That’s why choosing the best cases makes such a difference in your research paper.

Since you are interested in why the United States has fought so often since 1945, you probably shouldn’t focus on U.S. invasions of Grenada, Haiti, or Panama in the past two decades. Why? Because the United States has launched numerous military actions against small, weak states in the Caribbean for more than a century. That is important in its own right, but it doesn’t say much about what has changed so dramatically since 1945. The real change since 1945 is the projection of U.S. power far beyond the Western Hemisphere, to Europe and Asia. You cannot explain this change—or any change, for that matter—by looking at something that remains constant.

In this case, to analyze the larger pattern of U.S. war fighting and the shift it represents, you need to pick examples of distant conflicts, such as Korea, Vietnam, Kosovo, Afghanistan, or Iraq. That’s the noteworthy change since 1945: U.S. military intervention outside the Western Hemisphere. The United States has fought frequently in such areas since World War II but rarely before then. Alternatively, you could use statistics covering many cases of U.S. intervention around the world, perhaps supplemented with some telling cases studies.

Students in the humanities want to explore their own big ideas, and they, too, need to focus their research. In English literature, their big issue might be “masculinity” or, to narrow the range a bit, “masculinity in Jewish American literature.” Important as these issues are, they are too vast for anyone to read all the major novels plus all the relevant criticism and then frame a comprehensive research paper.

If you don’t narrow these sprawling topics and focus your work, you can only skim the surface. Skimming the surface is not what you want to do in a research paper. You want to understand your subject in depth and convey that understanding to your readers.

That does not mean you have to abandon your interest in major themes. It means you have to restrict their scope in sensible ways. To do that, you need to think about which aspects of masculinity really interest you and then find works that deal with them.

You may realize your central concern is how masculinity is defined in response to strong women. That focus would still leave you considerable flexibility, depending on your academic background and what you love to read. That might be anything from a reconsideration of Macbeth to an analysis of early twentieth-century American novels, where men must cope with women in assertive new roles. Perhaps you are interested in another aspect of masculinity: the different ways it is defined within the same culture at the same moment. That would lead you to novelists who explore these differences in their characters, perhaps contrasting men who come from different backgrounds, work in different jobs, or simply differ emotionally. Again, you would have considerable flexibility in choosing specific writers.

Connecting a Specific Research Paper Topic to a Bigger Idea

Not all students begin their research paper concerned with big issues such as masculinity or American wars over the past half century. Some start with very specific topics in mind. One example might be the decision to create NAFTA, the North American Free Trade Agreement encompassing Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Perhaps you are interested in NAFTA because you discussed it in a course, heard about it in a political campaign, or saw its effects firsthand on local workers, companies, and consumers. It intrigues you, and you would like to study it in a research paper. The challenge is to go from this clear-cut subject to a larger theme that will frame your paper.

Why do you even need to figure out a larger theme? Because NAFTA bears on several major topics, and you cannot explore all of them. Your challenge—and your opportunity—is to figure out which one captures your imagination.

One way to think about that is to finish this sentence: “For me, NAFTA is a case of ___________.” If you are mainly interested in negotiations between big and small countries, then your answer is, “For me, NAFTA is a case of a large country like the United States bargaining with a smaller neighbor.” Your answer would be different if you are mainly interested in decision making within the United States, Mexico, or Canada. In that case, you might say, “NAFTA seems to be a case where a strong U.S. president pushed a trade policy through Congress.” Perhaps you are more concerned with the role played by business lobbies. “For me, NAFTA is a case of undue corporate influence over foreign economic policy.” Or you could be interested in the role of trade unions, environmental groups, or public opinion.

The NAFTA decision is related to all these big issues and more. You cannot cover them all. There is not enough time, and even if there were, the resulting paper would be too diffuse, too scattershot. To make an impact, throw a rock, not a handful of pebbles.

Choosing one of these large issues will shape your research paper on NAFTA. If you are interested in U.S. decision making, for example, you might study the lobbying process or perhaps the differences between Democrats and Republicans. If you are interested in diplomacy, you would focus on negotiations between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Either would make an interesting research paper, but they are different topics.

Although the subject matter and analysis are decidedly different in the humanities, many of the same considerations still apply to topic selection. In English or comparative literature, for example, you may be attracted to a very specific topic such as several poems by William Wordsworth. You are not trying, as a social scientist would, to test some generalizations that apply across time or space. Rather, you want to analyze these specific poems, uncover their multiple meanings, trace their allusions, and understand their form and beauty.

As part of the research paper, however, you may wish to say something bigger, something that goes beyond these particular poems. That might be about Wordsworth’s larger body of work. Are these poems representative or unusual? Do they break with his previous work or anticipate work yet to come? You may wish to comment on Wordsworth’s close ties to his fellow “Lake Poets,” Coleridge and Southey, underscoring some similarities in their work. Do they use language in shared ways? Do they use similar metaphors or explore similar themes? You may even wish to show how these particular poems are properly understood as part of the wider Romantic movement in literature and the arts. Any of these would connect the specific poems to larger themes.

How to Refine Your Research Paper Topic

One of your professor’s or instructor’s most valuable contributions to the success of your research paper is to help you refine your topic. She can help you select the best cases for detailed study or the best data and statistical techniques. S/he can help you find cases that shed light on larger questions, have good data available, and are discussed in a rich secondary literature. She may know valuable troves of documents to explore. That’s why it is so important to bring these issues up in early meetings. These discussions with your instructor are crucial in moving from a big but ill-defined idea to a smart, feasible topic.Some colleges supplement this advising process by offering special workshops and tutorial support for students. These are great resources, and you should take full advantage of them. They can improve your project in at least two ways.

First, tutors and workshop leaders are usually quite adept at helping you focus and shape your topic. That’s what they do best. Even if they are relatively new teachers, they have been writing research papers themselves for many years. They know how to do it well and how to avoid common mistakes. To craft their own papers, they have learned how to narrow their topics, gather data, interpret sources, and evaluate conjectures. They know how to use appropriate methods and how to mine the academic literature. In all these ways, they can assist you with their own hard-won experience. To avoid any confusion, just make sure your instructor knows what advice you are getting from workshop leaders and tutors. You want everyone to be pulling in the same direction.

Second, you will benefit enormously from batting around your research paper in workshops. The more you speak about your subject, the better you will understand it yourself. The better you understand it, the clearer your research and writing will be. You will learn about your project as you present your ideas; you will learn more as you listen to others discuss your work; and you will learn still more as you respond to their suggestions. Although you should do that in sessions with your instructor, you will also profit from doing it in workshops and tutorial sessions.

Secrets to Keep in Mind when Writing a Research Paper

As a bonus, we have prepared several secrets for you to make your paper perfect. Firstly, always write your paper from scratch. Do not copy the already existing materials, as it can lead to unsatisfactory mark or even expulsion. Secondly, start your research early; do not put off investigating the topic. The earlier you start, the easier it will be to meet the deadline. Thirdly, plan your work and create an outline for your task. A planned work will help you be systematic. Plus, it will help you avoid writer’s block, as you always have an outline to follow. Another secret is following all the requirements. A research paper is an academic assignment, so all these structural and formatting standards are important. Finally, make sure you proofread and edit your task. Check your paper for grammar and spelling mistakes, examine your choice of vocabulary. If it seems too much, you can always ask our professional editors and they will check the paper for you. A mistakes-free paper is essential to get high results.

Custom Research Paper Writing Service

If you still have concerns regarding your research paper, we are here to answer your questions. It is no secret that studying is becoming more and more difficult at college. Every week you have an overload of tasks and assignments. You work hard, sleep little. As a result, you can be at the edge of a nervous breakdown trying to finish all the tasks on time. That is why we are here helping thousands of students to study smart.

24/7 you can contact us and order your paper. We never miss the deadline and always provide our clients with a top-notch quality. When you feel that you cannot handle it on your own, a bit of assistance will do no harm. All our writers are experts with years of experience. They are aware of all the subtleties of academic writing and they know all the recent college requirements. You can turn to us for help any time and we will get down to work immediately. From choosing the topic to writing the whole paper – this is what we have to offer. Getting top grades is much easier when the real professionals help you.

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317 Climate Change Essay Topics

Looking for fresh and original climate change titles for your assignment? Look no further! Check out this list of excellent climate change topics for essays, research papers, and presentations. Need some additional inspiration? Click on the links to access helpful climate change essay samples!

🏆 Best Essay Topics on Climate Change

📚 catchy climate change essay topics, 👍 good climate change research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting climate change research titles, 🌶️ hot climate change topics for research, 💡 simple climate change essay ideas, ✍️ climate change essay topics for college, ❓ climate change research paper questions, ✅ climate change topics for presentation, 🔎 current climate change topics for research, ⭐ climate change research topics: our list’s benefits.

The Problem of Global Warming and Ways of Its Solution
Environmental Health Theory and Climate Change
Tree Planting and Climate Change
Climate Change and Future Generations
Climate Change: The Impact of Technology
Climate Change and Corporate Responsibility
Global Warming is Not a Myth
Climate Change Impacts on Oceans The consequences of climate change on seawater have had harmful impacts, including irreversible damage to the water’s natural environment and ecological system.
Food Security: The Impact of Climate Change Since climate change affects the natural world, it is evident that it poses particular challenges for food security in the future.
Climate Change Impacts It is doubtless that global change has become one the challenges, which encompasses a wide range of human life, including social and economical aspects of human life.
Extreme Weather and Global Warming The Global warming is a bad phenomenon that is causing to see level raise, change weather pattern, and create alteration in animal life.
Global Warming and Ozone Depletion The phenomena of ozone depletion and global warming are entirely different processes, they are often confused for each other due to the obvious connection between them.
Solving the Climate Change Crisis by Using Renewable Energy Sources Climate change has caused extreme changes in temperature and weather patterns on planet Earth, thus threatening the lives of living organisms.
The Problem of Climate Change in the 21st Century Climate change is among the top threats facing the world in the 21st century, and it deserves prioritization when planning how to move the country and the globe forward.
Climate Change in Africa and How to Address It According to environmental scientists, Africa is exposed to the effects of climatic alterations subject to its elevated levels of poverty, and dependence on rain-fed farming.
Social Issue: Climate Change The topic of climate change was chosen to learn more in the modern sense about the phenomenon that most people have heard about for decades.
Energy Crisis and Climate Change The global community needs to adopt an energy efficient behavior and invest in the exploration of sustainable energy resources.
Al Gore’s Speech on Global Warming Using two essential constituents of a subtle rhetoric analysis for speech or text, the paper scrutinizes Al Gore’s speech on global warming.
Climate Change and Global Warming Global warming is a subject that has elicited a heated debate for a long time. This debate is commonplace among scholars and policy makers.
Effects of Global Warming: Essay Example According to environmentalists and other nature conservatives, Africa would be the worst hit continent by the effects of global warming despite emitting less greenhouse gases.
How Global Warming Affects Wildlife Global warming is a matter of great concern since it affects humans and wildlife directly, and this issue should be addressed appropriately.
Impact of Climate Change on Property Development and Management This essay will focus on the BBC article, COP26 promises could limit global warming to 1.8C, with a specific focus on the impact of climate change on property development.
Climate Change From the Anthropological Perspective The adaptive nature of the anthropological development of humanity explains the contemporary global problems, and climate change may be assessed from the human adaptation perspective.
How Climate Changes Affect Coastal Areas Natural disasters and hazards caused by climate change are especially the cases during modern times, as the number of toxic substances and polluting elements is increasing every year.
Climate Change: Concept and Theories Climate change has become a concern of scientists rather recently. There are numerous theories as to the reasons for this process, but there are still no particular answers.
Global Warming Effects on the Environment and Animals Global warming is a threat to the survival and well-being of human and animal life. This discussion aims to provide the effects of the current global warming threats.
Climate Change and Accessibility to Safe Water The paper discusses climate change’s effect on water accessibility, providing graphs on water scarcity and freshwater use and resources.
Electric Vehicles and Their Impact on Climate Change Internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV) that have dominated the market over the recent decades are now giving way to electric vehicles (EV) experiencing rapid growth.
Global Warming: Myth or Reality? Global warming can be described as a progressive increase in the earth’s temperature as a result of a trap to greenhouse gases within its atmosphere.
Philosophers’ Theories on Climate Change The paper demonstrates two philosophers’ theories on climate change, namely Laura Westra and Graham Long. The thoughts and ideas are evaluated by using a hypothetical situation.
Canada: The First Victim of Global Climate Change Canada’s infrastructure and urbanization will be severely damaged by the shift and expansion of uninhabitable zones, which will lead to climate refugees.
Global Warming Challenges Solving in General Electric Environmental solutions that favor the growth of the company rather than social responsibility drive the decisions and policies of the company.
Climate Change, Human Activities and Remedies Human beings are the worst enemies of the environment. The Kyoto Protocol and the concept of green buildings are the two major interventions to climatic change and global warming.
The Effect of Global Warming and the Future Global warming effects are the social and environmental changes brought-about by the increase in global temperatures.
Investing in Climate Change vs. Space Exploration Efforts aimed at investing in climate change versus outer space exploration will be compared in this essay, and their consequences will be analyzed.
Security and Climate Change Climate change has been happening at an unprecedented rate over the last decade to become a major global concern.
“The Basics of Climate Change” Blog The author of “The Basics of Climate Change” reveals the main concepts about the balance between the input and output of energy on Earth that directly relate to the climate.
The Impact of Climate Change on Inflectional Diseases This paper will examine the increasing spread of infectious diseases as one of the effects of climate change, as well as current and possible measures to overcome it.
Climate Change and Social Responsibility in the UAE The UAE is rapidly developing for several decades already, which has a positive influence on the well-being of the population.
How Climate Change Impacts Aviation The issue of climate change and its impact on the aviation industry has been a developing story lately due to the two-way relationship between them.
Climate Change and Global Warming Awareness If people continue to have misconceptions about global warming, climate change will negatively impact weather, food security, and biodiversity.
The Climate Change Impact on Sea Levels and Coastal Zones This paper summarizes the effects of climate change on seawater levels and subsequent effects on the coastal zones.
Global Warming and Business Ethics Business ethics is significant in promoting effective industrial activities that promote environmental conservation and reduce global warming.
Fast Fashion and Its Impacts on Global Warming Fast fashion contributes to this change in weather conditions due to its improper disposal, leading to the release of emissions into the atmosphere, thus causing global warming.
Global Warming in Relation to Human Population Size The density of the world population in the future is a crucial component of climate policy to safeguard the vulnerable future generation.
The Global Impact of Climate Change Into Our Homes and Families A home is a significant part of someone’s life. That’s why it is always considered as part of basic needs. They give people a sense of belonging and security.
Global Warming, Climate Change and Ozone Depletion Global warming refers to an increase in the Earth’s average temperature that is characterized by rising global surface temperatures and the accumulation of pollutants in the atmosphere.
Human Impact on the Environment Leading to Climate Change An elevated amount of greenhouse gases results in the retention of solar energy in the low levels of the atmosphere, which in turn brings to the melting of glaciers.
It’s Not My Fault: Global Warming and Moral Responsibility The work of the American professor of ethical sciences Sinnott-Armstrong approaches the phenomenon of global warming in terms of individual and collective responsibility.
Journal and Newspaper Collection on Global Warming This paper comments on Journal/ newspaper article on global warming from major newspapers and journals around the world
The Issue of Unstoppable Global Warming and Its Effects Drought levels shall increase if the temperatures remain high, evaporation shall increase too, mostly at summer and fall, could worsen famine, and the danger of wildfires.
Climate Changes Impact on Agriculture and Livestock The project evaluates the influences of climate changes on agriculture and livestock in different areas in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Global Warming With an Emphasis on the Arctic This paper presents the impact of global warming with a focus on the Arctic region. It also provides key solutions that can be implemented to reduce its effects.
Climate Change and Its Evidence The review of common claims about global warming made it possible to say that in spite of some skeptical opinions, it might be really happening.
Climate Change: When Nature Is in Agony The issue of climate changes not new; it has already been on the agenda of the world ecologists in 1990s, and in 2010s, the issue seems to have gained a new significance.
Climate Change and International Trade The relationship between climate change and international trade has been on a great verge of developing a new critical issue. This was so evident at the Conference of Parties Climate Conference.
Climate Change and Environmental Degradation Creating a planning model for climate change and environmental degradation requires a comprehensive approach that considers multiple factors.
Climate Change as a Healthcare Priority Human-caused climate change significantly impacts the ecological situation and many areas of human life, such as health care.
Climate Change as an Ethical Issue Although global warming is a hotly debated topic, some groups claim that the issue is not as acute as it is presented.
The Effect of Climate Change on Weather Climate change is resulting in weather extremes that are affecting millions of people around the world in recent times.
Devastating Effects of Global Warming The incapacitating consequences of a changing climate have resulted in significant distress among vulnerable populations as they face various challenges.
Discussion of Impact of Climate Change in Society Modern scholars and environmentalists acknowledge that climate change is a major challenge affecting the global society today.
Greenhouse Effect as a Cause of Global Warming The report serves an informative function and is designed to explore the nature of global warming through the greenhouse effect.
Climate Change in Terms of Project Management The primary aim of the following paper is to define the notion of climate change in terms of project management, risk management, and business communication.
Global Warming: Causes, Factors and Effects The main factors that have been attributed to the resulting global warming are the green house gas effects, differences in the solar and also volcanoes.
Climate Change and Its Potential Impact on Agriculture and Food Supply The global food supply chain has been greatly affected by the impact of global climate change. There are, however, benefits as well as drawbacks to crop production.
Climate Change and Related Issues in Canada The essay argues that modern sources of scientific knowledge about climate change can drastically change people’s attitudes to an eco-friendly lifestyle.
Climate Change Policies and Regulation The current changes in climate patterns have attracted attention from researchers and institutions as they endeavor to formulate and implement policies.
Questions on Information Revolution and Global Warming The information revolution characterizes the period of change propelled by the development of computer technology. Technological advancements impact people’s lives.
The Climate Change Issue in the Political Agenda One of the significant challenges modern societies have in combating the harmful impacts of climate change is the political agenda, which obscures the more comprehensive picture.
Climate Change: The Negative Effects Climate change impacts the world through weather changes. Extreme weather events are becoming more common and more severe. Climate change is also causing the ocean to acidify.
Climate Change Threats to Global Hospitality Industry Climate change is a growing threat to the global hospitality industry, and humanity must take action to mitigate its impact.
Climate Change and Resource Scarcity The paper states that Sustainable Development Goal 13, Climate Action, is the United Nations’ goal to take urgent action to combat climate change.
Climate Change as a Global Problem One of the global problems of our time is global warming. This problem is relevant not in any particular country but all over the world.
Is the Threat of Global Warming Real? Increases in Earth’s average temperature over an extended period are called global warming. Greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere have recently increased.
Climate Change: A Global Concern The phenomenon of climate change has attracted a notable amount of attention, the early 1990s being the point at which the phenomenon in question became a worldwide concern.
Climate Change Threats in Public Perception Diverse social, economic, ecological, and geopolitical variables that operate on multiple scales contribute to different levels of human vulnerability to climate change threats.
The Key to Addressing Climate Change in Modern Business Globalisation, industrialisation, and rise of global corporations promoted the increased topicality of the climate change topic and its transformation into a shared problem.
Overpopulation, Climate Change, and Security Issues This research paper examines such social and environmental issues as overpopulation, urbanization, climate change, food security, and air pollution.
Solubility of Carbon Dioxide Related to Climate Change The solubility of carbon dioxide is directly related to climate change because oceans absorb excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Climate Change: Nature Communications Climate change is one of the main concerns in contemporary global society. This subject is an issue of great contention, with different sides disagreeing.
Global Warming: Understanding Causes of Event Global warming is a phenomenon characterized by the gradual increase of the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere.
Climate Change and Its Impact on the Weather Climate change is a serious issue nowadays, considering that it is bound to affect my generation and the next ones.
Climate Change: Impact on Lemurs Climate change and other environmental issues severely impact the lifestyle and behaviors of lemurs. High temperatures make lemurs spend more time on the ground.
Climate Change: Impact on Extreme Weather Events The article summarizes the scientific paper on the impact of climate change on extreme weather events worldwide.
Climate Change: Causes, Dynamics, and Effects It is crucial to provide a description of the problem of the climate crisis, its causes and effects, and possible prevention measures.
Ethical, Moral, and Christian Views on Climate Change Strategies Climate change strategies pose ethical, moral, and religious concerns that influence people to bring change and conserve the environment.
The History of Climate Change and Global Warming Issue The paper states that the history of climate change and the solutions communities opted for are critical to tackling the current global warming issue.
Greenpeace’s Climate Change Article Review The article What Are the Solutions to Climate Change by Greenpeace explains the ways climate change can be resolved while using comprehensive terms and being concise.
Worldwide Effects of Global Warming The article conveys Trenberth’s message about the far-reaching implications of global warming on climate and the urgent need for collective action to address its consequences.
Climate Change and Health: Public Health Human activity influences the environment in various ways, from climate change acceleration to the increasing deforestation that can cause another global pandemic.
Global Warming and Climate Change and Their Impact on Humans Climate change and global warming are significant issues with negative impacts on all aspects of human life; for example, they disrupt the food web, hurting humans and wildlife.
Earth Day and the Climate Change Agenda This research paper examines the social significance and ecological value of Earth Day in the face of the climate change agenda.
The Earth Day and Climate Change Climate change remains a relevant topic despite over fifty years of efforts since the establishment of Earth Day in 1970.
Desertification and Climate Change Desertification can be prevented by holistic and planned grazing. This transformation can lead to better outcomes in the fight against climate change.
Importance of Climate Change Issue Decision The situation of climate change is the central issue of the 21st century, and its solution is a turning point in history.
Climate Changes Effects on the North and South Pole Global climate change has led to major problems in the North and South Pole ecosystems, with many animals losing their homes and even becoming endangered.
Climate Change and Creation of Earth Day Climate change enables communities to create environmental initiatives, industries to update their manufacturing, and politicians to influence the problem through their campaigns.
Climate Change Mitigation Strategies and Animals The thesis of the article is clear and identifies two main points, which are the problem that the global discussion does not propose sufficient methods to solve the issue.
Water Scarcity as Effect of Climate Change Climate change is the cause of variability in the water cycle, which also reduces the predictability of water availability, demand, and quality, aggravating water scarcity.
The Climate Change: Project Topic Exploration Climate change is an environmental problem that relates to an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature.
Air Pollution Crisis and Climate Change in China Air pollution is a serious problem in many countries, including China. The main source of air pollutants is fumes from burning fuels in industries or vehicles.
Analysis of Climate Change Ethical Issues Climate change is a major problem in contemporary society, evidenced by issues such as global warming that have affected and continue to wreck societal norms around the world.
“The Impact of Climate Change Mitigation Strategies on Animal Welfare” by Shields and Orme-Evans The paper states that for animal welfare to improve, climate change mitigation strategies should encompass systematic changes in the industry.
Climate Change from Different Perspectives The climate change situation has two types of responses, with one camp making deliberate efforts to minimize the impact of climate change and others ignoring the issue altogether.
Climate Change: The Impact on North America As the analysis of climate change patterns reveals, the North American continent is on the verge of profound environmental changes resulting from global warming.
The Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation Strategies on Animal Welfare The article by Shields and Orme-Evans focuses on the problem of climate change from the aspect of greenhouse emissions from farm animals and their contribution to global warming.
How Climate Change Influenced Global Migration Migration and conflict have become the most important reasons causing researchers’ interest in climate change.
Climate Change and Crop Production This paper aims to discuss how climate change affects crop production in Latin American, Central American, and Eastern African regions.
Global Warming and Crop Production in Africa Many people are aware of the current and future negative effects of global warming. Global warming will cause severe reductions in the crop in Africa, particularly in Ethiopia.
Carbon Markets and Climate Change Many climatological concepts predict a rise in worldwide average temperature over the succeeding few decades centered on tripling atmospheric carbon oxide levels.
Solar Activity as a Cause of Climate Change Climate change is not solely the result of human activity because solar activity also impacts the Earth’s climate in a significant manner.
How Human Activities Cause Climate Change Scientists and various leaders globally have seriously debated the causes of climate change. This essay involves a discussion of how human activities cause climate change.
Climate Change: Risks and Consequences Climate change has long been one of the global environmental challenges humanity has faced. A slow but steady rise in surface temperatures is a sustainable trend.
Carbon Dioxide Factor in Climate Change Increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide have a profound effect on global warming, and in turn, it affects the total temperature of the Earth.
Climate Change: The Role of Scientific and Technological Progress This paper serves as a starting point when looking at climate change and the effects of scientific and technological progress.
Consequences of Global Warming Although the opinions about the causes of climate change are diverse, the effects of human activities and natural elements are similar and lead to global warming.
Climate Change and Modern Indigenous Treaties in Northern Canada The purpose of this paper is to answer the following question: how does climate change affect aboriginal culture, food gathering, and Canadian government policy?
Water Scarcity Due to Climate Change This paper focuses on the adverse impact that water scarcity has brought today with the view that water is the most valuable element in running critical processes.
Ascertaining Scientific Truth on Climate Change Human activities impact the environment. The consequences of anthropological actions reverberate across all aspects of the Earth’s habitat.
Climate Change and Fall of the Western Roman Empire The authors researched the relevant literature about why the Empire failed and how climate change was connected to the decline.
Climate Change Prevention Improvements This paper aims to examine the principal indicators in achieving improvements in climate change prevention and the current results of programs.
The UN Climate Change Conference: Indigenous Concerns During the UN Climate Change Conference, it was clear that indigenous environmental defenders have a particular stake in the outcomes of climate change global negotiations.
Climate Change Prediction for the Caribbean Climate change can be defined as the global spectacle of climate alteration described by the earth’s natural climate variations due to human activities.
Climate Change: Canada’s Environment Policy The essay argues that Canada is a major contributor to climate change and its environmental policies are inadequate in resolving the environmental problems.
Researching the Interactions between Climate Change and Plankton Communities This paper is aimed at examining the interactions between climate change and plankton communities, focusing on the abundance, distribution, and structure of the species.
Climate Change in “The Parable of the Sower” by Butler Butler’s “The Parable of The Sower” is a post-apocalyptic knowledge literature novel that addresses climate modification and socioeconomic inequalities.
Social Challenges of Climate Change Climate change is among the most pressing global issues, and it is not easy to find a solution that will work for everyone.
Global Warming: “Hopeful Lessons From the Battle to Save Rainforests” The “Hopeful lessons from the battle to save rainforests” video proposes several solutions to deforestation and global warming.
Climate Change: Factors and Future Climate change and global warming have been stressed since the early 20th century, and different environmental corps and governments have communicated several mitigation techniques.
Climate Change and Global Health Climate change is among the most discussed topics in various fields, as it has overarching effects on many aspects of human life.
Global Warming Effects on Earth Global warming presents a considerable threat by having an enormous influence on humanity’s social, economic, and physical state.
The Affect of Climate Change on the Social and Environmental Determinants of Health There is a lack of sufficient awareness in society about how climate change affects health although it significantly influences its environmental determinants.
Climate Change in Environmentally Vulnerable Countries The repercussions of climate change are global in character and unprecedented in size, ranging from changing weather patterns to sea level rise.
Climate Change and the Media Biases This essay’s purpose is to address the media bias concerning the rising global warming and climate change, referring to news articles made by scientists and various scholars.
The Future of Coal Plants Regarding Climate Change The use of coal plants to provide energy has been at the center of the growth of many economies of the world. However, coal is associated with the emission of greenhouse gasses.
Global Warming and Economics Discussion The article discusses that at the international level, the carbon tax is not always conducive to climate change regulation.
Climate Change and Food Production Cycle In order to address the problem of climate change in relation to the overproduction of food, a more responsible attitude toward its consumption.
Global Warming: The Importance of Addressing the Climate Crisis The paper states that global warming has many consequences. Multiple scientific discoveries emphasize the importance of addressing the climate crisis urgently.
Examining the Potential of Digital Earth Services in Connection to Global Warming In this work, the primary characteristics of global warming will be discussed with the implementation of digital Earth tools, examining the data from these sources.
Climate Change and Carbon Dioxide Emissions Climate change is in large part caused by human action, and the continued industrial development of the world can be accredited to exacerbating the problem further than ever.
Climate Change Reflection in Law System The paper states that climate change in the coming decade will be crucial to achieving global goals set on the governmental and international levels.
Climate Change and Environmental Anxiety Individuals must develop a strategy to be able to resist climate change. In addition, there is a need for a global plan to restrain the influence of global warming.
The Impact of Climate Change on the United States Climate change is a serious issue faced by the United States, and it has various effects, including in the spheres of economy, animal habitat, and health of the population.
The Science Behind Climate Change Regardless of how strong the natural change to the climate system was, it could not have led to the temperature increase seen over the past semicentenary.
Oil Spills and How They Are Related to Climate Change The paper states that oil spills are destructive to ecosystems. Oil spills and climate change are two deeply interrelated environmental phenomena.
The Controversies of Climate Change This paper discusses the issue of climate change by considering the arguments presented by both the proponents and opponents based on ethical principles and sources of moral value.
Causes of Climate Change and Ways to Reduce It Despite the effects, investing in green energy, increasing vegetation cover, and conducting public education are some measures that can be taken to reduce climate change.
Solar Energy in China and Its Influence on Climate Change The influence of solar energy on climate change has impacted production, the advancement of solar energy has impacted climate change in the geography of China.
Natural Climate Solutions for Climate Change in China The crisis in China gives rise to several significant environmental problems, including air pollution, land degradation, deforestation, and poor water quality.
International Climate Change Law and National Acts The growing number of countries involved in the fight against environmental problems is seen as a positive step. As a justification, the scope of emission coverage is considered.
Harmful Impact of Climate Change Climate change is one of the most notable environmental problems that humanity is facing today and defines it as ‘long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns’.
Anthropogenic Influence on Climate Change Throughout History The objective of this paper is to discuss the anthropogenic influence on climate change through history and adaptations during the glaciation period.
Climate Change, Its Causes and Implications The purpose of this paper is to present the causes and implications of climate change and to elaborate on the current climate change policies.
Mitigating Climate Change in Massachusetts: Policy Recommendations The purpose of this report is to discuss and recommend long-term and short-term responses for the state of Massachusetts to undertake to mitigate climate change.
Climate Change and Tesla’s Electric Cars The paper discusses environmental sustainability. Using Tesla company electric vehicles is the best decision for tackling the climate change problem.
The Health Impacts of Climate Change in China Although climate change could not directly affect the Chinese population’s health, climate change interference could increase the number of respiratory system diseases, etc.
Disasters Caused by Climate Change This paper focuses on several recent natural disasters caused by climate change – simultaneous fires in Russia and floods in Pakistan.
Climate Change and Mitigation Approaches The issue of climate change may appear to be extremely controversial. The reason behind that is the fact that environmental changes have both dependence and influence on humanity.
Impacts of Climate Change on Electricity Demand in China Fan et al.’s “Impacts of climate change on electricity demand in China” article forecasts the potential effects on the electricity demand under three climate change scenarios.
Tree Planting Ameliorating Climate Change Environmentalists and policymakers have been designing strategies to ameliorate climate change in a sustainable manner.
Environmental Treaties in Addressing Climate Change In response to the growing concerns, established international organizations and new coalitions have attempted to create several agreements.
Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Food This paper will examine four aspects of climate change: variation in the rainfall pattern, water levels, drought, temperature, and heatwaves.
The Truth Behind Climate Change The real solution of the problem of climate change could be to decarbonize the global energy system that is 80% fossil fuel, but it is significant in scale.
“Climate Change Facts and Effect on Economy” by Amadeo Kimberly Amadeo attempts to address one of the ecological issues, namely global warming, and introduces the article Climate Change Facts and Effect on Economy.
Web-Based Organizational Discourses: Climate Change This paper pertains to the investigation of argumentation formation within the process of interaction with organizations holding similar and opposite opinions and viewpoints.
Discussing Climate Change: Randy Johnson In this work, I will describe an interview with an expert meteorologist Randy Johnson, and provide information necessary to understand his background and experience.
How Human Behavior Promotes Climate Change
The Impact of Global Climate Change on Health
Environmental Issues: Problems of Climate Change
Iron Fertilization: Solving Global Warming
How Car Emissions Affect Global Warming
The Catholic Response to the Climate Change
Climate Change: Dangers and Prevention
Correlation of “Climate Change” and Public Health
The Problem of Climate Change in South Florida
Climate Change as a Public Health Issue
Economic Model for Global Warming
Effect of Climate Change in the Future
Religion and Politics: Pope Francis and Climate Change
How Climate Change Increases the Risk of Hurricanes
Global Warming From a Social Studies Perspective
The Effect of Climate Change on the Environment
Climate Change: El Niño Oscillation Phenomenon (ENSO)
Climate and Social Change in Global Warming Crisis
Capitalism, Climate Change, and Globalization
The Importance of Addressing Climate Change
Impact of Climate Change on Early Societies
Modern Environmental Issues: Climate Change
Global Warming and Climate Change
Climate Change: Forecast of Possible Events
Climate Change: The Leading Cause of Global Warming
Climate Change: Causes and Consequences, and the Issue of Social Collapse
Sustainable Development: The Climate Change Issues
Climate Change Skepticism in Relation to Global Warming
The Issue of Global Warming in the Community
Climate Change as a Challenge to Australia
Global Warming: Do Human Activities Threaten to Change Climate?
Global Warming and Mitigation Strategies
Global Warming: Is It Caused by Nature or Mankind?
Controversy About Global Warming: Skepticism and Reality
Global Warming and Other Ecology Issues
Global Warming: Harmful Impact on the Polar Bears
Global Warming: Issue Analysis
Oil and Gas Industry Response to Global Warming
Global Warming: Causes and Solutions
The Kyoto Protocol: First Framework for Fighting Global Warming
Global Warming as Not a New-Fangled Issue
The Global Warming Crisis and Ways of its Solution
Global Warming: Causes and Consequences
Issue of the Global Warming
Global Warming: Solving a Social Problem
Car Emissions and Global Warming
Women’s Activism Sources Around Climate Change
Weather and Climate Change: Physical Equations
Climate Change and Impact on Human Health
Ecofeminism: Women Against Climate Change
Health Issues Caused by Climate Change
Respiratory Diseases Caused by Climate Change
Global Warming and Its Various Consequences
Climate Change Factors and Impacts on Blue Crab Populations
Global Warming Leads Climate Change
Climate Change Impacts Florida’s Biodiversity
The Paris Accord: Macroeconomics and Global Warming
Climate Change as Political Leaders’ Primary Concern
Virtue Ethics: Altering Testimony on Global Warming
Climate Change Initiative in Canada
Impact of Climate Change on Intermodal Transportation
Global Warming and Its Health Implications
Global Warming and Its Threats: Debates
Remote Sensing Applications to Climate Change
Climate Change and Human Heath
The Issue of Global Warming
Napa Valley Wine Industry and Climate Change
Climate Change Affecting Global Public Health
Global Warming Problems due to Economic Growth
Global Warming and the Free Rider Problem
Trump Presidency: Immigration and Climate Change
Iron Seeding Oceans: Global Warming Solution
Biodiversity, Global Warming, Environmental Conservation
Climate Change as a Threat to Pension Fund
Climate Change: Changing Patterns of Malaria
The Problem of Global Warming and Its Effects
Global Climate Change and Health Concerns
British Petroleum’s Risks due to Climate Changes
Paris Agreement: Climate Change Deal
Global Warming as a Humanity’s Fault
Climate Change: Changing Patterns of Malaria Disease
The Climate Change Problem
Multinational Corporations and Climate Change
Humans Contribution to Global Climate Change
The Seriousness of Global Warming
Global Warming: Car Emissions Effects
Car Emission Effects on Global Warming
Environmental Studies of Global Warming: Cause and Mitigation
The United States Policy on Climate Change
Global Warming Causes and Impacts
Environmental Studies: The Global Warming Holocaust
The Issue of Global Climate Change and the Use of Global Ethic
Concept of Global Warming
Causes and Effects of Global Warming on the Environment
What Natural Forces Have Caused Climate Change?
What Problems Are Involved with Establishing an International Climate Change Regime?
What Role Has Human Activity Played in Causing Climate Change?
What Does the World Say About Climate Change?
What Are the Five Main Effects of Climate Change?
What Is Climate Change and How Is It Changing?
What Is Climate Change in Simple Words?
How Does Climate Change Affect Human Life?
Why Is Climate Change Important?
How Does Climate Change Affect Society?
What Are Some of the Signs of Climate Change?
What Are the Impacts of Climate Change?
What Is the Main Ways of Solving Climate Change Issue?
What Are Some Examples of Climate Change?
How Does Climate Change Affect Our Human Rights?
What Can Students Do to Help Climate Change?
How Can We Reduce the Impact of Climate Change?
When Did Climate Change Become an Issue?
Can Climate Change Be Stopped?
Where Is Climate Change the Worst?
Why Is Climate Change a Global Challenge?
How Many Years Do We Have to Save the Planet From Climate Change?
How Many Years Until Climate Change Is Irreversible?
What American State Is Safest From Climate Change?
Where Should People Live to Avoid Climate Change?
What Countries Will Be the Least Affected by Climate Change?
Who Will Benefit From Climate Change?
What Is China Doing About Climate Change?
Which Country Is the Biggest Contributor to Climate Change?
What Is the Most Effective Solution to Climate Change?
Climate Change-Related Health Risks
Climate Change Threats to Ecosystems and Species
How Deforestation Leads to Climate Change
Costs and Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation Strategies
The Feasibility and Challenges of Renewable Energy Transition
The Politics of Climate Change: Cooperation and Disagreements
How Climate Change Affects Agriculture and Food Production
Climate Change, Migration, and Environmental Refugees
The Connection Between Climate Change and Extreme Weather Events
The Effectiveness of Climate Messaging and Public Perception
How Climate Models Help Predicting Future Climate Scenarios
What Are the Social Justice Dimensions of Climate Change?
Best Personal Carbon Footprint Reduction Strategies
The Impact of Climate Change on Freshwater Availability
Strategies to Cope with Changing Climate Conditions
The Role of Urban Planning in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation
How Indigenous Knowledge Can Help Understand Climate Change
The Adverse Effect of Climate Change on Polar Regions and Indigenous Peoples
The Consequences of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification for Marine Ecosystems
The Relationship between Environmental Changes and International Security

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These essay examples and topics on Climate Change were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 20, 2024 .

Firm Adaptation to Climate Change

We survey the microeconomics literature that studies how firms in the developing world are adapting to extreme weather, local pollution, and natural disasters. Climate change increases the uncertainty that every firm must address as it decides where and how to produce and who to trade with. We study how expectations, market structure and firm heterogeneity determine investment in self-protection. A firm’s resilience also depends on government policies, market insurance access and infrastructure investments. We explore the strategic interactions between firms and governments that together determine firm risk exposure. We discuss benchmarks for measuring adaptation progress at the firm, industry and macroeconomic level.

The authors are immensely grateful to Arlan Brucal for his work in the early phases of this project. The authors also thank Yewon Choi for her research support and Robert Huang, Somik Lall, Denis Medvedev and Forhad Shilpi for their thoughtful comments and suggestions. Kahn thanks the USC Wrigley Institute for Environment and Sustainability for generous funding. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, the countries they represent, or the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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146 Impressive Geography Research Topics Every Student Will Like

Are you a student seeking inspiration for your next geography research project? Look no further! In this article, we present you with a treasure trove of 146 original and top-quality geography research topics, completely free of charge. Whether you’re pursuing a degree in geography or simply passionate about exploring the world around you, these topics cover a wide range of fascinating subjects.

From human geography and cultural landscapes to physical geography and environmental sustainability, we’ve got you covered. Each topic is carefully crafted to ignite your curiosity and help you delve deeper into the field. Get ready to embark on an exciting journey of exploration and discovery as you uncover unique research ideas that will captivate both you and your readers.

Areas Of Geography

Geography is a field of study that explores the Earth’s physical features, human activities and their interactions. It examines the spatial patterns, processes, and relationships between the environment and society. Geographers investigate the Earth’s surface, analyzing its landscapes, climate, ecosystems and resources, as well as the distribution of populations, cultures, economies, and political systems. There are several types of geography, each focusing on specific aspects of the Earth’s physical and human dimensions:

Physical geography examines natural phenomena like landforms, weather and ecosystems. Human geography studies human activities, such as population distribution, urbanization and cultural landscapes. Economic geography explores the spatial patterns of economic activities, trade and resource distribution. Political geography analyzes the political systems, boundaries and geopolitical relationships between regions. Environmental geography investigates the interactions between humans and the environment, including environmental issues and sustainability. Geographical information systems (GIS) and remote sensing employ technology to analyze spatial data and maps.

These subfields together provide a comprehensive understanding of the Earth’s complexities and its relationship with human society.

Easy Geography Research Paper Topics

Want to write your paper in just a couple of hours? Explore a curated list of accessible and easy geography research paper topics that will make your geography research paper writing a breeze:

The impact of climate change on coastal regions
Exploring the relationship between geography and tourism
Analyzing urbanization trends in developing countries
Investigating the effects of deforestation on biodiversity
Examining the role of geography in natural disaster management
Studying the cultural landscape of a specific region
Analyzing the geography of food production and distribution
Exploring the impact of transportation on urban development
Investigating the geography of renewable energy sources
Analyzing the spatial patterns of population growth
Studying the impact of globalization on local economies
Examining the geography of water resources and management

Human Geography Research Topics

Improve your chances of getting a top grade! Delve into the complex interplay between humans and their environment with this comprehensive list of human geography research topics:

Exploring the social implications of gentrification in urban areas
Analyzing the influence of gender on migration patterns
Investigating the impact of globalization on cultural identity
Examining the geography of poverty and social inequality
Studying the relationship between health and geographical location
Analyzing the spatial distribution of ethnic communities in cities
Investigating the geography of political power and governance
Exploring the role of geography in shaping human behavior
Analyzing the impacts of urban sprawl on communities
Studying the geography of education access and quality
Examining the spatial patterns of crime and its socio-economic factors
Investigating the geography of healthcare provision and disparities

Cultural Geography Research Topics

Interested in cultural geography? Immerse yourself in the rich tapestry of cultures and their geographical influences with this captivating list of cultural geography research topics:

Analyzing the cultural landscapes of indigenous communities
Exploring the impact of globalization on cultural diversity
Investigating the geography of language and its preservation
Examining the influence of religion on cultural landscapes
Studying the role of cultural heritage in tourism development
Analyzing the geography of cultural festivals and events
Investigating the spatial patterns of cultural diffusion
Exploring the impact of migration on cultural identities
Analyzing the geography of music and its regional variations
Investigating the role of food culture in shaping identities
Examining the spatial distribution of cultural institutions
Studying the geography of art and its impact on communities

Physical Geography Research Topics

Do you want to write about physical geography? Investigate the natural processes and phenomena shaping our planet through this collection of compelling physical geography research topics:

Analyzing the processes of coastal erosion and their impacts
Investigating the formation and characteristics of river systems
Examining the effects of climate change on glacial landscapes
Analyzing the spatial patterns of soil erosion and conservation
Investigating the biogeography of specific ecosystems
Exploring the impacts of climate on vegetation patterns
Analyzing the geography of water resources and hydrology
Investigating the formation and classification of landforms
Examining the spatial distribution of biodiversity hotspots
Studying the interactions between humans and the natural environment
Exploring the impacts of urbanization on natural landscapes

Geography Thesis Topics

Are you busy planning your thesis? Engage in an in-depth exploration of geographic concepts and theories with this thought-provoking list of geography thesis topics:

Investigating the geographical aspects of sustainable development
Analyzing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities
Exploring the role of geography in disaster risk reduction
Studying the geography of migration and refugee movements
Examining the relationship between urban planning and social equity
Analyzing the spatial patterns of energy consumption and renewable solutions
Exploring the geographical dimensions of political conflicts and peacebuilding
Investigating the role of geography in land use planning and conservation
Examining the impacts of globalization on local economies

Urban Geography Thesis Topics

Are you interested in writing about urban geography? Analyze the complexities of urban landscapes and urbanization processes with this curated selection of urban geography thesis topics:

Analyzing the effects of gentrification on urban neighborhoods
Investigating the role of urban design in creating sustainable cities
Examining the spatial patterns of urban sprawl and its consequences
Studying the geography of social segregation in urban areas
Analyzing the impacts of transportation systems on urban mobility
Investigating the relationship between urbanization and public health
Exploring the geography of informal settlements and slums
Analyzing the impacts of urban green spaces on quality of life
Investigating the geography of urban food systems and food security
Examining the role of technology in shaping smart cities
Studying the spatial distribution of cultural and recreational amenities in cities

PhD Research Topics In Geography

Expand the boundaries of geographical knowledge and contribute to the field with this diverse and stimulating list of PhD research topics in geography:

Analyzing the geography of environmental justice in urban areas
Investigating the impacts of climate change on indigenous communities
Examining the role of geography in disaster risk governance
Studying the spatial patterns of land use change in rapidly urbanizing regions
Analyzing the impacts of transportation infrastructure on accessibility and equity
Investigating the geographical dimensions of health inequalities
Exploring the relationship between globalization and urbanization processes
Analyzing the geography of political conflicts and territorial disputes
Investigating the impacts of natural resource extraction on local communities
Studying the spatial dynamics of international migration and its consequences
Exploring the geography of innovation and knowledge economies in cities

Captivating Research Topics In Geography

Looking for some captivating research topics in geography? Ignite curiosity and scholarly interest with this awesome collection of research topics that delve into various aspects of geography:

Investigating the geography of mega-cities and their challenges
Analyzing the impacts of climate change on vulnerable coastal regions
Exploring the spatial patterns of cultural landscapes and heritage sites
Studying the geography of borderlands and transnational interactions
Examining the impacts of tourism on local communities and environments
The role of geography in understanding human-environment interactions
Analyzing the spatial distribution of environmental pollution and its impacts
Exploring the geography of global food systems and agricultural practices
Investigating the impacts of natural disasters on urban resilience
Examining the role of geography in understanding urban inequalities
Studying the geography of geopolitical conflicts and their implications
Exploring the impacts of technological advancements on landscapes

Interesting Geography Research Topics

Discover a wide range of interesting geography research topics that will pique your professor’s curiosity and offer new insights into the world of geography:

Analyzing the impacts of climate change on glacier retreat and water resources
Investigating the geography of renewable energy transition and its challenges
Examining the spatial patterns of urban heat islands and their mitigation strategies
Studying the impacts of land use change on biodiversity conservation
Investigating the role of geography in understanding cultural diversity
Exploring the geography of disease outbreaks and their spatial spread
Investigating the impacts of natural hazards on human vulnerability and resilience
Examining the spatial distribution of ecological corridors
Studying the geography of regional economic disparities and development strategies
Exploring the impacts of transportation infrastructure on urban accessibility
The role of geography in understanding weather patterns

Good Geography Research Topics For 2023

Looking for some current topics to write about? Choose from a list of good geography research topics for 2023 that showcase the relevance and significance of geography in today’s world:

Impacts of population growth on urban infrastructure and services in geography
Geography of water scarcity and its implications for communities
Spatial patterns of environmental conservation and protected areas in geography
Impacts of land degradation on agricultural productivity and food security
Geography of natural resource management and sustainable practices
Relationship between climate change and human migration patterns in geography
Spatial distribution of environmental justice and marginalized communities
Impacts of urbanization on water pollution and ecosystem degradation
Geography of renewable energy sources and their integration into the grid
Role of geography in understanding regional conflicts over natural resources
Impacts of deforestation on biodiversity loss and ecosystem services

Geography Topics For Research For College

Need some great geography topics for research for college? Explore a comprehensive list of geography research topics tailored for college-level studies, offering opportunities for critical analysis and exploration:

Impacts of transportation infrastructure on urban air quality in geography
Geography of urban gentrification and displacement
Spatial patterns of urban food waste and its environmental consequences
Impacts of tourism development on fragile ecosystems in geography
Geography of environmental migration and its social implications
Role of geography in understanding climate adaptation strategies
Spatial distribution of environmental inequalities and environmental racism
Impacts of land use change on water quality in agricultural regions
Geography of geopolitical conflicts and territorial disputes
Impacts of industrial pollution on urban health and well-being
Role of geography in understanding disaster preparedness

Interesting Geography Topics For High School

Get the most interesting geography topics for high school. Foster geographical curiosity and critical thinking skills with this intriguing list of essay topics designed specifically by our best dissertation service writers for high school students:

Analyzing the impacts of climate change on the polar regions
Investigating the geography of natural hazards
Examining the spatial distribution of endangered species
Studying the impacts of urbanization on wildlife habitat fragmentation
Exploring the geography of cultural diversity and multiculturalism in cities
Investigating the role of geography in understanding climate variability
Analyzing the spatial patterns of population distribution and density
Investigating the geography of international migration and refugee flows
Examining the impacts of tourism on local communities and cultures
Studying the geography of natural resources
Exploring the role of geography in understanding global inequality

Engaging Geographical Research Topics

Embark on a captivating journey of geographical exploration with this diverse collection of engaging geographical research topics, connecting people, places and the environment through insightful investigations:

Urban sprawl impacts on land use and ecosystem services in geography
Geography of renewable energy transition and its challenges
Spatial patterns of urban heat islands and impacts on residents
Impacts of climate change on coastal erosion and shoreline management
Geography of water scarcity and implications for human populations
Role of geography in understanding geopolitical conflicts and peacebuilding
Spatial distribution of environmental pollutants and health effects
Impacts of globalization on local economies and cultural landscapes
Geography of gender inequalities and spatial dimensions
Impacts of natural disasters on vulnerable communities and recovery
Role of geography in understanding migration dynamics and urbanization
Geography of political borders and their social and economic implications

Affordable Thesis Help You Can Rely On

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Make sure to check our posts with other topics before you leave:

122 Best Ecology Topics To Sparkle Your Writing
195 Top Anthropology Topics For Great Thesis
170 Fantastic Astronomy Topics For High Scoring Tests

Why is choosing a great topic important when writing a geography essay?

Choosing a great topic ensures that your essay is engaging, relevant, and allows you to demonstrate your understanding of key geographical concepts while capturing the reader’s interest.

How can I choose a great topic for my geography essay?

To choose a great topic, consider current geographical issues, areas of personal interest and the availability of reliable sources. Additionally, ensure that the topic aligns with your essay’s objectives and requirements.

What are some strategies for narrowing down a geography essay topic?

To narrow down your topic, focus on specific geographical regions, phenomena, or concepts. Consider exploring the intersections between different aspects of geography, such as human and physical geography, to create a unique and well-rounded essay topic.

Can I get assistance in choosing a great topic for my geography essay?

Yes, you can seek guidance from your instructor, consult reputable academic resources or utilize online platforms that provide topic suggestions. Engaging in discussions with peers or experts in the field can also help generate ideas and refine your topic choice.

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The Top 10 Most Interesting Climate Change Research Topics

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Top 10 Climate Change Research Paper Topics

2. Economic Impact of Climate Change

3. Solutions for Reducing the Effect of Future Climate Conditions

4. Federal Government Climate Policy

5. Understanding of Climate Change

6. Carbon Emissions Impact of Climate Change

7. Evidence of Climate Change

8. Cause and Mitigation of Climate Change

9. Health Threats and Climate Change

10. Industrial Pollution and the Effects of Climate Change

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Climate change, energy, environment and sustainability topics research guide

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110 Social Change Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Heat waves: a hot topic in climate change research

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