case study on urban poverty in india

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• Factsheet on 'India: Urban Poverty Report 2009'

India: Urban Poverty Report 2009

February 20, 2013.

The report analyses the impact of globalization, development strategies, urbanization trends, migration, changing economic structures, and the pattern of infrastructure investment - on the urban poor.

Urban India has a high incidence of poverty despite being hailed as an engine of growth and instrument of globalization. Eighty-one million people subsist in urban areas on incomes that are below the poverty line. The pace of urbanization in India is set to increase, and with it, urban poverty and urban slums. However, public policy measures for urban India have lacked focus and proper allocation of funds. There is thus an urgent need at the national level to document the key issues in urban poverty, to assess the tasks at hand, and plan for the future.

The India: Urban Poverty Report 2009 identifies the problems faced by the poor and focuses on the systemic changes that are needed. It looks at the process of globalization and the development strategy in the country, and asks why the poor exist in urban India and how they are being physically and economically absorbed into the system. It analyses the processes of urbanization, migration, changes in the economic structure, and the pattern of infrastructural investment, highlighting how these impact on the well-being of the poor.

The central concerns of this report include:

trends and patterns of migration; dynamics of urban land and capital market; marginalization of the poor to the urban periphery; changes in urban governance; gender dimensions of urban poverty; unorganized workforce and the informal sector; provision of and access to basic services and amenities indicating quality of life; and appalling conditions in slums.

The essays present both the challenges as well as some of the innovative solutions that are being tried out in different parts of the country. With a focus on the goal of inclusive cities in India, this report will be an important contribution to the re-evaluation of existing policies and programmes to redress urban poverty. Combining data with case studies, it will be useful for policymakers, civil society organizations, urban planners, and researchers in the fields of urbanization and development studies.

UNDP India Press Release on India’s first report on urban poverty launched

How to order a priced copy or for more information, please visit: http://www.oup.co.in/search_detail.php?id=144933

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Urban case study: safer and resilient - chennai, india.

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WHAT WAS ACHIEVED

Focused global contribution and policy change at neighbourhood, district and citywide levels through helping 1,312 of the most vulnerable families come out of poverty through alternative livelihoods (Sustainable Development Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable (SDG11)); personal safety and positive discipline training in 27 schools with 2,000 teachers (SDG 4); citywide End Violence Against Children Child Sexual Abuse Campaign – over 5,000 people gathered to discuss child protection (SDG 5); and promoting women’s and children’s safety through a policy level initiative by the police department partnered with World Vision (SDG 16).

Enhanced citywide partnerships for citywide impact through collaboration and partnerships that provided 15,645 households with appropriate assistance during the 2015 South India floods; and forming a taskforce and strengthening community disaster preparedness plans in 54 communities.

Enhanced social inclusion and urban governance through the creation of diverse children’s groups for child protection training and values-based education; creating social cohesion among children and their families; empowering children, families and communities through World Vision’s social accountability approach to access government services; and forming and building the capacity of child protection units and linking with Child Helpline, the Child Welfare Committee and the Tamil Nadu Commission for the Protection of Child Rights.

Promotion of living with dignity and thriving opportunities through an increased number of children participating in the Life School Transformational Development programme; employment generation, especially for women in the most vulnerable families; and career counselling and reading programmes (nearly 50,000 children had access to the Ford Mobile Library).

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Understanding Poverty and Inequality in Urban India since Reforms Bringing Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches Together

Economic and political weekly

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Geospatial Assessment Of Urban Sprawl Using Remote Sensing And GIS: A Case Study of Western Himalayan City of Dharmashala, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Nishant Mehra 1 and Janaki Ballav Swain 2

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science , Volume 1327 , 1st International Conference on Sustainable Experimentation and Modelling in Civil Engineering 2023 10/08/2023 - 11/08/2023 Phagwara, India Citation Nishant Mehra and Janaki Ballav Swain 2024 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1327 012031 DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/1327/1/012031

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1 Research Scholar, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India- 144001

2 Assistant Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India- 14400

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The small cities in the Asian subcontinent are supposedly going to witness exponential growth in the next two decades. The situation could be very challenging in Himalayan cities owing to topo-geographical complexities and limited resources in the region. The increasing population coupled with being a favored tourist destination had resulted in dispersed, inefficient, and unplanned built-up activities in the region. Monitoring the urban sprawl can help in adopting sustainable development strategies equally balanced towards the society and environment. The availability of geospatial data integrated into the GIS interface can help immensely in monitoring and measuring LULC changes and thereby help in formulating necessary interventions and strategies for realizing a sustainable ecosystem. The present study employs Landsat imagery for creating the built-up land cover maps for the year 2016, 2019, and 2022 and the ALOS-PALSAR Digital Elevation Model for understanding the trend and direction of urban sprawl in Dharamshala city. It was found in the study that the built-up dynamic index had increased to 23.3% from the year 2016 to 2022. The built-up growth rate for the study period was found to be 145% for the elevation less than and equal to 1000m, 143% for elevations ranging from 1000-1500m, and 119% for the elevation greater than 1500m. The built-up growth rate for a distance up to 100 m from the streams was 119% from the year 2016 to 2022. The geospatial risk assessment highlights potential threats in the region due to increased built up activities, emphasizing the need for prompt intervention by policy-makers, administrators, and environmentalists to advocate for a sustainable development model.

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Urbanisation led to 60 pc more night-time warming in Indian cities than non-urban areas: Study

New Delhi, May 28 (PTI) Urbanization has led to nearly 60 per cent more night-time warming in over 140 prominent Indian cities compared to non-urban areas surrounding them, a new research from the Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar has found.

According to the research, Ahmedabad, Jaipur and Rajkot had the highest urban effect, while Delhi-NCR and Pune were found to be at the fourth and fifth position, respectively.

Urbanisation is known to be responsible for the urban heat island (UHI) effect, in which the concrete and asphalt (used in constructing roads and pavements) surfaces store heat during the day and release it in the evening, thereby raising night-time temperatures.

Over time, this heat further affects other aspects of climate, including rainfall and pollution, researchers said in the study published in the journal Nature Cities.

The study sought to determine how much urbanisation and local climate change each contributed to raising night-time temperatures over the past two decades (2003-2020).

“The mean urban effect for all these cities across India was found to be 0.2 degrees Celsius per decade. This leads to an estimate of 37.73 per cent of the total urban warming being linked to urbanisation — that is, nearly 60 per cent enhancement of warming relative to the surrounding non-urban areas,” the authors wrote.

They also found that cities in the northwestern, northeastern and southern regions showed a “more pronounced increase” in night-time temperatures than in the other parts of the country.

However, the contribution of urbanisation towards night-time warming was higher in the eastern and central Indian cities, which are developing and thereby, undergoing rapid expansion, the researchers said.

Almost all the cities, included in the analysis, showed rising night-time surface temperatures, which have increased by about 0.53 degrees Celsius on average every decade.

Further, the trend of hotter night-time temperatures was not limited to the cities, as most of India warmed by 0.26 degrees Celsius on average every decade during the period studied, the researchers said.

This indicated that cities were warming at almost double the rate at which the whole country was warming, they said.

The authors explained that as cities are highly vulnerable to the combined effects of urbanisation and climate change, the people and the infrastructure in these areas are on the “frontlines” of climate change consequences, such as heatwaves, extreme weather events and flooding.

They said the study highlighted the need for diverse mitigation efforts for effectively lowering the ongoing urban warming.

According to an analysis by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), New Delhi, cities are not cooling down at night like they used to during 2001-2010 because they have “become more concretised in the last two decades” contributing to the rise in heat stress.

They said that while increasing green cover can moderate day-time heat, it is ineffective for arresting night-time heat.

According to the World Resources Institute (WRI) India Ross Center, seven out of 10 people around the world are projected to live in urban areas by 2050. While about 90 per cent of the growth is expected to happen in the Global South, a significant fraction of this will occur in India, it said.

Currently, 36 per cent of India’s population, or about 40 crore, is urban and will double to 80 crore by 2050, according to the WRI India Ross Center.

With India projected to become the fastest growing economy globally, and expected to witness the greatest urban growth, the latest findings could help urban planners and policymakers better allocate resources and understand the scale of planning required for building sustainable cities, the authors said. PTI KRS NPK BHJ BHJ

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Multidimensional poverty in India: a study on regional disparities

• Published: 04 August 2021
• Volume 87 , pages 3987–4006, ( 2022 )

Cite this article

• Pinaki Das 1 ,
• Sudeshna Ghosh   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2026-1676 2 &
• Bibek Paria 1  

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The primary objective of this study is to investigate the regional disparities of multidimensional poverty (MPI) in the context of India. This study to our knowledge is the first of its kind which examined MPI disparity at a regional level. The study has classified the geographic area of India into six regions: Northern, Eastern, North Eastern, Central, Western and Southern region. Further, we explore MPI across population sub-groups within a region. Using the latest available household data from the National Family and Health Survey over 2005–2006 and 2015–2016 we explored how at the regional level multidimensional poverty changed within a decade. The paper estimates MPI in India at a regional level following the methodology of Alkire and Foster (2011). The Eastern rural region has the highest MPI 0.43 (2005–2006) and 0.21 (2015–2016). The lowest MPI is in the Northern region 0.14 and 0.03 respectively. The Northern region further has lowest MPI across all social sub-groups. The results also demonstrate regional concentration of MPI particularly in the Central and Eastern regions. A major disquieting feature is that the regional variation in MPI across the Eastern and the Northern region increased by four times in 2015–2016 compared to the earlier period. The study further obtains that though multidimensional poverty has reduced significantly over the decade the decline is regressive. It can be traced to the nature of regressivity in the decline in the different deprivation indicators. The present study suggests that India must endeavour the process of balanced regional development.

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Data availability.

Data used for this study is available at International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and ICF. (2017). National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4), 2015–16: India. Mumbai: IIPS. URL: http://rchiips.org/nfhs/nfhs-4Reports/India.pdf . ( Accessed on 6, May, 2021).

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The states of India have been grouped into six zones having an Advisory Council "to develop the habit of cooperative working" among these States. Zonal Councils were set up vide Part-III of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956. The North Eastern States' special problems are addressed by another statutory body—The North Eastern Council, created by the North Eastern Council Act, 1971. The states are chosen to maintain a comparative perspective over the two rounds of NFHS namely NFHS-3 (2005–06) and NFHS-4 (2015–16).

Official age of children starting primary schooling in India is 6 years (Source: https://mhrd.gov.in/rte ).

The multidimensional poverty measurement is robust also if we alter different weighting schemes with specific cut-off, k = 1/3 (Alkire and Seth, 2015 and Das et al. 2021 ).

The results based on the logistic regression model are derived on the basis of probabilistic arguments.

Age of the household in completed years squared component is included to demonstrate the quadratic type of association between age and MPI following the study of Rahman ( 2013 ).

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Department of Economics, Vidyasagar University, Midnapur, West Bengal, 721102, India

Pinaki Das & Bibek Paria

Department of Economics, Scottish Church College, 1& 3 Urquhart Square, Kolkata, West Bengal, 7000006, India

Sudeshna Ghosh

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Conceptualization: Pinaki Das Methodology: Pinaki Das; Calculation: Bibek Paria; Formal analysis: Pinaki Das; Writing-original draft preparation: Sudeshna Ghosh; Resources: Pinaki Das.

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Das, P., Ghosh, S. & Paria, B. Multidimensional poverty in India: a study on regional disparities. GeoJournal 87 , 3987–4006 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10483-6

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Accepted : 30 July 2021

Published : 04 August 2021

Issue Date : October 2022

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10483-6

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