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Kerala flood case study
Kerala flood case study.
Kerala is a state on the southwestern Malabar Coast of India. The state has the 13th largest population in India. Kerala, which lies in the tropical region, is mainly subject to the humid tropical wet climate experienced by most of Earth’s rainforests.
A map to show the location of Kerala
Eastern Kerala consists of land infringed upon by the Western Ghats (western mountain range); the region includes high mountains, gorges, and deep-cut valleys. The wildest lands are covered with dense forests, while other areas lie under tea and coffee plantations or other forms of cultivation.
The Indian state of Kerala receives some of India’s highest rainfall during the monsoon season. However, in 2018 the state experienced its highest level of monsoon rainfall in decades. According to the India Meteorological Department (IMD), there was 2346.3 mm of precipitation, instead of the average 1649.55 mm.
Kerala received over two and a half times more rainfall than August’s average. Between August 1 and 19, the state received 758.6 mm of precipitation, compared to the average of 287.6 mm, or 164% more. This was 42% more than during the entire monsoon season.
The unprecedented rainfall was caused by a spell of low pressure over the region. As a result, there was a perfect confluence of the south-west monsoon wind system and the two low-pressure systems formed over the Bay of Bengal and Odisha. The low-pressure regions pull in the moist south-west monsoon winds, increasing their speed, as they then hit the Western Ghats, travel skywards, and form rain-bearing clouds.
Further downpours on already saturated land led to more surface run-off causing landslides and widespread flooding.
Kerala has 41 rivers flowing into the Arabian Sea, and 80 of its dams were opened after being overwhelmed. As a result, water treatment plants were submerged, and motors were damaged.
In some areas, floodwater was between 3-4.5m deep. Floods in the southern Indian state of Kerala have killed more than 410 people since June 2018 in what local officials said was the worst flooding in 100 years. Many of those who died had been crushed under debris caused by landslides. More than 1 million people were left homeless in the 3,200 emergency relief camps set up in the area.
Parts of Kerala’s commercial capital, Cochin, were underwater, snarling up roads and leaving railways across the state impassable. In addition, the state’s airport, which domestic and overseas tourists use, was closed, causing significant disruption.
Local plantations were inundated by water, endangering the local rubber, tea, coffee and spice industries.
Schools in all 14 districts of Kerala were closed, and some districts have banned tourists because of safety concerns.
Maintaining sanitation and preventing disease in relief camps housing more than 800,000 people was a significant challenge. Authorities also had to restore regular clean drinking water and electricity supplies to the state’s 33 million residents.
Officials have estimated more than 83,000km of roads will need to be repaired and that the total recovery cost will be between £2.2bn and $2.7bn.
Indians from different parts of the country used social media to help people stranded in the flood-hit southern state of Kerala. Hundreds took to social media platforms to coordinate search, rescue and food distribution efforts and reach out to people who needed help. Social media was also used to support fundraising for those affected by the flooding. Several Bollywood stars supported this.
Some Indians have opened up their homes for people from Kerala who were stranded in other cities because of the floods.
Thousands of troops were deployed to rescue those caught up in the flooding. Army, navy and air force personnel were deployed to help those stranded in remote and hilly areas. Dozens of helicopters dropped tonnes of food, medicine and water over areas cut off by damaged roads and bridges. Helicopters were also involved in airlifting people marooned by the flooding to safety.
More than 300 boats were involved in rescue attempts. The state government said each boat would get 3,000 rupees (£34) for each day of their work and that authorities would pay for any damage to the vessels.
As the monsoon rains began to ease, efforts increased to get relief supplies to isolated areas along with clean up operations where water levels were falling.
Millions of dollars in donations have poured into Kerala from the rest of India and abroad in recent days. Other state governments have promised more than $50m, while ministers and company chiefs have publicly vowed to give a month’s salary.
Even supreme court judges have donated $360 each, while the British-based Sikh group Khalsa Aid International has set up its own relief camp in Kochi, Kerala’s main city, to provide meals for 3,000 people a day.
International Response
In the wake of the disaster, the UAE, Qatar and the Maldives came forward with offers of financial aid amounting to nearly £82m. The United Arab Emirates promised $100m (£77m) of this aid. This is because of the close relationship between Kerala and the UAE. There are a large number of migrants from Kerala working in the UAE. The amount was more than the $97m promised by India’s central government. However, as it has done since 2004, India declined to accept aid donations. The main reason for this is to protect its image as a newly industrialised country; it does not need to rely on other countries for financial help.
Google provided a donation platform to allow donors to make donations securely. Google partners with the Center for Disaster Philanthropy (CDP), an intermediary organisation that specialises in distributing your donations to local nonprofits that work in the affected region to ensure funds reach those who need them the most.
Google Kerala Donate
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Study report: kerala floods of august 2018 (september, 2018).
- Govt. India
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1.0 Introduction
Kerala State has an average annual precipitation of about 3000 mm. The rainfall in the State is controlled by the South-west and North-east monsoons. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during six monsoon months. The high intensity storms prevailing during the monsoon months result in heavy discharges in all the rivers. The continuous and heavy precipitation that occurs in the steep and undulating terrain finds its way into the main rivers through innumerable streams and water courses.
Kerala experienced an abnormally high rainfall from 1 June 2018 to 19 August 2018. This resulted in severe flooding in 13 out of 14 districts in the State. As per IMD data, Kerala received 2346.6 mm of rainfall from 1 June 2018 to 19 August 2018 in contrast to an expected 1649.5 mm of rainfall. This rainfall was about 42% above the normal. Further, the rainfall over Kerala during June, July and 1st to 19th of August was 15%, 18% and 164% respectively, above normal. Month-wise rainfall for the period, as reported by IMD, are given in Table-1.
Due to heavy rainfall, the first onset of flooding occurred towards the end of July. A severe spell of rainfall was experienced at several places on the 8th and 9th of August 2018. The 1- day rainfall of 398 mm, 305 mm, 255 mm, 254 mm, 211 mm and 214 mm were recorded at Nilambur in Malappuram district, Mananthavadi in Wayanad district, Peermade, Munnar KSEB and Myladumparain in Idukki district and Pallakad in Pallakad district respectively on 9 August 2018. This led to further flooding at several places in Mananthavadi and Vythiri in Wayanad district during 8-10, August 2018. Water was released from several dams due to heavy rainfall in their catchments. The water levels in several reservoirs were almost near their Full Reservoir Level (FRL) due to continuous rainfall from 1st of June. Another severe spell of rainfall started from the 14th of August and continued till the 19th of August, resulting in disastrous flooding in 13 out of 14 districts. The water level records at CWC G&D sites for some of the rivers in Kerala are given at Annex-I. As per the rainfall records of IMD, it has been found that the rainfall depths recorded during the 15-17, August 2018 were comparable to the severe storm that occurred in the year 1924.
1.1 Earlier floods in Kerala
The 1924 witnessed unprecedented and very heavy floods in almost all rivers of Kerala. Heavy losses to life, property and crops etc. had been reported. The rainstorm of 16-18, July 1924 was caused by the South-west monsoon that extended to the south of peninsula on 15th July and caused rainfall in Malabar. Under its influence, heavy rainfall occurred in almost entire Kerala. The area under the storm recorded 1-day maximum rainfall on 17th of July, 2- day maximum rainfall for 16-17, July 1924 and 3-day maximum rainfall for 16-18, July 1924. The centre of the 1-day and 2-day rainstorm was located at Devikulam in Kerala which recorded 484 mm and 751 mm of rainfall respectively. The centre of 3-day rainstorm was located at Munnar in Kerala which recorded a rainfall of 897 mm in 3 days.
The fury of 1924 flood levels in most of the rivers was still fresh in the memory of people of Kerala, the year 1961 also witnessed heavy floods and rise in the water levels of reservoirs. Usually in the State, heavy precipitation is concentrated over a period of 7 to 10 days during the monsoon when the rivers rise above their established banks and inundate the low lying areas. But in 1961, floods were unusually heavy not only in duration, but also in the intensity of precipitation. During the year 1961, the monsoon started getting violent towards the last week of June and in the early days of August, the precipitation was concentrated on most parts of the southern region of Kerala. By the first week of July, the intensity gradually spread over the other parts of the State and the entire State was reeling under severe flood by the second week of July. The worst affected area was Periyar sub-basin and it also impacted other sub-basins. Many of the important infrastructures like highways etc were submerged. After a brief interval, by the middle of July, the monsoon became more violent, affecting the northern parts of the State. The average rainfall was 56% above normal. The maximum daily intensities recorded at four districts in 1961 are given in Table-2.
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Kerala Floods 2018: Impacts and Lessons Drawn
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- Ajinder Walia 2 ,
- Pallvi Sharma 2 &
- Naima Nusrat 3
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Kerala, the southwest coastal state of India which ranks high on the Human Development Index, became vulnerable to severe flooding during the southwest monsoons of 2018. The state faced the worst floods in the century due to above-normal rainfall from June to August 2018. The above-normal rainfall was supplemented by a lack of integration of sustainable development practices and disaster risk management strategies. The floods affected all the districts of the state and led to the loss of over 400 precious lives along with extensive damage to infrastructure and property. It also triggered about 341 landslides in the area. The community including fishermen and women-centric organizations like Kudumbashree participated actively in responding to the disaster. Technology including WhatsApp, GIS, and crowdsourcing was used actively by the community during the search, rescue, and relief phase. The floods highlighted many constraints like lack of proper management and monitoring of critical natural resources such as water and land which left the state unprepared for major disasters caused by natural hazards. The disaster also highlighted crucial lessons to be adopted by other coastal states of the country which are expected to face increased flooding in the coming times due to climatic changes.
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Walia, A., Sharma, P., Nusrat, N. (2022). Kerala Floods 2018: Impacts and Lessons Drawn. In: Singh, A. (eds) International Handbook of Disaster Research. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8800-3_188-1
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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8800-3_188-1
Received : 18 May 2022
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In some areas, floodwater was between 3-4.5m deep. Floods in the southern Indian state of Kerala have killed more than 410 people since June 2018 in what local officials said was the worst flooding in 100 years. Many of those who died had been crushed under debris caused by landslides.
Kerala Floods August 2018 Page 5 3.1 Analysis of rainfall records of 15-17, August 2018 The storm of 15-17, August 2018 was spread over the entire Kerala with eye centred at Peermade, a place between Periyar and Pamba sub-basins. The storm was so severe that the gates of 35 dams were opened to release the flood runoff.
This resulted in severe flooding in 13 out of 14 districts in the State. As per IMD data, Kerala received 2346.6 mm of rainfall from 1 June 2018 to 19 August 2018 in contrast to an expected 1649.5 ...
On 16 August 2018, severe floods affected the south Indian state Kerala, due to unusually heavy rainfall during the monsoon season. [2] [3] [4] It was the worst flood in Kerala in nearly a century. [5]Over 483 people died, [6] and about one million [7] [8] people were evacuated, mainly from Chengannur, [9] Pandanad, [10] Edanad, Aranmula, Kozhencherry, Ayiroor, Ranni, Pandalam, Kuttanad ...
Specifically in this project, we study the "KeralaGram" group on Telegram, which had 15,000 users at the time of the 2018 flood and was focused on issues/events/news related to the state of Kerala. While Twitter has been extensively used for social sensing, the use of Telegram is less common. Most relevant Telegram research involves either ...
In August 2018, the Indian state of Kerala received an extended period of very heavy rainfall as a result of a low-pressure system near the beginning of the month being followed several days later by a monsoon depression. The resulting floods killed over 400 people and displaced a million more. Here, a high resolution setup (4 km) of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used in ...
Kerala floods 2018 bring to notice various structural constraints, and the state was unable to prepare for this natural disaster or climate change shock. ... The example of "Kudumbashree" which is a poverty eradication and women empowerment program of the Government of Kerala can be used as a case study where women have responded to a ...
The study covered four districts of Kerala (Alappuzha, Kottayam, Thrissur, and Pathanamthitta) to assess the full effect of the floods in 2018. From the analysis, it may be concluded that the districts of Alappuzha and Kottayam were severely affected by floods, followed by Thrissur and Pathanamthitta.
KERALA FLOODS OF 2018: AN OVERVIEW. Kerala, a southwestern coastal state of India, one of the most developed and beautiful states of India, had an unparalleled topography of backwaters, hill stations, beaches, splendidly diverse flora and fauna in its forests, widespread paddy fields, dense groves of coconut trees, and an extremely noble ...
Kerala is one of India's most vulnerable states in India when it comes to climate-induced disasters. Kerala's public health department grappled with a flood of unprecedented magnitude in August 2018. Situating the flood in the context of Kerala's state and society, this paper addresses three questions: What was the level of flood-prevention ...
Kerala has a total geographical area of 38863 km2, with a North-South orientation and elongated Shape. It has approximate length of 561 km and very short width of approximately 100 km, which gives a short time of travel for water to reach downstream areas from its farthest point at ridgeline. The major soil type of Kerala are Clay/Clay skeletal ...
acts 2. Geographical Features. f the StateThe State of Kerala is located in the southwestern part of India. peninsula. It has a geographical area of 3. ,863 sq.km. With a population of 819 people per sq.km (Census of India, 2011), Kerala is one of the most densely populated stat.
In August 2018, triggered by the monsoon, Kerala witnessed the worst floods it had seen in a hundred years. The calamity affected all areas of the state, causing destruction that was beyond description. Over 400 people lost their lives and approximately 1.4 million people had to take shelter in relief camps.
From 1 June to 29 August 2018, Kerala, a state in southwestern India, recorded 36% excess rainfall than normal levels, leading to widespread floods and landslides events and resulting in 445 deaths. In this study, satellite-based data were used to map the flood inundation in the districts of Thrissur, Ernakulam, Alappuzha, Idukki and Kottayam.
The 2018 Kerala flood damage data were collected and processed to train and test the selected machine learning models to classify the buildings to different flood damage states. Parameters such as flood depth, flood duration, floor area, age of the building, roof material, and wall material were considered in this study for flood damage prediction.
The resultant flood claimed the lives of more than 400 people, and millions were displaced (Hunt and Menon, 2020). According to IMD, in the year 2018, the amount of rainfall received by Kerala between June 1 and August 20 was 23466 mm, which is 40% - 42% higher than usual, compared to the expected 1649.5 mm rainfall from 1 to August 19 ...
In August 2018, the state of Kerala (India) witnessed large -scale flooding, which affected millions of 10 people and caused 400 or more deaths. Here, we examine the return period of extreme rainfall and the potential role of rese rvoirs in the recent flooding in Kerala. We show that Kerala experienced 53% above normal rainfall during the monsoon
life and property.The Central Water Commission, in its report on Kerala Floods 2018 states that "it can be seen that the 2-day and 3-day rainfall depths of 15-17, August 2018 rainfall in Pamba, Periyar and Bharathapuzha sub-basins are most comparable to the Devikulam storm o.
Abstract. Extreme precipitation events and flooding that cause losses to human lives and infrastructure have increased under the warming climate. In August 2018, the state of Kerala (India) witnessed large-scale flooding, which affected millions of people and caused 400 or more deaths. Here, we examine the return period of extreme rainfall and the potential role of reservoirs in the recent ...
Management Authority framing a Disaster Management Plan, in 2016.Dam failure is the main cause for 2018 flood. ... P. Srija et al A Case Study on Kerala Floods 29| International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, Special Issue-9 (Aug 2021) Embankments are the oldest known forms of flood protection works and have been used ...
2.a Executive Summary- Kerala Post Disaster Need Assessment - Floods and Landslides - August 2018. 3. Government of Kerala, The World Bank, Asian Development Bank, 2018. Joint Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment Report - September 2018. 4. Plan India and Institute of Sustainable Development and Governance (ISDG), 2019.
Case Study of Flood 2018 Kerala State Qazi Faizan Ali B.Tech Final Year Student Civil Engineering Department (Dr. Virendra Swarup Memorial Trust Group of Institutions, Unnao, India) Abstract: This document is the case study of flood occurred in Kerala 2018.It will gives the entire description that on what bases this flood came into existence.
Abstract: In this paper the case study is about describing the severe Floods affected the South Indian state Kerala, due to unusually high rainfall during the monsoon season May-August 2018. In August 2018, harsh flooding affected the Kerala due to heavy high rainfall during the monsoon season. About one sixth of