assignment software definition

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Software and its Types

Software is a collection of instructions, data, or computer programs that are used to run machines and carry out particular activities. It is the antithesis of hardware, which refers to a computer’s external components. A device’s running programs, scripts, and applications are collectively referred to as “software” in this context.

What is a Software?

In a computer system , the software is basically a set of instructions or commands that tell a computer what to do. In other words, the software is a computer program that provides a set of instructions to execute a user’s commands and tell the computer what to do. For example like MS-Word , MS-Excel , PowerPoint , etc.

Types of Software

It is a collection of data that is given to the computer to complete a particular task. The chart below describes the types of software:

Above is the diagram of types of software. Now we will briefly describe each type and its subtypes:

• Operating System
• Language Processor
• Device Driver
• General Purpose Software
• Customize Software
• Utility Software

System Software

System software is software that directly operates the computer hardware and provides the basic functionality to the users as well as to the other software to operate smoothly. Or in other words, system software basically controls a computer’s internal functioning and also controls hardware devices such as monitors, printers, and storage devices, etc. It is like an interface between hardware and user applications, it helps them to communicate with each other because hardware understands machine language(i.e. 1 or 0) whereas user applications are work in human-readable languages like English, Hindi, German, etc. so system software converts the human-readable language into machine language and vice versa.

Types of System Software

It has two subtypes which are:

• Operating System: It is the main program of a computer system. When the computer system ON it is the first software that loads into the computer’s memory. Basically, it manages all the resources such as computer memory , CPU , printer , hard disk, etc., and provides an interface to the user, which helps the user to interact with the computer system. It also provides various services to other computer software. Examples of operating systems are Linux , Apple macOS, Microsoft Windows , etc.
• Language Processor: As we know that system software converts the human-readable language into a machine language and vice versa. So, the conversion is done by the language processor. It converts programs written in high-level programming languages like Java , C , C++ , Python , etc(known as source code), into sets of instructions that are easily readable by machines(known as object code or machine code).
• Device Driver: A device driver is a program or software that controls a device and helps that device to perform its functions. Every device like a printer, mouse, modem , etc. needs a driver to connect with the computer system eternally. So, when you connect a new device with your computer system, first you need to install the driver of that device so that your operating system knows how to control or manage that device.

Features of System Software

Let us discuss some of the features of System Software:

• System Software is closer to the computer system.
• System Software is written in a low-level language in general.
• System software is difficult to design and understand.
• System software is fast in speed(working speed).
• System software is less interactive for the users in comparison to application software.

Application Software 

Software that performs special functions or provides functions that are much more than the basic operation of the computer is known as application software . Or in other words, application software is designed to perform a specific task for end-users. It is a product or a program that is designed only to fulfill end-users’ requirements. It includes word processors, spreadsheets , database management, inventory, payroll programs, etc.

Types of Application Software

There are different types of application software and those are:

• General Purpose Software: This type of application software is used for a variety of tasks and it is not limited to performing a specific task only. For example, MS-Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc.
• Customized Software: This type of application software is used or designed to perform specific tasks or functions or designed for specific organizations. For example, railway reservation system , airline reservation system, invoice management system, etc.
• Utility Software: This type of application software is used to support the computer infrastructure. It is designed to analyze, configure, optimize and maintains the system, and take care of its requirements as well. For example, antivirus , disk fragmenter, memory tester, disk repair, disk cleaners, registry cleaners, disk space analyzer, etc.

Features of Application Software

Let us discuss some of the features of Application Software:

• An important feature of application software is it performs more specialized tasks like word processing, spreadsheets, email , etc.
• Mostly, the size of the software is big, so it requires more storage space.
• Application software is more interactive for the users, so it is easy to use and design.
• The application software is easy to design and understand.
• Application software is written in a high-level language in general.

Difference Between System Software and Application Software

Now, let us discuss some difference between system software and application software:

For more Information you can refer to this article on – Difference between System Software and Application Software .

Software and Its Type – FAQs

1. what is difference between a software and a program.

There is a main difference between software and a program . Both are for enabling the computer to perform specific task. The software is the collection of programs. we have create a program to perform the task and they compiled if there is no error in program then program sent to create a software. Program is the set of instructions that are written by programmer in a language while the software is a collection of program that will enable the system to perform the specific task.

2. What is an example of Software?

You need software in order for the computer to operate effectively. It is a collection of data that is given to the computer to complete a particular task. three main categories of software are application software, programming software, and system software. All these three are important for the particular task to be performed. Below are some software examples. Management Tools Compression Tools Internet Explorer ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) BI (Business Intelligence) Customer Support Systems

3. Which software is used to control the operations of a computer?

There are two types of software system software and application software. System Software is used to control the operations and also controls a computer’s internal functioning and hardware devices.

4. Which software is designed to solve a specific problem or to do a specific task

Application Software is designed to solve a specific problem or to do a specific task Because a software that performs special functions or provides function which are much more than basic operation of the computer are application software.

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What is Application Software? A Comprehensive Guide

Gain a profound understanding of this integral component in modern computing. Delve into the functions, examples, advantages, and disadvantages of Application Software. Uncover key factors guiding your selection of Application Software, empowering you with the knowledge to navigate the dynamic landscape of software applications.

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Table of Contents  

1) What is Application Software? 

2) Functions of Application Software 

3) Examples of Application Software 

4) Advantages and disadvantages of Application Software 

5) Factors you should consider when choosing Application Software 

6) Conclusion 

What is Application Software?   

Application Software, often referred to simply as "apps" or "programs," is a class of software specifically designed to perform various tasks and functions for end-users. Unlike system software, which manages the computer's hardware and offers a platform for other software to run on, Application Software serves a more user-centric purpose. It enables users to perform specific tasks, such as word processing, graphic design, or playing games. 

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Functions of Application Software   

Word processing  

Word processing software revolutionises document creation. It empowers users to craft and edit text documents with remarkable flexibility. From creating professional reports to drafting personal letters, it enables precise formatting, spell-checking, and seamless collaboration. 

Spreadsheets  

Spreadsheets are the backbone of data management and complex calculations. Excel, for instance, simplifies financial analysis, inventory tracking, and statistical computations. It offers formulae, charts, and pivot tables for in-depth data manipulation. 

Graphic design  

Graphic design software like Photoshop unlocks the world of visual creativity. Artists and designers employ it for image manipulation, photo retouching, and crafting captivating digital art. It provides advanced tools for precise editing and design work. 

Web browsing  

Web browsers are our gateway to the large expanse of the internet. Chrome and Firefox, among others, offer rapid page loading, secure browsing, and a plethora of extensions for customising the online experience. 

Email clients  

Email clients are communication hubs. Outlook and Thunderbird streamline email management with features like categorisation, scheduling, and integration with calendars. They enhance productivity in both personal and professional settings. 

Multimedia playback  

Multimedia players like VLC and Windows Media Player provide immersive audio and video experiences. They support various file formats, subtitles, and streaming capabilities, transforming computers into entertainment hubs. 

Gaming  

Gaming applications offer diverse experiences, from action-packed adventures to brain-teasing puzzles. They leverage high-end graphics and interactivity, providing hours of entertainment for gamers of all ages. 

Project Management  

Project management software, exemplified by Microsoft Project, is a lifeline for effective planning and execution. It facilitates task scheduling, resource allocation, and progress tracking, which is crucial for project success. 

Accounting software  

Accounting software like QuickBooks simplifies Financial Management for businesses. It automates tasks like invoicing, expense tracking, and payroll processing, ensuring financial accuracy and compliance. 

Communication  

Communication applications like WhatsApp and Skype transcend geographical barriers. They offer instant messaging, voice and video calls, and group chats, fostering seamless interaction for individuals and teams. 

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Examples of Application Software   

The following are some relevant examples of commonly used Application Software: 

Microsoft Office Suite  

Microsoft Office Suite is a cornerstone of productivity software, offering a trio of essential applications. Microsoft Word is a versatile word-processing tool that empowers users to create documents of all types, from essays to professional reports, with features such as formatting, spell-checking, and collaborative editing. Microsoft Excel excels in data management, allowing users to build complex spreadsheets for tasks like financial analysis and inventory tracking. Lastly, Microsoft PowerPoint is the go-to application for crafting dynamic presentations, enabling users to convey ideas visually through slides, animations, and multimedia elements. 

Adobe Creative Suite  

Adobe Creative Suite, now known as Adobe Creative Cloud, is a powerhouse of creative software applications that have revolutionised design, multimedia, and content creation. It encompasses a diverse array of tools, including Photoshop, Illustrator, InDesign, and Premiere Pro. Photoshop is the go-to for image editing and manipulation, while Illustrator excels in vector graphics. InDesign is the premier choice for layout design, and Premiere Pro is a leading video editing software. 

Google Chrome  

Google Chrome stands as one of the most widely used web browsers globally. Known for its speed, stability, and minimalist design, Chrome provides a seamless internet browsing experience. It offers robust features like tab management, bookmark syncing, and cross-device integration through Google accounts. Chrome also boasts a vast library of extensions, enhancing its functionality with tools for productivity, security, and entertainment. 

WhatsApp  

WhatsApp has revolutionised communication, bridging geographical gaps with instant messaging, voice calls, and video chats. This messaging application prioritises privacy and end-to-end encryption, ensuring secure conversations. Users can create group chats, share multimedia content, and make international calls without incurring hefty fees. WhatsApp's widespread adoption has made it a staple for personal and professional communication. 

Minecraft  

Minecraft is an exemplar of gaming software, renowned for its open-world sandbox gameplay. Players are immersed in a blocky, procedurally generated world where they can mine resources, build structures, and embark on adventures. Its limitless creativity and multiplayer capabilities have fostered a dedicated player base, with educational versions also utilised for teaching purposes, making it not just a game but a platform for exploration and learning. 

QuickBooks  

For businesses, QuickBooks serves as a vital tool for Financial Management. This accounting software streamlines tasks like invoicing, expense tracking, and payroll processing. It simplifies bookkeeping for small and medium-sized enterprises, ensuring financial accuracy and compliance. QuickBooks offers a range of editions, from self-employed individuals to larger enterprises, making it adaptable to businesses of all sizes and industries. 

Advantages and disadvantages of Application Software   

Application Software, with its diverse range of functions and capabilities, plays an integral role in our digital lives. However, like any tool, it comes with its own set of advantages and disadvantages. Let's explore these in detail: 

Advantages of Application Software  

The following are some advantages of Application Software: 

1) Enhanced productivity: Application Software streamlines tasks, making them more efficient and less time-consuming. For example, word processing software automates formatting, saving users hours of manual effort when creating documents. 

2) Specialisation: One of the key benefits of Application Software is its specialisation. Users can choose software tailored to their specific needs. This ensures that the software they use is optimised for the task at hand, whether it's graphic design, accounting, or project management. 

3) Improved creativity: Many Application Software tools are designed to foster creativity. Graphic design software, for instance, provides a platform for artists and designers to bring their vision to life. This encourages innovation and artistic expression. 

4) Convenience: Application Software simplifies complex processes, making them accessible to users with different levels of expertise. This convenience is particularly important in a world where technology plays an ever-expanding role in our daily lives. 

5) Scalability: Application Software often offers the advantage of scalability. Businesses can start with a basic version of the software and then scale up as their needs grow. For example, a small business may begin with a simple accounting software package and later transition to a more comprehensive solution as it expands. This scalability ensures that the software can adapt to changing requirements without the need for a complete overhaul. 

6) Collaboration and connectivity: Many Application Software tools are designed with collaboration in mind. They offer features that enable users to work together seamlessly, even if they are geographically dispersed. For instance, cloud-based office suites like Google Workspace facilitate real-time collaboration on documents, enabling multiple users to edit and comment on files simultaneously. This connectivity promotes teamwork and productivity, especially in today's global and remote work environments. 

Disadvantages of Application Software  

The following are some disadvantages of Application Software: 

1) Cost: High-quality Application Software can be expensive. Licenses, subscriptions, and upgrades can add up, making it a significant investment for individuals and businesses. This cost can be a barrier to access for some users. 

2) Compatibility issues: Not all Application Software is universally compatible. Some software may work seamlessly on one operating system but encounter challenges on another. Similarly, hardware limitations can restrict the use of certain software. 

3) Security risks: Security is a significant concern with Application Software. Malicious software, commonly known as malware, can compromise the integrity of a system or steal sensitive data. Users need to be vigilant and use reputable software from trusted sources to mitigate these risks. 

4) Learning curve: Complex Application Software often has a steep learning curve. Users may need to invest time and effort in learning how to use the software effectively. This initial learning period can slow down productivity. 

5) Maintenance and updates: Application Software requires regular maintenance and updates to remain secure and functional. Users need to ensure they keep their software updated, which can be time-consuming and occasionally disruptive. 

6) Resource intensive: Some Application Software can be resource-intensive, requiring powerful hardware to run smoothly. This can be a disadvantage for users with older or less powerful devices, as they may experience performance issues. 

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Factors you should consider when choosing Application Software   

Compatibility  

Compatibility encompasses both the Operating System (OS) and hardware requirements of the software. Different applications may work optimally on specific OSs (e.g., Windows, MacOS, Linux) or require certain hardware specifications (e.g., processor speed, RAM). Ignoring compatibility can result in software that runs slowly, crashes, or doesn't work at all on your system. To avoid such issues, double-check and ensure that the software is a good fit for your setup. 

Functionality  

The heart of the matter is whether the software can effectively address your needs. To determine this, start by identifying your objectives and the tasks you intend to accomplish with the software. Create a detailed checklist of the features you require and compare them with the capabilities offered by the software. It's essential to find a match that not only meets your immediate needs but also accommodates future requirements. 

Cost  

The financial aspect is a vital consideration. Different software applications come with various pricing models, and it's essential to understand them fully. This includes one-time purchase costs, subscription fees, or free versions with limited functionality. Take into account your budget constraints and evaluate whether the software's pricing aligns with the value it brings. Remember to factor in any ongoing costs, such as subscription renewals, to ensure that the software remains sustainable. 

User Interface (UI)  

The User Interface significantly influences your interaction with the software. An intuitive, well-designed UI can enhance productivity and user satisfaction. On the other hand, a badly designed interface can lead to frustration and meddle with your ability to effectively use the software. If possible, explore the software's UI through demos, trials, or screenshots to assess whether it matches your preferences and workflow. 

Support and updates  

Robust customer support and regular software updates are crucial for a smooth user experience. Investigate the support options provided by the software vendor, such as documentation, forums, or direct helpdesk assistance. Additionally, check the software's update frequency to ensure that it remains secure and up-to-date, safeguarding against vulnerabilities. 

Reviews and recommendations  

Leverage the experiences of others to gain valuable insights into the software's performance and reliability. Reading user reviews on reputable platforms and seeking recommendations from colleagues or industry peers can provide a well-rounded perspective. These real-world experiences can highlight both the software's strengths and potential weaknesses. 

Scalability  

As your needs evolve, it's crucial to choose software that can scale alongside your growth. Scalability ensures that you won't outgrow the software quickly and need to transition to a new solution. Assess whether the software accommodates additional users, data, or features, allowing it to remain a valuable asset as your requirements expand. 

Security  

Security is paramount, particularly when handling sensitive data or communications. Evaluate the security features offered by the software, such as data encryption, multi-factor authentication, and protection against malware. Additionally, look into the vendor's track record in addressing security vulnerabilities and their commitment to maintaining a secure environment. 

Customisation  

Consider whether the software allows for customisation to tailor it to your specific needs. Customisation can be particularly valuable for businesses with unique workflows or industry-specific requirements. Ensure that the software offers flexibility in adapting to your distinct processes. 

Data portability  

Data portability is essential for preventing vendor lock-in and ensuring that you can migrate to another software solution if necessary. Investigate whether the software allows for easy importing and exporting of data in standard formats. This feature ensures that your data remains accessible and transferable. 

Trial periods  

Whenever possible, take full advantage of trial periods or demos provided by software vendors. These opportunities allow you to test the software in a real-world context, assess its functionality, and evaluate its suitability for your needs. It's an excellent way to gain practical experience with the software before making a commitment. 

Licensing terms  

Conclusion  

In our increasingly digitised world, Application Software stands as an indispensable ally, enhancing the way we work, communicate, create, and entertain. Its versatility, coupled with a vast array of functions, has revolutionised our modern existence. Hope we could answer all your queries about “What is Application Software?”! 

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Table of Contents

Functions of application software, examples of application software, what to look for in an application software, need of application software, types of application software, advantages of application software, disadvantages of application software, difference between system software and application software, types of business application software, choose the right software development program, what is application software (with examples).

Reviewed and fact-checked by Sayantoni Das

Application software (App) is a kind of software that performs specific functions for the end user by interacting directly with it. The sole purpose of application software is to aid the user in doing specified tasks. 

Web browsers like Firefox, and Google Chrome, as well as Microsoft Word and Excel, are examples of application software that is used on a personal computer or laptop. It also includes smartphone apps such as WhatsApp and Telegram, as well as games such as Candy Crush Saga and Ludo. There are also app versions of popular services that people rely on every day, such as weather or transportation information, as well as apps that connect end users with their businesses.

Application software programs are generally designed and developed to help with a wide range of tasks. Here are a few examples:

• Software for healthcare applications for seamless connectivity and quick response
• Managing information and data in an organization
• Managing and checking documents across
• Software for educational purposes such as Learning Management Systems and e-learning systems
• Development of visuals and video for presentation purposes
• Emails, text messaging, audio and video conferencing involved in presentation
• Management of accounting, finance, and payroll helping the HR department and other businesses

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

• Customer Relationship Management (CRM)  
• Management of any small or large scale project
• Management of smooth and efficient business processes

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A variety of explicit application software programs are available to help you manage your tasks, jot down notes, do online research, set alarms, keep an account log, and even play games. Application software packages are designed to do certain tasks, ease workflows, and improve team communication.

The most frequent applications used by millions of people on a daily basis are listed below.

• A collection of Microsoft software including MS Office, PowerPoint, Word, Excel, and Outlook.
• Common Internet browsers like Google Chrome, Safari, Firefox, etc.
• Graphics and designing software such as Canva, Adobe Photoshop, CorelDraw, and AutoCAD.
• Real-time online communication tools like Skype, Hangouts, Google Meet, Zoom, and Whatsapp for video, and audio calls and messages.
• Multimedia and music streaming software such as Wynk, Gaana, MX Player, VLC Media Player, Spotify, Pandora, etc. are used for entertainment purposes.
• Project management software like Teams, Asana , Zoho , Slack, Forecast, etc for official purposes.

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Whether you are looking to purchase a new tool or replace an existing one, here are 7 things to consider. Use these suggestions to assist guide the software purchasing process if you want your team to feel confident when deciding what software to add to your IT stack.

How Much Does It Cost and What Is the Value?

Though pricing is vital to any business decision, it shouldn’t be the only element you consider. If you decide to purchase software only because of its price it might not guarantee your business the best value. Remember, a software's cost is not always associated with its value.

Will You Need Assisted Implementation?

Software models that are highly complex and require a great deal of time to learn and master will negatively affect the adoption rates. Spend precious time investigating viable software alternatives so you can make the most effective and useful option for your organization and team that will save your team and project time and energy.

Is the Software Firm Willing to Fix Bugs?

Whenever you purchase any new software for your company, you should be well aware of the software company's regular procedures for fixing bugs. Double-check with the company whether your company’s issue with the software will be solved whenever it occurs.

How Often Do They Push Updates?

Make sure to discuss with your software agents how often their product is updated and how those updates are conveyed to you. 

Is the System Adaptable Enough to Satisfy Your Requirements?

Software that is highly customizable could also be complicated and cumbersome to implement and also the cost might also rise the more and more you try to customize it according to your requirements.

What kind of support do they offer?

Before purchasing, make a note of the support hours for every software agents you are considering, as the question of support hours should encompass not only the timeframes during which you can get support, but also how swiftly they can accomplish them. You should be able to check whether you can get just phone support, or if everything is done by email or the ticketing system.

What Level of Security Does the Software Offer?

Always take a careful view of the privacy policy provided by any software you are considering purchasing. This should therefore summarize everything you need to know concerning data collection, storage, and usage.

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End-users can use application software to perform any type of single or many tasks. Following are a few reasons you would definitely need application software (App) on your computer:

• Helps the user in completing specific tasks: Any application software should, in general, be created with the end user in mind. They will primarily benefit the end-user by assisting them in doing specialized activities in a range of industries, including education, business, and entertainment. Microsoft Word, for example, is a commonly used application software that allows users to create, edit, delete, and perform other actions on word documents.
• Manages and manipulates data: Application software is used in businesses to manage and alter employee, customer, and other databases. An enterprise resource management system or a customer relationship management system are two common examples of application software.
• Allows users to effectively organize information: Data can be created and handled efficiently by individual users using application software. For example, Microsoft Excel is a very popular application software amongst companies that allows users to manage datasheets.

Application software can also be classified depending on how much it costs and how easily it can be accessed. Here are some examples of application software:

1. Word Processing Software

Word Processing refers to the act of using a personal computer (PC) or laptop to create, edit, save and print documents which can be performed only with specialized software known as a Word Processor. One example of a Word Processor is Microsoft Word which is widely used by all professionals. 

2. Spreadsheet Software

Spreadsheet software is a type of computer program that enables a user to perform numerical functions and explore numbers through an automated version of an accounting worksheet. Best example of spreadsheet software is Microsoft Excel.

3. Presentation Software

Presentation software also commonly known as presentation graphics is a particular category of application program used to construct sequences of words and a series of pictures that tell a story or help support a speech or public presentation of any type of information or a launch of new products or services.

4. Multimedia Software

Multimedia software can be described as the combination of text, audio, images, animation, or video to produce a wide scope of interactive content for both professional and personal use. You can easily learn about media players, file formats, and how to operate audio and video software on the whole.

5. Web Browsers

A web browser can take you all over the internet. It retrieves data from other parts of the web and shows it on your desktop or mobile device for your viewing. The data is transmitted using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which describes how text, images, and video are shared on the World Wide Web.

6. Educational Software

Educational software refers to any computer software designed solely for educational reasons. It includes a wide range of software, including language learning software, classroom management software (CMS), and reference software for students and other professionals.

7. Graphics Software

Graphics software can rework with bitmap and/or vector graphics and can be utilized to create label templates. Graphics software generally includes Canva, Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign, CorelDraw, Inkscape, Microsoft Paint, and Paint.Net.

8. Freeware

Freeware is typically marketed for profit but might be allocated specifically for a business or commercial purpose with the aim to expand the market share of any newly launched premium product. Some of the widespread examples of closed-source freeware include Adobe Reader, Free Studio, and Skype.

9. Shareware

Shareware is software that is supplied for free on a trial basis in order for the user to test or use the programme for a specific amount of days with the understanding that the user may need or want to pay for it later if they are satisfied with the product usage. Some software manufacturers provide a shareware edition of their product with an expiration date built in, such that after 30 days, the user or customer will no longer be able to access the application for further use.

10. Simulation Software

Simulation software authorizes engineers to evaluate, optimize, and compare product designs with other similar software by modeling real-world events in a computer-generated environment.

11. Open Source

Open source software is a specific code designed to be publicly accessible so that anyone can see, modify, and distribute the code as they see which fits the purpose. It is designed in a decentralized and coordinated way, depending on peer assessment and community production.

12. Closed Source

Closed source software is where the source code is not freely accessible. It is developed and delivered to the customer as a fully compiled, executable set of files. The developer often provides aid to users after purchase and ensures that the software works as foreseen by the creator.

• It meets every client’s particular requirements and needs. The client usually recognizes that they must utilize only one explicit program to finish the task because it is designed explicitly for one reason.
• Businesses that are related to specific applications can restrict access and think about strategies to monitor their activities.
• Standard updates from engineers for Licensed application programming can be obtained using general logic of health.
• Developing and evolving any application software to achieve specific goals can be quite pricey for developers but this can have a strong impact on their financial plan and income stream, particularly if an unreasonable high amount of time is spent on a product that is not normally worthy.
• Application software that is widely used by many of us and then disseminated on the internet is inherently vulnerable to infection by a bug or other malicious initiatives.

Here's How to Land a Top Software Developer Job

The Windows operating system is an excellent example of system software, whereas Microsoft Office, Photoshop, and CorelDraw are well-known examples of application software.

Application software for business can be classified based on its price and usage by its end customer. Here is some Business application software:

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

Customer relationship management (CRM) is a technology that manages all of your company's interactions and transactions with customers and future customers. The end goal is to strengthen commercial ties. A CRM system allows businesses to stay connected to their consumers, reduce procedures, and increase revenue.

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is the software utilized by a company to handle key parts of operations, including accounting and resource management.

Project Management Software

Project management software is the software utilized mainly for project planning, scheduling, resource allocation, and change management. It allows project managers (PMs) to supervise and manage all the official tasks effectively from one place.

A database management system (DBMS) is basically nothing more than an automated data-keeping system. Users of the system are provided specific structures to complete various types of operations on such a system for either data manipulation in the database or database structure management.

Business Process Management

Business process management software (BPMS) is vaguely an enterprise-level software solution to enable the automation of repetitive tasks, manage fundamental processing, and handle specific technique logic involved. BPM systems optimize and accelerate processes, increasing efficiency.

Resource Management Software

Resource planning software, or resource management software, is a device used to handle the human capital and program of an organization. A resource planning mechanism will help you in allotting and assigning people to projects where required.

Educational Software

Educational software involves any computer application that improves the learning process. It possesses classroom management software, student information systems, language software, reference software, and even more.

Productivity Software

Productivity software is a specific sort of application program that allows end users to produce something such as documents, databases, graphs, spreadsheets, and presentations. Productivity software increases the organization's efficiency by relieving people's tasks largely.

Custom Developed Software

Custom software development is the technique to design, develop, and produce specific software applications. These software products are for specific users, procedures, and business conditions or requirements.

1. What is the difference between an app and an application?

Applications are generally software programs devised and curated for end-users to perform specific computing tasks. Apps, on the other hand, are mostly directed to programs designed for mobile devices.

2. What is the difference between "on-premise" and "hosted" application software?

An On-premise Cloud is when your business owns the data servers within the organization and supervises them internally. Hosted Clouds, on the other hand, are when you spend a certain amount on a software provider to manage your data externally.

3. What is the difference between application software and an application platform?

An application is computer software developed specifically to aid a user to perform any specific tasks. A computing platform generally possesses a hardware architecture and a software framework that permits application software to operate, for example, the operating system and programming languages.

4. How is system software different from application software?

System software programs operate on their own while application software is totally dependent on it. System software programs run in the background when the system is switched on, while application software interacts with its end users.

5. How should I select the right application software?

Check whether the software is flexible enough to meet your future needs. Confirm how long it will take for you to learn and use the software. Also, think about whether the software integrates your chosen driver and other productivity tools like analysis, visualization, and storage.

This table compares various courses offered by Simplilearn, based on several key features and details. The table provides an overview of the courses' duration, skills you will learn, additional benefits, among other important factors, to help learners make an informed decision about which course best suits their needs.

Aspiring developers looking to specialize in Java full stack development can benefit immensely from enrolling in a comprehensive Java full stack developer course .

Program Name Full Stack Java Developer Career Bootcamp Automation Testing Masters Program Post Graduate Program in Full Stack Web Development Geo IN All Non-US University Simplilearn Simplilearn Caltech Course Duration 11 Months 11 Months 9 Months Coding Experience Required Basic Knowledge Basic Knowledge Basic Knowledge Skills You Will Learn 15+ Skills Including Core Java, SQL, AWS, ReactJS, etc. Java, AWS, API Testing, TDD, etc. Java, DevOps, AWS, HTML5, CSS3, etc. Additional Benefits Interview Preparation Exclusive Job Portal 200+ Hiring Partners Structured Guidance Learn From Experts Hands-on Training Caltech CTME Circle Membership Learn 30+ Tools and Skills 25 CEUs from Caltech CTME Cost $$ $$ $$$ Explore Program Explore Program Explore Program

Hope this article was able to give you a detailed understanding on what application software is. If you are looking to enhance your software development skills and expertise, we would recommend you check Simplilearn’s Post Graduate Program in Full Stack Web Development . This course, developed in collaboration with Caltech CTME, can help you gain the relevant skills and make you job-ready in no time.

If you have any questions or doubts, feel free to post them in the comments below. Our team will get back to you at the earliest.

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Writing Assignments

Kate Derrington; Cristy Bartlett; and Sarah Irvine

Introduction

Assignments are a common method of assessment at university and require careful planning and good quality research. Developing critical thinking and writing skills are also necessary to demonstrate your ability to understand and apply information about your topic.  It is not uncommon to be unsure about the processes of writing assignments at university.

• You may be returning to study after a break
• You may have come from an exam based assessment system and never written an assignment before
• Maybe you have written assignments but would like to improve your processes and strategies

This chapter has a collection of resources that will provide you with the skills and strategies to understand assignment requirements and effectively plan, research, write and edit your assignments.  It begins with an explanation of how to analyse an assignment task and start putting your ideas together.  It continues by breaking down the components of academic writing and exploring the elements you will need to master in your written assignments. This is followed by a discussion of paraphrasing and synthesis, and how you can use these strategies to create a strong, written argument. The chapter concludes with useful checklists for editing and proofreading to help you get the best possible mark for your work.

Task Analysis and Deconstructing an Assignment

It is important that before you begin researching and writing your assignments you spend sufficient time understanding all the requirements. This will help make your research process more efficient and effective. Check your subject information such as task sheets, criteria sheets and any additional information that may be in your subject portal online. Seek clarification from your lecturer or tutor if you are still unsure about how to begin your assignments.

The task sheet typically provides key information about an assessment including the assignment question. It can be helpful to scan this document for topic, task and limiting words to ensure that you fully understand the concepts you are required to research, how to approach the assignment, and the scope of the task you have been set. These words can typically be found in your assignment question and are outlined in more detail in the two tables below (see Table 19.1 and Table 19.2 ).

Table 19.1 Parts of an Assignment Question

Make sure you have a clear understanding of what the task word requires you to address.

Table 19.2 Task words

The criteria sheet , also known as the marking sheet or rubric, is another important document to look at before you begin your assignment. The criteria sheet outlines how your assignment will be marked and should be used as a checklist to make sure you have included all the information required.

The task or criteria sheet will also include the:

• Word limit (or word count)
• Referencing style and research expectations
• Formatting requirements

Task analysis and criteria sheets are also discussed in the chapter Managing Assessments for a more detailed discussion on task analysis, criteria sheets, and marking rubrics.

Preparing your ideas

Brainstorm or concept map:  List possible ideas to address each part of the assignment task based on what you already know about the topic from lectures and weekly readings.

Finding appropriate information: Learn how to find scholarly information for your assignments which is

See the chapter Working With Information for a more detailed explanation .

What is academic writing?

Academic writing tone and style.

Many of the assessment pieces you prepare will require an academic writing style.  This is sometimes called ‘academic tone’ or ‘academic voice’.  This section will help you to identify what is required when you are writing academically (see Table 19.3 ). The best way to understand what academic writing looks like, is to read broadly in your discipline area.  Look at how your course readings, or scholarly sources, are written. This will help you identify the language of your discipline field, as well as how other writers structure their work.

Table 19.3 Comparison of academic and non-academic writing

Thesis statements.

Essays are a common form of assessment that you will likely encounter during your university studies. You should apply an academic tone and style when writing an essay, just as you would in in your other assessment pieces. One of the most important steps in writing an essay is constructing your thesis statement.  A thesis statement tells the reader the purpose, argument or direction you will take to answer your assignment question. A thesis statement may not be relevant for some questions, if you are unsure check with your lecturer. The thesis statement:

• Directly  relates to the task .  Your thesis statement may even contain some of the key words or synonyms from the task description.
• Does more than restate the question.
• Is specific and uses precise language.
• Let’s your reader know your position or the main argument that you will support with evidence throughout your assignment.
• The subject is the key content area you will be covering.
• The contention is the position you are taking in relation to the chosen content.

Your thesis statement helps you to structure your essay.  It plays a part in each key section: introduction, body and conclusion.

Planning your assignment structure

When planning and drafting assignments, it is important to consider the structure of your writing. Academic writing should have clear and logical structure and incorporate academic research to support your ideas.  It can be hard to get started and at first you may feel nervous about the size of the task, this is normal. If you break your assignment into smaller pieces, it will seem more manageable as you can approach the task in sections. Refer to your brainstorm or plan. These ideas should guide your research and will also inform what you write in your draft. It is sometimes easier to draft your assignment using the 2-3-1 approach, that is, write the body paragraphs first followed by the conclusion and finally the introduction.

Writing introductions and conclusions

Clear and purposeful introductions and conclusions in assignments are fundamental to effective academic writing. Your introduction should tell the reader what is going to be covered and how you intend to approach this. Your conclusion should summarise your argument or discussion and signal to the reader that you have come to a conclusion with a final statement.  These tips below are based on the requirements usually needed for an essay assignment, however, they can be applied to other assignment types.

Writing introductions

Most writing at university will require a strong and logically structured introduction. An effective introduction should provide some background or context for your assignment, clearly state your thesis and include the key points you will cover in the body of the essay in order to prove your thesis.

Usually, your introduction is approximately 10% of your total assignment word count. It is much easier to write your introduction once you have drafted your body paragraphs and conclusion, as you know what your assignment is going to be about. An effective introduction needs to inform your reader by establishing what the paper is about and provide four basic things:

• A brief background or overview of your assignment topic
• A thesis statement (see section above)
• An outline of your essay structure
• An indication of any parameters or scope that will/ will not be covered, e.g. From an Australian perspective.

The below example demonstrates the four different elements of an introductory paragraph.

1) Information technology is having significant effects on the communication of individuals and organisations in different professions. 2) This essay will discuss the impact of information technology on the communication of health professionals.   3)  First, the provision of information technology for the educational needs of nurses will be discussed.  4)  This will be followed by an explanation of the significant effects that information technology can have on the role of general practitioner in the area of public health.  5)  Considerations will then be made regarding the lack of knowledge about the potential of computers among hospital administrators and nursing executives.  6)   The final section will explore how information technology assists health professionals in the delivery of services in rural areas .  7)  It will be argued that information technology has significant potential to improve health care and medical education, but health professionals are reluctant to use it.

1 Brief background/ overview | 2 Indicates the scope of what will be covered |   3-6 Outline of the main ideas (structure) | 7 The thesis statement

Note : The examples in this document are taken from the University of Canberra and used under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 licence.

Writing conclusions

You should aim to end your assignments with a strong conclusion. Your conclusion should restate your thesis and summarise the key points you have used to prove this thesis. Finish with a key point as a final impactful statement.  Similar to your introduction, your conclusion should be approximately 10% of the total assignment word length. If your assessment task asks you to make recommendations, you may need to allocate more words to the conclusion or add a separate recommendations section before the conclusion. Use the checklist below to check your conclusion is doing the right job.

Conclusion checklist 

• Have you referred to the assignment question and restated your argument (or thesis statement), as outlined in the introduction?
• Have you pulled together all the threads of your essay into a logical ending and given it a sense of unity?
• Have you presented implications or recommendations in your conclusion? (if required by your task).
• Have you added to the overall quality and impact of your essay? This is your final statement about this topic; thus, a key take-away point can make a great impact on the reader.
• Remember, do not add any new material or direct quotes in your conclusion.

This below example demonstrates the different elements of a concluding paragraph.

1) It is evident, therefore, that not only do employees need to be trained for working in the Australian multicultural workplace, but managers also need to be trained.  2)  Managers must ensure that effective in-house training programs are provided for migrant workers, so that they become more familiar with the English language, Australian communication norms and the Australian work culture.  3)  In addition, Australian native English speakers need to be made aware of the differing cultural values of their workmates; particularly the different forms of non-verbal communication used by other cultures.  4)  Furthermore, all employees must be provided with clear and detailed guidelines about company expectations.  5)  Above all, in order to minimise communication problems and to maintain an atmosphere of tolerance, understanding and cooperation in the multicultural workplace, managers need to have an effective knowledge about their employees. This will help employers understand how their employee’s social conditioning affects their beliefs about work. It will develop their communication skills to develop confidence and self-esteem among diverse work groups. 6) The culturally diverse Australian workplace may never be completely free of communication problems, however,   further studies to identify potential problems and solutions, as well as better training in cross cultural communication for managers and employees,   should result in a much more understanding and cooperative environment. 

1  Reference to thesis statement – In this essay the writer has taken the position that training is required for both employees and employers . | 2-5 Structure overview – Here the writer pulls together the main ideas in the essay. | 6  Final summary statement that is based on the evidence.

Note: The examples in this document are taken from the University of Canberra and used under a CC-BY-SA-3.0 licence.

Writing paragraphs

Paragraph writing is a key skill that enables you to incorporate your academic research into your written work.  Each paragraph should have its own clearly identified topic sentence or main idea which relates to the argument or point (thesis) you are developing.  This idea should then be explained by additional sentences which you have paraphrased from good quality sources and referenced according to the recommended guidelines of your subject (see the chapter Working with Information ). Paragraphs are characterised by increasing specificity; that is, they move from the general to the specific, increasingly refining the reader’s understanding. A common structure for paragraphs in academic writing is as follows.

Topic Sentence 

This is the main idea of the paragraph and should relate to the overall issue or purpose of your assignment is addressing. Often it will be expressed as an assertion or claim which supports the overall argument or purpose of your writing.

Explanation/ Elaboration

The main idea must have its meaning explained and elaborated upon. Think critically, do not just describe the idea.

These explanations must include evidence to support your main idea. This information should be paraphrased and referenced according to the appropriate referencing style of your course.

Concluding sentence (critical thinking)

This should explain why the topic of the paragraph is relevant to the assignment question and link to the following paragraph.

Use the checklist below to check your paragraphs are clear and well formed.

Paragraph checklist

• Does your paragraph have a clear main idea?
• Is everything in the paragraph related to this main idea?
• Is the main idea adequately developed and explained?
• Do your sentences run together smoothly?
• Have you included evidence to support your ideas?
• Have you concluded the paragraph by connecting it to your overall topic?

Writing sentences

Make sure all the sentences in your paragraphs make sense. Each sentence must contain a verb to be a complete sentence. Avoid sentence fragments . These are incomplete sentences or ideas that are unfinished and create confusion for your reader. Avoid also run on sentences . This happens when you join two ideas or clauses without using the appropriate punctuation. This also confuses your meaning (See the chapter English Language Foundations for examples and further explanation).

Use transitions (linking words and phrases) to connect your ideas between paragraphs and make your writing flow. The order that you structure the ideas in your assignment should reflect the structure you have outlined in your introduction. Refer to transition words table in the chapter English Language Foundations.

Paraphrasing and Synthesising

Paraphrasing and synthesising are powerful tools that you can use to support the main idea of a paragraph. It is likely that you will regularly use these skills at university to incorporate evidence into explanatory sentences and strengthen your essay. It is important to paraphrase and synthesise because:

• Paraphrasing is regarded more highly at university than direct quoting.
• Paraphrasing can also help you better understand the material.
• Paraphrasing and synthesising demonstrate you have understood what you have read through your ability to summarise and combine arguments from the literature using your own words.

What is paraphrasing?

Paraphrasing is changing the writing of another author into your words while retaining the original meaning. You must acknowledge the original author as the source of the information in your citation. Follow the steps in this table to help you build your skills in paraphrasing (see Table 19.4 ).

Table 19.4 Paraphrasing techniques

Example of paraphrasing.

Please note that these examples and in text citations are for instructional purposes only.

Original text

Health care professionals   assist people often when they are at their most  vulnerable . To provide the best care and understand their needs, workers must demonstrate good communication skills .  They must develop patient trust and provide empathy   to effectively work with patients who are experiencing a variety of situations including those who may be suffering from trauma or violence, physical or mental illness or substance abuse (French & Saunders, 2018).

Poor quality paraphrase example

This is a poor example of paraphrasing. Some synonyms have been used and the order of a few words changed within the sentences however the colours of the sentences indicate that the paragraph follows the same structure as the original text.

Health care sector workers are often responsible for vulnerable  patients.   To understand patients and deliver good service , they need to be excellent communicators .  They must establish patient rapport and show empathy if they are to successfully care for patients from a variety of backgrounds  and with different medical, psychological and social needs (French & Saunders, 2018).

A good quality paraphrase example

This example demonstrates a better quality paraphrase. The author has demonstrated more understanding of the overall concept in the text by using the keywords as the basis to reconstruct the paragraph. Note how the blocks of colour have been broken up to see how much the structure has changed from the original text.

Empathetic   communication is a vital skill for health care workers.   Professionals in these fields   are often responsible for patients with complex medical, psychological and social needs. Empathetic   communication assists in building rapport and gaining the necessary trust   to assist these vulnerable patients  by providing appropriate supportive care (French & Saunders, 2018).

The good quality paraphrase example demonstrates understanding of the overall concept in the text by using key words as the basis to reconstruct the paragraph.  Note how the blocks of colour have been broken up, which indicates how much the structure has changed from the original text.

What is synthesising?

Synthesising means to bring together more than one source of information to strengthen your argument. Once you have learnt how to paraphrase the ideas of one source at a time, you can consider adding additional sources to support your argument. Synthesis demonstrates your understanding and ability to show connections between multiple pieces of evidence to support your ideas and is a more advanced academic thinking and writing skill.

Follow the steps in this table to improve your synthesis techniques (see Table 19.5 ).

Table 19.5 Synthesising techniques

Example of synthesis

There is a relationship between academic procrastination and mental health outcomes.  Procrastination has been found to have a negative effect on students’ well-being (Balkis, & Duru, 2016). Yerdelen, McCaffrey, and Klassens’ (2016) research results suggested that there was a positive association between procrastination and anxiety. This was corroborated by Custer’s (2018) findings which indicated that students with higher levels of procrastination also reported greater levels of the anxiety. Therefore, it could be argued that procrastination is an ineffective learning strategy that leads to increased levels of distress.

Topic sentence | Statements using paraphrased evidence | Critical thinking (student voice) | Concluding statement – linking to topic sentence

This example demonstrates a simple synthesis. The author has developed a paragraph with one central theme and included explanatory sentences complete with in-text citations from multiple sources. Note how the blocks of colour have been used to illustrate the paragraph structure and synthesis (i.e., statements using paraphrased evidence from several sources). A more complex synthesis may include more than one citation per sentence.

Creating an argument

What does this mean.

Throughout your university studies, you may be asked to ‘argue’ a particular point or position in your writing. You may already be familiar with the idea of an argument, which in general terms means to have a disagreement with someone. Similarly, in academic writing, if you are asked to create an argument, this means you are asked to have a position on a particular topic, and then justify your position using evidence.

What skills do you need to create an argument?

In order to create a good and effective argument, you need to be able to:

• Read critically to find evidence
• Plan your argument
• Think and write critically throughout your paper to enhance your argument

For tips on how to read and write critically, refer to the chapter Thinking for more information. A formula for developing a strong argument is presented below.

A formula for a good argument

What does an argument look like?

As can be seen from the figure above, including evidence is a key element of a good argument. While this may seem like a straightforward task, it can be difficult to think of wording to express your argument. The table below provides examples of how you can illustrate your argument in academic writing (see Table 19.6 ).

Table 19.6 Argument

Editing and proofreading (reviewing).

Once you have finished writing your first draft it is recommended that you spend time revising your work.  Proofreading and editing are two different stages of the revision process.

• Editing considers the overall focus or bigger picture of the assignment
• Proofreading considers the finer details

As can be seen in the figure above there are four main areas that you should review during the editing phase of the revision process. The main things to consider when editing include content, structure, style, and sources. It is important to check that all the content relates to the assignment task, the structure is appropriate for the purposes of the assignment, the writing is academic in style, and that sources have been adequately acknowledged. Use the checklist below when editing your work.

Editing checklist

• Have I answered the question accurately?
• Do I have enough credible, scholarly supporting evidence?
• Is my writing tone objective and formal enough or have I used emotive and informal language?
• Have I written in the third person not the first person?
• Do I have appropriate in-text citations for all my information?
• Have I included the full details for all my in-text citations in my reference list?

There are also several key things to look out for during the proofreading phase of the revision process. In this stage it is important to check your work for word choice, grammar and spelling, punctuation and referencing errors. It can be easy to mis-type words like ‘from’ and ‘form’ or mix up words like ‘trail’ and ‘trial’ when writing about research, apply American rather than Australian spelling, include unnecessary commas or incorrectly format your references list. The checklist below is a useful guide that you can use when proofreading your work.

Proofreading checklist

• Is my spelling and grammar accurate?
•  Are they complete?
• Do they all make sense?
• Do they only contain only one idea?
• Do the different elements (subject, verb, nouns, pronouns) within my sentences agree?
• Are my sentences too long and complicated?
• Do they contain only one idea per sentence?
• Is my writing concise? Take out words that do not add meaning to your sentences.
• Have I used appropriate discipline specific language but avoided words I don’t know or understand that could possibly be out of context?
• Have I avoided discriminatory language and colloquial expressions (slang)?
• Is my referencing formatted correctly according to my assignment guidelines? (for more information on referencing refer to the Managing Assessment feedback section).

This chapter has examined the experience of writing assignments.  It began by focusing on how to read and break down an assignment question, then highlighted the key components of essays. Next, it examined some techniques for paraphrasing and summarising, and how to build an argument. It concluded with a discussion on planning and structuring your assignment and giving it that essential polish with editing and proof-reading. Combining these skills and practising them, can greatly improve your success with this very common form of assessment.

• Academic writing requires clear and logical structure, critical thinking and the use of credible scholarly sources.
• A thesis statement is important as it tells the reader the position or argument you have adopted in your assignment. Not all assignments will require a thesis statement.
• Spending time analysing your task and planning your structure before you start to write your assignment is time well spent.
• Information you use in your assignment should come from credible scholarly sources such as textbooks and peer reviewed journals. This information needs to be paraphrased and referenced appropriately.
• Paraphrasing means putting something into your own words and synthesising means to bring together several ideas from sources.
• Creating an argument is a four step process and can be applied to all types of academic writing.
• Editing and proofreading are two separate processes.

Academic Skills Centre. (2013). Writing an introduction and conclusion . University of Canberra, accessed 13 August, 2013, http://www.canberra.edu.au/studyskills/writing/conclusions

Balkis, M., & Duru, E. (2016). Procrastination, self-regulation failure, academic life satisfaction, and affective well-being: underregulation or misregulation form. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 31 (3), 439-459.

Custer, N. (2018). Test anxiety and academic procrastination among prelicensure nursing students. Nursing education perspectives, 39 (3), 162-163.

Yerdelen, S., McCaffrey, A., & Klassen, R. M. (2016). Longitudinal examination of procrastination and anxiety, and their relation to self-efficacy for self-regulated learning: Latent growth curve modeling. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 16 (1).

Writing Assignments Copyright © 2021 by Kate Derrington; Cristy Bartlett; and Sarah Irvine is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Definition of assignment

task , duty , job , chore , stint , assignment mean a piece of work to be done.

task implies work imposed by a person in authority or an employer or by circumstance.

duty implies an obligation to perform or responsibility for performance.

job applies to a piece of work voluntarily performed; it may sometimes suggest difficulty or importance.

chore implies a minor routine activity necessary for maintaining a household or farm.

stint implies a carefully allotted or measured quantity of assigned work or service.

assignment implies a definite limited task assigned by one in authority.

Examples of assignment in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'assignment.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

see assign entry 1

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Phrases Containing assignment

• self - assignment

Dictionary Entries Near assignment

Cite this entry.

“Assignment.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/assignment. Accessed 18 May. 2024.

Legal Definition

Legal definition of assignment, more from merriam-webster on assignment.

Nglish: Translation of assignment for Spanish Speakers

Britannica English: Translation of assignment for Arabic Speakers

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What are the most important features to consider in a task management tool?

Your task management tool should have everything you need to manage and execute your work. Make sure the task management software you choose aggregates your to-dos in one view—at the project and portfolio level. You’ll also want to look for a tool that gives you the flexibility to do your work your way by offering integrations with your favorite business apps. And last but certainly not least, make sure the task management software you select has a way to automate your workflows with rules, templates, and more.

What does it mean to multi-home tasks?

Multi-homing is the centerpiece of cross-functional collaboration in Asana. Your most important work happens with team members from other departments—who each have their own way of storing and organizing to-dos. With multi-homing, you can house the same task in multiple projects (rather than creating duplicates of the task, which can quickly get outdated). Then, if you change any task details in one project, those changes are instantly and automatically reflected across every other project in real time.

What are subtasks?

Subtasks help you break the work of a task into smaller parts in order to divide up the work among multiple people. For example, a “blog post” task has several parts. One person needs to write the blog, another needs to review it, and so on. In this case, each individual component would be its own subtask, assigned to the person responsible for completing it. All subtasks are housed within a parent task—the blog post task—making it easy for stakeholders to stay connected to the overarching context of their work.

What are task templates? How can they help me?

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Understanding Assignments

What this handout is about.

The first step in any successful college writing venture is reading the assignment. While this sounds like a simple task, it can be a tough one. This handout will help you unravel your assignment and begin to craft an effective response. Much of the following advice will involve translating typical assignment terms and practices into meaningful clues to the type of writing your instructor expects. See our short video for more tips.

Basic beginnings

Regardless of the assignment, department, or instructor, adopting these two habits will serve you well :

• Read the assignment carefully as soon as you receive it. Do not put this task off—reading the assignment at the beginning will save you time, stress, and problems later. An assignment can look pretty straightforward at first, particularly if the instructor has provided lots of information. That does not mean it will not take time and effort to complete; you may even have to learn a new skill to complete the assignment.
• Ask the instructor about anything you do not understand. Do not hesitate to approach your instructor. Instructors would prefer to set you straight before you hand the paper in. That’s also when you will find their feedback most useful.

Assignment formats

Many assignments follow a basic format. Assignments often begin with an overview of the topic, include a central verb or verbs that describe the task, and offer some additional suggestions, questions, or prompts to get you started.

An Overview of Some Kind

The instructor might set the stage with some general discussion of the subject of the assignment, introduce the topic, or remind you of something pertinent that you have discussed in class. For example:

“Throughout history, gerbils have played a key role in politics,” or “In the last few weeks of class, we have focused on the evening wear of the housefly …”

The Task of the Assignment

Pay attention; this part tells you what to do when you write the paper. Look for the key verb or verbs in the sentence. Words like analyze, summarize, or compare direct you to think about your topic in a certain way. Also pay attention to words such as how, what, when, where, and why; these words guide your attention toward specific information. (See the section in this handout titled “Key Terms” for more information.)

“Analyze the effect that gerbils had on the Russian Revolution”, or “Suggest an interpretation of housefly undergarments that differs from Darwin’s.”

Additional Material to Think about

Here you will find some questions to use as springboards as you begin to think about the topic. Instructors usually include these questions as suggestions rather than requirements. Do not feel compelled to answer every question unless the instructor asks you to do so. Pay attention to the order of the questions. Sometimes they suggest the thinking process your instructor imagines you will need to follow to begin thinking about the topic.

“You may wish to consider the differing views held by Communist gerbils vs. Monarchist gerbils, or Can there be such a thing as ‘the housefly garment industry’ or is it just a home-based craft?”

These are the instructor’s comments about writing expectations:

“Be concise”, “Write effectively”, or “Argue furiously.”

Technical Details

These instructions usually indicate format rules or guidelines.

“Your paper must be typed in Palatino font on gray paper and must not exceed 600 pages. It is due on the anniversary of Mao Tse-tung’s death.”

The assignment’s parts may not appear in exactly this order, and each part may be very long or really short. Nonetheless, being aware of this standard pattern can help you understand what your instructor wants you to do.

Interpreting the assignment

Ask yourself a few basic questions as you read and jot down the answers on the assignment sheet:

Why did your instructor ask you to do this particular task?

Who is your audience.

• What kind of evidence do you need to support your ideas?

What kind of writing style is acceptable?

• What are the absolute rules of the paper?

Try to look at the question from the point of view of the instructor. Recognize that your instructor has a reason for giving you this assignment and for giving it to you at a particular point in the semester. In every assignment, the instructor has a challenge for you. This challenge could be anything from demonstrating an ability to think clearly to demonstrating an ability to use the library. See the assignment not as a vague suggestion of what to do but as an opportunity to show that you can handle the course material as directed. Paper assignments give you more than a topic to discuss—they ask you to do something with the topic. Keep reminding yourself of that. Be careful to avoid the other extreme as well: do not read more into the assignment than what is there.

Of course, your instructor has given you an assignment so that they will be able to assess your understanding of the course material and give you an appropriate grade. But there is more to it than that. Your instructor has tried to design a learning experience of some kind. Your instructor wants you to think about something in a particular way for a particular reason. If you read the course description at the beginning of your syllabus, review the assigned readings, and consider the assignment itself, you may begin to see the plan, purpose, or approach to the subject matter that your instructor has created for you. If you still aren’t sure of the assignment’s goals, try asking the instructor. For help with this, see our handout on getting feedback .

Given your instructor’s efforts, it helps to answer the question: What is my purpose in completing this assignment? Is it to gather research from a variety of outside sources and present a coherent picture? Is it to take material I have been learning in class and apply it to a new situation? Is it to prove a point one way or another? Key words from the assignment can help you figure this out. Look for key terms in the form of active verbs that tell you what to do.

Key Terms: Finding Those Active Verbs

Here are some common key words and definitions to help you think about assignment terms:

Information words Ask you to demonstrate what you know about the subject, such as who, what, when, where, how, and why.

• define —give the subject’s meaning (according to someone or something). Sometimes you have to give more than one view on the subject’s meaning
• describe —provide details about the subject by answering question words (such as who, what, when, where, how, and why); you might also give details related to the five senses (what you see, hear, feel, taste, and smell)
• explain —give reasons why or examples of how something happened
• illustrate —give descriptive examples of the subject and show how each is connected with the subject
• summarize —briefly list the important ideas you learned about the subject
• trace —outline how something has changed or developed from an earlier time to its current form
• research —gather material from outside sources about the subject, often with the implication or requirement that you will analyze what you have found

Relation words Ask you to demonstrate how things are connected.

• compare —show how two or more things are similar (and, sometimes, different)
• contrast —show how two or more things are dissimilar
• apply—use details that you’ve been given to demonstrate how an idea, theory, or concept works in a particular situation
• cause —show how one event or series of events made something else happen
• relate —show or describe the connections between things

Interpretation words Ask you to defend ideas of your own about the subject. Do not see these words as requesting opinion alone (unless the assignment specifically says so), but as requiring opinion that is supported by concrete evidence. Remember examples, principles, definitions, or concepts from class or research and use them in your interpretation.

• assess —summarize your opinion of the subject and measure it against something
• prove, justify —give reasons or examples to demonstrate how or why something is the truth
• evaluate, respond —state your opinion of the subject as good, bad, or some combination of the two, with examples and reasons
• support —give reasons or evidence for something you believe (be sure to state clearly what it is that you believe)
• synthesize —put two or more things together that have not been put together in class or in your readings before; do not just summarize one and then the other and say that they are similar or different—you must provide a reason for putting them together that runs all the way through the paper
• analyze —determine how individual parts create or relate to the whole, figure out how something works, what it might mean, or why it is important
• argue —take a side and defend it with evidence against the other side

More Clues to Your Purpose As you read the assignment, think about what the teacher does in class:

• What kinds of textbooks or coursepack did your instructor choose for the course—ones that provide background information, explain theories or perspectives, or argue a point of view?
• In lecture, does your instructor ask your opinion, try to prove their point of view, or use keywords that show up again in the assignment?
• What kinds of assignments are typical in this discipline? Social science classes often expect more research. Humanities classes thrive on interpretation and analysis.
• How do the assignments, readings, and lectures work together in the course? Instructors spend time designing courses, sometimes even arguing with their peers about the most effective course materials. Figuring out the overall design to the course will help you understand what each assignment is meant to achieve.

Now, what about your reader? Most undergraduates think of their audience as the instructor. True, your instructor is a good person to keep in mind as you write. But for the purposes of a good paper, think of your audience as someone like your roommate: smart enough to understand a clear, logical argument, but not someone who already knows exactly what is going on in your particular paper. Remember, even if the instructor knows everything there is to know about your paper topic, they still have to read your paper and assess your understanding. In other words, teach the material to your reader.

Aiming a paper at your audience happens in two ways: you make decisions about the tone and the level of information you want to convey.

• Tone means the “voice” of your paper. Should you be chatty, formal, or objective? Usually you will find some happy medium—you do not want to alienate your reader by sounding condescending or superior, but you do not want to, um, like, totally wig on the man, you know? Eschew ostentatious erudition: some students think the way to sound academic is to use big words. Be careful—you can sound ridiculous, especially if you use the wrong big words.
• The level of information you use depends on who you think your audience is. If you imagine your audience as your instructor and they already know everything you have to say, you may find yourself leaving out key information that can cause your argument to be unconvincing and illogical. But you do not have to explain every single word or issue. If you are telling your roommate what happened on your favorite science fiction TV show last night, you do not say, “First a dark-haired white man of average height, wearing a suit and carrying a flashlight, walked into the room. Then a purple alien with fifteen arms and at least three eyes turned around. Then the man smiled slightly. In the background, you could hear a clock ticking. The room was fairly dark and had at least two windows that I saw.” You also do not say, “This guy found some aliens. The end.” Find some balance of useful details that support your main point.

You’ll find a much more detailed discussion of these concepts in our handout on audience .

The Grim Truth

With a few exceptions (including some lab and ethnography reports), you are probably being asked to make an argument. You must convince your audience. It is easy to forget this aim when you are researching and writing; as you become involved in your subject matter, you may become enmeshed in the details and focus on learning or simply telling the information you have found. You need to do more than just repeat what you have read. Your writing should have a point, and you should be able to say it in a sentence. Sometimes instructors call this sentence a “thesis” or a “claim.”

So, if your instructor tells you to write about some aspect of oral hygiene, you do not want to just list: “First, you brush your teeth with a soft brush and some peanut butter. Then, you floss with unwaxed, bologna-flavored string. Finally, gargle with bourbon.” Instead, you could say, “Of all the oral cleaning methods, sandblasting removes the most plaque. Therefore it should be recommended by the American Dental Association.” Or, “From an aesthetic perspective, moldy teeth can be quite charming. However, their joys are short-lived.”

Convincing the reader of your argument is the goal of academic writing. It doesn’t have to say “argument” anywhere in the assignment for you to need one. Look at the assignment and think about what kind of argument you could make about it instead of just seeing it as a checklist of information you have to present. For help with understanding the role of argument in academic writing, see our handout on argument .

What kind of evidence do you need?

There are many kinds of evidence, and what type of evidence will work for your assignment can depend on several factors–the discipline, the parameters of the assignment, and your instructor’s preference. Should you use statistics? Historical examples? Do you need to conduct your own experiment? Can you rely on personal experience? See our handout on evidence for suggestions on how to use evidence appropriately.

Make sure you are clear about this part of the assignment, because your use of evidence will be crucial in writing a successful paper. You are not just learning how to argue; you are learning how to argue with specific types of materials and ideas. Ask your instructor what counts as acceptable evidence. You can also ask a librarian for help. No matter what kind of evidence you use, be sure to cite it correctly—see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial .

You cannot always tell from the assignment just what sort of writing style your instructor expects. The instructor may be really laid back in class but still expect you to sound formal in writing. Or the instructor may be fairly formal in class and ask you to write a reflection paper where you need to use “I” and speak from your own experience.

Try to avoid false associations of a particular field with a style (“art historians like wacky creativity,” or “political scientists are boring and just give facts”) and look instead to the types of readings you have been given in class. No one expects you to write like Plato—just use the readings as a guide for what is standard or preferable to your instructor. When in doubt, ask your instructor about the level of formality they expect.

No matter what field you are writing for or what facts you are including, if you do not write so that your reader can understand your main idea, you have wasted your time. So make clarity your main goal. For specific help with style, see our handout on style .

Technical details about the assignment

The technical information you are given in an assignment always seems like the easy part. This section can actually give you lots of little hints about approaching the task. Find out if elements such as page length and citation format (see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial ) are negotiable. Some professors do not have strong preferences as long as you are consistent and fully answer the assignment. Some professors are very specific and will deduct big points for deviations.

Usually, the page length tells you something important: The instructor thinks the size of the paper is appropriate to the assignment’s parameters. In plain English, your instructor is telling you how many pages it should take for you to answer the question as fully as you are expected to. So if an assignment is two pages long, you cannot pad your paper with examples or reword your main idea several times. Hit your one point early, defend it with the clearest example, and finish quickly. If an assignment is ten pages long, you can be more complex in your main points and examples—and if you can only produce five pages for that assignment, you need to see someone for help—as soon as possible.

Tricks that don’t work

Your instructors are not fooled when you:

• spend more time on the cover page than the essay —graphics, cool binders, and cute titles are no replacement for a well-written paper.
• use huge fonts, wide margins, or extra spacing to pad the page length —these tricks are immediately obvious to the eye. Most instructors use the same word processor you do. They know what’s possible. Such tactics are especially damning when the instructor has a stack of 60 papers to grade and yours is the only one that low-flying airplane pilots could read.
• use a paper from another class that covered “sort of similar” material . Again, the instructor has a particular task for you to fulfill in the assignment that usually relates to course material and lectures. Your other paper may not cover this material, and turning in the same paper for more than one course may constitute an Honor Code violation . Ask the instructor—it can’t hurt.
• get all wacky and “creative” before you answer the question . Showing that you are able to think beyond the boundaries of a simple assignment can be good, but you must do what the assignment calls for first. Again, check with your instructor. A humorous tone can be refreshing for someone grading a stack of papers, but it will not get you a good grade if you have not fulfilled the task.

Critical reading of assignments leads to skills in other types of reading and writing. If you get good at figuring out what the real goals of assignments are, you are going to be better at understanding the goals of all of your classes and fields of study.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Meaning of assignment in English

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• It was a plum assignment - more of a vacation really.
• He took this award-winning photograph while on assignment in the Middle East .
• His two-year assignment to the Mexico office starts in September .
• She first visited Norway on assignment for the winter Olympics ten years ago.
• He fell in love with the area after being there on assignment for National Geographic in the 1950s.
• act as something
• all work and no play (makes Jack a dull boy) idiom
• be at work idiom
• be in work idiom
• housekeeping
• in the line of duty idiom
• short-staffed
• undertaking

You can also find related words, phrases, and synonyms in the topics:

assignment | Intermediate English

Assignment | business english, examples of assignment, collocations with assignment.

These are words often used in combination with assignment .

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If you are on hold when using the phone, you are waiting to speak to someone.

Searching out and tracking down: talking about finding or discovering things

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Assignment vs Novation: Everything You Need to Know

Assignment vs. novation: What's the difference? An assignment agreement transfers one party's rights and obligations under a contract to another party. 4 min read updated on February 01, 2023

Assignment vs. novation: What's the difference? An assignment agreement transfers one party's rights and obligations under a contract to another party. The party transferring their rights and duties is the assignor; the party receiving them is the assignee. Novation is a mechanism where one party transfers all its obligations and rights under a contract to a third party, with the consent of the original counterparty.

The transfer of a benefit or interest from one party to another is referred to as an assignment. While the benefits can be transferred, the obligation or burden behind the contract cannot be. A contract assignment occurs when a party assigns their contractual rights to a third party. The benefit that the issuing party would have received from the contract is now assigned to the third party. The party appointing their rights is referred to as the assignor, while the party obtaining the rights is the assignee. 

The assignor continues to carry the burden and can be held liable by the assignee for failing to fulfill their duties under the contract. Purchasing an indemnity clause from the assignee may help protect the assignor from a future liability. Unlike notation, assignment contracts do not annul the initial agreement and do not establish a new agreement. The original or initial contract continues to be enforced. 

Assignment contracts generally do not require the authorization from all parties in the agreement. Based on the terms, the assignor will most likely only need to notify the nonassigning party.

In regards to a contract being assignable, if an agreement seems silent or unclear, courts have decided that the contract is typically assignable. However, this does not apply to personal service contracts where consent is mandatory. The Supreme Court of Canada , or SCC, has determined that a personal service contract must be created for the original parties based on the special characteristics, skills, or confidences that are uniquely displayed between them. Many times, the courts need to intervene to determine whether an agreement is indeed a personal service contract.

Overall, assignment is more convenient for the assignor than novation. The assignor is not required to ask for approval from a third party in order to assign their interest in an agreement to the assignee. The assignor should be aware of the potential liability risk if the assignee doesn't perform their duties as stated in the assigned contract.

Novation has the potential to limit future liabilities to an assignor, but it also is usually more burdensome for the parties involved. Additionally, it's not always achievable if a third party refuses to give consent.

It's essential for the two parties in an agreement to appraise their relationship before transitioning to novation. An assignment is preferential for parties that would like to continue performing their obligations, but also transition some of their rights to another party.

A novation occurs when a party would like to transfer both the benefits and the burden within a contract to another party. Similar to assignment, the benefits are transferred, but unlike assignment, the burden is also transferred. When a novation is completed, the original contract is deleted and is replaced with a new one. In this new contract, a third party is now responsible for the obligations and rights. Generally, novation does not cancel any past obligations or rights under the initial contract, although it is possible to novate these as well.

Novation needs to be approved by both parties of the original contract and the new joining third party. Some amount of consideration must also be provided in the new contract in order for it to be novated, unless the novation is cited in a deed that is signed by all parties to the contract. In this situation, consideration is referring to something of value that is being gained through the contract.

Novation occurs when the purchaser to the original agreement is attempting to replace the seller of an original contract. Once novated, the original seller is released from any obligation under the initial contract. The SCC has established a three-point test to implement novation. The asserting party must prove:

• The purchaser accepts complete liability
• The creditor to the original contract accepts the purchaser as the official debtor, and not simply as a guarantor or agent of the seller
• The creditor to the original contract accepts the new contract as the replacement for the old one

Also, the SSC insisted that if a new agreement doesn't exist, the court would not find novation unless the precedence was unusually compelling.

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Random Assignment in Psychology: Definition & Examples

Julia Simkus

Editor at Simply Psychology

BA (Hons) Psychology, Princeton University

Julia Simkus is a graduate of Princeton University with a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology. She is currently studying for a Master's Degree in Counseling for Mental Health and Wellness in September 2023. Julia's research has been published in peer reviewed journals.

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Saul Mcleod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul Mcleod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

In psychology, random assignment refers to the practice of allocating participants to different experimental groups in a study in a completely unbiased way, ensuring each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any group.

In experimental research, random assignment, or random placement, organizes participants from your sample into different groups using randomization. 

Random assignment uses chance procedures to ensure that each participant has an equal opportunity of being assigned to either a control or experimental group.

The control group does not receive the treatment in question, whereas the experimental group does receive the treatment.

When using random assignment, neither the researcher nor the participant can choose the group to which the participant is assigned. This ensures that any differences between and within the groups are not systematic at the onset of the study. 

In a study to test the success of a weight-loss program, investigators randomly assigned a pool of participants to one of two groups.

Group A participants participated in the weight-loss program for 10 weeks and took a class where they learned about the benefits of healthy eating and exercise.

Group B participants read a 200-page book that explains the benefits of weight loss. The investigator randomly assigned participants to one of the two groups.

The researchers found that those who participated in the program and took the class were more likely to lose weight than those in the other group that received only the book.

Importance 

Random assignment ensures that each group in the experiment is identical before applying the independent variable.

In experiments , researchers will manipulate an independent variable to assess its effect on a dependent variable, while controlling for other variables. Random assignment increases the likelihood that the treatment groups are the same at the onset of a study.

Thus, any changes that result from the independent variable can be assumed to be a result of the treatment of interest. This is particularly important for eliminating sources of bias and strengthening the internal validity of an experiment.

Random assignment is the best method for inferring a causal relationship between a treatment and an outcome.

Random Selection vs. Random Assignment 

Random selection (also called probability sampling or random sampling) is a way of randomly selecting members of a population to be included in your study.

On the other hand, random assignment is a way of sorting the sample participants into control and treatment groups. 

Random selection ensures that everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study. Once the pool of participants has been chosen, experimenters use random assignment to assign participants into groups. 

Random assignment is only used in between-subjects experimental designs, while random selection can be used in a variety of study designs.

Random Assignment vs Random Sampling

Random sampling refers to selecting participants from a population so that each individual has an equal chance of being chosen. This method enhances the representativeness of the sample.

Random assignment, on the other hand, is used in experimental designs once participants are selected. It involves allocating these participants to different experimental groups or conditions randomly.

This helps ensure that any differences in results across groups are due to manipulating the independent variable, not preexisting differences among participants.

When to Use Random Assignment

Random assignment is used in experiments with a between-groups or independent measures design.

In these research designs, researchers will manipulate an independent variable to assess its effect on a dependent variable, while controlling for other variables.

There is usually a control group and one or more experimental groups. Random assignment helps ensure that the groups are comparable at the onset of the study.

How to Use Random Assignment

There are a variety of ways to assign participants into study groups randomly. Here are a handful of popular methods: 

• Random Number Generator : Give each member of the sample a unique number; use a computer program to randomly generate a number from the list for each group.
• Lottery : Give each member of the sample a unique number. Place all numbers in a hat or bucket and draw numbers at random for each group.
• Flipping a Coin : Flip a coin for each participant to decide if they will be in the control group or experimental group (this method can only be used when you have just two groups) 
• Roll a Die : For each number on the list, roll a dice to decide which of the groups they will be in. For example, assume that rolling 1, 2, or 3 places them in a control group and rolling 3, 4, 5 lands them in an experimental group.

When is Random Assignment not used?

• When it is not ethically permissible: Randomization is only ethical if the researcher has no evidence that one treatment is superior to the other or that one treatment might have harmful side effects. 
• When answering non-causal questions : If the researcher is just interested in predicting the probability of an event, the causal relationship between the variables is not important and observational designs would be more suitable than random assignment. 
• When studying the effect of variables that cannot be manipulated: Some risk factors cannot be manipulated and so it would not make any sense to study them in a randomized trial. For example, we cannot randomly assign participants into categories based on age, gender, or genetic factors.

Drawbacks of Random Assignment

While randomization assures an unbiased assignment of participants to groups, it does not guarantee the equality of these groups. There could still be extraneous variables that differ between groups or group differences that arise from chance. Additionally, there is still an element of luck with random assignments.

Thus, researchers can not produce perfectly equal groups for each specific study. Differences between the treatment group and control group might still exist, and the results of a randomized trial may sometimes be wrong, but this is absolutely okay.

Scientific evidence is a long and continuous process, and the groups will tend to be equal in the long run when data is aggregated in a meta-analysis.

Additionally, external validity (i.e., the extent to which the researcher can use the results of the study to generalize to the larger population) is compromised with random assignment.

Random assignment is challenging to implement outside of controlled laboratory conditions and might not represent what would happen in the real world at the population level. 

Random assignment can also be more costly than simple observational studies, where an investigator is just observing events without intervening with the population.

Randomization also can be time-consuming and challenging, especially when participants refuse to receive the assigned treatment or do not adhere to recommendations. 

What is the difference between random sampling and random assignment?

Random sampling refers to randomly selecting a sample of participants from a population. Random assignment refers to randomly assigning participants to treatment groups from the selected sample.

Does random assignment increase internal validity?

Yes, random assignment ensures that there are no systematic differences between the participants in each group, enhancing the study’s internal validity .

Does random assignment reduce sampling error?

Yes, with random assignment, participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either a control group or an experimental group, resulting in a sample that is, in theory, representative of the population.

Random assignment does not completely eliminate sampling error because a sample only approximates the population from which it is drawn. However, random sampling is a way to minimize sampling errors. 

When is random assignment not possible?

Random assignment is not possible when the experimenters cannot control the treatment or independent variable.

For example, if you want to compare how men and women perform on a test, you cannot randomly assign subjects to these groups.

Participants are not randomly assigned to different groups in this study, but instead assigned based on their characteristics.

Does random assignment eliminate confounding variables?

Yes, random assignment eliminates the influence of any confounding variables on the treatment because it distributes them at random among the study groups. Randomization invalidates any relationship between a confounding variable and the treatment.

Why is random assignment of participants to treatment conditions in an experiment used?

Random assignment is used to ensure that all groups are comparable at the start of a study. This allows researchers to conclude that the outcomes of the study can be attributed to the intervention at hand and to rule out alternative explanations for study results.

Further Reading

• Bogomolnaia, A., & Moulin, H. (2001). A new solution to the random assignment problem .  Journal of Economic theory ,  100 (2), 295-328.
• Krause, M. S., & Howard, K. I. (2003). What random assignment does and does not do .  Journal of Clinical Psychology ,  59 (7), 751-766.

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Open Source Initiative tries to define Open Source AI

Meanwhile, the creator of open source definition argues the real problem is unauthorized copying.

The Open Source Initiative – the non-profit overseeing the Open Source Definition, which lays out the requirements for software licenses – is taking its effort to define Open Source AI to the wisdom of the crowds.…

The public benefit biz is embarking on a global series of workshops to solicit input from concerned parties on its Open Source AI Definition, which has been under discussion for the past two years.

The issue is that there's no accepted way to determine whether or nor an AI system is open source, despite the fact that there are already many machine learning models offered under open source licenses (such as MIT, GPL 3.0, GPL 2.0, and the AFL 3.0).

There's concern that the legal language in existing OSI-approved licenses doesn't necessarily suit the way the machine learning models and datasets are used. Terms like "program," when applied to machine learning models, refer to more than just source code and binary files, for example.

"AI is different from regular software and forces all stakeholders to review how the Open Source principles apply to this space," Stefano Maffulli, executive director of the OSI, explained in a statement.

"OSI believes that everybody deserves to maintain agency and control of the technology. We also recognize that markets flourish when clear definitions promote transparency, collaboration, and permissionless innovation."

OSI is thus embarking on a roadshow to gather feedback about its latest draft – presently at v.0.0.8. The workshops will take place at various upcoming conferences in the US, Europe, Africa, Asia, Pacific, and Latin America through September.

Bruce Perens, who drafted the original Open Source Definition, told The Register that he was skeptical about the need to address AI separately.

"I think the problem is not that AI vendors are saying their software is open source when it's not. It's the entire software industry saying their software is open source when it isn't," argued Perens, who split with the OSI four years ago.

"I think this is going to confuse the open source brand, because OSI already has an open source definition that applies to all software. And now we're going to have a second one that only applies to AI?

"I think the fundamental problem with AI is that its output is inherently plagiarism," Perens explained.

"Large language models are trained from websites, and open source software, without regard for their copyright. And their output is just a mix and match of their input. That problem will be dealt with by courts, just as Napster was." ®