assignment of biomedical waste management

Biomedical Waste Management Project, Definition, Assignment, PDF

Biomedical waste Management: Any waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animal is referred to as biomedical waste.Check Biomedical waste Management project here.

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Biomedical Waste Management

Biomedical waste management involves the proper handling, disposal, and treatment of waste materials generated in healthcare facilities, research laboratories, and other medical settings. It refers to a collection of practises intended to reduce the risks connected with biomedical waste, such as infectious diseases and environmental damage. In this essay, we will look at the significance of biomedical waste management as well as the key principles and practices involved.

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Biomedical Waste Management Project Definition

Bio-medical waste management was first governed by the Bio Medical Waste Management and Handling Rule, 1998, and its following changes. The Bio-medical Waste Management and handling regulation 2016 is now in effect. Bio-medical waste is any waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals, or during related research activities, as well as the manufacture or testing of biological products in health facilities. The term “bio medical waste” refers to all waste generated by healthcare facilities that, if illegally disposed of, could harm either human health or the environment as a whole. All rubbish that endangers human health or the environment is considered contagious and must be treated as such.

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Biomedical Waste Definition

Biomedical waste, also known as healthcare waste or medical waste, refers to any waste material that contains biological or infectious agents. This includes discarded items such as used syringes, needles, bandages, laboratory cultures, human tissues, blood, and other bodily fluids. Biomedical waste may also include non-biological materials like chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and radioactive substances used in medical procedures.

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Importance of Biomedical Waste Management

Proper biomedical waste management is essential for several reasons:

a) Preventing the Spread of Infections: Biomedical waste, especially infectious materials, can harbor pathogens that pose a risk to human health. Effective management practices, such as segregation, disinfection, and proper disposal, minimize the potential for disease transmission among healthcare workers, patients, and the general public.

b) Environmental Protection: Biomedical waste contains hazardous substances that can contaminate soil, water bodies, and the air if not managed properly. By implementing appropriate waste management strategies, the release of toxic chemicals, pathogens, and pharmaceutical residues into the environment can be minimized, safeguarding ecosystems and public health.

c) Compliance with Regulations: Governments and regulatory bodies have established guidelines and regulations for biomedical waste management to ensure public safety and environmental protection. Healthcare facilities are legally obligated to adhere to these regulations to avoid penalties and maintain their reputation.

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Biomedical Waste Management Principle

a) Segregation: The first step in effective waste management is the segregation of different types of biomedical waste. This involves categorizing waste into different color-coded containers based on their characteristics, such as infectious, sharp, chemical, or pharmaceutical waste. Segregation facilitates proper handling, treatment, and disposal of waste materials.

b) Collection and Storage: Biomedical waste should be collected and stored in secure containers that are leak-proof, puncture-resistant, and labeled appropriately. These containers should be placed at designated locations within healthcare facilities to ensure safe and convenient waste disposal.

c) Transportation: Biomedical waste must be transported from healthcare facilities to treatment or disposal facilities in a manner that prevents leakage, spillage, or exposure. Specialized vehicles and trained personnel should be employed for the transportation of biomedical waste, following strict safety protocols.

d) Treatment and Disposal: Biomedical waste requires proper treatment to inactivate pathogens and reduce its potential harm. Common treatment methods include incineration, autoclaving (steam sterilization), chemical disinfection, and microwaving. After treatment, the waste can be disposed of through landfilling, deep burial, or other approved methods.

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Best Practices in Biomedical Waste Management

a) Staff Training: Healthcare personnel should receive regular training on the proper handling, segregation, and disposal of biomedical waste. Training should include awareness about potential hazards, infection control measures, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

b) Monitoring and Auditing: Regular monitoring and auditing of biomedical waste management practices ensure compliance with regulations and identify areas for improvement. This includes tracking waste generation, segregation practices, storage conditions, and treatment processes.

c) Public Awareness: Public awareness campaigns can help educate the general population about the proper disposal of biomedical waste generated at home, such as sharps or expired medicines. Clear instructions and convenient collection systems can be provided to encourage responsible waste disposal.

d) Collaboration and Partnerships: Governments, healthcare facilities, waste management authorities, and environmental organizations should collaborate to establish effective biomedical waste management systems.

Biomedical Waste Management Assignment Explanation

Any garbage that contains infectious or possibly contagious elements is considered biomedical waste. These wastes are produced when humans and animals are diagnosed, treated, and immunized. There are both solid and liquid kinds of biomedical waste. Biomedical waste examples include: Waste sharps, including broken glass, scalpels, lancets, syringes, and used needles, bodily parts or recognisable human tissues (as a result of amputation), Veterinary hospital trash and animal tissues, used gloves, dressings, bandages, other medical equipment, contaminated areas’ liquid waste, and waste from the lab. Biomedical wastes must be treated and disposed of differently than ordinary waste.

Types of Biomedical Waste

Biomedical waste is divided into eight categories by the World Health Organization (WHO):

Infectious Waste
Sharps objects
Pathological Waste
Pharmaceutical Waste
Genotoxic Waste
Radioactive Waste
Chemical Waste
General/Other Waste

Biomedical Waste Management in Hospital

Biomedical waste in Hospitals include waste from human anatomy, including tissues, organs, and body parts animal waste produced by veterinary hospitals during research, wastes from microbiology and biotechnology, Sharps waste, such as used scalpels, syringes, and hypodermic needles, discarded medications, cytotoxic medications, trash that has been contaminated with blood, such as dressings, bandages, plaster casts, tubes, and catheters, liquid waste from each affected region, and Chemical wastes and incinerator ash.

Utilizing various sorts of containers to collect biological waste from places like operating rooms, labs, wards, kitchens, and hallways is part of the process. It is important to arrange the bins and containers such that 100% collection is obtained.

Biomedical Waste Management Project/ Assignment

Introduction to bio-medical waste (bmw).

All human endeavours result in garbage. We are all aware that this waste could be toxic and needs to be disposed of properly. Polluted water, land, and air, as well as industrial and agricultural waste. Both humans and the environment may be at risk from it.

Similar to this, hospitals and other healthcare institutions produce large amounts of garbage that can spread diseases to anyone who handle it or come into touch with it, including HIV, Hepatitis B and C, and Tetanus.

Definition of BioMedical Waste

Any waste that is produced during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of humans or animals, in related research activities, or in the manufacturing or testing of biologicals, as defined by the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 of India.

Classification of BioMedical Waste

Medical waste is divided into eight categories by the World Health Organization (WHO): general waste, pathological waste, radioactive waste, chemical waste, infectious to possibly contagious waste, sharps waste, pharmaceutical waste, and waste in pressurized containers.

Sources of Biomedical Waste

Hospitals generate waste, which has grown in both quantity and variety over time. In addition to being a risk to patients and the staff who manage them, hospital waste also poses a risk to the environment and public health.

hospitals, whether public or private, nursing homes, or dispensaries.
primary care facilities.
paramedical services, medical schools, and research facilities.
Animal research facilities and veterinary colleges.
mortuaries, blood banks, and autopsy facilities.
Institutes for biotechnology.
unit of production.
clinics for doctors and dentists.
slaughterhouses for animals.
camps for blood donation.
vaccine facilities.
Psychiatric facilities, cosmetic piercing, and acupuncturists.
funeral arrangements.
institutions for people with disabilities.

Treatment of Biomedical Waste Management

1. chemical processes.

These procedures make use of disinfectant-acting compounds. Examples of such compounds include ozone, hydrogen peroxide, per-acetic acid, sodium hypochlorite, dissolved chlorine dioxide, and dry inorganic chemicals. The majority of chemical reactions require neutralising agents and a lot of water.

2. Thermal Processes

Heat is used in these procedures to disinfect. Low-heat systems and High-heat systems have been divided into two categories based on the temperature at which they function. Steam, hot water, or electromagnetic radiation are used in low-heat systems (which run between 93 and 177°C) to heat and cleanse the waste.

3. Mechanical Processes

To make trash handling easier or to process waste in conjunction with other treatment stages, these methods are used to alter the physical shape or features of the waste. The key two mechanical operations are

Compaction: used to lessen the amount of waste
Shredding: used to prevent the reuse of plastic and paper waste by destroying it. A shredder can only be used with waste that has been disinfected.

4. Irradiation Processes

Wastes should be exposed to ultraviolet or ionising radiation in a sealed space. To make the garbage unidentifiable in these systems, post shredding is necessary.

5. Biological Processes

treating medical waste with biological enzymes. In addition to decontaminating the waste, it is asserted that biological reactions will also cause the elimination of all organic components, leaving only plastics, glass, and other inert materials in the residues.

Health Hazards of Biomedical Waste Management

The WHO reports that the average life expectancy in the world is rising. However, the number of fatal infections is rising. According to a WHO research, infectious diseases claim the lives of more than 50,000 people every day.

Ineffective waste management is one of the factors contributing to the rise in infectious diseases. The majority of viruses, bacteria, and parasites that cause illness are found in blood, body fluids, and bodily secretions, which are components of biomedical waste.

Biomedical Waste Management Assignment Project PDF

Here we give bio medical waste management assignment project pdf for the students. check now

Bio Medical Waste Management

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What are the 4 types of biomedical waste?

Infectious, hazardous, radioactive, and normal medical waste are the four main categories.

What are the types of biomedical waste management?

Incineration is one of the several technologies that can be utilised for treatment. Chemical eradication, Thermal Wet Treatment, Radiation from microwaves, Disposal of Land, and Inertization.

What is biomedical waste and its types classify?

There are two categories for biomedical waste: 2. Hazardous garbage, followed by non-hazardous waste Non-hazardous waste: Page 5 About 75% to 90% of the properties of biomedical waste are identical to those of household garbage and are not dangerous in any way.

What is called biomedical waste?

Any waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunisation of humans or animals used in research operations, the manufacture or testing of biological products, or in health camps is referred to as biomedical waste (BMW).

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Sustainable Biomedical Waste Management

Reference work entry
First Online: 21 May 2019
pp 1901–1923
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assignment of biomedical waste management

Sukanchan Palit 2 &
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 3

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The domain of waste management and pollution control is today undergoing rapid and drastic changes. Human civilization and human scientific endeavor are moving toward a newer era of scientific regeneration. In the similar manner, biomedical engineering is surpassing visionary scientific frontiers. Solid waste management and biomedical engineering are the forerunners toward scientific regeneration and deep scientific vision. The present state of waste management is deeply challenged and is replete with scientific imagination. Industrial pollution today is the need of the hour. In this treatise, the authors deeply discussed the scientific success, the vast scientific potential, and the vision to move forward in the field of biomedical waste management. Human scientific research pursuit in waste management today needs to be re-envisioned and redefined. The challenge and the vision of this treatise are immense and far-reaching. The authors also in this well-researched treatise successfully elucidate the need for sustainable development in present-day human civilization. Waste management and environmental sustainability are the challenges of environmental engineering science today. This treatise opens up a new chapter in human scientific research pursuit in biomedical sciences and engineering with the sole aim and objective toward the furtherance of engineering science. Technological validation and the vast scientific ingenuity in the field of waste management are the other hallmarks of this treatise. The authors pointedly focus on the human scientific ingenuity and deep profundity in the field of biomedical engineering and waste management. Environmental sustainability is another vast area of research pursuit in this widely researched treatise.

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Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Sukanchan Palit

Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

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Palit, S., Hussain, C.M. (2019). Sustainable Biomedical Waste Management. In: Hussain, C. (eds) Handbook of Environmental Materials Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73645-7_123

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Assessment of Biomedical Waste Management in Health Facilities of Uttar Pradesh: An Observational Study

Affiliations.

1 Department of Community Medicine & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, IND.
2 Epidemiology and Public Health, Uttrakhand Health Services, Uttarakhand, IND.
3 Community Medicine, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, IND.
PMID: 34993039
PMCID: PMC8720173
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20098

Background Biomedical waste management has recently emerged as an issue of major concern for every health facility and healthcare provider due to human and environmental hazards. As per government guidelines, every health facility, either large medical institutes or small clinics, should ensure appropriate biomedical waste management at their facilities level. Objective To assess biomedical waste management in various health care facilities of Etawah district. Methodology It was a facility-based cross-sectional assessment that included government and private health facilities. The selection of facilities was done based on a simple random sampling method. All the people in charge of concerned health care facilities were interviewed to know the current biomedical waste management situation concerning health facilities and the problems they face in biomedical waste management. Health care professionals' knowledge was also assessed. Results A total of 56 health care facilities (HCFs) from both government and private sectors were selected. Biomedical waste guidelines are mainly available at tertiary care centers (93%) and secondary care centers (51.5%). Awareness among doctors related to hazards and prevention of hazards (<0.001), knowledge of unused sharps (0.048), contact with a blood-related product (0.003), hazardous waste (<0.001), and need for training (<0.001) are statistically significant with respect to nurses. Conclusions Government of India guidelines on biomedical waste management (BMW) are in place, but the use of guidelines currently is not up to the mark or at a satisfactory level. Spreading awareness of the BMW guidelines and their strict implementation is the need of the hour.

Keywords: biomedical waste management; health care facilities; health policy; india; waste hazards.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figure 1. Distribution of study sites

CHC: Community Health Center; PHC: Primary Health Center

Figure 2. Distribution of observation according to…

Figure 2. Distribution of observation according to the type of facility

Figure 3. Problems faced by those in…

Figure 3. Problems faced by those in charge of facilities

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DOI: 10.31031/SBB.2018.01.000522
Corpus ID: 134379402

A Review on Biomedical Waste and its Management

P. Sharma , A. Sharma , +1 author Somani Ps
Published in Significances of… 6 June 2018
Environmental Science, Medicine

15 References

A study : biomedical waste management in india, current perspectives on biomedical waste management: rules, conventions and treatment technologies, advantages and disadvantages of healthcare waste treatment and disposal alternatives: malaysian scenario, biomedical waste management: a study of knowledge, attitude, and practices in a tertiary health care institution in bijapur, a case study to review compliance to biomedical waste management rules in a tertiary care hospital, awareness and practices regarding bio-medical waste management among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in delhi, assessment of medical waste management within selected hospitals in gaza strip palestine: a pilot study, biomedical waste management: a study of knowledge, attitude and practice among health care personnel at tertiary care hospital in rajkot, incineration or autoclave a comparative study in isfahan hospitals waste management system (2010), awareness and practices regarding biomedical waste management among health-care workers in a tertiary care hospital in delhi: comment, related papers.

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21 Biomedical wastes: Definition, sources, classification, collection, segregation, Treatment and disposal

Dr. J. Rajesh Banu

1.Objectives:

To know what is biomedical waste and its source of generation To gain knowledge about the different types of biomedical waste. To explain the steps of biomedical waste management
To describe the proper mode of collecting and segregating the biomedical waste To understand the risks of biomedical waste, its method of treatment and disposal

2. Biomedical Waste: Definition:

Bio-medical waste means “any solid and/or liquid waste produced during diagnosis, treatment or vaccination of human beings or animals. Biomedical waste creates hazard due to two principal reasons: infectivity and toxicity. Figure 1 shows some of the biomedical waste

Figure 1.Biomedical waste

3. Sources:

The source of biomedical waste is the place or the location at which biomedical waste has been generated. The source of biomedical waste is classified into two types based on the quantity of waste generated. They include major and minor source. Major source generates more amount of biomedical waste compared to minor source and also there is regular generation of biomedical waste in the major source which includes government hospitals, private hospitals, nursing home and dispensaries. Minor source includes physicians and dental clinics. Figure 2 shows the details of the various source of biomedical waste generation

Figure 2 Sources of biomedical waste

4. Classification:

The classification of the biomedical waste is carried out based on its characteristics, source of generation and the level of hazard to the environment. The biomedical waste is classified into two types:

1. Non hazardous waste

2. Hazardous waste

4.1 Non-hazardous waste:

About 75% to 90 % of biomedical waste characteristics were similar to that of domestic waste and are non-risky in nature. This waste is generated mainly from the organization and maintenance of hospital and health care centers.

4.2 Hazardous waste:

The remaining 10 – 25% of biomedical waste falls under the hazardous waste categories. The hazardous waste contains infectious characteristics of about 15% – 18 % and toxicity characteristics of about 5% – 7%. The various hazardous wastes includes,

Infectious waste: Waste containing pathogens; e.g. excreta; laboratory cultures; isolation wards waste; swabs, materials, or equipments that have been in contact with infected patients.

Pathological waste: Human tissues or fluids e.g. body parts; blood and other body fluids; fetuses.

Pharmaceutical waste: Waste containing pharmaceuticals; e.g. pharmaceuticals that are expired or no longer needed; contaminated pharmaceuticals (bottles, boxes).

Genotoxic waste: Waste containing cytostatic drugs (often used in cancer therapy)/ genotoxic chemicals.

Chemical waste: Waste containing chemical substances e.g. laboratory reagents; film developer; disinfectants and solvents that are expired or no longer needed.

Wastes with high content of heavy metals: Batteries, Broken thermometers, blood pressure gauges, Pressurized containers, gas cylinders, gas cartridges, aerosol cans.

Radioactive waste from radiotherapy: Waste containing radioactive substances e.g. unused liquids from laboratory research; contaminated glassware, packages or absorbent paper; urine and excreta from patients treated or tested with uncapped radionuclide

5. Biomedical Waste management:

Proper management of biomedical waste is highly essential since it induces various risk to the human health and to the surrounding ecosystem that leads to the ecological hazard, professional hazard and public hazard. Steps involved in biomedical waste management was shown in Figure 3

Figure 3. Steps involved in biomedical waste management

5.1 Segregation

To avoid mixing of the biomedical waste with other, a container should be set to the side with colour coding bags at the point of generation. The sorting or separation of waste into different categories is referred as segregation. Segregation will decrease or minimize the risks in addition to rate of managing and disposal. Segregation is the most important and critical step in bio-medical waste management. Only, effective segregation can confirm the effective bio-medical waste management.

5.1.1 How does segregation help?

Segregation plays an effective role in handling and treatment of waste. It reduces the quantity of waste and if done effectively, it can avoid the mixing of biomedical waste with any other type of waste especially municipal waste. Segregation will avoid the reuse of certain biomedical waste like used syringes, needles and other plastics. Some materials like plastics can be recycled after proper disinfection and these can be reused for non-food grade products.

During segregation process, the biomedical waste must be separated under the following categories shown in Table 1. Category no.1 includes the Human anatomical waste in which the human tissues, organs, body parts are considered. Animal waste falls under the Category No. 2. It includes Animal tissues, organs, body parts, carcasses, bleeding parts, fluid, blood and experimental animals used in research, waste generated by veterinary hospitals and colleges, discharges from hospitals, animal houses. Category No. 3 is the Microbiology & Biotechnology waste which contain Wastes from laboratory cultures, stocks or specimen of live microorganisms or attenuated vaccines; human and animal cell cultures used in research; infectious agents from research and industrial laboratories; wastes from production of biologicals, toxins and devices used for transfer of cultures. The Category No. 4 includes waste Sharps in which Needles, syringes, scalpels, blades, glass, etc. that may cause puncture and cuts. This includes both used and unused sharps. Discarded Medicine and Cytotoxic drugs falls under the Category No 5 which consists of wastes comprising of outdated, contaminated and discarded medicines. The soiled waste is included in the Category No. 6 containing items contaminated with body fluids including cotton, dressings, soiled plaster casts, lines, bedding and other materials contaminated with blood.

Table 1. Categories of Waste (Source: Biomedical Waste (Handling and management Rules 1998)

Category No 7 is the solid waste which includes waste generated from disposable items other than the waste sharps such as tubing, catheters, intravenous sets, etc. Liquid waste falls under the category no. 8, it consists of waste generated from the laboratory and washing, cleaning, housekeeping and disinfecting activities. Category No 9 includes incineration ash i.e., ash from incineration of any biomedical waste. Chemical Waste falls under Category No 10 and consists of Chemicals used in production of biologicals, chemicals used in disinfection and as insecticides etc.

5.2 Collection and storage

The collection of biomedical waste involves the installation of different colour coded containers for biomedical wastes obtained from varying sources. The containers/ bins should be placed in a location so that 100 % collection is achieved. The bins and bags that hold the biohazard symbol as shown in Figure 4 represents the nature of waste. The symbols in biomedical waste management is generally used as a warning to take precautions while exposing to those substances. The biohazard symbol was developed by the Dow Chemical Company in 1966 for their containment products.

Subsequent to collection, the biomedical waste is stored in specific containers and stored in a proper place. The extent of storage should not exceed beyond 8-10 h in big hospitals containing more than 250 bedded and 24 h in nursing homes. Each container must be clearly labelled with the location being mentioned in them. The purpose of labelling is to trace the waste at the source. Storage spot must be clear with a warning sign.

Figure 4 Symbols

Collection of the biomedical waste was carried out in its specific coloured bags. In the yellow colour bags, the categories 1,2,3 and 6 waste will be collected and this bags are made up of plastic materials. The Red bags are made up of disinfected container or plastic in which Category 3, 6 & 7 waste will be collected. The Blue/ White Translucent bags collect Category 4 & 7 waste which is made up of Plastic/ puncture proof container. The black coloured plastic bags are used for the collection of waste under category 5, 9 & 10. Figure 5 shows the collection of biomedical waste in the colour coded boxes

5.3 Transportation

The collected wastes are transported in trolleys or in enclosed wheelbarrow for treatment. The operator should ensure to avoid manual loading. The bags / Container containing biomedical wastes must be tied/ lidded before hauling for treatment. Vehicles used for transporting should be special to avoid contact to, and direct contact with the operator, scavengers and the public. While transporting the containers, it must be properly enclosed. The effects of traffic accidents should be incorporated in the design, and the driver must be trained in the actions which must be followed in case of an accidental spillage. The interior of the containers should also be rinsed thoroughly.

Figure 5. Collection of biomedical waste in a colour coded boxes (Source: Biomedical Waste Handling and management Rules 1998)

5.3.1 Trolleys

The use of trolleys will make the elimination of infectious waste possible at the source itself, instead of accumulation a new category of waste.

5.3.2 Wheelbarrows

Wheelbarrows are used to transfer the waste from the point source to the collection centres. There are two types of wheelbarrow – covered and open. Wheelbarrows are made of steel and provided with two wheels and a handle. Open dumping should not be done. Only packed waste (in plastic bags) should be carried. To prevent corrosion, care should be taken to prevent the liquid waste from spilling into the wheelbarrow. Wheelbarrows also come in various sizes depending on the utility.

5.3.3 Chutes

Chutes are vertical conduits provided for easy transportation of biomedical waste vertically in case of establishment with more than two floors. Chutes should be produced from stainless steel. It should have a self-closing lid. These chutes have to be sterilized on a daily basis with formaldehyde vapours. The linen that are contaminated with blood or other body fluids from each floor must be bundled in soiled linen or in plastic bags before expelling into the chute.

Alternately, elevators with mechanical winches or electrical winches can be used to bring down waste containers from each floor. Chutes are essential to keep away from horizontal transport of waste thereby diminishing the routing of the waste within the premises and hence reducing the risk of secondary contamination.

5.3.4 Dustbins

It is very important to calculate the amount of waste generated at each point. Dustbins should be of such capacity so that it can be placed at this specific site and that they do not overflow between each cycle of waste collection. Dustbins have to be cleaned subsequently at each cycle of clearance of waste with disinfectants. Dustbins can be wrinkled with plastic bags, which are chlorine-free, and colour coded as per the law.

5.4 Treatment and disposal

Before its final disposal of biomedical waste, it must be disinfected. Anatomical waste can be disposed by deep burial. Syringes to be cut (with hub cutters) and chemically disinfected with1% bleaching powder solution at source of generation before final disposal into sharps pit. Infected plastics to be chemically disinfected or autoclaved, shredded and recycled and sent for final disposal into municipal dumps.

5.4.1Incineration

Most of the hazardous biomedical wastes was treated by the method of incineration to reduce organic and combustible waste to inorganic incombustible matter. Incineration is a high temperature, dry oxidation process that results in significant reduction of waste volume and weight. Wastes that cannot be reused, recycled or pose problem in disposing in landfills are treated by incineration. Examples of wastes that cannot be incinerated are chemical wastes, wastes containing high mercury or cadmium ( broken thermometers, second-hand batteries, and lead lined wooden panels, sealed ampules or ampules containing heavy metals), silver salts, pressurized gas containers, photographic or radiographic wastes, halogenated plastics such as PVC.

The advantages of incinerator include high reduction of waste volume in addition to good disinfection competence. It helps to save the space in the landfill. The ash generated can be disposed of safely in the landfills. The major disadvantage of incineration includes high operating cost as they are energy intensive process. Also it releases a huge amount of atmospheric pollutants. The need for cyclic removal of slag and dirt, inadequacy in demolishing anti-thermal chemicals and drugs such as cyto toxic are its other disadvantages.

5.4.2 Autoclaving of Biomedical Waste

Autoclave treats the bio-medical waste through the mechanism of disinfection. The biomedical waste was subjected to following temperature and pressure based on its residence time:

i. If the autoclave residence time is not less than 60 minutes, the temperature should not be less than 121oC with the pressure of 15 pounds per square inch (psi); or

ii. If the autoclave residence time is not less than 45 minutes, the temperature should not be less than 135oC with the pressure of 31 pounds per square inch (psi); or

iii. If the autoclave residence time is not less than 30 minutes, the temperature should not be less than 149oC with the pressure of 52 pounds per square inch (psi);

While operating a gravity flow autoclave, biomedical waste is subjected to all three condition, whereas in vacuum autoclave, the biomedical waste is first subjected to one pre-vacuum autoclave (minimum) to purge the autoclave of all air. Succeeding this first and second conditions are applied. Bacillus stearothermophilus spore dials or spore strips with at least 1 × 104 spores per ml.is used as biological indicator of autoclave. The operating conditions of autoclave include a residence time less than of 30 minutes, temperature less than 121oC or a pressure must be less than 15 psi. On reaching certain temperature, the chemical indicator strip/tape changes colour that indicates the attainment of specific temperature. It may be essential to use more than one strip at various locations on the waste package to ensure the effectively autoclaving of inner content of the waste in the package.

5.4.3 Biomedical Liquid Waste

Before disposing the liquid form of biomedical waste into the sewer, it must be treated. Pathological waste after being treated with chemical disinfectants are flushed into the sewage system. Likewise, the chemical waste is neutralized with suitable reagents and then either flushed or treated in the sewage treatment plant. Mostly they are neutralized and dumped in sewer network. Highly skilled operators are required for this technique as it involves handling of hazardous substances. The biomedical waste effluent generated from the various source should conform to the following limits shown in Table 2. Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 prescribes the discharge limits of these waste into public sewers.

Table 2 . Disposal standard for biomedical waste Parameters Permissible limits

5.4.4 Microwave Treatment

Microwave treatment uses a frequency and wavelength of 2450 MHz and 12.24 cm, respectively for the destruction of microorganisms. The infectious contaminants in water with biomedical waste are destroyed by heat conduction when it is rapidly heated by the microwaves. By bacteriological and biological tests, the efficiency of the microwave disinfection was ensured regularly. The biomedical waste is evenly heated to a temperature of 97-100°C by means of microwaves in treatment chamber. Treatment of biomedical waste by microwaving can be carried out in the source itself. No shredding is required for microwave treatment of waste.

Most infectious wastes except body parts, human organs, infected animals carcasses and metal objects are suitable for treatment by microwave technique. This method shows good disinfection competence with good waste shrinking capacity. Similar to incineration this method also involves high operating costs. It is an eco-friendly process with potential operation and maintenance problems.

5.4.5 Deep Burial

Deep burial process is done in pits or trench of about 2 meters deep. The pits are half filled with waste, 50 cm soil and then with waste. The pits are covered with galvanized iron / wire meshes. When wastes are added to the pit, a layer of 10 cm of soil shall be added to enclose the waste. The deep burial site should be impermeable with no shallow well in the nearby area. The pits should be away from the habitation to avoid infection to surface or ground water. The site selected should not be a flooding or eroding zone and should be approved by the authority.

5.4.6 Inertization

Assimilation of waste with cement and other substances before disposal is called inertization process. This decreases the risk of entry of toxic substances into the surface or groundwater. A typical percentage of the mixture is 65% pharmaceutical waste, 15 % cement and 5 %water. A homogenous mass is created and cubes or pellets are produced and then stored. This process is economical and not suitable for infectious waste.

Table 3 shows the treatment and disposal method of the different categories of biomedical waste. The process such as incineration, deep burial, disinfecting process and municipal landfill disposal will be carried out. Category 1, 2, 3, 5 & 6 can be incinerated. Disinfecting process includes chemical treatment, autoclaving, microwaving and mutilation shredding was carried for waste under category 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 and 10. Category 1 and 2 can be disposed off by deep burial. Category 9 waste was disposed by municipal landfill.

Table 3. Treatment and disposal of biomedical waste (Source: Biomedical Waste (Handling and management Rules 1998)

6 Summary

In this lecture, we have learn about:

The biomedical medical waste and its impact on environment
The classification of biomedical waste and its level of toxicity.
Method of segregation, collection, storage and transportation.
Various disposal method and treatment techniques.

Environmental protection training & research institute, “Bio – medical waste management self-learning document for nurses & paramedical”, (2015).
Kamleshtewary, Vijay kumar, Pamittiwary, “Biomedical waste management a step towards a healthy future”, Chapter 162, (2007), reffered page 927 – 932
Patil AD, Shekdar AV. “Health-care waste management in India” Journal of Environmental Management 63 (2001): 211–220
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_waste

Kerala: MoU inked for validating alternative tech for biomedical waste disposal

THIRUVANANTHAPURAM: CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), based in the capital, has inked a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, for validating the technology that offers a sustainable and energy-efficient alternative to current practices in disposing pathogenic biomedical waste. The MoU was signed recently on the sidelines of the curtain raiser of CSIR’s ‘One Week One Theme’ (OWOT) programme held in New Delhi.

CSIR-NIIST has developed a dual disinfection-solidification system that can spontaneously disinfect and immobilise degradable pathogenic biomedical waste such as blood, urine, saliva, sputum, and laboratory disposables, besides imparting a pleasant natural fragrance to otherwise foul-smelling biomedical waste.

CSIR-NIIST, a constituent laboratory under the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, has developed the technology at its laboratory at Pappanamcode.

The technology has the potential for far-reaching consequences in the global biomedical arena, as it can address the limitations of conventional technologies, including energy-intense incineration. It will be validated via a pilot-scale installation and accompanying R&D at the AIIMS. The two institutions will have a technical meeting for finalising the specifications before initiation of the proposed study.

The developed technology has also been confirmed by expert third-parties for its antimicrobial action and the non-toxic nature of the treated material.

Soil studies have confirmed that the treated biomedical waste is superior to organic fertilizers like vermicompost. CSIR-NIIST director C Anandharamakrishnan and director, AIIMS, New Delhi, M Srinivas, exchanged the MoU in the presence of Union Minister of State for Science & Technology and vice president, CSIR, Jitendra Singh.

Anandharamakrishnan said CSIR-NIIST is committed to delivering sustainability in every technology with societal, national and global significance. It also targets an innovative solution for the safe and eco-friendly management of pathogenic biomedical waste through the present technology. Biomedical waste, which includes potentially infectious and pathogenic materials, presents a significant challenge for proper management and disposal. As per a 2020 report by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India produces around 774 tonnes of biomedical waste daily.

CSIR-NIIST has also developed automated and integrated equipment to ensure minimal human exposure during any stage of pathogenic biomedical waste treatment.

The institution also transferred the technology for manufacturing plant leather alternatives from agri waste (cactus) to a startup company in Ahmedabad. This technology assures the reduction of carbon footprint and utilisation of waste lands in arid and semi-arid regions for cactus cultivation and value addition to farmers in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.

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Assessment of Biomedical Waste Management in Health Facilities of Uttar Pradesh: An Observational Study

Anand m dixit.

1 Department of Community Medicine & Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Gorakhpur, IND

Priyanka Bansal

2 Epidemiology and Public Health, Uttrakhand Health Services, Uttarakhand, IND

Pankaj Jain

3 Community Medicine, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, IND

Prashant K Bajpai

Rama s rath, pradip kharya.

Biomedical waste management has recently emerged as an issue of major concern for every health facility and healthcare provider due to human and environmental hazards. As per government guidelines, every health facility, either large medical institutes or small clinics, should ensure appropriate biomedical waste management at their facilities level.

To assess biomedical waste management in various health care facilities of Etawah district.

Methodology

It was a facility-based cross-sectional assessment that included government and private health facilities. The selection of facilities was done based on a simple random sampling method. All the people in charge of concerned health care facilities were interviewed to know the current biomedical waste management situation concerning health facilities and the problems they face in biomedical waste management. Health care professionals' knowledge was also assessed.

A total of 56 health care facilities (HCFs) from both government and private sectors were selected. Biomedical waste guidelines are mainly available at tertiary care centers (93%) and secondary care centers (51.5%). Awareness among doctors related to hazards and prevention of hazards (<0.001), knowledge of unused sharps (0.048), contact with a blood-related product (0.003), hazardous waste (<0.001), and need for training (<0.001) are statistically significant with respect to nurses.

Conclusions

Government of India guidelines on biomedical waste management (BMW) are in place, but the use of guidelines currently is not up to the mark or at a satisfactory level. Spreading awareness of the BMW guidelines and their strict implementation is the need of the hour.

Introduction

Biomedical waste management has recently emerged as an issue of major concern for health care facilities, either government or private, and human safety, environmental, and law enforcement agencies. Biomedical waste (BMW) is deﬁned as "any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings or animals or in research activity pertaining to or in the production or testing of biological or in health camps" [ 1 ]. Biomedical waste management is a requirement for every health facility for ensuring human safety and environmental sustainability. As per government guidelines, every health facility, large medical institute, or small clinic must ensure appropriate biomedical waste management. A health care facility (HCF) means a place where diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings is provided irrespective of type and size of the health treatment system and research activity pertaining thereto. Government healthcare facilities include district hospitals, sub-divisional hospitals, community health centers, primary health centers, and sub-centers and private facilities, which include large corporate hospitals to small clinics [ 2 ]. An HCF is also a source of nosocomial infection, diseases, and adverse environmental impact [ 3 ].

Many countries lack government rules regarding BWM. India was one of the first countries to have and implement biomedical waste management (BMWM) rules [ 4 ]. The Ministry of Environment and Forest notified the "Bio-medical Waste Management and Handling Rules" in July 1998 (later amended in 2003, 2011, and now in 2016) under the Environment Protection Act, 1986 [ 5 ]. Even after a decade of its implementation in India, hospitals have not achieved the desired standards for BMWM practices [ 6 - 7 ].

The Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change published the latest guidelines on March 28, 2016, and these rules may be called BMWM Rules 2016. These hazardous wastes are theoretically risky because they may be unaffected by treatment and possess high pathogenicity or the ability to cause disease [ 8 ]. Biomedical waste rules 2016 - Schedule 1 describes BMW categories in color coding and treatment options. Schedule 2 describes standards for the treatment of biomedical waste. Schedule 3 describes a list of prescribed authorities and the corresponding duties, and Schedule 4 describes labels for biomedical waste bags or containers [ 1 ].

Although various studies had been carried out on biomedical waste management nationwide, most studies were conducted in advanced health care centers and tertiary care centers. So, there was an urgent need to assess awareness practices and problems faced in dealing with BMW at all levels of HCFs, including large health institutes to a smaller clinic. So, efforts have been made to study biomedical waste management in all health care centers from the grass-root (sub-center) level to the topmost (medical college, district hospital) level in the private and government systems of Etawah district. The objective of the study was to assess biomedical waste management in various healthcare facilities of Etawah district.

Materials and methods

This was a facility-based cross-sectional evaluation conducted at all levels of health care facilities, three-tier government health facilities, and private health facilities. The study was conducted from 2017 to 2018.

Operational definitions

Health Care Facility (HCF)

A health care facility means a place where the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization of human beings is provided irrespective of the type and size of the health treatment system and the research activity pertaining thereto. These health care facilities include medical colleges, district hospitals, community health centers, primary health centers and sub-centers, private hospitals, and private clinics.

Government Health Care Facilities

All health care facilities that are managed and funded by the state or central government.

Private Hospital

An HCF that is managed by an individual or group of doctors with OPD and IPD facilities. Hospitals with a minimum five-bedded capacity were studied.

Private Clinic

These were types of HCF where only OPD was undertaken.

Selection of facilities

Facilities were selected based on a simple random sampling method from the list of all facilities. From all the community health centers (CHCs), four were randomly selected, and from all the selected CHCs, three primary health centers (PHCs) were randomly selected. From each PHC, two sub-centers were randomly selected for the study. From the list of private hospitals, seven private hospitals and seven private clinics were included in the study. The study district also contained one medical college and one district hospital, which were also included in the study (Figure 1 ). All selected facilities agreed to participate in the study.

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CHC: Community Health Center; PHC: Primary Health Center

Assessment method

A two-level assessment was done; first, at the level of facility and second, at the level of the individual health care staff. The facilities were assessed based on various identified domains and various identified sites according to the level of health care they were providing at the time of the study. The detailed data collection sites at each level of the facility are represented in Table Table1 1 .

SC: Sub-Center, PHC: Primary Health Center, CHC: Community Health Center, DH: District Hospital, MC: Medical College, PH: Private Hospital, PC: Private Clinic

	SC	PHC	CHC	DH	MC	PH	PC
IPD			YES	YES	YES	YES
EMERGENCY		YES	YES	YES	YES	YES	YES
LR			YES	YES	YES	YES
IMMUNIZATION ROOM	YES			YES	YES
OT			YES	YES	YES	YES
LABORATORY			YES	YES	YES	YES

Assessment tool

A close-ended, semi-structured proforma was developed, validated, and used for eliciting data. Questions related to the following domains were asked to the participants: collection, segregation, storage, transportation and final disposal, awareness and practices regarding BMWM, guidelines, type of containers, polythene on containers, biohazard symbol, availability of lid on containers, availability of hub cutters, and presence of functional hub cutters and hazards related to BMWM.

Data collection

During the first visit to the facility, the investigator met the in-charge and identified the services being provided in the health facilities. Consent was taken, and a brief hospital review form was filled. If possible, the interview of the staff was done on that day itself. If not, then an appointment for an interview was taken for the next visit to the hospital. All in-charges of the concerned health care facility were interviewed to assess the current situation of biomedical waste management in the concerned health facility and the problems being faced by them in BMWM. A separate questionnaire was filled for other hospital staff to assess the knowledge, awareness, and health hazards associated with BMWM.

Ethical considerations

Before conducting the study, approval was taken from the institutional ethics committee (307/UPUMS/Dean/2017-18), and separate written consent was taken from the competent district authority. Written informed consent was taken from the participant on the participant's consent form after explaining the study objective and procedure as detailed on the participant information sheet.

Data analysis

Data were entered in Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA). Internal consistency and validity of data were established by scrutiny of the data at the time of data entry and then by random re-checking after data entry. Data cleaning was done, and data were transferred to SPSS version 17 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) for statistical analysis.

Evaluation of services

The total number of sites, like the emergency room, labor room, operation theater, pathology, dressing room, injection room, and immunization room, were observed. A total of 14, 33, 36, and 22 working sites were observed in tertiary, secondary, primary, and private facilities, respectively (Table 2 ).

S. No.	HCF	Sites						Total
S. No.	HCF	O.T	Wards	Labor Room	Laboratory	Immunization Room	Emergency	Total
1.	Medical College	4	6	1	1	1	1	14
2.	District Hospital	5	5	1	1	1	1	14
3.	Community Health Center	4	4	4	3	0	4	19
4.	Primary Health Center	0	0	0	0	0	12	12
5.	Sub-Center	-	-	-	-	24	-	24
6.	Private Hospital	2	2	2	2	0	7	15
7.	Private Clinic	0	0	0	0	0	7	7
8.	Total	15	17	8	7	26	32	105

Biomedical waste guidelines were mainly available at tertiary care centers (93%) and secondary care centers (51.5%). Availability of color-coded lining, segregation process, hub cutter, and timely transportation was not satisfactory at all types of health facilities. The tertiary care centers are better in terms of compliance with various points related to the BMWM, whereas the private facilities have lower compliance. However, the guidelines were displayed and there was timely removal of biomedical waste in the tertiary and secondary care facilities. All the above-mentioned points were lacking in primary care facilities and private facilities (Figure 2 ).

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Health workers' awareness and preventive measures

Data related to awareness and preventive measures were collected from healthcare workers, including doctors and nurses working at facilities. These questions are categorized into two groups - general, that is, basic, questions, and specific, that is training and practice-related, questions (Tables 3 - -4 4 ).

BMW: Biomedical Waste; BMWM: Biomedical Waste Management

S.N.	Awareness of Health Care Provider - General	Total Doctors (N=51)	Total Nurses (N=83)	P-Value
1.	Hazard associated with BMW?	51 (100%)	49 (59%)	<0.001
2.	Prevention of hazards associated with BMW?	51 (100%)	58 (69.8%)	<0.001
3.	Open unused sharps considered as BMW?	24 (47.0%)	25 (30.1%)	0.048
4.	Objects came in contact with blood or blood product considered as BMW?	27 (52.9%)	23 (27.7%)	0.003
5.	Content of Hazardous waste in BMW?	31 (60.7%)	15 (18.0%)	<0.001
6.	Should there be regular training regarding BMWM?	46 (90.1)	33 (39.7%)	<0.001
7.	Segregation reduces the cost of BMWM?	24 (47.0%)	19 (22.8%)	0.003
8.	Vehicles designated for transportation of BMW should not be used for other purposes?	36 (70.0%)	28 (33.7%)	<0.001
9.	Safe management of BMW is the responsibility of all?	24 (47.0%)	47 (56.6%)	0.281

GOI: Govt. of India; BMW: Biomedical Waste

SN.	Awareness of Health Care Provider -Specific	Total Doctors (N=51)	Total Nurses (N=83)	P Value
1.	Guidelines used by GOI for BMWM?	51 (100%)	66 (79.5%)	<0.001
2.	BMWM policy being followed in your HCF?	44 (86.2%)	25 (30.1%)	<0.001
3.	Color coding used for BMW?	31 (60.7%)	25 (30.1%)	<0.001
4.	Soiled waste segregated in?	34 (66.6%)	22 (26.5%)	<0.001
5.	Used sharps and needles segregated in?	27 (52.9%)	22 (26.5%)	0.002
6.	Glassware, ampules segregated in?	23 (45.0%)	13 (15.6%)	<0.001
7.	Reusable plastic material segregated in?	31 (60.7%)	23 (27.7)	<0.001
8.	Bio-hazard symbol	32 (62.7%)	33 (37.9%)	0.009
9.	Untreated BMW can store max to 48 hours?	10 (19.6%)	5 (6.02%)	0.015

Awareness of practices and their application is a very crucial step for biomedical waste management. Awareness among doctors related to hazards and prevention of hazards (<0.001), knowledge of unused sharp (0.048), contact with a blood-related product (0.003), hazardous waste, (<0.001), need for training (<0.001), awareness about segregation (0.003), and a separate vehicle for BMW management (<0.001) are statistically significant with respect to the nurses.

Health hazards related to biomedical waste management among doctors

Doctors and nurses both reported 12% needlestick injuries in the past 12 months (0.960). Nurses also recorded 8% other types of injury, which is significant (0.013).

Problems faced in implementing BMWM

People in charge of health facilities also faced several problems. Lack of regular training, inadequate budget, and logistics are the main bottlenecks to maintaining appropriate biomedical waste management. However, the lack of supervision, manpower, and negative attitude of the staff were not reported to be the problem by one-fifth of the health facilities (Figure 3 ).

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The present study was carried out in 56 government and private health care facilities. Hospitals ranging from medical colleges to sub-centers were included from the government sector, while in the private sector, private hospitals and private clinics were included for the study. In the present study, most HCFs were from the government sector (75%), while the remaining health facilities were from the private sector (25%). A total of 105 sites were observed during the study period, including emergency rooms, immunization rooms, wards, operation theaters, labor rooms, and laboratories. We assessed the knowledge of BMW management among health care professionals, including 51 doctors and 85 nurses. Data regarding general information on health care facilities, awareness and existing practices, health hazards regarding BMW, and problems faced by facilities were collected from those in charge of dealing with BMW. We could not find any study similar to this evaluating services related to biomedical waste in India.

Awareness about biomedical waste management

Among 59 stakeholders interviewed, 45 were from government HCFs and 14 were from private HCFs. Guidelines laid down by the Government of India for BMWM suggest that every healthcare provider should be aware of BMWM, and, here, all the doctors (100%) and nurses (80%) were aware of BMW guidelines. Similar findings were observed in a study done by Narang RS et al., where all doctors (100%) were aware of prevailing BMWM guidelines [ 9 ]. In a study done by Pandit NB et al. and Sushma MK et al., 80% and 98% of doctors, respectively, were aware of BMWM guidelines [ 10 - 11 ]. These results were similar to the current study. In the present study, 86% of doctors and 30% of nurses were aware of BMWM policies being followed in their working healthcare facilities. This reported prevalence was more than that reported by Narang RS et al. and Rao et al. [ 9 , 12 ].

Health hazards

Doctors (12%) and nurses (8%) reported needle-stick injuries in the past 12 months, which is lower than that reported by Sharma et al. and Jayath et al. [ 13 - 14 ]. The differences may be due to the difference in the study site and time period of study. The inclusion of primary and community health facilities, which generally handle fewer emergency cases in the current study might have resulted in this lower prevalence of needle stick injuries.

Problems with implementation

In this study, the main problem cited with poor implementation was found to be the non-availability of trained staff followed by a lack of equipment and the unavailability of budget to procure the same. The lack of supervision and lack of manpower was the least cited reason. The above-mentioned finding is against the previous finding. This might be due to the less trained sanitation staff in the facilities. This is similar to that reported by Lohani et al. [ 15 ].

The study is one of the few studies that included health facilities, including the sub-centers, PHC, and CHCs. Non-segregation of waste at the point of generation and the nonavailability of color-coded bins were prevalent in all types of facilities. The knowledge of the health care workers was found to be satisfactory. The problems listed were lack of training and lack of availability of budget regarding the same. All these lacunae are more or less preventable, related to a lack of willpower by the competent authority. Effective monitoring and training of the sanitation staff might help in the appropriate management of biomedical waste.

A descriptive study on bio-medical waste management in health care facilities of Etawah district.

1. Is guidelines or chart for BMW displayed: yes/no If yes,

2. Location of chart: appropriate/ inappropriate

3. Content readable: yes/no

4. What kind of container present- no specific/ plastic/metal/ cardboard/ others?

5. Is yellow color container available yes/no If yes-

6. Has yellow bag been placed lining the inner side of yellow container? yes/no

7. Has biohazard symbol imprinted on yellow containers? yes/no

8. Does yellow bag contain infected, soiled waste? yes/no

9. Is red color container available yes/no If yes

10. Has red bag been placed lining the inner side of red container? yes/no

11. Has biohazard symbol imprinted on red bag or container? yes/no

12. Does red bag contain only plastic waste? yes/no

13. Is blue color container available yes/no If yes,

14. Has blue bag been placed lining the inner side of blue container? yes/no

15. Has biohazard symbol imprinted on blue bag or container? yes/no

16. Does blue bag contain only sharp waste? yes/no

17. Is white translucent puncture proof container available ? yes/no If yes

18. Does white puncture proof, translucent container contain only for sharp waste yes/no

19. Has bio hazard symbol imprinted on white container or bag yes/no

20. Has containers covered? yes/no

Needle Handling Practices

21. Hub cutter / needle destroyer present? Yes/no

22. If present, functional yes/no

23. Used needles destroyed? yes/no

24. Are used needle found recapped? yes/no

25. Are nozzle of used syringe destroyed? yes/no

26. Plunger placed in red bag? Yes/no

27. Are needles bend manually? Yes/no

In house transportation and storage at facility level:

1. Are bags removed before 3/4th had full? yes/no

2. Frequency of removal of waste? Once daily/ twice daily/ alternative day/……….

3. Trolley or equipment for transport available? Yes/no

4. Specific waste storage area available? Yes/no

5. Is it secure? Yes/no

6. Bags transported from point of generation to storage area? Trolley/manually/others

7. Weighing machine available? Yes/no

8. Area only accessible to authorized person? Yes /no

9. Log book available yes/no

10. Log book updated yes/no

11. Storage time for untreated BMW <48 hrs./ >48h

Treatment or Disposal

1. Treatment or disposal on site/ offsite

If on site ,

2. Which equipment are available incinerator/ microwave/ autoclave/shredder/….

3. Final disposal burning/deep burial/ open dumping/…….

4. Pretreatment done? yes/no

5. Chemical used for the pre-treatment of biomedical waste.

6. Type of waste management facilities available

a) Collection yes/no

b) Segregation yes/no

c) Storage yes/no

d) Transportation yes/no

1. Are there any guidelines by GOI for BMW management?

a) Yes b) No

2. Is there any biomedical waste management policy in your hospital/clinic?

a) Yes b) No

3. Knowledge about the different colour coding used by GOI for segregation of Bio-Medical Waste in the past?

a) Yes b) No

4. Knowledge about soiled dressings, human anatomical waste are segregated in?

a) Yes b ) No

5. Knowledge about used sharps and needles are segregated in?

a) Yes b) No

6. Knowledge about glassware, ampoules are segregated in?

7. a) Yes b) No

8. Knowledge about reusable plastic material segregated in?

a) Yes b) No

9. Knowledge about the bio-hazard symbol displayed on the containers?

10. Knowledge about the hazards associated with poor management and handling of Bio-Medical Waste? a) Yes b) No

11. How can prevent hazards associated with poor management and handling of Bio-Medical Waste? a) Yes b) No

12. Open unused sharps are considered as bio-medical waste?

13. Any item which has had contact with blood or any other body fluid is considered as bio-medical waste?

14. Untreated bio-medical waste can be stored maximum for 48 hours?

15. About 10-15% of total waste generated in a hospital is hazardous?

a) Yes b) No

16. Safe management of biomedical waste is the responsibility of

a) only government b) Doctors, nurses, paramedics

17. Should there be regular training biomedical waste management?

a) Yes b) No

18. Proper segregation reduced the cost of BMWM?

19. Vehicle designated for transportation of BMW should not be used for other purpose use?

a) Yes b) No

HCF In-Charge/ Hospital Manager/ Biomedical Waste In-Charge

1. Specific post for HCWM in your facility? Yes/No

2. What are the problems you are facing in implementation of waste management?

· Lack of training of staff

· Lack of Manpower

· Poor compliance of common biomedical Waste treatment facility(CBWTF)

· Budget constraints

· Lack of equipment

· Negative attitude of health care personnel

· Lack of supervision

Health Hazard

1- Are you faced any needle stick injury in past 12 months? Yes/no

2- If yes, what measures do you take when it happens? Reported/not reported

3- Are you vaccinated against Tetanus? Yes/No

4- Are you vaccinated against Hepatitis B? Yes/No

5- Are you using protective measures? Yes/No

6- Are you have taken any training or sensitization on waste handling? Yes/no

The content published in Cureus is the result of clinical experience and/or research by independent individuals or organizations. Cureus is not responsible for the scientific accuracy or reliability of data or conclusions published herein. All content published within Cureus is intended only for educational, research and reference purposes. Additionally, articles published within Cureus should not be deemed a suitable substitute for the advice of a qualified health care professional. Do not disregard or avoid professional medical advice due to content published within Cureus.

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Human Ethics

Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai issued approval 307/UPUMS/Dean/2017-18. Ethical approval was taken from the institute ethics committee. Informed consent was taken from the participants, from the chief medical officer of the district, and from the medical officer of the facility

Animal Ethics

Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue.

Moscow Oblast
»
Elektrostal

State Housing Inspectorate of the Moscow Region

Phone 8 (496) 575-02-20 8 (496) 575-02-20

Phone 8 (496) 511-20-80 8 (496) 511-20-80

Public administration near State Housing Inspectorate of the Moscow Region

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Elektrostal

Elektrostal Localisation : Country Russia , Oblast Moscow Oblast . Available Information : Geographical coordinates , Population, Area, Altitude, Weather and Hotel . Nearby cities and villages : Noginsk , Pavlovsky Posad and Staraya Kupavna .

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Country
Oblast

Elektrostal Demography

Information on the people and the population of Elektrostal.

Elektrostal Population	157,409 inhabitants
Elektrostal Population Density	3,179.3 /km² (8,234.4 /sq mi)

Elektrostal Geography

Geographic Information regarding City of Elektrostal .

Elektrostal Geographical coordinates	Latitude: , Longitude: 55° 48′ 0″ North, 38° 27′ 0″ East
Elektrostal Area	4,951 hectares 49.51 km² (19.12 sq mi)
Elektrostal Altitude	164 m (538 ft)
Elektrostal Climate	Humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification: Dfb)

Elektrostal Distance

Distance (in kilometers) between Elektrostal and the biggest cities of Russia.

Elektrostal Map

Locate simply the city of Elektrostal through the card, map and satellite image of the city.

Elektrostal Nearby cities and villages

Elektrostal Weather

Weather forecast for the next coming days and current time of Elektrostal.

Elektrostal Sunrise and sunset

Find below the times of sunrise and sunset calculated 7 days to Elektrostal.

Day	Sunrise and sunset	Twilight	Nautical twilight	Astronomical twilight
23 June	02:41 - 11:28 - 20:15	01:40 - 21:17	01:00 - 01:00	01:00 - 01:00
24 June	02:41 - 11:28 - 20:15	01:40 - 21:16	01:00 - 01:00	01:00 - 01:00
25 June	02:42 - 11:28 - 20:15	01:41 - 21:16	01:00 - 01:00	01:00 - 01:00
26 June	02:42 - 11:29 - 20:15	01:41 - 21:16	01:00 - 01:00	01:00 - 01:00
27 June	02:43 - 11:29 - 20:15	01:42 - 21:16	01:00 - 01:00	01:00 - 01:00
28 June	02:44 - 11:29 - 20:14	01:43 - 21:15	01:00 - 01:00	01:00 - 01:00
29 June	02:44 - 11:29 - 20:14	01:44 - 21:15	01:00 - 01:00	01:00 - 01:00

Elektrostal Hotel

Our team has selected for you a list of hotel in Elektrostal classified by value for money. Book your hotel room at the best price.

	Located next to Noginskoye Highway in Electrostal, Apelsin Hotel offers comfortable rooms with free Wi-Fi. Free parking is available. The elegant rooms are air conditioned and feature a flat-screen satellite TV and fridge...	from
	Located in the green area Yamskiye Woods, 5 km from Elektrostal city centre, this hotel features a sauna and a restaurant. It offers rooms with a kitchen...	from
	Ekotel Bogorodsk Hotel is located in a picturesque park near Chernogolovsky Pond. It features an indoor swimming pool and a wellness centre. Free Wi-Fi and private parking are provided...	from
	Surrounded by 420,000 m² of parkland and overlooking Kovershi Lake, this hotel outside Moscow offers spa and fitness facilities, and a private beach area with volleyball court and loungers...	from
	Surrounded by green parklands, this hotel in the Moscow region features 2 restaurants, a bowling alley with bar, and several spa and fitness facilities. Moscow Ring Road is 17 km away...	from

Elektrostal Nearby

Below is a list of activities and point of interest in Elektrostal and its surroundings.

Elektrostal Page

Direct link
DB-City.com	Elektrostal /5 (2021-10-07 13:22:50)

Information /Russian-Federation--Moscow-Oblast--Elektrostal#info
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Biomedical Waste Management Project, Definition, Assignment, PDF
Biomedical Waste Management Assignment Explanation. Any garbage that contains infectious or possibly contagious elements is considered biomedical waste. These wastes are produced when humans and animals are diagnosed, treated, and immunized. There are both solid and liquid kinds of biomedical waste. Biomedical waste examples include: Waste ...
An Introduction to Essentials of Bio-medical Waste Management
The quantity of biomedical waste generated per bed per day will vary depending upon the type of health problems, the type of care provided and the hospital waste management practices. It varies from 1-2 kg in developing countries to 4.5 kg in developed countries such as USA [ 3 , 4 ]. 10-15% of the waste is infectious in developed countries ...
A Comprehensive Review of Biomedical Waste Management
Comprehensive management of biomedical waste relies on a. blend of ed ucation and awareness efforts. Education and. dissemination of knowledge ensure that healthcare personnel, waste handlers and ...
Biomedical Waste Management and Its Importance: A Systematic Review
Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 (BMWM Rules, 2016) specify that every healthcare facility shall take all necessary steps to ensure that BMW is handled without any adverse effect on human and environmental health. This document contains six schedules, including the category of BMW, the color coding and type of containers, and labels for ...
(PDF) Biomedical waste management: An overview
White category included waste sharps including metals and blue category includes broken or discarded and contaminated glass. [2] [3][4][5] Approximately 774 tonnes of biomedical waste is generated ...
Bio-Medical Waste Management
Abstract. Bio-Medical Waste Management is governed by country or state-specific legislation, with its own rules. It pertains to waste containing infectious materials, originating from hospitals and laboratories, different from regular or hazardous waste. It can be solid, semi-solid, or liquid. Hospitals classify waste as bio-medical, general ...
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For proper disposal management of biomedical waste the Ministry of Environment and Forests has published the Bio-Medical Waste Rules, 1998. This review explains the hospital waste management and ...
[PDF] Biomedical Waste Management and Its Importance: A Systematic
Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 (BMWM Rules, 2016) specify that every healthcare facility shall take all necessary steps to ensure that BMW is handled without any adverse effect on human and environmental health. This document contains six schedules, including the category of BMW, the color coding and type of containers, and labels for ...
A roadmap for bio-medical waste management research
BMWM encompasses the waste generation, segregation, collection, transportation, processing and disposal. The BMWM system is complex and challenging. The research on BMWM must address the complexity for the solutions to be effective. We present an ontology of BMWM to visualize the complexity of the system and analyse it systematically.
Health care professional training in biomedical waste management at a
The legal provisions (Biomedical Waste Management and Handling Rules 1998, amended 2003 and drafted 2011) [3] are aimed at mitigating the impact of hazardous and infectious hospital waste on the community. These Rules are applicable to all persons who generate, collect, receive, store, transport, dispose or handle bio-medical waste. Color ...
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PDF Biomedical Waste: An Introduction to its Management
not much attention has been paid to bio-medical waste management so far. Even if something is done, it is most of the times not properly done. The hospitals and the private nursing homes have raised a hue and cry against the cost of treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste. It has been reported that the private agencies have quoted a ...
PDF Manual for Bio Medical Waste Management
There are 4 schedules (or parts) in the Bio-Medical Waste rules 2016: Schedule 1: Categorization and Management. Schedule 2: Standards for treatment and disposal of BMW. Schedule 3: Prescribed Authority and duties. Schedule 4: Label of containers, bags and transportation of Bio-Medical waste.
Assessment of Biomedical Waste Management in Health Facilities ...
Objective To assess biomedical waste management in various health care facilities of Etawah district. Methodology It was a facility-based cross-sectional assessment that included government and private health facilities. The selection of facilities was done based on a simple random sampling method. All the people in charge of concerned health ...
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The purpose is to spread knowledge among the personnel involved in health care services to prevent transmission of the diseases in the society and to protect public health and environment. Biomedical waste is highly hazardous which can give rise to serious diseases that may be fatal; therefore it is a matter of global concern. Biomedical waste management is of great importance to reduce the ...
Biomedical wastes: Definition, sources, classification, collection
Steps involved in biomedical waste management . 5.1 Segregation . To avoid mixing of the biomedical waste with other, a container should be set to the side with colour coding bags at the point of generation. The sorting or separation of waste into different categories is referred as segregation. Segregation will decrease or minimize the risks ...
(PDF) Latest Biomedical Waste Management Guidelines
BMW is covered by the Biomedical waste. management (BMWM) Rules 2016 and BMWM. (Amendment), 2018; and 2019 regulations. The. improper handling of biomedical waste poses a. serious threat to public ...
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Radha R. Assessment of existing knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding biomedical waste management among the health care workers in a tertiary care rural hospital. Int J Health Sci Res. 2012;2(7):14-19. Verma L.K, Mani S, Sinha N, Rana S. Biomedical waste management in nursing homes and smaller hospitals around Delhi.
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State Housing Inspectorate of the Moscow Region
State Housing Inspectorate of the Moscow Region Elektrostal postal code 144009. See Google profile, Hours, Phone, Website and more for this business. 2.0 Cybo Score. Review on Cybo.
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Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast, Russia
Elektrostal Geography. Geographic Information regarding City of Elektrostal. Elektrostal Geographical coordinates. Latitude: 55.8, Longitude: 38.45. 55° 48′ 0″ North, 38° 27′ 0″ East. Elektrostal Area. 4,951 hectares. 49.51 km² (19.12 sq mi) Elektrostal Altitude.
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Biomedical Waste Management Project, Definition, Assignment, PDF

Biomedical Waste Management

Biomedical Waste Management Project Definition

Biomedical Waste Definition

Importance of Biomedical Waste Management

Biomedical Waste Management Principle

Best Practices in Biomedical Waste Management

Biomedical Waste Management Assignment Explanation

Types of Biomedical Waste

Biomedical Waste Management in Hospital

Biomedical Waste Management Project/ Assignment

Definition of BioMedical Waste

Classification of BioMedical Waste

Sources of Biomedical Waste

Treatment of Biomedical Waste Management

2. Thermal Processes

3. Mechanical Processes

4. Irradiation Processes

5. Biological Processes

Health Hazards of Biomedical Waste Management

Biomedical Waste Management Assignment Project PDF

What are the 4 types of biomedical waste?

What are the types of biomedical waste management?

What is biomedical waste and its types classify?

What is called biomedical waste?

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Assessment of Biomedical Waste Management in Health Facilities of Uttar Pradesh: An Observational Study

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State Housing Inspectorate of the Moscow Region

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Elektrostal

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Elektrostal Nearby cities and villages

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Elektrostal Sunrise and sunset

Elektrostal Hotel